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Hong Y, Yuan Z, Liu X. Global drivers of the conservation-invasion paradox. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2024:e14290. [PMID: 38708868 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.14290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
The conservation-invasion paradox (CIP) refers to a long-term phenomenon wherein species threatened in their native range can sustain viable populations when introduced to other regions. Understanding the drivers of CIP is helpful for conserving threatened species and managing invasive species, which is unfortunately still lacking. We compiled a global data set of 1071 introduction events, including 960 CIP events (successful establishment of threatened species outside its native range) and 111 non-CIP events (unsuccessful establishment of threatened species outside its native range after introduction), involving 174 terrestrial vertebrates. We then tested the relative importance of various predictors at the location, event, and species levels with generalized linear mixed models and model averaging. Successful CIP events occurred across taxonomic groups and biogeographic realms, especially for the mammal group in the Palearctic and Australia. Locations of successful CIP events had fewer native threat factors, especially less climate warming in invaded regions. The probability of a successful CIP event was highest when species introduction efforts were great and there were more local congeners and fewer natural enemies. These results can inform threatened species ex situ conservation and non-native invasive species mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Hong
- Key Laboratory for Conserving Wildlife with Small Populations in Yunnan, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiyong Yuan
- Key Laboratory for Conserving Wildlife with Small Populations in Yunnan, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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2
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Burkett-Cadena ND, Fish D, Weaver S, Vittor AY. Everglades virus: an underrecognized disease-causing subtype of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus endemic to Florida, USA. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 60:1149-1164. [PMID: 37862065 PMCID: PMC10645373 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjad070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Everglades virus (EVEV) is subtype II of the Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) complex (Togaviridae: Alphavirus), endemic to Florida, USA. EVEV belongs to a clade that includes both enzootic and epizootic/epidemic VEEV subtypes. Like other enzootic VEEV subtypes, muroid rodents are important vertebrate hosts for EVEV and certain mosquitoes are important vectors. The hispid cotton rat Sigmodon hispidus and cotton mouse Peromyscus gossypinus are important EVEV hosts, based on natural infection (virus isolation and high seropositivity), host competence (experimental infections), and frequency of contact with the vector. The mosquito Culex (Melanoconion) cecedei is the only confirmed vector of EVEV based upon high natural infection rates, efficient vector competence, and frequent feeding upon muroid rodents. Human disease attributed to EVEV is considered rare. However, cases of meningitis and encephalitis are recorded from multiple sites, separated by 250 km or more. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that EVEV is evolving, possibly due to changes in the mammal community. Mutations in the EVEV genome are of concern, given that epidemic strains of VEEV (subtypes IAB and IC) are derived from enzootic subtype ID, the closest genetic relative of EVEV. Should epizootic mutations arise in EVEV, the abundance of Aedes taeniorhynchus and other epizootic VEEV vectors in southern Florida provides a conducive environment for widespread transmission. Other factors that will likely influence the distribution and frequency of EVEV transmission include the establishment of Culex panocossa in Florida, Everglades restoration, mammal community decline due to the Burmese python, land use alteration by humans, and climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan D Burkett-Cadena
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, 200 9th St. SE, Vero Beach, FL 32962, USA
| | - Durland Fish
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Scott Weaver
- Department of Pathology, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Disease, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA
| | - Amy Y Vittor
- Department of Medicine & Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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3
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McCleery R, Guralnick R, Beatty M, Belitz M, Campbell CJ, Idec J, Jones M, Kang Y, Potash A, Fletcher RJ. Uniting Experiments and Big Data to advance ecology and conservation. Trends Ecol Evol 2023; 38:970-979. [PMID: 37330409 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2023.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Many ecologists increasingly advocate for research frameworks centered on the use of 'big data' to address anthropogenic impacts on ecosystems. Yet, experiments are often considered essential for identifying mechanisms and informing conservation interventions. We highlight the complementarity of these research frameworks and expose largely untapped opportunities for combining them to speed advancements in ecology and conservation. With nascent but increasing application of model integration, we argue that there is an urgent need to unite experimental and big data frameworks throughout the scientific process. Such an integrated framework offers potential for capitalizing on the benefits of both frameworks to gain rapid and reliable answers to ecological challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert McCleery
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32618, USA.
| | - Robert Guralnick
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32618, USA
| | - Meghan Beatty
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32618, USA
| | - Michael Belitz
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32618, USA
| | - Caitlin J Campbell
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32618, USA
| | - Jacob Idec
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32618, USA
| | - Maggie Jones
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32618, USA
| | - Yiyang Kang
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32618, USA
| | - Alex Potash
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32618, USA
| | - Robert J Fletcher
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32618, USA
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4
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Guzy JC, Falk BG, Smith BJ, Willson JD, Reed RN, Aumen NG, Avery ML, Bartoszek IA, Campbell E, Cherkiss MS, Claunch NM, Currylow AF, Dean T, Dixon J, Engeman R, Funck S, Gibble R, Hengstebeck KC, Humphrey JS, Hunter ME, Josimovich JM, Ketterlin J, Kirkland M, Mazzotti FJ, McCleery R, Miller MA, McCollister M, Parker MR, Pittman SE, Rochford M, Romagosa C, Roybal A, Snow RW, Spencer MM, Waddle JH, Yackel Adams AA, Hart KM. Burmese pythons in Florida: A synthesis of biology, impacts, and management tools. NEOBIOTA 2023. [DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.80.90439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Burmese pythons (Python molurus bivittatus) are native to southeastern Asia, however, there is an established invasive population inhabiting much of southern Florida throughout the Greater Everglades Ecosystem. Pythons have severely impacted native species and ecosystems in Florida and represent one of the most intractable invasive-species management issues across the globe. The difficulty stems from a unique combination of inaccessible habitat and the cryptic and resilient nature of pythons that thrive in the subtropical environment of southern Florida, rendering them extremely challenging to detect. Here we provide a comprehensive review and synthesis of the science relevant to managing invasive Burmese pythons. We describe existing control tools and review challenges to productive research, identifying key knowledge gaps that would improve future research and decision making for python control.
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5
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Shapiro HG, D'Angelo G, Ruder MG, Pienaar EF. Engaging stakeholders in wildlife disease management: Hunters' willingness to adopt and support biosecurity actions to prevent the spread of rabbit hemorrhagic disease. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.12858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah G. Shapiro
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources University of Georgia Athens Georgia USA
| | - Gino D'Angelo
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources University of Georgia Athens Georgia USA
| | - Mark G. Ruder
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia Athens Georgia USA
| | - Elizabeth F. Pienaar
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources University of Georgia Athens Georgia USA
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Mammal Research Institute University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
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6
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Tillis SB, Josimovich JM, Miller MA, Hoon-Hanks LL, Hartmann AM, Claunch NM, Iredale ME, Logan TD, Yackel Adams AA, Bartoszek IA, Humphrey JS, Kluever BM, Stenglein MD, Reed RN, Romagosa CM, Wellehan JFX, Ossiboff RJ. Divergent Serpentoviruses in Free-Ranging Invasive Pythons and Native Colubrids in Southern Florida, United States. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122726. [PMID: 36560729 PMCID: PMC9782103 DOI: 10.3390/v14122726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Burmese python (Python bivittatus) is an invasive snake that has significantly affected ecosystems in southern Florida, United States. Aside from direct predation and competition, invasive species can also introduce nonnative pathogens that can adversely affect native species. The subfamily Serpentovirinae (order Nidovirales) is composed of positive-sense RNA viruses primarily found in reptiles. Some serpentoviruses, such as shingleback nidovirus, are associated with mortalities in wild populations, while others, including ball python nidovirus and green tree python nidovirus can be a major cause of disease and mortality in captive animals. To determine if serpentoviruses were present in invasive Burmese pythons in southern Florida, oral swabs were collected from both free-ranging and long-term captive snakes. Swabs were screened for the presence of serpentovirus by reverse transcription PCR and sequenced. A total serpentovirus prevalence of 27.8% was detected in 318 python samples. Of the initial swabs from 172 free-ranging pythons, 42 (24.4%) were positive for multiple divergent viral sequences comprising four clades across the sampling range. Both sex and snout-vent length were statistically significant factors in virus prevalence, with larger male snakes having the highest prevalence. Sampling location was statistically significant in circulating virus sequence. Mild clinical signs and lesions consistent with serpentovirus infection were observed in a subset of sampled pythons. Testing of native snakes (n = 219, 18 species) in part of the python range found no evidence of python virus spillover; however, five individual native snakes (2.3%) representing three species were PCR positive for unique, divergent serpentoviruses. Calculated pairwise uncorrected distance analysis indicated the newly discovered virus sequences likely represent three novel genera in the subfamily Serpentovirinae. This study is the first to characterize serpentovirus in wild free-ranging pythons or in any free-ranging North America reptile. Though the risk these viruses pose to the invasive and native species is unknown, the potential for spillover to native herpetofauna warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven B. Tillis
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Jillian M. Josimovich
- U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center-South Florida Field Station in Everglades National Park, 40001 SR 9336, Homestead, FL 33034, USA
| | - Melissa A. Miller
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Davie, FL 33314, USA
| | - Laura L. Hoon-Hanks
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Arik M. Hartmann
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Natalie M. Claunch
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
- School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Marley E. Iredale
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Tracey D. Logan
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Amy A. Yackel Adams
- U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA
| | - Ian A. Bartoszek
- Conservancy of Southwest Florida, Environmental Science Department, Naples, FL 34102, USA
| | - John S. Humphrey
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Gainesville, FL 32641, USA
| | - Bryan M. Kluever
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Gainesville, FL 32641, USA
| | - Mark D. Stenglein
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Robert N. Reed
- U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA
| | - Christina M. Romagosa
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - James F. X. Wellehan
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Robert J. Ossiboff
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
- Correspondence:
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7
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Currylow AF, Falk BG, Yackel Adams AA, Romagosa CM, Josimovich JM, Rochford MR, Cherkiss MS, Nafus MG, Hart KM, Mazzotti FJ, Snow RW, Reed RN. Size distribution and reproductive phenology of the invasive Burmese python (Python molurus bivittatus) in the Greater Everglades Ecosystem, Florida, USA. NEOBIOTA 2022. [DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.78.93788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The design of successful invasive species control programs is often hindered by the absence of basic demographic data on the targeted population. Establishment of invasive Burmese pythons (Python molurus bivittatus) in the Greater Everglades Ecosystem, Florida USA has led to local precipitous declines (> 90%) of mesomammal populations and is also a major threat to native populations of reptiles and birds. Efforts to control this species are ongoing but are hampered by the lack of access to and information on the expected biological patterns of pythons in southern Florida. We present data from more than 4,000 wild Burmese pythons that were removed in southern Florida over 26 years (1995–2021), the most robust dataset representing this invasive population to date. We used these data to characterize Burmese python size distribution, size at maturity, clutch size, and seasonal demographic and reproductive trends. We broadened the previously described size ranges by sex and, based on our newly defined size-stage classes, showed that males are smaller than females at sexual maturity, confirmed a positive correlation between maternal body size and potential clutch size, and developed predictive equations to facilitate demographic predictions. We also refined the annual breeding season (approx.100 days December into March), oviposition timing (May), and hatchling emergence and dispersal period (July through October) using correlations of capture morphometrics with observations of seasonal gonadal recrudescence (resurgence) and regression. Determination of reproductive output and timing can inform population models and help managers arrest population growth by targeting key aspects of python life history. These results define characteristics of the species in Florida and provide an enhanced understanding of the ecology and reproductive biology of Burmese pythons in their invasive Everglades range.
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8
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Boback SM, Nafus MG, Yackel Adams AA, Reed RN. Invasive brown treesnakes (Boiga irregularis) move short distances and have small activity areas in a high prey environment. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12705. [PMID: 35882893 PMCID: PMC9325984 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16660-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal movements reflect temporal and spatial availability of resources as well as when, where, and how individuals access such resources. To test these relationships for a predatory reptile, we quantified the effects of prey abundance on the spatial ecology of invasive brown treesnakes (Boiga irregularis) on Guam. Five months after toxicant-mediated suppression of a brown treesnake population, we simultaneously used visual encounter surveys to generate relative rodent abundance and radiotelemetry of snakes to document movements of surviving snakes. After snake suppression, encounter rates for small mammals increased 22-fold and brown treesnakes had smaller mean daily movement distances (24 ± 13 m/day, [Formula: see text] ± SD) and activity areas (5.47 ± 5 ha) than all previous observations. Additionally, snakes frequenting forest edges, where our small mammal encounters were the highest, had smaller mean daily movement distances and three-dimensional activity volumes compared to those within the forest interior. Collectively, these results suggest that reduced movements by snakes were in part a response to increased prey availability. The impact of prey availability on snake movement may be a management consideration when attempting to control cryptic invasive species using tools that rely on movement of the target species to be effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Boback
- Department of Biology, Dickinson College, Carlisle, PA, USA.
| | - Melia G Nafus
- Fort Collins Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Amy A Yackel Adams
- Fort Collins Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Robert N Reed
- Fort Collins Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins, CO, USA.,Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Hawaii National Park, HI, USA
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Currylow AF, McCollister MF, Anderson GE, Josimovich JM, Fitzgerald AL, Romagosa CM, Yackel Adams AA. Face‐off: Novel depredation and nest defense behaviors between an invasive and a native predator in the Greater Everglades Ecosystem, Florida, USA. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8639. [PMID: 35222984 PMCID: PMC8858213 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe several photo‐documented novel interactions between intraguild predators in southern Florida—the native bobcat (Lynx rufus) and the invasive Burmese python (Python bivittatus). Over several days we documented a bobcat's depredation of an unguarded python nest and subsequent python nest defense behavior following the return of both animals to the nest. This is the first documentation of any animal in Florida preying on python eggs, and the first evidence or description of such antagonistic interactions at a python nest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea F. Currylow
- U.S. Geological Survey Fort Collins Science Center ‐ South Florida Field Station in Everglades National Park Homestead Florida USA
| | | | - Gretchen E. Anderson
- U.S. Geological Survey Fort Collins Science Center ‐ South Florida Field Station in Everglades National Park Homestead Florida USA
| | - Jillian M. Josimovich
- U.S. Geological Survey Fort Collins Science Center ‐ South Florida Field Station in Everglades National Park Homestead Florida USA
- Present affiliation: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Avon Park Air Force Range Avon Park Florida USA
| | - Austin L. Fitzgerald
- U.S. Geological Survey Fort Collins Science Center ‐ South Florida Field Station in Everglades National Park Homestead Florida USA
| | - Christina M. Romagosa
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA
| | - Amy A. Yackel Adams
- U.S. Geological Survey Fort Collins Science Center Fort Collins Colorado USA
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Pittman SE, Bartoszek IA. Initial dispersal behavior and survival of non-native juvenile Burmese pythons (Python bivittatus) in South Florida. BMC ZOOL 2021; 6:33. [PMID: 37170339 PMCID: PMC10124209 DOI: 10.1186/s40850-021-00098-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Dispersal behavior is a critical component of invasive species dynamics, impacting both spatial spread and population density. In South Florida, Burmese pythons (Python bivittatus) are an invasive species that disrupt ecosystems and have the potential to expand their range northward. Control of python populations is limited by a lack of information on movement behavior and vital rates, especially within the younger age classes. We radio-tracked 28 Burmese pythons from hatching until natural mortality for approximately 3 years. Pythons were chosen from 4 clutches deposited by adult females in 4 different habitats: forested wetland, urban interface, upland pine, and agricultural interface.
Results
Known-fate survival estimate was 35.7% (95% CI = 18% - 53%) in the first 6 months, and only 2 snakes survived 3 years post hatching. Snakes moving through ‘natural’ habitats had higher survival than snakes dispersing through ‘modified’ habitats in the first 6- months post-hatching. Predation was the most common source of mortality. Snakes from the agricultural interface utilized canals and displayed the largest net movements.
Conclusions
Our results suggest that pythons may have lower survival if clutches are deposited in or near urbanized areas. Alternatively, juvenile pythons could quickly disperse to new locations by utilizing canals that facilitate linear movement. This study provides critical information about behavioral and life history characteristics of juvenile Burmese pythons that will inform management practices.
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A Survey Study of Veterinary Student Opinions and Knowledge about Pet Reptiles and Their Welfare. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113185. [PMID: 34827917 PMCID: PMC8614325 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exotic pet medicine is rapidly evolving, with reptiles becoming increasingly popular pet animals. Yet, there are only a few literature reports on veterinary perception of reptiles kept as pets. The aim of the study was to assess opinions and knowledge of the Croatian veterinarians-to-be about pet reptiles and their welfare. The questionnaire survey was conducted in the academic year 2019-2020 and included students of all six years of the integrated undergraduate and graduate study at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb. First-year students were surveyed twice, before and after having attended the compulsory course on animal welfare. Questionnaire statements were 5-point Likert scale questions, requiring the students to express their opinions about turtles, lizards and snakes as pets, issues related to their welfare, risks they pose to the health and safety of humans, other animals and the environment, and their self-reported knowledge about pet reptiles. Although expressing higher opinions after having attended the course on animal welfare, first-year student responses remained neutral to most of the statements. Such a trend continued until the end of the study. Student responses revealed that they were uncertain about their knowledge of reptiles as pets, considering different educational areas observed. Study results emphasised the need of alterations in veterinary curriculum and additional student education in reptile medicine. The results obtained have broad implications involving not only the welfare of pet reptiles in clinical practice and elsewhere but also the health and safety of humans and other animals, as well as environmental protection.
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12
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A dry future for the Everglades favors invasive herpetofauna. Biol Invasions 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-021-02562-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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13
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Osland MJ, Stevens PW, Lamont MM, Brusca RC, Hart KM, Waddle JH, Langtimm CA, Williams CM, Keim BD, Terando AJ, Reyier EA, Marshall KE, Loik ME, Boucek RE, Lewis AB, Seminoff JA. Tropicalization of temperate ecosystems in North America: The northward range expansion of tropical organisms in response to warming winter temperatures. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:3009-3034. [PMID: 33605004 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tropicalization is a term used to describe the transformation of temperate ecosystems by poleward-moving tropical organisms in response to warming temperatures. In North America, decreases in the frequency and intensity of extreme winter cold events are expected to allow the poleward range expansion of many cold-sensitive tropical organisms, sometimes at the expense of temperate organisms. Although ecologists have long noted the critical ecological role of winter cold temperature extremes in tropical-temperate transition zones, the ecological effects of extreme cold events have been understudied, and the influence of warming winter temperatures has too often been left out of climate change vulnerability assessments. Here, we examine the influence of extreme cold events on the northward range limits of a diverse group of tropical organisms, including terrestrial plants, coastal wetland plants, coastal fishes, sea turtles, terrestrial reptiles, amphibians, manatees, and insects. For these organisms, extreme cold events can lead to major physiological damage or landscape-scale mass mortality. Conversely, the absence of extreme cold events can foster population growth, range expansion, and ecological regime shifts. We discuss the effects of warming winters on species and ecosystems in tropical-temperate transition zones. In the 21st century, climate change-induced decreases in the frequency and intensity of extreme cold events are expected to facilitate the poleward range expansion of many tropical species. Our review highlights critical knowledge gaps for advancing understanding of the ecological implications of the tropicalization of temperate ecosystems in North America.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philip W Stevens
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Barry D Keim
- Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | | | - Eric A Reyier
- Herndon Solutions Group, LLC, NASA Environmental and Medical Contract, Mail Code: NEM-022, Kennedy Space Center, FL, USA
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Invasive Burmese pythons alter host use and virus infection in the vector of a zoonotic virus. Commun Biol 2021; 4:804. [PMID: 34183751 PMCID: PMC8239020 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02347-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The composition of wildlife communities can have strong effects on transmission of zoonotic vector-borne pathogens, with more diverse communities often supporting lower infection prevalence in vectors (dilution effect). The introduced Burmese python, Python bivittatus, is eliminating large and medium-sized mammals throughout southern Florida, USA, impacting local communities and the ecology of zoonotic pathogens. We investigated invasive predator-mediated impacts on ecology of Everglades virus (EVEV), a zoonotic pathogen endemic to Florida that circulates in mosquito-rodent cycle. Using binomial generalized linear mixed effects models of field data at areas of high and low python densities, we show that increasing diversity of dilution host (non-rodent mammals) is associated with decreasing blood meals on amplifying hosts (cotton rats), and that increasing cotton rat host use is associated with increasing EVEV infection in vector mosquitoes. The Burmese python has caused a dramatic decrease in mammal diversity in southern Florida, which has shifted vector host use towards EVEV amplifying hosts (rodents), resulting in an indirect increase in EVEV infection prevalence in vector mosquitoes, putatively elevating human transmission risk. Our results indicate that an invasive predator can impact wildlife communities in ways that indirectly affect human health, highlighting the need for conserving biological diversity and natural communities.
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Bartoszek IA, Smith BJ, Reed RN, Hart KM. Spatial ecology of invasive Burmese pythons in southwestern Florida. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian J. Smith
- Department of Wildland Resources and Conservation Center Utah State University 5230 Old Main Hill Logan Utah84322USA
| | - Robert N. Reed
- Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center U.S. Geological Survey Hawaii Volcanoes National Park Hawaii96718USA
| | - Kristen M. Hart
- Wetland and Aquatic Research Center U.S. Geological Survey 3321 College Avenue Davie Florida33314USA
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McCollister MF, Josimovich JM, Fitzgerald AL, Jansen DK, Currylow AF. Native Mammalian Predators Can Depredate Adult Burmese Pythons in Florida. SOUTHEAST NAT 2021. [DOI: 10.1656/058.020.0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F. McCollister
- National Park Service, Big Cypress National Preserve, 33100 Tamiami Trail East, Ochopee, FL 34141
| | - Jillian M. Josimovich
- US Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, South Florida Field Station in Everglades National Park, 40001 SR 9336, Homestead, FL 33034
| | - Austin L. Fitzgerald
- US Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, South Florida Field Station in Everglades National Park, 40001 SR 9336, Homestead, FL 33034
| | - Deborah K. Jansen
- National Park Service, Big Cypress National Preserve, 33100 Tamiami Trail East, Ochopee, FL 34141
| | - Andrea F. Currylow
- US Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, South Florida Field Station in Everglades National Park, 40001 SR 9336, Homestead, FL 33034
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Interactions between the imperiled West Indian manatee, Trichechus manatus, and mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Everglades National Park, Florida, USA. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12971. [PMID: 32737372 PMCID: PMC7395156 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69942-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses), including those vectored by mosquitoes, have recently been cited as potential emerging health threats to marine mammals. Despite the fully aquatic habits of cetaceans, immunologic exposure to arboviruses including West Nile virus and Eastern equine encephalitis virus has been detected in wild Atlantic bottlenose dolphins, and captive orcas have been killed by West Nile virus and St. Louis encephalitis virus. Currently, there is no evidence of direct interactions between mosquitoes and marine mammals in nature, and it remains unknown how wild cetaceans are exposed to mosquito-vectored pathogens. Here, we report the first evidence of direct interactions between an aquatic mammal, the West Indian manatee, a federally threatened species, and mosquitoes in nature. Observations of manatees in Everglades National Park, Florida, USA, indicate that mosquitoes of three genera, Aedes, Anopheles, and Culex are able to locate and land on surface-active manatees, and at minimum, penetrate and probe manatee epidermis with their mouthparts. Whether mosquitoes can successfully take a blood meal is not known; however, an arbovirus-infected mosquito can inoculate extravascular host tissues with virus-infected saliva during probing. These observations suggest that it is possible for marine mammals to be exposed to mosquito-vectored pathogens through direct interactions with mosquitoes.
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Miller MA, Kinsella JM, Snow RW, Falk BG, Reed RN, Goetz SM, Mazzotti FJ, Guyer C, Romagosa CM. Highly competent native snake hosts extend the range of an introduced parasite beyond its invasive Burmese python host. Ecosphere 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A. Miller
- Department of Biological Sciences Auburn University Auburn Alabama36849USA
| | | | - Ray W. Snow
- Everglades National Park National Park Service Homestead Florida33034USA
| | - Bryan G. Falk
- Fort Collins Science Center US Geological Survey Fort Collins Colorado80526USA
| | - Robert N. Reed
- Fort Collins Science Center US Geological Survey Fort Collins Colorado80526USA
| | - Scott M. Goetz
- Department of Biological Sciences Auburn University Auburn Alabama36849USA
| | - Frank J. Mazzotti
- Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center University of Florida Davie Florida USA
| | - Craig Guyer
- Department of Biological Sciences Auburn University Auburn Alabama36849USA
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Soto-Shoender JR, Gwinn DC, Sovie A, McCleery RA. Life-history traits moderate the susceptibility of native mammals to an invasive predator. Biol Invasions 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-020-02278-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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21
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Rose JP, Todd BD. Targeting eradication of introduced watersnakes using integral projection models. Anim Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian D. Todd
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology University of California Davis CA USA
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Estimating Detection Probability for Burmese Pythons with Few Detections and Zero Recaptures. J HERPETOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1670/18-154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio C. Gonzalez
- University of Florida, Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, Davie, FL 33314;
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Rumbold DG, Bartoszek IA. Mercury Concentrations in Invasive Burmese Pythons (Python bivitattus) of Southwest Florida. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2019; 103:533-537. [PMID: 31256202 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-019-02670-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We determined mercury (Hg) concentrations in various tissues of Burmese pythons (Python bivitattus; n = 227) caught in southwest Florida from 2012-2018 as part of a program to control this invasive species. Mercury ranged as high as 4.86 mg/kg in liver tissue from a snake that was 4.7 m long but overall averaged 0.12 ± 0.19 mg/kg in tail tips (n = 123). These levels were relatively low as compared to concentrations reported in pythons from Everglades National Park, a recognized Hg hotspot. These results show that snakes, particularly watersnakes, present another opportunity to biomonitor Hg at the aquatic-terrestrial interface. Although capturing snakes presents obvious challenges, which differ from sampling other taxa typically used in monitoring programs, taking advantage of this program to control an invasive species was cost effective and alleviated concerns about sampling and possibly reducing native snake populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren G Rumbold
- Florida Gulf Coast University, 0501 FGCU Blvd. South, Fort Myers, FL, 33965, USA.
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Invasive Burmese pythons (Python bivittatus) are novel nest predators in wading bird colonies of the Florida Everglades. Biol Invasions 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-019-01979-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Richard SA, Tillman EA, Humphrey JS, Avery ML, Parker MR. Male Burmese pythons follow female scent trails and show sex-specific behaviors. Integr Zool 2019; 14:460-469. [PMID: 30585425 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Animals communicate with potential mates using species-specific signals, and pheromones are powerful sexual signals that modify conspecific behavior to facilitate mate location. Among the vertebrates, snakes are especially adept in mate searching via chemical trailing, which is particularly relevant given that many snake species are invasive outside their native ranges. Chemical signals used in mate choice are, thus, potentially valuable tools for management of invasive snake species. The Burmese python (Python bivittatus) is an invasive snake in the Florida Everglades where it is negatively impacting native fauna. In this study, we sought to: (i) determine if males can follow conspecific chemical trails in a Y-maze; and (ii) describe the mate searching behaviors exhibited by males while trailing. All males consistently followed a single female scent trail in the maze, but when only a male scent trail was present they did not discriminate between the male and blank arms. Rate of tongue-flicking, a proxy for chemosensory sampling, was also marginally higher when males were following female versus male scent trails. However, when both female and male scent trails were simultaneously present in the Y-maze, males did not show a preference for the female arm, although the tongue-flick rate was higher in the female-only trial compared to female versus male. Analyses of multiple male behaviors individually and using an ethogram revealed that behaviors were more frequent and complex in the female-only trials compared to male-only trials. Additional behavioral trials are needed to determine if an effective pheromonal approach to Burmese python management is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon A Richard
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Eric A Tillman
- National Wildlife Research Center, Florida Field Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - John S Humphrey
- National Wildlife Research Center, Florida Field Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Michael L Avery
- National Wildlife Research Center, Florida Field Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - M Rockwell Parker
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, USA
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Orzechowski SCM, Frederick PC, Dorazio RM, Hunter ME. Environmental DNA sampling reveals high occupancy rates of invasive Burmese pythons at wading bird breeding aggregations in the central Everglades. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213943. [PMID: 30970028 PMCID: PMC6457569 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Burmese python (Python bivittatus) is now established as a breeding population throughout south Florida, USA. However, the extent of the invasion, and the ecological impacts of this novel apex predator on animal communities are incompletely known, in large part because Burmese pythons (hereafter “pythons”) are extremely cryptic and there has been no efficient way to detect them. Pythons are recently confirmed nest predators of long-legged wading bird breeding colonies (orders Ciconiiformes and Pelecaniformes). Pythons can consume large quantities of prey and may not be recognized as predators by wading birds, therefore they could be a particular threat to colonies. To quantify python occupancy rates at tree islands where wading birds breed, we utilized environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis—a genetic tool which detects shed DNA in water samples and provides high detection probabilities. We fitted multi-scale Bayesian occupancy models to test the prediction that pythons occupy islands with wading bird colonies at higher rates compared to representative control islands containing no breeding birds. Our results suggest that pythons are widely distributed across the central Everglades in proximity to active wading bird colonies. In support of our prediction that pythons are attracted to colonies, site-level python eDNA occupancy rates were higher at wading bird colonies (ψ = 0.88, 95% credible interval [0.59–1.00]) than at the control islands (ψ = 0.42 [0.16–0.80]) in April through June (n = 15 colony-control pairs). We found our water temperature proxy (time of day) to be informative of detection probability, in accordance with other studies demonstrating an effect of temperature on eDNA degradation in occupied samples. Individual sample concentrations ranged from 0.26 to 38.29 copies/μL and we generally detected higher concentrations of python eDNA in colony sites. Continued monitoring of wading bird colonies is warranted to determine the effect pythons are having on populations and investigate putative management activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia C. M. Orzechowski
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Peter C. Frederick
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Robert M. Dorazio
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Margaret E. Hunter
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
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Card DC, Perry BW, Adams RH, Schield DR, Young AS, Andrew AL, Jezkova T, Pasquesi GI, Hales NR, Walsh MR, Rochford MR, Mazzotti FJ, Hart KM, Hunter ME, Castoe TA. Novel ecological and climatic conditions drive rapid adaptation in invasive Florida Burmese pythons. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:4744-4757. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daren C. Card
- Department of Biology The University of Texas at Arlington Arlington Texas
| | - Blair W. Perry
- Department of Biology The University of Texas at Arlington Arlington Texas
| | - Richard H. Adams
- Department of Biology The University of Texas at Arlington Arlington Texas
| | - Drew R. Schield
- Department of Biology The University of Texas at Arlington Arlington Texas
| | - Acacia S. Young
- Department of Biology The University of Texas at Arlington Arlington Texas
| | - Audra L. Andrew
- Department of Biology The University of Texas at Arlington Arlington Texas
| | | | | | - Nicole R. Hales
- Department of Biology The University of Texas at Arlington Arlington Texas
| | - Matthew R. Walsh
- Department of Biology The University of Texas at Arlington Arlington Texas
| | - Michael R. Rochford
- Fort Lauderdale Research & Education Center University of Florida Fort Lauderdale Florida
| | - Frank J. Mazzotti
- Fort Lauderdale Research & Education Center University of Florida Fort Lauderdale Florida
| | - Kristen M. Hart
- U. S. Geological Survey Wetland and Aquatic Research Center Davie Florida
| | - Margaret E. Hunter
- U. S. Geological Survey Wetland and Aquatic Research Center Gainesville Florida
| | - Todd A. Castoe
- Department of Biology The University of Texas at Arlington Arlington Texas
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Hunter ME, Johnson NA, Smith BJ, Davis MC, Butterfield JSS, Snow RW, Hart KM. Cytonuclear discordance in the Florida Everglades invasive Burmese python ( Python bivittatus) population reveals possible hybridization with the Indian python ( P. molurus). Ecol Evol 2018; 8:9034-9047. [PMID: 30271564 PMCID: PMC6157680 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The invasive Burmese python (Python bivittatus) has been reproducing in the Florida Everglades since the 1980s. These giant constrictor snakes have caused a precipitous decline in small mammal populations in southern Florida following escapes or releases from the commercial pet trade. To better understand the invasion pathway and genetic composition of the population, two mitochondrial (mtDNA) loci across 1,398 base pairs were sequenced on 426 snakes and 22 microsatellites were assessed on 389 snakes. Concatenated mtDNA sequences produced six haplotypes with an average nucleotide and haplotype diversity of π = 0.002 and h = 0.097, respectively. Samples collected in Florida from morphologically identified P. bivittatus snakes were similar to published cytochrome oxidase 1 and cytochrome b sequences from both P. bivittatus and Python molurus and were highly divergent (genetic distances of 5.4% and 4.3%, respectively). The average number of microsatellite alleles and expected heterozygosity were N A = 5.50 and H E = 0.60, respectively. Nuclear Bayesian assignment tests supported two genetically distinct groups and an admixed group, not geographically differentiated. The effective population size (N E = 315.1) was lower than expected for a population this large, but reflected the low genetic diversity overall. The patterns of genetic diversity between mtDNA and microsatellites were disparate, indicating nuclear introgression of separate mtDNA lineages corresponding to cytonuclear discordance. The introgression likely occurred prior to the invasion, but genetic information on the native range and commercial trade is needed for verification. Our finding that the Florida python population is comprised of distinct lineages suggests greater standing variation for adaptation and the potential for broader areas of suitable habitat in the invaded range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret E. Hunter
- U.S. Geological SurveyWetland and Aquatic Research CenterGainesvilleFlorida
| | - Nathan A. Johnson
- U.S. Geological SurveyWetland and Aquatic Research CenterGainesvilleFlorida
| | - Brian J. Smith
- Wetland and Aquatic Research CenterCherokee Nation TechnologiesDavieFlorida
| | - Michelle C. Davis
- U.S. Geological SurveyWetland and Aquatic Research CenterGainesvilleFlorida
| | | | - Ray W. Snow
- U.S. National Park ServiceEverglades National ParkHomesteadFlorida
| | - Kristen M. Hart
- U.S. Geological SurveyWetland and Aquatic Research CenterDavieFlorida
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Hoyer IJ, Blosser EM, Acevedo C, Thompson AC, Reeves LE, Burkett-Cadena ND. Mammal decline, linked to invasive Burmese python, shifts host use of vector mosquito towards reservoir hosts of a zoonotic disease. Biol Lett 2018; 13:rsbl.2017.0353. [PMID: 28978755 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2017.0353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive apex predators have profound impacts on natural communities, yet the consequences of these impacts on the transmission of zoonotic pathogens are unexplored. Collapse of large- and medium-sized mammal populations in the Florida Everglades has been linked to the invasive Burmese python, Python bivittatus Kuhl. We used historic and current data to investigate potential impacts of these community effects on contact between the reservoir hosts (certain rodents) and vectors of Everglades virus, a zoonotic mosquito-borne pathogen that circulates in southern Florida. The percentage of blood meals taken from the primary reservoir host, the hispid cotton rat, Sigmodon hispidus Say and Ord, increased dramatically (422.2%) from 1979 (14.7%) to 2016 (76.8%), while blood meals from deer, raccoons and opossums decreased by 98.2%, reflecting precipitous declines in relative abundance of these larger mammals, attributed to python predation. Overall species diversity of hosts detected in Culex cedecei blood meals from the Everglades declined by 40.2% over the same period (H(1979) = 1.68, H(2016) = 1.01). Predictions based upon the dilution effect theory suggest that increased relative feedings upon reservoir hosts translate into increased abundance of infectious vectors, and a corresponding upsurge of Everglades virus occurrence and risk of human exposure, although this was not tested in the current study. This work constitutes the first indication that an invasive predator can increase contact between vectors and reservoirs of a human pathogen and highlights unrecognized indirect impacts of invasive predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaiah J Hoyer
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL 32962, USA
| | - Erik M Blosser
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL 32962, USA
| | - Carolina Acevedo
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL 32962, USA
| | - Anna Carels Thompson
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL 32962, USA
| | - Lawrence E Reeves
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Modeling the distributions of tegu lizards in native and potential invasive ranges. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10193. [PMID: 29976961 PMCID: PMC6033913 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28468-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive reptilian predators can have substantial impacts on native species and ecosystems. Tegu lizards are widely distributed in South America east of the Andes, and are popular in the international live animal trade. Two species are established in Florida (U.S.A.) - Salvator merianae (Argentine black and white tegu) and Tupinambis teguixin sensu lato (gold tegu) – and a third has been recorded there— S. rufescens (red tegu). We built species distribution models (SDMs) using 5 approaches (logistic regression, multivariate adaptive regression splines, boosted regression trees, random forest, and maximum entropy) based on data from the native ranges. We then projected these models to North America to develop hypotheses for potential tegu distributions. Our results suggest that much of the southern United States and northern México probably contains suitable habitat for one or more of these tegu species. Salvator rufescens had higher habitat suitability in semi-arid areas, whereas S. merianae and T. teguixin had higher habitat suitability in more mesic areas. We propose that Florida is not the only state where these taxa could become established, and that early detection and rapid response programs targeting tegu lizards in potentially suitable habitat elsewhere in North America could help prevent establishment and abate negative impacts on native ecosystems.
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Miranda EBP. Reintroducing apex predators: the perils of muddling guilds and taxocenoses. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:180567. [PMID: 30109104 PMCID: PMC6083722 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.180567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Everton B. P. Miranda
- ONF Brasil Gestão Florestal, Cotriguaçu, MT, Brazil
- Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Alta Floresta, MT, Brazil
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Goetz SM, Godwin JC, Hoffman M, Antonio F, Steen DA. Eastern Indigo Snakes Exhibit an Innate Response to Pit Viper Scent and an Ontogenetic Shift in Their Response to Mouse Scent. HERPETOLOGICA 2018. [DOI: 10.1655/herpetologica-d-17-00070.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott M. Goetz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - James C. Godwin
- Alabama Natural Heritage Program, Auburn University Museum of Natural History, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Michelle Hoffman
- Orianne Center for Indigo Conservation, Central Florida Zoo, Eustis, FL 32726, USA
| | - Fred Antonio
- Orianne Center for Indigo Conservation, Central Florida Zoo, Eustis, FL 32726, USA
| | - David A. Steen
- Georgia Sea Turtle Center, Jekyll Island Authority, 214 Stable Road, Jekyll Island, GA 31527, USA
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Cove MV, Gardner B, Simons TR, O'Connell AF. Co-occurrence dynamics of endangered Lower Keys marsh rabbits and free-ranging domestic cats: Prey responses to an exotic predator removal program. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:4042-4052. [PMID: 29721278 PMCID: PMC5916284 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The Lower Keys marsh rabbit (Sylvilagus palustris hefneri) is one of many endangered endemic species of the Florida Keys. The main threats are habitat loss and fragmentation from sea-level rise, development, and habitat succession. Exotic predators such as free-ranging domestic cats (Felis catus) pose an additional threat to these endangered small mammals. Management strategies have focused on habitat restoration and exotic predator control. However, the effectiveness of predator removal and the effects of anthropogenic habitat modifications and restoration have not been evaluated. Between 2013 and 2015, we used camera traps to survey marsh rabbits and free-ranging cats at 84 sites in the National Key Deer Refuge, Big Pine Key, Florida, USA. We used dynamic occupancy models to determine factors associated with marsh rabbit occurrence, colonization, extinction, and the co-occurrence of marsh rabbits and cats during a period of predator removal. Rabbit occurrence was positively related to freshwater habitat and patch size, but was negatively related to the number of individual cats detected at each site. Furthermore, marsh rabbit colonization was negatively associated with relative increases in the number of individual cats at each site between survey years. Cat occurrence was negatively associated with increasing distance from human developments. The probability of cat site extinction was positively related to a 2-year trapping effort, indicating that predator removal reduced the cat population. Dynamic co-occurrence models suggested that cats and marsh rabbits co-occur less frequently than expected under random conditions, whereas co-detections were site and survey-specific. Rabbit site extinction and colonization were not strongly conditional on cat presence, but corresponded with a negative association. Our results suggest that while rabbits can colonize and persist at sites where cats occur, it is the number of individual cats at a site that more strongly influences rabbit occupancy and colonization. These findings indicate that continued predator management would likely benefit endangered small mammals as they recolonize restored habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael V Cove
- NC Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit Department of Applied Ecology North Carolina State University Raleigh NC USA
| | - Beth Gardner
- School of Environmental and Forest Science University of Washington Seattle WA USA
| | - Theodore R Simons
- U.S. Geological Survey NC Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit Department of Applied Ecology North Carolina State University Raleigh NC USA
| | - Allan F O'Connell
- U.S. Geological Survey Patuxent Wildlife Research Center Laurel MD USA
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Reeves LE, Krysko KL, Avery ML, Gillett-Kaufman JL, Kawahara AY, Connelly CR, Kaufman PE. Interactions between the invasive Burmese python, Python bivittatus Kuhl, and the local mosquito community in Florida, USA. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190633. [PMID: 29342169 PMCID: PMC5771569 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Burmese python, Python bivittatus Kuhl, is a well-established invasive species in the greater Everglades ecosystem of southern Florida, USA. Most research on its ecological impacts focuses on its role as a predator and its trophic interactions with native vertebrate species, particularly mammals. Beyond predation, there is little known about the ecological interactions between P. bivittatus and native faunal communities. It is likely that established populations of P. bivittatus in southern Florida serve as hosts for native mosquito communities. To test this concept, we used mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I DNA barcoding to determine the hosts of blood fed mosquitoes collected at a research facility in northern Florida where captive P. bivittatus and Argentine black and white tegu, Salvator merianae (Duméril and Bibron), are maintained in outdoor enclosures, accessible to local mosquitoes. We recovered python DNA from the blood meals of three species of Culex mosquitoes: Culex erraticus (Dyar and Knab), Culex quinquefasciatus Say, and Culex pilosus (Dyar and Knab). Culex erraticus conclusively (P = 0.001; Fisher's Exact Test) took more blood meals from P. bivittatus than from any other available host. While the majority of mosquito blood meals in our sample were derived from P. bivittatus, only one was derived from S. merianae. These results demonstrate that local mosquitoes will feed on invasive P. bivittatus, a recently introduced host. If these interactions also occur in southern Florida, P. bivittatus may be involved in the transmission networks of mosquito-vectored pathogens. Our results also illustrate the potential of detecting the presence of P. bivittatus in the field through screening mosquito blood meals for their DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence E. Reeves
- Entomology and Nematology Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Kenneth L. Krysko
- Division of Herpetology, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Michael L. Avery
- National Wildlife Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Gillett-Kaufman
- Entomology and Nematology Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Akito Y. Kawahara
- McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - C. Roxanne Connelly
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Vero Beach, Florida, United States of America
| | - Phillip E. Kaufman
- Entomology and Nematology Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
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Bonneau M, Johnson FA, Smith BJ, Romagosa CM, Martin J, Mazzotti FJ. Optimal control of an invasive species using a reaction‐diffusion model and linear programming. Ecosphere 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Bonneau
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation University of Florida 110 Newins‐Ziegler Hall, P.O. Box 110430 Gainesville Florida 32611 USA
| | - Fred A. Johnson
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center 7920 NW 71 Street Gainesville Florida 32653 USA
| | - Brian J. Smith
- Ft Lauderdale Research and Education Center University of Florida College Avenue Ft Lauderdale Florida 33314 USA
| | - Christina M. Romagosa
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation University of Florida 110 Newins‐Ziegler Hall, P.O. Box 110430 Gainesville Florida 32611 USA
| | - Julien Martin
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center 7920 NW 71 Street Gainesville Florida 32653 USA
| | - Frank J. Mazzotti
- Ft Lauderdale Research and Education Center University of Florida College Avenue Ft Lauderdale Florida 33314 USA
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Reichert BE, Sovie AR, Udell BJ, Hart KM, Borkhataria RR, Bonneau M, Reed R, McCleery R. Urbanization may limit impacts of an invasive predator on native mammal diversity. DIVERS DISTRIB 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Brian E. Reichert
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611‐0485 USA
| | - Adia R. Sovie
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611‐0485 USA
| | - Brad J. Udell
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611‐0485 USA
| | - Kristen M. Hart
- U.S. Geological Survey Wetland and Aquatic Research Center Davie FL 33314 USA
| | - Rena R. Borkhataria
- Everglades Research and Education Center University of Florida 3200 E. Palm Beach Rd. Belle Glade FL 33430 USA
| | - Mathieu Bonneau
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611‐0485 USA
| | - Robert Reed
- U.S. Geological Survey Invasive Species Branch Fort Collins CO 80526 USA
| | - Robert McCleery
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611‐0485 USA
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Willson JD. Indirect effects of invasive Burmese pythons on ecosystems in southern Florida. J Appl Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John D. Willson
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Arkansas; Fayetteville AR 72701 USA
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Falk BG, Snow RW, Reed RN. Prospects and Limitations of Citizen Science in Invasive Species Management: A Case Study with Burmese Pythons in Everglades National Park. SOUTHEAST NAT 2016. [DOI: 10.1656/058.015.sp806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan G. Falk
- US Geological Survey, Everglades National Park, Homestead, FL 33034
| | - Ray W. Snow
- National Park Service, Everglades National Park, Homestead, FL 33034
| | - Robert N. Reed
- US Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, CO 80526
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Mazzotti FJ, Rochford M, Vinci J, Jeffery BM, Eckles JK, Dove C, Sommers KP. Implications of the 2013 Python Challenge®for Ecology and Management ofPython molorus bivittatus(Burmese Python) in Florida. SOUTHEAST NAT 2016. [DOI: 10.1656/058.015.sp807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank J. Mazzotti
- Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 3205 College Avenue, Davie, FL 33314
| | - Mike Rochford
- Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 3205 College Avenue, Davie, FL 33314
| | - Joy Vinci
- Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 3205 College Avenue, Davie, FL 33314
| | - Brian M. Jeffery
- Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 3205 College Avenue, Davie, FL 33314
| | | | - Carla Dove
- Smithsonian Institution, Division of Birds, NHB E-600, MRC 116, Washington, DC 20560
| | - Kristen P. Sommers
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, 620 South Meridian Street, Tallahassee, FL 32399
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Invasive pythons, not anthropogenic stressors, explain the distribution of a keystone species. Biol Invasions 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-016-1221-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Smith BJ, Cherkiss MS, Hart KM, Rochford MR, Selby TH, Snow RW, Mazzotti FJ. Betrayal: radio-tagged Burmese pythons reveal locations of conspecifics in Everglades National Park. Biol Invasions 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-016-1211-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Romañach SS, Benscoter AM, Brandt LA. Value-focused framework for defining landscape-scale conservation targets. J Nat Conserv 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Falk BG, Reed RN. Challenges to a molecular approach to prey identification in the Burmese python, Python molurus bivittatus. PeerJ 2015; 3:e1445. [PMID: 26623196 PMCID: PMC4662595 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular approaches to prey identification are increasingly useful in elucidating predator-prey relationships, and we aimed to investigate the feasibility of these methods to document the species identities of prey consumed by invasive Burmese pythons in Florida. We were particularly interested in the diet of young snakes, because visual identification of prey from this size class has proven difficult. We successfully extracted DNA from the gastrointestinal contents of 43 young pythons, as well as from several control samples, and attempted amplification of DNA mini-barcodes, a 130-bp region of COX1. Using a PNA clamp to exclude python DNA, we found that prey DNA was not present in sufficient quality for amplification of this locus in 86% of our samples. All samples from the GI tracts of young pythons contained only hair, and the six samples we were able to identify to species were hispid cotton rats. This suggests that young Burmese pythons prey predominantly on small mammals and that prey diversity among snakes of this size class is low. We discuss prolonged gastrointestinal transit times and extreme gastric breakdown as possible causes of DNA degradation that limit the success of a molecular approach to prey identification in Burmese pythons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan G Falk
- US Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center , Fort Collins, CO , USA
| | - Robert N Reed
- US Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center , Fort Collins, CO , USA
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Snakes wipe out Everglades rabbits. Nature 2015. [DOI: 10.1038/519393d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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