1
|
Lavariega MC, Briones-Salas M, Monroy-Gamboa AG, Ramos-Méndez D. Density and activity patterns of bobcat in its southernmost distribution. ANIMAL BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION 2022. [DOI: 10.32800/abc.2022.45.0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Estimating density and activity patterns is useful for management and conservation of species. Data for Mexican bobcat (Lynx rufus) populations are scarce. Here we estimated the density of a bobcat population in Oaxaca, southern Mexico, and evaluated its daily activity patterns. We also evaluated macroecological patterns of bobcat density across its distribution range to determine any geographical (latitudinal, longitudinal, elevation, or range centroid) or climatic effects on the population density. Camera–trap data were divided into four 60–day periods (two in the dry season and two in the rainy season). Density was calculated using the random encounter model and daily activity patterns were analyzed fitting a kernel density function. The mean estimated density for the four periods was 17.3 bobcats/100 km2, with the highest densities occurring during the dry periods. Bobcat daily activity pattern presented two peaks, one after midnight and the other after dawn, with very slight changes between seasons. In the study area, density and activity patterns were associated with anthropogenic perturbation and prey availability. Bobcats increased their population density in the dry season, and showed a preference for activity at night and early morning hours when it is cooler and there are likely fewer competitors but more prey. Across its range, bobcat density was mainly related to annual precipitation and mean temperature of the driest quarter at 100 km radius buffers, and between annual precipitation and longitude on a smaller scale (50 km radius buffers). These findings support their preference for the arid or mesic environments that enabled them to reach southern areas of the Neartic region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. C. Lavariega
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional, Unidad Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - M. Briones-Salas
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional, Unidad Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - A. G. Monroy-Gamboa
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, Baja California Sur, Mexico
| | - D. Ramos-Méndez
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional, Unidad Oaxaca, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Inter-specific variability in demographic processes affects abundance-occupancy relationships. Oecologia 2022; 198:153-165. [PMID: 35022849 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-05085-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Species with large local abundances tend to occupy more sites. One of the mechanisms proposed to explain this widely reported inter-specific relationship is a cross-scale hypothesis based on dynamics at the population level. Called the vital rates mechanism; it uses within-population demographic processes of population growth and density dependence to predict when inter-specific abundance-occupancy relationships can arise and when these relationships can weaken and even turn negative. Even though the vital rates mechanism is mathematically simple, its predictions has never been tested directly because of the difficulty estimating the demographic parameters involved. Here, using a recently introduced mark-recapture analysis method, we show that there is no relationship between abundance and occupancy among 17 bird species. Our results are consistent with the predictions of the vital rate mechanism regarding the demographic processes that are expected to weaken this relationship. Specifically, we find that intrinsic growth rate and local abundance are not correlated, and density dependence strength shows considerable variation across species. Variability in density dependence strength is related to variability in species-level local average abundance and intrinsic growth rate; species with lower growth rate have higher abundance and are strongly regulated by density dependent processes, especially acting on survival rates. More generally, our findings support a cross-scale mechanism of macroecological abundance-occupancy relationship emerging from density-dependent dynamics at the population level.
Collapse
|
3
|
Ellison G, Jones M, Cain B, Bettridge CM. Taxonomic and geographic bias in 50 years of research on the behaviour and ecology of galagids. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261379. [PMID: 34910792 PMCID: PMC8673608 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying knowledge gaps and taxonomic and geographic bias in the literature is invaluable for guiding research towards a more representative understanding of animal groups. Galagids are nocturnal African primates and, for many species, detailed information on their behaviour and ecology is unavailable. To identify gaps and bias in the literature we reviewed published peer-reviewed research articles on galagid behaviour and ecology over a 50-year period from January 1971 to December 2020. Using the Web of Science and Google Scholar databases, we identified 758 articles, assessed 339 full texts for eligibility and included 211 in the review. Species of Otolemur have been extensively researched in comparison to other genera (78.2% of studies; Euoticus: 13.3% of studies; Galago: 66.4% of studies; Galagoides: 20.9% of studies; Paragalago: 22.3% of studies; Sciurocheirus: 15.2% of studies). The most common category of research was physiology (55.0% of studies), followed by behavioural ecology (47.4% of studies), and fewer studies were on genetics and taxonomy (16.1% of studies) and habitat and distribution (14.2% of studies). Text mining revealed that the word 'behaviour' was the most common word used in abstracts and keywords, and few words were related to ecology. Negative binomial regression revealed that mean body mass and geographic range size were significant positive predictors of the total number of scientific outputs on each species. Research on wild populations was carried out in only 24 (60%) of the 40 countries galagids are thought to inhabit. Studies were undertaken in locations with lower mean annual temperatures and higher human population densities over warmer and less populated areas. We encourage a more equal sampling effort both taxonomically and geographically that in particular addresses the paucity of research on smaller species and those with restricted ranges. Research on in situ populations, especially in warmer and remote areas, is urgently needed, particularly in West, Central and some Southern African countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grace Ellison
- Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Jones
- Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Bradley Cain
- Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline M. Bettridge
- Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hu Y, Scheffers B, Pan X, Hu H, Zhou Z, Liang D, Wenda C, Wen Z, Gibson L. Positive abundance-elevational range size relationship weakened from temperate to subtropical ecosystems. J Anim Ecol 2021; 90:2623-2636. [PMID: 34245566 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Describing the patterns and revealing the underlying mechanisms responsible for variations in community structure remain a central focus in ecology. However, important gaps remain, including our understanding of species abundance. Most studies on abundance-based relationships are from either temperate ecosystems or tropical ecosystems, and few have explicitly tested abundance-based relationships across a temperate to tropical ecotone. Here, we use a comprehensive dataset of breeding birds across elevation spanning a temperate to subtropical gradient in the Himalayas-Hengduan Mountains of China to examine the relationship between species abundance and (a) elevational range size, (b) body size, (c) elevational range centre and (d) endemicity. We tested a priori predictions for abundance-elevational range size relationship, abundance-body size relationship and abundance-elevational range centre relationship, and explored how these relationships change along this temperate to subtropical mountain ecosystem. We found that species abundance was significantly positively correlated with elevational range size across the study sites, demonstrating the key importance of elevational range size towards species abundance. Body size and elevational range centre are weakly correlated with abundance. A novel finding of our study is that the abundance-elevational range size relationship gradually weakened from temperate to subtropical ecosystems, adding to a growing body of evidence suggesting that abundance-elevational range size tracks a temperate to tropical ecotone. Our study demonstrates that abundance range-size relationship can transition across ecotones where faunas of different evolutionary origins converge. Furthermore, measuring abundance relationships across different environmental variables at the same spatial scale with comparable biogeography is a key strategy that can reveal the underlying mechanisms behind abundance patterns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Brett Scheffers
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Xinyuan Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Department of Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huijian Hu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhixin Zhou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Liang
- Princeton School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Cheng Wenda
- Division for Ecology & Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong S.A.R. China
| | - Zhixin Wen
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Luke Gibson
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Durán AP, Green JMH, West CD, Visconti P, Burgess ND, Virah‐Sawmy M, Balmford A. A practical approach to measuring the biodiversity impacts of land conversion. Methods Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- América P. Durán
- Conservation Science Group Department of Zoology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
- UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre Cambridge UK
- Luc Hoffmann Institute c/o WWF International Gland Switzerland
- Facultad de Ciencias Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y EvolutivasUniversidad Austral de Chile Valdivia Chile
| | - Jonathan M. H. Green
- Luc Hoffmann Institute c/o WWF International Gland Switzerland
- Department of Environment and Geography Stockholm Environment Institute YorkUniversity of York York UK
| | - Christopher D. West
- Department of Environment and Geography Stockholm Environment Institute YorkUniversity of York York UK
| | - Piero Visconti
- Ecosystem Services and Management Program International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis Laxenburg Austria
| | - Neil D. Burgess
- Conservation Science Group Department of Zoology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
- UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre Cambridge UK
- Center for Macroecology, Climate and Evolution The Natural History Museum of Denmark Copenhagen Denmark
| | | | - Andrew Balmford
- Conservation Science Group Department of Zoology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Byers JE, Schmidt JP, Pappalardo P, Haas SE, Stephens PR. What factors explain the geographical range of mammalian parasites? Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20190673. [PMID: 31113328 PMCID: PMC6545086 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.0673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Free-living species vary substantially in the extent of their spatial distributions. However, distributions of parasitic species have not been comprehensively compared in this context. We investigated which factors most influence the geographical extent of mammal parasites. Using the Global Mammal Parasite Database we analysed 17 818 individual geospatial records on 1806 parasite species (encompassing viruses, bacteria, protozoa, arthropods and helminths) that infect 396 carnivore, ungulate and primate host species. As a measure of the geographical extent of each parasite species we quantified the number and area of world ecoregions occupied by each. To evaluate the importance of variables influencing the summed area of ecoregions occupied by a parasite species, we used Bayesian network analysis of a subset ( n = 866) of the parasites in our database that had at least two host species and complete information on parasite traits. We found that parasites that covered more geographical area had a greater number of host species, higher average phylogenetic relatedness between host species and more sampling effort. Host and parasite taxonomic groups had weak and indirect effects on parasite ecoregion area; parasite transmission mode had virtually no effect. Mechanistically, a greater number of host species probably increases both the collective abundance and habitat breadth of hosts, providing more opportunities for a parasite to have an expansive range. Furthermore, even though mammals are one of the best-studied animal classes, the ecoregion area occupied by their parasites is strongly sensitive to sampling effort, implying mammal parasites are undersampled. Overall, our results support that parasite geographical extent is largely controlled by host characteristics, many of which are subsumed within host taxonomic identity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James E. Byers
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - J. P. Schmidt
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Sarah E. Haas
- Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Inland Fisheries Division, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Patrick R. Stephens
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rocha MP, Bini LM, Siqueira T, Hjort J, Grönroos M, Lindholm M, Karjalainen SM, Heino J. Predicting occupancy and abundance by niche position, niche breadth and body size in stream organisms. Oecologia 2017; 186:205-216. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-017-3988-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
8
|
Friess N, Gossner MM, Weisser WW, Brandl R, Brändle M. Habitat availability drives the distribution-abundance relationship in phytophagous true bugs in managed grasslands. Ecology 2017; 98:2561-2573. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Friess
- Department of Ecology-Animal Ecology; Faculty of Biology; Philipps-Universität Marburg; Karl-von-Frisch Straße 8 35032 Marburg Germany
| | - Martin M. Gossner
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group; Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management; TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan; Technische Universität München; Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitzplatz 2 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan Germany
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL; Zürcherstrasse 111 8903 Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang W. Weisser
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group; Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management; TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan; Technische Universität München; Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitzplatz 2 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan Germany
| | - Roland Brandl
- Department of Ecology-Animal Ecology; Faculty of Biology; Philipps-Universität Marburg; Karl-von-Frisch Straße 8 35032 Marburg Germany
| | - Martin Brändle
- Department of Ecology-Animal Ecology; Faculty of Biology; Philipps-Universität Marburg; Karl-von-Frisch Straße 8 35032 Marburg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Blackburn TM, Scrivens SL, Heinrich S, Cassey P. Patterns of selectivity in introductions of mammal species worldwide. NEOBIOTA 2017. [DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.33.10471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
10
|
Tabak MA, Poncet S, Passfield K, Goheen JR, Martinez del Rio C. The ghost of invasives past: rat eradication and the community composition and energy flow of island bird communities. Ecosphere 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Tabak
- Department of Zoology and Physiology University of Wyoming 1000 E. University Avenue Laramie Wyoming 82071 USA
- Program in Ecology University of Wyoming 1000 E. University Avenue Laramie Wyoming 82071 USA
| | - Sally Poncet
- Beaver Island LandCare P.O. Box 756 Stanley FIQQ IZZ Falkland Islands
| | - Ken Passfield
- Beaver Island LandCare P.O. Box 756 Stanley FIQQ IZZ Falkland Islands
| | - Jacob R. Goheen
- Department of Zoology and Physiology University of Wyoming 1000 E. University Avenue Laramie Wyoming 82071 USA
- Program in Ecology University of Wyoming 1000 E. University Avenue Laramie Wyoming 82071 USA
| | - Carlos Martinez del Rio
- Department of Zoology and Physiology University of Wyoming 1000 E. University Avenue Laramie Wyoming 82071 USA
- Program in Ecology University of Wyoming 1000 E. University Avenue Laramie Wyoming 82071 USA
- Wyoming Biodiversity Institute University of Wyoming 1000 E. University Avenue Laramie Wyoming 82071 USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gaston KJ, Gregory RD, Blackburn TM. Intraspecific relationships between abundance and occupancy among species of Paridae and Sylviidae in Britain. ECOSCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/11956860.1999.11682513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
12
|
Hartley S. A positive relationship between local abundance and regional occupancy is almost inevitable (but not all positive relationships are the same). J Anim Ecol 2015; 67:992-4. [PMID: 26412378 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2656.1998.6760992.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent attempts to examine the role of different mechanisms in generating a positive abundance-occupancy relationship failed to properly distinguish between Brown's (1984) sampling artefact, and the form of relationship to be expected from a random distribution of individuals. Because random distributions generate a positive relationship, one can never predict that removing the influence of some or all of the mechanisms will lead to 'no relationship'. In considering how the spatial aggregation of individuals might influence the form of the abundance-occupancy relationship it is demonstrated that curvilinear and triangular relationships are expected, and that correlation coefficients and linear regression statistics are unlikely to be sensitive to the addition and removal of mechanisms. Examining distributional data with alternative indices of spatial structure may lead to a more intuitive understanding of how different mechanisms influence the form of abundance-occupancy relationships.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Hartley
- School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gaston KJ, Blackburn TM, Lawton JH. Aggregation and interspecific abundance-occupancy relationships. J Anim Ecol 2015; 67:995-9. [PMID: 26412379 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2656.1998.6760995.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K J Gaston
- Department of Animal & Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UKNERC Centre for Population Biology, Imperial College, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK
| | - T M Blackburn
- Department of Animal & Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UKNERC Centre for Population Biology, Imperial College, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK
| | - J H Lawton
- Department of Animal & Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UKNERC Centre for Population Biology, Imperial College, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bulafu CE. Disturbance-driven variation in abundance-occupancy relationships over time in tropical forest fragments. Afr J Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/aje.12240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Collins Edward Bulafu
- Department of Biological Sciences; School of Bio-Sciences; College of Natural Sciences; Makerere University; PO Box 7062 Kampala Uganda
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Roney NE, Kuparinen A, Hutchings JA. Comparative analysis of abundance–occupancy relationships for species at risk at both broad taxonomic and spatial scales. CAN J ZOOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2014-0318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The abundance–occupancy relationship is one of the most well-examined relationships in ecology. At the species level, a positive association has been widely documented. However, until recently, research on the nature of this relationship at broad taxonomic and spatial scales has been limited. Here, we perform a comparative analysis of 12 taxonomic groups across a large spatial scale (Canada), using data on Canadian species at risk: amphibians, arthropods, birds, freshwater fishes, lichens, marine fishes, marine mammals, molluscs, mosses, reptiles, terrestrial mammals, and vascular plants. We find a significantly positive relationship in all taxonomic groups with the exception of freshwater fishes (negative association) and lichens (no association). In general, our work underscores the strength and breadth of this apparently fundamental relationship and provides insight into novel applications for large-scale population dynamics. Further development of species-independent abundance–occupancy relationships, or those of a similar nature, might well prove instrumental in serving as starting points for developing species-independent reference points and recovery strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy E. Roney
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Anna Kuparinen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, P.O. Box 65, Fl-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jeffrey A. Hutchings
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Bioscience, University of Oslo, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Agder, P.O. Box 422, 4604 Kristiansand, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Pratchett MS, Hoey AS, Cvitanovic C, Hobbs JPA, Fulton CJ. Abundance, diversity, and feeding behavior of coral reef butterflyfishes at Lord Howe Island. Ecol Evol 2014; 4:3612-25. [PMID: 25478152 PMCID: PMC4224535 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Endemic species are assumed to have a high risk of extinction because their restricted geographic range is often associated with low abundance and high ecological specialization. This study examines the abundance of Chaetodon butterflyfishes at Lord Howe Island in the south-west Pacific, and compares interspecific differences in local abundance to the feeding behavior and geographic range of these species. Contrary to expected correlations between abundance and geographic range, the single most abundant species of butterflyfish was Chaetodon tricinctus, which is endemic to Lord Howe Island and adjacent reefs; densities of C. tricinctus (14.1 ± 2.1 SE fish per 200m2) were >3 times higher than the next most abundant butterflyfish (Chaetodon melannotus), and even more abundant than many other geographically widespread species. Dietary breadth for the five dominant butterflyfishes at Lord Howe Island was weakly and generally negative correlated with abundance. The endemic C. tricinctus was a distinct outlier in this relationship, though our extensive feeding observations suggest some issues with the measurements of dietary breadth for this species. Field observations revealed that all bites taken on benthic substrates by C. tricinctus were from scleractinian corals, but adults rarely, if ever, took bites from the benthos, suggesting that they may be feeding nocturnally and/or using mid-water prey, such as plankton. Alternatively, the energetic demands of C. tricinctus may be fundamentally different to other coral-feeding butterflyfishes. Neither dietary specialization nor geographic range accounts for interspecific variation in abundance of coral reef butterflyfishes at Lord Howe Island, while much more work on the foraging behavior and population dynamics of C. tricinctus will be required to understand its’ abundance at this location.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morgan S Pratchett
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| | - Andrew S Hoey
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| | - Christopher Cvitanovic
- Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship, CSIRO Hobart, Tasmania, 7000, Australia ; ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, Research School of Biology, Australian National University Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 0200, Australia
| | - Jean-Paul A Hobbs
- Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University Perth, Western Australia, 6845, Australia
| | - Christopher J Fulton
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, Research School of Biology, Australian National University Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 0200, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Heino J, Grönroos M. Untangling the relationships among regional occupancy, species traits, and niche characteristics in stream invertebrates. Ecol Evol 2014; 4:1931-42. [PMID: 24963387 PMCID: PMC4063486 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The regional occupancy and local abundance of species are affected by various species traits, but their relative effects are poorly understood. We studied the relationships between species traits and occupancy (i.e., proportion of sites occupied) or abundance (i.e., mean local abundance at occupied sites) of stream invertebrates using small-grained data (i.e., local stream sites) across a large spatial extent (i.e., three drainage basins). We found a significant, yet rather weak, linear relationship between occupancy and abundance. However, occupancy was strongly related to niche position (NP), but it showed a weaker relationship with niche breadth (NB). Abundance was at best weakly related to these explanatory niche-based variables. Biological traits, including feeding modes, habit traits, dispersal modes and body size classes, were generally less important in accounting for variation in occupancy and abundance. Our findings showed that the regional occupancy of stream invertebrate species is mostly related to niche characteristics, in particular, NP. However, the effects of NB on occupancy were affected by the measure itself. We conclude that niche characteristics determine the regional occupancy of species at relatively large spatial extents, suggesting that species distributions are determined by environmental variation among sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jani Heino
- Finnish Environment Institute, Natural Environment Centre P.O. Box 413, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland ; Department of Biology, University of Oulu P.O. Box 3000, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mira Grönroos
- Finnish Environment Institute, Natural Environment Centre P.O. Box 413, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland ; Department of Biology, University of Oulu P.O. Box 3000, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
McGrath DM, Murphy SD. Double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) nesting effects on understory composition and diversity on island ecosystems in Lake Erie. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2012; 50:304-314. [PMID: 22643824 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-012-9878-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The context for this study is the management concerns over the severity and extent of the impact of cormorants on island flora in the recent past on Lake Erie islands. Accordingly, this study sought to quantify the nesting colonies' influence on coarse woody litter and how nest densities and litter depth may influence the herbaceous layer, the seed bank composition and viability across the extent of three Lake Erie islands. The data for this study were collected from 2004 to 2008 on East Sister Island and Middle Island using two main strategies. First, herbaceous layer surveys, cormorant nest counts, soil seed bank cores, and litter depth measurements were executed using a plotless-point quarter method to test island-wide impacts from nesting activities (data were also collected on a third island, West Sister Island as a reference for the other two islands). Secondly, a sub-sample of the entire plot set was examined in particularly high nesting density areas for two islands (Middle Island and East Sister Island). Kruskal-Wallis tests indicated that there are subtle changes in the herbaceous diversity (total, native and exotic) and seed bank composition across the islands. The sub sample set of the plots demonstrated that Phalacrocorax auritus nest density does influence litter depth, herbaceous species abundance and diversity. Cormorant nesting pressures are restricted to areas of high nesting pressures and competition. However, there remains a risk to the interior herbaceous layer of the island if the effects of nesting pressures at the edges advance inward from this perimeter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darby M McGrath
- Department of Environment and Resource Studies, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Passy SI. A hierarchical theory of macroecology. Ecol Lett 2012; 15:923-34. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01809.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sophia I. Passy
- Department of Biology; University of Texas at Arlington; Box 19498; Arlington; TX; 76019-0498; USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Buchanan GM, Donald PF, Butchart SHM. Identifying priority areas for conservation: a global assessment for forest-dependent birds. PLoS One 2011; 6:e29080. [PMID: 22205998 PMCID: PMC3242781 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Limited resources are available to address the world's growing environmental problems, requiring conservationists to identify priority sites for action. Using new distribution maps for all of the world's forest-dependent birds (60.6% of all bird species), we quantify the contribution of remaining forest to conserving global avian biodiversity. For each of the world's partly or wholly forested 5-km cells, we estimated an impact score of its contribution to the distribution of all the forest bird species estimated to occur within it, and so is proportional to the impact on the conservation status of the world's forest-dependent birds were the forest it contains lost. The distribution of scores was highly skewed, a very small proportion of cells having scores several orders of magnitude above the global mean. Ecoregions containing the highest values of this score included relatively species-poor islands such as Hawaii and Palau, the relatively species-rich islands of Indonesia and the Philippines, and the megadiverse Atlantic Forests and northern Andes of South America. Ecoregions with high impact scores and high deforestation rates (2000-2005) included montane forests in Cameroon and the Eastern Arc of Tanzania, although deforestation data were not available for all ecoregions. Ecoregions with high impact scores, high rates of recent deforestation and low coverage by the protected area network included Indonesia's Seram rain forests and the moist forests of Trinidad and Tobago. Key sites in these ecoregions represent some of the most urgent priorities for expansion of the global protected areas network to meet Convention on Biological Diversity targets to increase the proportion of land formally protected to 17% by 2020. Areas with high impact scores, rapid deforestation, low protection and high carbon storage values may represent significant opportunities for both biodiversity conservation and climate change mitigation, for example through Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) initiatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Graeme M Buchanan
- The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Borregaard MK, Rahbek C. Causality of the relationship between geographic distribution and species abundance. QUARTERLY REVIEW OF BIOLOGY 2010; 85:3-25. [PMID: 20337258 DOI: 10.1086/650265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The positive relationship between a species' geographic distribution and its abundance is one of ecology's most well-documented patterns, yet the causes behind this relationship remain unclear. Although many hypotheses have been proposed to account for distribution-abundance relationships none have attained unequivocal support. Accordingly, the positive association in distribution-abundance relationships is generally considered to be due to a combination of these proposed mechanisms acting in concert. In this review, we suggest that much of the disparity between these hypotheses stems from differences in terminology and ecological point of view. Realizing and accounting for these differences facilitates integration, so that the relative contributions of each mechanism may be evaluated. Here, we review all the mechanisms that have been proposed to account for distribution-abundance relationships, in a framework that facilitates a comparison between them. We identify and discuss the central factors governing the individual mechanisms, and elucidate their effect on empirical patterns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Krabbe Borregaard
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Blackburn TM, Gaston KJ, Duncan RP. Population density and geographical range size in the introduced and native passerine faunas of New Zealand. DIVERS DISTRIB 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2001.00108.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
|
23
|
George AL, Caldieraro JB, Chartrand KM, Mayden RL. Population Genetics of the Blue Shiner, Cyprinella caerulea. SOUTHEAST NAT 2008. [DOI: 10.1656/1528-7092-7.4.637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
24
|
Heino J. Temporally stable abundance-occupancy relationships and occupancy frequency patterns in stream insects. Oecologia 2008; 157:337-47. [PMID: 18553109 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-008-1078-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2007] [Revised: 05/06/2008] [Accepted: 05/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The interspecific relationship between local abundance and regional distribution, as well as the occupancy frequency distribution, are widely studied topics in macroecology. A positive abundance-occupancy relationship has been found in a majority of studies, and satellite species modes are typically dominant in occupancy frequency distributions. However, there are a number of exceptions to these "general" findings, and only a few studies have examined these patterns and their temporal variability in stream organisms. I examined both abundance-occupancy relationships and occupancy frequency distributions in stream insects in a boreal drainage system over six consecutive years. I found that the positive interspecific abundance-occupancy relationship was highly stable temporally, with coefficients of determination ranging from 0.25 to 0.47 over the years. There were no strong differences in the strength and slope of the abundance-occupancy relationship between non-predatory and predatory insect species in each year. Temporally stable abundance-occupancy relationships were paralleled by among-year patterns in both abundance and occupancy, with locally abundant and widely distributed species remaining locally abundant and widely distributed over the years, while locally uncommon and regionally rare species showed the opposite. Occupancy frequency distributions were strongly right-skewed, mirroring the dominance of the left-most satellite mode of regionally rare species. That the abundance-occupancy relationship, species' abundances and distributions, as well as the dominance of satellite species in occupancy frequency distribution were temporally stable suggest that niche-based models are strong candidates for explaining these patterns in stream insects. By contrast, metapopulation-based models that predict clear temporal variability in species' abundance and occupancy, as well as bimodal occupancy frequency distributions, are less plausible candidates for explaining the observed patterns. The present findings are the opposite to those in some terrestrial studies, but they are in agreement with other terrestrial studies and with a few previous studies on stream organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jani Heino
- Finnish Environment Institute, Research Programme for Biodiversity, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Gillespie RG, Claridge EM, Roderick GK. Biodiversity dynamics in isolated island communities: interaction between natural and human-mediated processes. Mol Ecol 2007; 17:45-57. [PMID: 17727622 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03466.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The flora and fauna of oceanic islands have inspired research since the early scientific explorations. Islands can be considered 'nature's test tubes'- simple systems with multiple replicates. Our research has used the simplicity of island systems to understand ecological community dynamics and to compare the properties of island communities with those in more complex mainland systems. Here, we present three topics: (i) current patterns of biodiversity on isolated islands of the Pacific; (ii) current patterns of disturbance and invasion on islands; and (iii) future trajectories inferred from these patterns. We examine features of islands (in particular, topography and isolation) that have allowed for given levels and distribution of endemicity. The extent to which island communities are impacted by, resist or accommodate disturbance and/or invasions by nonindigenous species appears to be dictated to a large extent by properties of the native communities and how these communities were originally assembled. Accordingly, patterns of disturbance and invasion are very different for high (montane) islands that are extremely isolated compared to those that are nearer to a source of natural migrants. As with all biotas, those on islands are dynamic entities. However, the unique aspect of islands is their isolation, and extreme isolation has largely been lost over the course of the last few centuries due to the development of transportation routes. We argue that such a modified dynamic will affect the future of the biota and the processes that gave rise to the biota. Specifically for isolated habitats, ecological processes will become increasingly more likely to generate biodiversity than evolutionary processes which have been relatively more important in the past. In the short term, island biotas and other similar biotas that occur in montane habitats may fare well as species are often abundant locally in the habitat to which they are indigenous, and may demonstrate considerable resistance and resilience to invasion. However, island biotas - and other biotas that show high local endemism - will likely not fare well in the face of prolonged disturbance. The biotas in these areas generally display a relatively low dispersal capacity; therefore, under conditions of long-term habitat modification, isolated biotas are likely to be swamped by non-natives, which - simply because of random processes and higher propagule pressure - will move more readily into available habitats. Thus, despite the importance of incorporating the evolutionary process into conservation efforts, we must also be careful to evaluate the likely form that the processes will take when the context (specifically, extent of isolation) has been highly modified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary G Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California, Berkeley, 137 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
BININDA-EMONDS OLAFRP, GITTLEMAN JOHNL, PURVIS ANDY. Building large trees by combining phylogenetic information: a complete phylogeny of the extant Carnivora (Mammalia). Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.1999.tb00184.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
27
|
Blackburn TM, Cassey P, Gaston KJ. Variations on a theme: sources of heterogeneity in the form of the interspecific relationship between abundance and distribution. J Anim Ecol 2006; 75:1426-39. [PMID: 17032375 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2006.01167.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
1. A positive interspecific relationship between abundance and distribution is widely considered to be one of the most general patterns in ecology. However, the relationship appears to vary considerably across assemblages, from significant positive to significant negative correlations and all shades in between. 2. This variation has led to the suggestion that the abundance-distribution relationship has multiple forms, with the corollary that different patterns may inform about, or have different, causes. However, this variation has never been formally quantified, nor has it been determined whether the observed variation is indicative of sampling error in estimating a single effect or of real heterogeneity in such relationships. Here, we use the meta-analytical approach to assess variation in abundance-distribution relationships, and to test different hypotheses for it. 3. Analysis of 279 relationships found a mean effect size of 0.655, which was both highly significantly different from zero and indicative of a strong positive association between abundance and distribution. However, effect sizes were highly heterogeneous, supporting the contention that this relationship does indeed have multiple forms. 4. Most notably, relationships vary significantly in strength across realms, with the strongest in the marine and intertidal, intermediate relationships for terrestrial and parasitic assemblages, and the weakest relationships in freshwater systems. Effect sizes in all of the aquatic realms are homogeneous, suggesting that realm is an important source of the heterogeneity observed across all studies. We posit that this may be because the different spatial structure of the environment in each realm affects the opportunity for the dispersal of individuals between sites. 5. Some of the remaining heterogeneity in effect sizes for terrestrial assemblages could be explained by partitioning assemblages by habitat, scale, biogeographical region and taxon, but considerable heterogeneity in effect sizes for terrestrial and parasitic assemblages remained unexplained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim M Blackburn
- Centre for Ornithology, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Evans KL, Warren PH, Gaston KJ. Species-energy relationships at the macroecological scale: a review of the mechanisms. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2005; 80:1-25. [PMID: 15727036 DOI: 10.1017/s1464793104006517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Correlations between the amount of energy received by an assemblage and the number of species that it contains are very general, and at the macro-scale such species-energy relationships typically follow a monotonically increasing curve. Whilst the ecological literature contains frequent reports of such relationships, debate on their causal mechanisms is limited and typically focuses on the role of energy availability in controlling the number of individuals in an assemblage. Assemblages from high-energy areas may contain more individuals enabling species to maintain larger, more viable populations, whose lower extinction risk elevates species richness. Other mechanisms have, however, also been suggested. Here we identify and clarify nine principal mechanisms that may generate positive species-energy relationships at the macro-scale. We critically assess their assumptions and applicability over a range of spatial scales, derive predictions for each and assess the evidence that supports or refutes them. Our synthesis demonstrates that all mechanisms share at least one of their predictions with an alternative mechanism. Some previous studies of species-energy relationships appear not to have recognised the extent of shared predictions, and this may detract from their contribution to the debate on causal mechanisms. The combination of predictions and assumptions made by each mechanism is, however, unique, suggesting that, in principle, conclusive tests are possible. Sufficient testing of all mechanisms has yet to be conducted, and no single mechanism currently has unequivocal support. Each may contribute to species-energy relationships in some circumstances, but some mechanisms are unlikely to act simultaneously. Moreover, a limited number appear particularly likely to contribute frequently to species-energy relationships at the macro-scale. The increased population size, niche position and diversification rate mechanisms are particularly noteworthy in this context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karl L Evans
- Biodiversity & Macroecology Group, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
|
30
|
Webb TJ, Gaston KJ. On the heritability of geographic range sizes. Am Nat 2003; 161:553-66. [PMID: 12776884 DOI: 10.1086/368296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2001] [Accepted: 10/04/2002] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Within taxonomic groups, most species are restricted in their geographic range sizes, with only a few being widespread. The possibility that species-level selection on range sizes contributes to the characteristic form of such species-range size distributions has previously been raised. This would require that closely related species have similar range sizes, an indication of "heritability" of range sizes at the species level. Support for this view came from a positive correlation between the range sizes of closely related pairs of fossil mollusc species. We extend this analysis by considering the relationship between the geographic range sizes of 103 pairs of contemporary avian sister species. Range sizes in these sister species show no evidence of being more similar to each other than expected by chance. A reassessment of the mollusc data also suggests that the high correlation was probably overestimated because of the skewed nature of range size data. The fact that sister species tend to have similar life histories and ecologies suggests that any relationship between range sizes and biology is likely to be complicated and will be influenced by historical factors, such as mode of speciation and postspeciation range size transformations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Webb
- Biodiversity and Macroecology Group, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom.
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
|
32
|
Gaston KJ, Blackburn TM. Large-scale dynamics in colonization and extinction for breeding birds in Britain. J Anim Ecol 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2656.2002.00607.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
33
|
Cowley MJR, Thomas CD, Wilson RJ, León-Cortés JL, Gutiérrez D, Bulman CR. Density-distribution relationships in British butterflies. II. An assessment of mechanisms. J Anim Ecol 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2656.2001.00509.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
34
|
Cowley MJR, Thomas CD, Roy DB, Wilson RJ, León-Cortés JL, Gutiérrez D, Bulman CR, Quinn RM, Moss D, Gaston KJ. Density-distribution relationships in British butterflies. I. The effect of mobility and spatial scale. J Anim Ecol 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2656.2001.00508.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
35
|
Abstract
The central themes of community ecology-distribution, abundance, and diversity-display strongly marked and very general patterns. These include the log-normal distribution of abundance, the relation between range and abundance, the species-area law, and the turnover of species composition. Each pattern is the subject of a large literature that interprets it in terms of ecological processes, typically involving the sorting of differently specialized species onto heterogeneous landscapes. All of these patterns can be shown to arise, however, from neutral community models in which all individuals have identical properties, as the consequence of local dispersal alone. This implies, at the least, that functional interpretations of these patterns must be reevaluated. More fundamentally, neutral community models provide a general theory for biodiversity and conservation biology capable of predicting the fundamental processes and patterns of community ecology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Bell
- Redpath Museum, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2K6.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Harte J, Blackburn T, Ostling A. Self‐Similarity and the Relationship between Abundance and Range Size. Am Nat 2001; 157:374-86. [PMID: 18707248 DOI: 10.1086/319323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Harte
- Energy and Resources Group, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3050, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
|
38
|
Blackburn TM, Gaston KJ. Linking patterns in macroecology. J Anim Ecol 2001. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2001.00484.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
39
|
Gaston KJ, Blackburn TM, Gregory RD. Intraspecific abundance-occupancy relationships: case studies of six bird species in Britain. BIODIVERSITY RESEARCH. DIVERS DISTRIB 1999. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1472-4642.1999.00054.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
40
|
Kelly CK, Southwood TR. Species richness and resource availability: a phylogenetic analysis of insects associated with trees. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:8013-6. [PMID: 10393939 PMCID: PMC22179 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.14.8013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The data on the number of species of insects associated with various trees in Britain have been reanalyzed to factor out possible bias from phylogenetic effects. It was found that tree availability (range and abundance) continues to provide a good predictor (r = 0. 852) of insect-species richness, slightly better than straightforward cross-species analyses. Of the two components of tree availability, tree abundance gives a much better prediction than tree range. The species richness on trees of major taxa with similar trophic habits (Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera/Symphyta and the two suborders of the Homoptera-Auchenorrhyncha and Sternorrhyncha) shows positive correlations; there is thus no evidence of competitive exclusion at this taxonomic level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C K Kelly
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Gaston KJ, Blackburn TM, Gregory RD, Greenwood JJ. The anatomy of the interspecific abundance-range size relationship for the British avifauna: I. Spatial patterns. Ecol Lett 1998. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1461-0248.1998.00004.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|