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Hartig R, Karimi A, Evrard HC. Interconnected sub-networks of the macaque monkey gustatory connectome. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:818800. [PMID: 36874640 PMCID: PMC9978403 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.818800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroscopic taste processing connectivity was investigated using functional magnetic resonance imaging during the presentation of sour, salty, and sweet tastants in anesthetized macaque monkeys. This examination of taste processing affords the opportunity to study the interactions between sensory regions, central integrators, and effector areas. Here, 58 brain regions associated with gustatory processing in primates were aggregated, collectively forming the gustatory connectome. Regional regression coefficients (or β-series) obtained during taste stimulation were correlated to infer functional connectivity. This connectivity was then evaluated by assessing its laterality, modularity and centrality. Our results indicate significant correlations between same region pairs across hemispheres in a bilaterally interconnected scheme for taste processing throughout the gustatory connectome. Using unbiased community detection, three bilateral sub-networks were detected within the graph of the connectome. This analysis revealed clustering of 16 medial cortical structures, 24 lateral structures, and 18 subcortical structures. Across the three sub-networks, a similar pattern was observed in the differential processing of taste qualities. In all cases, the amplitude of the response was greatest for sweet, but the network connectivity was strongest for sour and salty tastants. The importance of each region in taste processing was computed using node centrality measures within the connectome graph, showing centrality to be correlated across hemispheres and, to a smaller extent, region volume. Connectome hubs exhibited varying degrees of centrality with a prominent leftward increase in insular cortex centrality. Taken together, these criteria illustrate quantifiable characteristics of the macaque monkey gustatory connectome and its organization as a tri-modular network, which may reflect the general medial-lateral-subcortical organization of salience and interoception processing networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée Hartig
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany.,Functional and Comparative Neuroanatomy Laboratory, Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Eberhard Karl University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, United States
| | - Ali Karimi
- Department of Connectomics, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Henry C Evrard
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany.,Functional and Comparative Neuroanatomy Laboratory, Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Eberhard Karl University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, United States.,International Center for Primate Brain Research, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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2
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Schilling KG, Gao Y, Christian M, Janve V, Stepniewska I, Landman BA, Anderson AW. A Web-Based Atlas Combining MRI and Histology of the Squirrel Monkey Brain. Neuroinformatics 2019; 17:131-145. [PMID: 30006920 DOI: 10.1007/s12021-018-9391-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) is a commonly-used surrogate for humans in biomedical research. In the neuroimaging community, MRI and histological atlases serve as valuable resources for anatomical, physiological, and functional studies of the brain; however, no digital MRI/histology atlas is currently available for the squirrel monkey. This paper describes the construction of a web-based multi-modal atlas of the squirrel monkey brain. The MRI-derived information includes anatomical MRI contrast (i.e., T2-weighted and proton-density-weighted) and diffusion MRI metrics (i.e., fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity) from data acquired both in vivo and ex vivo on a 9.4 Tesla scanner. The histological images include Nissl and myelin stains, co-registered to the corresponding MRI, allowing identification of cyto- and myelo-architecture. In addition, a bidirectional neuronal tracer, biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) was injected into the primary motor cortex, enabling highly specific identification of regions connected to the injection location. The atlas integrates the results of common image analysis methods including diffusion tensor imaging glyphs, labels of 57 white-matter tracts identified using DTI-tractography, and 18 cortical regions of interest identified from Nissl-revealed cyto-architecture. All data are presented in a common space, and all image types are accessible through a web-based atlas viewer, which allows visualization and interaction of user-selectable contrasts and varying resolutions. By providing an easy to use reference system of anatomical information, our web-accessible multi-contrast atlas forms a rich and convenient resource for comparisons of brain findings across subjects or modalities. The atlas is called the Combined Histology-MRI Integrated Atlas of the Squirrel Monkey (CHIASM). All images are accessible through our web-based viewer ( https://chiasm.vuse.vanderbilt.edu /), and data are available for download at ( https://www.nitrc.org/projects/smatlas/ ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt G Schilling
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Yurui Gao
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Matthew Christian
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Vaibhav Janve
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Bennett A Landman
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Electrical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Adam W Anderson
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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3
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Elgueda D, Duque D, Radtke-Schuller S, Yin P, David SV, Shamma SA, Fritz JB. State-dependent encoding of sound and behavioral meaning in a tertiary region of the ferret auditory cortex. Nat Neurosci 2019; 22:447-459. [PMID: 30692690 PMCID: PMC6387638 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-018-0317-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In higher sensory cortices, there is a gradual transformation from sensation to perception and action. In the auditory system, this transformation is revealed by responses in the rostral Ventral Posterior field (VPr), a tertiary area in ferret auditory cortex, which shows long-term learning in trained compared to naïve animals, arising from selectively enhanced responses to behaviorally relevant target stimuli. This enhanced representation is further amplified during active performance of spectral or temporal auditory discrimination tasks. VPr also shows sustained short-term memory activity after target stimulus offset, correlated with task-response timing and action. These task-related changes in auditory filter properties enable VPr neurons to quickly and nimbly switch between different responses to the same acoustic stimuli, reflecting either spectrotemporal properties, timing or behavioral meaning of the sound. Furthermore, they demonstrate an interaction between dynamics of long-term learning and short-term attention as incoming sound is selectively attended, recognized and translated into action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Elgueda
- Institute for Systems Research, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.,Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Daniel Duque
- Institute for Systems Research, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer , Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susanne Radtke-Schuller
- Institute for Systems Research, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Pingbo Yin
- Institute for Systems Research, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Stephen V David
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Shihab A Shamma
- Institute for Systems Research, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.,Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.,Laboratoire des Systèmes Perceptifs, École Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
| | - Jonathan B Fritz
- Institute for Systems Research, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA. .,Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
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4
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Go EJ, Lee SH. Effect of sensorimotor stimulation on chronic stroke patients' upper extremity function: a preliminary study. J Phys Ther Sci 2017; 28:3350-3353. [PMID: 28174449 PMCID: PMC5276758 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.28.3350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of an intensive
sensorimotor stimulation program on the motor function of chronic hemiparetic patients.
[Subjects and Methods] The subjects were three chronic stroke patients whose sensory
function was intact, who had Mini-Mental State Examination − Korean version scores of more
than 26, and manual muscle test scores of more than fair for affected shoulder and elbow.
The research design was an A-B single subject experimental design. The intervention
consisted of 4 baselines phase sessions, and 12 sensorimotor stimulation phase sessions.
The sensory and motor stimulation was performed for 30 minutes per session. The efficacy
of the program was evaluated by the Box and Block test, and the 10-second test. [Results]
Box and Block test and 10-second test scores of each subject improved after the 8 weeks
intervention. [Conclusion] The intensive sensorimotor stimulation program for the upper
extremity may be an efficacious method for improving the function of the affected limb of
chronic stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ji Go
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Soonchunhyang University Graduate School, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Heon Lee
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Republic of Korea
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5
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Setsu R, Hirano Y, Tokunaga M, Takahashi T, Numata N, Matsumoto K, Masuda Y, Matsuzawa D, Iyo M, Shimizu E, Nakazato M. Increased Subjective Distaste and Altered Insula Activity to Umami Tastant in Patients with Bulimia Nervosa. Front Psychiatry 2017; 8:172. [PMID: 28993739 PMCID: PMC5622337 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine differences in brain neural activation in response to monosodium glutamate (MSG), the representative component of umami, between patients with bulimia nervosa (BN) and healthy women (HW) controls. We analyzed brain activity after ingestion of an MSG solution using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in a group of women with BN (n = 18) and a group of HW participants (n = 18). Both groups also provided a subjective assessment of the MSG solution via a numerical rating scale. The BN group subjectively rated the MSG solution lower in pleasantness and liking than the control group, although no difference in subjective intensity was noted. The fMRI results demonstrated greater activation of the right insula in the BN group versus the control group. Compared with the HW controls, the BN patients demonstrated both altered taste perception-related brain activity and more negative hedonic scores in response to MSG stimuli. Different hedonic evaluation, expressed as the relative low pleasing taste of umami tastant and associated with altered insula function, may explain disturbed eating behaviors, including the imbalance in food choices, in BN patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikukage Setsu
- Department of Cognitive Behavioral Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Hirano
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Miki Tokunaga
- School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Kanagawa University of Human Services, Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Toru Takahashi
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Fukuoka Women's University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Noriko Numata
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Koji Matsumoto
- Department of Radiology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshitada Masuda
- Department of Radiology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Daisuke Matsuzawa
- Department of Cognitive Behavioral Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masaomi Iyo
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Eiji Shimizu
- Department of Cognitive Behavioral Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Michiko Nakazato
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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6
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Abstract
AbstractIn primates, the cortex adjoining the rostral border of V2 has been variously interpreted as belonging to a single visual area, V3, with dorsal V3 (V3d) representing the lower visual quadrant and ventral V3 (V3v) representing the upper visual quadrant, V3d and V3v constituting separate, incomplete visual areas, V3d and ventral posterior (VP), or V3d being divided into several visual areas, including a dorsomedial (DM) visual area, a medial visual area (M), and dorsal extension of VP (or VLP). In our view, the evidence from V1 connections strongly supports the contention that V3v and V3d are parts of a single visual area, V3, and that DM is a separate visual area along the rostral border of V3d. In addition, the retinotopy revealed by V1 connection patterns, microelectrode mapping, optical imaging mapping, and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fmri) mapping indicates that much of the proposed territory of V3d corresponds to V3. Yet, other evidence from microelectrode mapping and anatomical connection patterns supports the possibility of an upper quadrant representation along the rostral border of the middle of dorsal V2 (V2d), interpreted as part of DM or DM plus DI, and along the midline end of V2d, interpreted as the visual area M. While the data supporting these different interpretations appear contradictory, they also seem, to some extent, valid. We suggest that V3d may have a gap in its middle, possibly representing part of the upper visual quadrant that is not part of DM. In addition, another visual area, M, is likely located at the DM tip of V3d. There is no evidence for a similar disruption of V3v. For the present, we favor continuing the traditional concept of V3 with the possible modification of a gap in V3d in at least some primates.
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7
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Burman KJ, Bakola S, Richardson KE, Reser DH, Rosa MGP. Patterns of cortical input to the primary motor area in the marmoset monkey. J Comp Neurol 2014; 522:811-43. [PMID: 23939531 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In primates the primary motor cortex (M1) forms a topographic map of the body, whereby neurons in the medial part of this area control movements involving trunk and hindlimb muscles, those in the intermediate part control movements involving forelimb muscles, and those in the lateral part control movements of facial and other head muscles. This topography is accompanied by changes in cytoarchitectural characteristics, raising the question of whether the anatomical connections also vary between different parts of M1. To address this issue, we compared the patterns of cortical afferents revealed by retrograde tracer injections in different locations within M1 of marmoset monkeys. We found that the entire extent of this area is unified by projections from the dorsocaudal and medial subdivisions of premotor cortex (areas 6DC and 6M), from somatosensory areas 3a, 3b, 1/2, and S2, and from posterior parietal area PE. While cingulate areas projected to all subdivisions, they preferentially targeted the medial part of M1. Conversely, the ventral premotor areas were preferentially connected with the lateral part of M1. Smaller but consistent inputs originated in frontal area 6DR, ventral posterior parietal cortex, the retroinsular cortex, and area TPt. Connections with intraparietal, prefrontal, and temporal areas were very sparse, and variable. Our results demonstrate that M1 is unified by a consistent pattern of major connections, but also shows regional variations in terms of minor inputs. These differences likely reflect requirements for control of voluntary movement involving different body parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen J Burman
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
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8
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Burman KJ, Bakola S, Richardson KE, Reser DH, Rosa MGP. Patterns of afferent input to the caudal and rostral areas of the dorsal premotor cortex (6DC and 6DR) in the marmoset monkey. J Comp Neurol 2014; 522:3683-716. [PMID: 24888737 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Corticocortical projections to the caudal and rostral areas of dorsal premotor cortex (6DC and 6DR, also known as F2 and F7) were studied in the marmoset monkey. Both areas received their main thalamic inputs from the ventral anterior and ventral lateral complexes, and received dense projections from the medial premotor cortex. However, there were marked differences in their connections with other cortical areas. While 6DR received consistent inputs from prefrontal cortex, area 6DC received few such connections. Conversely, 6DC, but not 6DR, received major projections from the primary motor and somatosensory areas. Projections from the anterior cingulate cortex preferentially targeted 6DC, while the posterior cingulate and adjacent medial wall areas preferentially targeted 6DR. Projections from the medial parietal area PE to 6DC were particularly dense, while intraparietal areas (especially the putative homolog of LIP) were more strongly labeled after 6DR injections. Finally, 6DC and 6DR were distinct in terms of inputs from the ventral parietal cortex: projections to 6DR originated preferentially from caudal areas (PG and OPt), while 6DC received input primarily from rostral areas (PF and PFG). Differences in connections suggest that area 6DR includes rostral and caudal subdivisions, with the former also involved in oculomotor control. These results suggest that area 6DC is more directly involved in the preparation and execution of motor acts, while area 6DR integrates sensory and internally driven inputs for the planning of goal-directed actions. They also provide strong evidence of a homologous organization of the dorsal premotor cortex in New and Old World monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen J Burman
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
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9
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Abstract
The layout of areas in the cerebral cortex of different primates is quite similar, despite significant variations in brain size. However, it is clear that larger brains are not simply scaled up versions of smaller brains: some regions of the cortex are disproportionately large in larger species. It is currently debated whether these expanded areas arise through natural selection pressures for increased cognitive capacity or as a result of the application of a common developmental sequence on different scales. Here, we used computational methods to map and quantify the expansion of the cortex in simian primates of different sizes to investigate whether there is any common pattern of cortical expansion. Surface models of the marmoset, capuchin, and macaque monkey cortex were registered using the software package CARET and the spherical landmark vector difference algorithm. The registration was constrained by the location of identified homologous cortical areas. When comparing marmosets with both capuchins and macaques, we found a high degree of expansion in the temporal parietal junction, the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, and the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, all of which are high-level association areas typically involved in complex cognitive and behavioral functions. These expanded maps correlated well with previously published macaque to human registrations, suggesting that there is a general pattern of primate cortical scaling.
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10
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Grabenhorst F, Rolls ET. The representation of oral fat texture in the human somatosensory cortex. Hum Brain Mapp 2013; 35:2521-30. [PMID: 24038614 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
How fat is sensed in the mouth and represented in the brain is important in relation to the pleasantness of food, appetite control, and the design of foods that reproduce the mouthfeel of fat yet have low energy content. We show that the human somatosensory cortex (SSC) is involved in oral fat processing via functional coupling to the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), where the pleasantness of fat texture is represented. Using functional MRI, we found that activity in SSC was more strongly correlated with the OFC during the consumption of a high fat food with a pleasant (vanilla) flavor compared to a low fat food with the same flavor. This effect was not found in control analyses using high fat foods with a less pleasant flavor or pleasant-flavored low fat foods. SSC activity correlated with subjective ratings of fattiness, but not of texture pleasantness or flavor pleasantness, indicating a representation that is not involved in hedonic processing per se. Across subjects, the magnitude of OFC-SSC coupling explained inter-individual variation in texture pleasantness evaluations. These findings extend known SSC functions to a specific role in the processing of pleasant-flavored oral fat, and identify a neural mechanism potentially important in appetite, overeating, and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Grabenhorst
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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11
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Catania KC. The sense of touch in the star-nosed mole: from mechanoreceptors to the brain. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2012; 366:3016-25. [PMID: 21969683 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Star-nosed moles are somatosensory specialists that explore their environment with 22 appendages that ring their nostrils. The appendages are covered with sensory domes called Eimer's organs. Each organ is associated with a Merkel cell-neurite complex, a lamellated corpuscle, and a series of 5-10 free nerve endings that form a circle of terminal swellings. Anatomy and electrophysiological recordings suggest that Eimer's organs detect small shapes and textures. There are parallels between the organization of the mole's somatosensory system and visual systems of other mammals. The centre of the star is a tactile fovea used for detailed exploration of objects and prey items. The tactile fovea is over-represented in the neocortex, and this is evident in the modular, anatomically visible representation of the star. Multiple maps of the star are visible in flattened cortical preparations processed for cytochrome oxidase or NADPH-diaphorase. Star-nosed moles are the fastest known foragers among mammals, able to identify and consume a small prey item in 120 ms. Together these behavioural and nervous system specializations have made star-nosed moles an intriguing model system for examining general and specialized aspects of mammalian touch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth C Catania
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
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12
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Van Essen DC, Glasser MF, Dierker DL, Harwell J. Cortical parcellations of the macaque monkey analyzed on surface-based atlases. Cereb Cortex 2011; 22:2227-40. [PMID: 22052704 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhr290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface-based atlases provide a valuable way to analyze and visualize the functional organization of cerebral cortex. Surface-based registration (SBR) is a primary method for aligning individual hemispheres to a surface-based atlas. We used landmark-constrained SBR to register many published parcellation schemes to the macaque F99 surface-based atlas. This enables objective comparison of both similarities and differences across parcellations. Cortical areas in the macaque vary in surface area by more than 2 orders of magnitude. Based on a composite parcellation derived from 3 major sources, the total number of macaque neocortical and transitional cortical areas is estimated to be about 130-140 in each hemisphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Van Essen
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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13
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Stephani C, Fernandez-Baca Vaca G, Maciunas R, Koubeissi M, Lüders HO. Functional neuroanatomy of the insular lobe. Brain Struct Funct 2010; 216:137-49. [PMID: 21153903 PMCID: PMC3097350 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-010-0296-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The insula is the fifth lobe of the brain and it is the least known. Hidden under the temporal, frontal and parietal opercula, as well as under dense arterial and venous vessels, its accessibility is particularly restricted. Functional data on this region in humans, therefore, are scarce and the existing evidence makes conclusions on its functional and somatotopic organization difficult. 5 patients with intractable epilepsy underwent an invasive presurgical evaluation with implantation of diagnostic invasive-depth electrodes, including insular electrodes that were inserted using a mesiocaudodorsal to laterorostroventral approach. Altogether 113 contacts were found to be in the insula and were stimulated with alternating currents during preoperative monitoring. Different viscerosensitive and somatosensory phenomena were elicited by stimulation of these electrodes. A relatively high density of electrode contacts enabled us to delineate several functionally distinct areas within the insula. We found somatosensory symptoms to be restricted to the posterior insula and a subgroup of warmth or painful sensations in the dorsal posterior insula. Viscerosensory symptoms were elicited by more anterior electrode contacts with a subgroup of gustatory symptoms occurring after stimulation of electrode contacts in the central part of the insula. The anterior insula did not show reproducible responses to stimulation. In line with previous studies, we found evidence for somato- and viscerosensory cortex in the insula. In addition, our results suggest that there is a predominantly posterior and central distribution of these functions in the insular lobe.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Stephani
- The Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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14
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Burman KJ, Reser DH, Yu HH, Rosa MGP. Cortical input to the frontal pole of the marmoset monkey. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 21:1712-37. [PMID: 21139076 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhq239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We used fluorescent tracers to map the pattern of cortical afferents to frontal area 10 in marmosets. Dense projections originated in several subdivisions of orbitofrontal cortex, in the medial frontal cortex (particularly areas 14 and 32), and in the dorsolateral frontal cortex (particularly areas 8Ad and 9). Major projections also stemmed, in variable proportions depending on location of the injection site, from both the inferior and superior temporal sensory association areas, suggesting a degree of audiovisual convergence. Other temporal projections included the superior temporal polysensory cortex, temporal pole, and parabelt auditory cortex. Medial area 10 received additional projections from retrosplenial, rostral calcarine, and parahippocampal areas, while lateral area 10 received small projections from the ventral somatosensory and premotor areas. There were no afferents from posterior parietal or occipital areas. Most frontal connections were balanced in terms of laminar origin, giving few indications of an anatomical hierarchy. The pattern of frontopolar afferents suggests an interface between high-order representations of the sensory world and internally generated states, including working memory, which may subserve ongoing evaluation of the consequences of decisions as well as other cognitive functions. The results also suggest the existence of functional differences between subregions of area 10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen J Burman
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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15
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Abstract
AbstractComparative studies demonstrate that homologous neural structures differ in function and that neural mechanisms underlying behavior evolved independently. A neural structure does not serve a particular function so much as it executes an algorithm on its inputs though its dynamics. Neural dynamics are altered by a neuromodulation, and species-differences in neuromodulation can account for behavioral differences.
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16
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Burman KJ, Rosa MG. Architectural subdivisions of medial and orbital frontal cortices in the marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus). J Comp Neurol 2009; 514:11-29. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.21976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Gerber B, Stocker RF, Tanimura T, Thum AS. Smelling, tasting, learning: Drosophila as a study case. Results Probl Cell Differ 2009; 47:139-185. [PMID: 19145411 DOI: 10.1007/400_2008_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Understanding brain function is to account for how the sensory system is integrated with the organism's needs to organize behaviour. We review what is known about these processes with regard to chemosensation and chemosensory learning in Drosophila. We stress that taste and olfaction are organized rather differently. Given that, e.g., sugars are nutrients and should be eaten (irrespective of the kind of sugar) and that toxic substances should be avoided (regardless of the kind of death they eventually cause), tastants are classified into relatively few behavioural matters of concern. In contrast, what needs to be done in response to odours is less evolutionarily determined. Thus, discrimination ability is warranted between different kinds of olfactory input, as any difference between odours may potentially be or become important. Therefore, the olfactory system has a higher dimensionality than gustation, and allows for more sensory-motor flexibility to attach acquired behavioural 'meaning' to odours. We argue that, by and large, larval and adult Drosophila are similar in these kinds of architecture, and that additionally there are a number of similarities to vertebrates, in particular regarding the cellular architecture of the olfactory pathway, the functional slant of the taste and smell systems towards classification versus discrimination, respectively, and the higher plasticity of the olfactory sensory-motor system. From our point of view, the greatest gap in understanding smell and taste systems to date is not on the sensory side, where indeed impressive advances have been achieved; also, a satisfying account of associative odour-taste memory trace formation seems within reach. Rather, we lack an understanding as to how sensory and motor formats of processing are centrally integrated, and how adaptive motor patterns actually are selected. Such an understanding, we believe, will allow the analysis to be extended to the motivating factors of behaviour, eventually leading to a comprehensive account of those systems which make Drosophila do what Drosophila's got to do.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Gerber
- Universität Würzburg, Biozentrum, Am Hubland, Würzburg, 97074, Germany.
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Iyengar S, Qi HX, Jain N, Kaas JH. Cortical and thalamic connections of the representations of the teeth and tongue in somatosensory cortex of new world monkeys. J Comp Neurol 2007; 501:95-120. [PMID: 17206603 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Connections of representations of the teeth and tongue in primary somatosensory cortex (area 3b) and adjoining cortex were revealed in owl, squirrel, and marmoset monkeys with injections of fluorescent tracers. Injection sites were identified by microelectrode recordings from neurons responsive to touch on the teeth or tongue. Patterns of cortical label were related to myeloarchitecture in sections cut parallel to the surface of flattened cortex, and to coronal sections of the thalamus processed for cytochrome oxidase (CO). Cortical sections revealed a caudorostral series of myelin dense ovals (O1-O4) in area 3b that represent the periodontal receptors of the contralateral teeth, the contralateral tongue, the ipsilateral teeth, and the ipsilateral tongue. The ventroposterior medial subnucleus, VPM, and the ventroposterior medial parvicellular nucleus for taste, VPMpc, were identified in the thalamic sections. Injections placed in the O1 oval representing teeth labeled neurons in VPM, while injections in O2 representing the tongue labeled neurons in both VPMpc and VPM. These injections also labeled adjacent part of areas 3a and 1, and locations in the lateral sulcus and frontal lobe. Callosally, connections of the ovals were most dense with corresponding ovals. Injections in the area 1 representation of the tongue labeled neurons in VPMpc and VPM, and ipsilateral area 3b ovals, area 3a, opercular cortex, and cortex in the lateral sulcus. Contralaterally, labeled neurons were mostly in area 1. The results implicate portions of areas 3b, 3a, and 1 in the processing of tactile information from the teeth and tongue, and possibly taste information from the tongue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Iyengar
- National Brain Research Centre, Deemed University, 122050, Haryana, India
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Burman KJ, Palmer SM, Gamberini M, Spitzer MW, Rosa MG. Anatomical and physiological definition of the motor cortex of the marmoset monkey. J Comp Neurol 2007; 506:860-76. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.21580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Sherwood CC, Raghanti MA, Stimpson CD, Bonar CJ, de Sousa AA, Preuss TM, Hof PR. Scaling of inhibitory interneurons in areas v1 and v2 of anthropoid primates as revealed by calcium-binding protein immunohistochemistry. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2006; 69:176-95. [PMID: 17106195 DOI: 10.1159/000096986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2006] [Accepted: 04/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitory GABAergic interneurons are important for shaping patterns of activity in neocortical networks. We examined the distributions of inhibitory interneuron subtypes in layer II/III of areas V1 and V2 in 18 genera of anthropoid primates including New World monkeys, Old World monkeys, and hominoids (apes and humans). Interneuron subtypes were identified by immunohistochemical staining for calbindin, calretinin, and parvalbumin and densities were quantified using the optical disector method. In both V1 and V2, calbindin-immunoreactive neuron density decreased disproportionately with decreasing total neuronal density. Thus, V1 and V2 of hominoids were occupied by a smaller percentage of calbindin-immunoreactive interneurons compared to monkeys who have greater overall neuronal densities. At the transition from V1 to V2 across all individuals, we found a tendency for increased percentages of calbindin-immunoreactive multipolar cells and calretinin-immunoreactive interneurons. In addition, parvalbumin-immunoreactive cell soma volumes increased from V1 to V2. These findings suggest that modifications of specific aspects of inhibition might be critical to establishing the receptive field properties that distinguish visual areas. Furthermore, these results show that phylogenetic variation exists in the microcircuitry of visual cortex that could have general implications for sensory processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chet C Sherwood
- Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
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Yamamori T, Rockland KS. Neocortical areas, layers, connections, and gene expression. Neurosci Res 2006; 55:11-27. [PMID: 16546282 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2006.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2005] [Revised: 02/05/2006] [Accepted: 02/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cortical patterns of gene expression provide a new approach to long standing issues of lamination, and area identity and formation. In this review, we summarize recent findings where molecular biological techniques have revealed a small number of area-specific genes in the nonhuman primate cortex. One of these (occ1) is strongly expressed in primary visual cortex and is associated with thalamocortical connections. Another gene, RBP, is more strongly expressed in association areas. It is not clear whether RBP might be linked with any particular connectional system, but several possibilities are raised. We also discuss possible roles of area-specific genes in postnatal development, and conclude with a brief sketch of future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Yamamori
- Division of Brain Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Aichi 444-8585, Japan.
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Pearson JM, Crocker WD, Fitzpatrick DC. Connections of functional areas in the mustached bat's auditory cortex with the auditory thalamus. J Comp Neurol 2006; 500:401-18. [PMID: 17111381 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The auditory thalamus is the major target of the inferior colliculus and connects in turn with the auditory cortex. In the mustached bat, biosonar information is represented according to frequency in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICc) but according to response type in the cortex. In addition, the cortex has multiple areas with neurons of similar response type compared to the single tonotopic representation in the ICc. To investigate whether these transformations occur at the level of the thalamus, we injected anatomical tracers into physiologically defined locations in the mustached bat's auditory cortex. Injections in areas used for target ranging labeled contiguous regions of the auditory thalamus rather than separate patches corresponding to regions that respond to the different harmonic frequencies used for ranging. Injections in the two largest ranging areas produced labeling in separate locations. These results indicate that the thalamus is organized according to response type rather than frequency and that multiple mappings of response types exist. Injections in areas used for target detection labeled thalamic regions that were largely separate from those that interconnect with ranging areas. However, injections in an area used for determining target velocity overlapped with the areas connected to ranging areas and areas involved in target detection. Thus, separation by functional type and multiplication of areas with similar response type occurs by the thalamic level, but connections with the cortex segregate the functional types more completely than occurs in the thalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Pearson
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7070, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Semir Zeki
- Wellcome Laboratory of Neurobiology, Anatomy Department, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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