1
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Shabi O, Natan S, Kolel A, Mukherjee A, Tchaicheeyan O, Wolfenson H, Kiryati N, Lesman A. Motion magnification analysis of microscopy videos of biological cells. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240127. [PMID: 33151976 PMCID: PMC7644077 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well recognized that isolated cardiac muscle cells beat in a periodic manner. Recently, evidence indicates that other, non-muscle cells, also perform periodic motions that are either imperceptible under conventional lab microscope lens or practically not easily amenable for analysis of oscillation amplitude, frequency, phase of movement and its direction. Here, we create a real-time video analysis tool to visually magnify and explore sub-micron rhythmic movements performed by biological cells and the induced movements in their surroundings. Using this tool, we suggest that fibroblast cells perform small fluctuating movements with a dominant frequency that is dependent on their surrounding substrate and its stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oren Shabi
- School of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sari Natan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Avraham Kolel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Oren Tchaicheeyan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Nahum Kiryati
- School of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ayelet Lesman
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- * E-mail:
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2
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Ombid RJL, Oyong GG, Cabrera EC, Espulgar WV, Saito M, Tamiya E, Pobre RF. In-vitro study of monocytic THP-1 leukemia cell membrane elasticity with a single-cell microfluidic-assisted optical trapping system. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:6027-6037. [PMID: 33150003 PMCID: PMC7587289 DOI: 10.1364/boe.402526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We studied the elastic profile of monocytic THP-1 leukemia cells using a microfluidic-assisted optical trap. A 2-µm fused silica bead was optically trapped to mechanically dent an immobilized single THP-1 monocyte sieved on a 15-µm microfluidic capture chamber. Cells treated with Zeocin and untreated cells underwent RT-qPCR analysis to determine cell apoptosis through gene expression in relation to each cell's deformation profile. Results showed that untreated cells with 43.05 ± 6.68 Pa are more elastic compared to the treated cells with 15.81 ± 2.94 Pa. THP-1 monocyte's elastic modulus is indicative of cell apoptosis shown by upregulated genes after Zeocin treatment. This study clearly showed that the developed technique can be used to distinguish between cells undergoing apoptosis and cells not undergoing apoptosis and which may apply to the study of other cells and other cell states as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ric John L. Ombid
- OPTICS Research Unit, CENSER, De La Salle University (DLSU), Manila, Philippines
- Optics and Instrumentation Physics Laboratory, Physics Department, DLSU, Manila, Philippines
| | - Glenn G. Oyong
- OPTICS Research Unit, CENSER, De La Salle University (DLSU), Manila, Philippines
- Molecular Science Unit Laboratory, CENSER, DLSU, Manila, Philippines
| | - Esperanza C. Cabrera
- Biology Department, DLSU, Manila, Philippines
- Molecular Science Unit Laboratory, CENSER, DLSU, Manila, Philippines
| | - Wilfred V. Espulgar
- Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Masato Saito
- Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Japan
- Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory, AIST-Osaka University, Photonics Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Eiichi Tamiya
- Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory, AIST-Osaka University, Photonics Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Romeric F. Pobre
- OPTICS Research Unit, CENSER, De La Salle University (DLSU), Manila, Philippines
- Optics and Instrumentation Physics Laboratory, Physics Department, DLSU, Manila, Philippines
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3
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Arbore C, Perego L, Sergides M, Capitanio M. Probing force in living cells with optical tweezers: from single-molecule mechanics to cell mechanotransduction. Biophys Rev 2019; 11:765-782. [PMID: 31612379 PMCID: PMC6815294 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-019-00599-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The invention of optical tweezers more than three decades ago has opened new avenues in the study of the mechanical properties of biological molecules and cells. Quantitative force measurements still represent a challenging task in living cells due to the complexity of the cellular environment. Here, we review different methodologies to quantitatively measure the mechanical properties of living cells, the strength of adhesion/receptor bonds, and the active force produced during intracellular transport, cell adhesion, and migration. We discuss experimental strategies to attain proper calibration of optical tweezers and molecular resolution in living cells. Finally, we show recent studies on the transduction of mechanical stimuli into biomolecular and genetic signals that play a critical role in cell health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Arbore
- LENS - European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Laura Perego
- LENS - European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Marios Sergides
- LENS - European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Marco Capitanio
- LENS - European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, Via Sansone 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
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4
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Kim JE, Reynolds DS, Zaman MH, Mak M. Characterization of the mechanical properties of cancer cells in 3D matrices in response to collagen concentration and cytoskeletal inhibitors. Integr Biol (Camb) 2019; 10:232-241. [PMID: 29620778 DOI: 10.1039/c8ib00044a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cellular processes, such as cell migration, adhesion, and proliferation depend on the interaction between the intracellular environment and the extracellular matrix (ECM). While many studies have explored the role of the microenvironment on cell behavior, the influence of 3D matrix mechanics on intracellular activity is not completely understood. To characterize the relationship between the mechanical components of the microenvironment and intracellular behavior, we use particle-tracking microrheology of metastatic breast cancer cells embedded in 3D collagen gels to quantify the intracellular activity from which the molecular motor activity and stiffness can be determined. Our results show that increasing collagen concentration of the 3D environments leads to an increase in intracellular stiffness and motor activity. Furthermore, our studies demonstrate that intracellular fluctuations depend on collagen concentration, even in the presence of a number of frontline chemotherapeutic and anti-MMP drugs, indicating that ECM concentration is an important and indispensable parameter to consider in drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Kim
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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5
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Active Prestress Leads to an Apparent Stiffening of Cells through Geometrical Effects. Biophys J 2019; 114:419-424. [PMID: 29401439 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuning of active prestress, e.g., through activity of molecular motors, constitutes a powerful cellular tool to adjust cellular stiffness through nonlinear material properties. Understanding this tool is an important prerequisite for our comprehension of cellular force response, cell shape dynamics, and tissue organization. Experimental data obtained from cell-mechanical measurements often show a simple linear dependence between mechanical prestress and measured differential elastic moduli. Although these experimental findings could point to stress-induced structural changes in the material, we propose a surprisingly simple alternative explanation in a theoretical study. We show how geometrical effects can give rise to increased cellular force response of cells in the presence of active prestress. The associated effective stress-stiffening is disconnected from actual stress-induced changes of the elastic modulus, and should therefore be regarded as an apparent stiffening of the material. We argue that new approaches in experimental design are necessary to separate this apparent stress-stiffening due to geometrical effects from actual nonlinearities of the elastic modulus in prestressed cellular material.
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6
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Lee G, Han SB, Lee JH, Kim HW, Kim DH. Cancer Mechanobiology: Microenvironmental Sensing and Metastasis. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:3735-3752. [PMID: 33405888 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b01230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The cellular microenvironment plays an important role in regulating cancer progress. Cancer can physically and chemically remodel its surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM). Critical cellular behaviors such as recognition of matrix geometry and rigidity, cell polarization and motility, cytoskeletal reorganization, and proliferation can be changed as a consequence of these ECM alternations. Here, we present an overview of cancer mechanobiology in detail, focusing on cancer microenvironmental sensing of exogenous cues and quantification of cancer-substrate interactions. In addition, mechanics of metastasis classified with tumor progression will be discussed. The mechanism underlying cancer mechanosensation and tumor progression may provide new insights into therapeutic strategies to alleviate cancer malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- GeonHui Lee
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Seong-Beom Han
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Jung-Hwan Lee
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, South Korea.,Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, South Korea
| | - Hae-Won Kim
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, South Korea.,Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, South Korea.,Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, South Korea
| | - Dong-Hwee Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
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7
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Nishizawa K, Bremerich M, Ayade H, Schmidt CF, Ariga T, Mizuno D. Feedback-tracking microrheology in living cells. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1700318. [PMID: 28975148 PMCID: PMC5621978 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1700318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Living cells are composed of active materials, in which forces are generated by the energy derived from metabolism. Forces and structures self-organize to shape the cell and drive its dynamic functions. Understanding the out-of-equilibrium mechanics is challenging because constituent materials, the cytoskeleton and the cytosol, are extraordinarily heterogeneous, and their physical properties are strongly affected by the internally generated forces. We have analyzed dynamics inside two types of eukaryotic cells, fibroblasts and epithelial-like HeLa cells, with simultaneous active and passive microrheology using laser interferometry and optical trapping technology. We developed a method to track microscopic probes stably in cells in the presence of vigorous cytoplasmic fluctuations, by using smooth three-dimensional (3D) feedback of a piezo-actuated sample stage. To interpret the data, we present a theory that adapts the fluctuation-dissipation theorem (FDT) to out-of-equilibrium systems that are subjected to positional feedback, which introduces an additional nonequilibrium effect. We discuss the interplay between material properties and nonthermal force fluctuations in the living cells that we quantify through the violations of the FDT. In adherent fibroblasts, we observed a well-known polymer network viscoelastic response where the complex shear modulus scales as G* ∝ (-iω)3/4. In the more 3D confluent epithelial cells, we found glassy mechanics with G* ∝ (-iω)1/2 that we attribute to glassy dynamics in the cytosol. The glassy state in living cells shows characteristics that appear distinct from classical glasses and unique to nonequilibrium materials that are activated by molecular motors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Nishizawa
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Marcel Bremerich
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Heev Ayade
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Christoph F. Schmidt
- Third Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Takayuki Ariga
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Daisuke Mizuno
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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8
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Kurzawa L, Vianay B, Senger F, Vignaud T, Blanchoin L, Théry M. Dissipation of contractile forces: the missing piece in cell mechanics. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:1825-1832. [PMID: 28684608 PMCID: PMC5526557 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-09-0672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical forces are key regulators of cell and tissue physiology. The basic molecular mechanism of fiber contraction by the sliding of actin filament upon myosin leading to conformational change has been known for decades. The regulation of force generation at the level of the cell, however, is still far from elucidated. Indeed, the magnitude of cell traction forces on the underlying extracellular matrix in culture is almost impossible to predict or experimentally control. The considerable variability in measurements of cell-traction forces indicates that they may not be the optimal readout to properly characterize cell contractile state and that a significant part of the contractile energy is not transferred to cell anchorage but instead is involved in actin network dynamics. Here we discuss the experimental, numerical, and biological parameters that may be responsible for the variability in traction force production. We argue that limiting these sources of variability and investigating the dissipation of mechanical work that occurs with structural rearrangements and the disengagement of force transmission is key for further understanding of cell mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Kurzawa
- CytoMorpho Lab, Biosciences and Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, UMR5168, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRA, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Benoit Vianay
- Université Paris Diderot, INSERM, CEA, CytoMorpho Lab, Hôpital Saint Louis, Institut Universitaire d’Hematologie, UMRS1160, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Fabrice Senger
- CytoMorpho Lab, Biosciences and Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, UMR5168, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRA, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Timothée Vignaud
- CytoMorpho Lab, Biosciences and Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, UMR5168, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRA, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Laurent Blanchoin
- CytoMorpho Lab, Biosciences and Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, UMR5168, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRA, 38054 Grenoble, France
- Université Paris Diderot, INSERM, CEA, CytoMorpho Lab, Hôpital Saint Louis, Institut Universitaire d’Hematologie, UMRS1160, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Manuel Théry
- CytoMorpho Lab, Biosciences and Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, UMR5168, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRA, 38054 Grenoble, France
- Université Paris Diderot, INSERM, CEA, CytoMorpho Lab, Hôpital Saint Louis, Institut Universitaire d’Hematologie, UMRS1160, 75010 Paris, France
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9
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Morawetz EW, Stange R, Kießling TR, Schnauß J, Käs JA. Optical stretching in continuous flows. CONVERGENT SCIENCE PHYSICAL ONCOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1739/aa6eb1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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10
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Contact-free Mechanical Manipulation of Biological Materials. SPRINGER HANDBOOK OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-54357-3_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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11
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Atluri K, De Jesus AM, Chinnathambi S, Brouillette MJ, Martin JA, Salem AK, Sander EA. Blebbistatin-Loaded Poly(d,l-lactide- co-glycolide) Particles For Treating Arthrofibrosis. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2016; 2:1097-1107. [PMID: 33445238 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Joint immobility is a debilitating complication of articular trauma that is characterized by thickening and stiffening of the joint capsule and the formation of fibrotic lesions inside joints. Capsule release surgery can temporarily restore mobility, but contraction often recurs due to the contractile activities of fibroblasts, which exert tension on the capsule ECM via nonmuscle myosin II. Based on these findings we hypothesized that blebbistatin, a drug that reversibly inhibits the activity of this protein, would relax ECM tension imposed by fibroblasts and reduce fibrosis. In this study, we characterized the effectiveness of blebbistatin as an anticontractile treatment. Given that sustained suppression of contractile activity may be required to achieve capsule release and reduce fibrosis, we compared the effects on fibroblast-mediated collagen ECM displacement of blebbistatin-loaded poly(lactide-co-gylcolide) (PLGA) particles versus bolus blebbistatin dosing. Time-lapse imaging of fluorescent microspheres embedded in collagen gels confirmed that PLGA/blebbistatin inhibited force generation and reduced both gel displacement and rate of displacement. In addition, collagen production at 10 days was significantly reduced. Taken together, these data indicate that blebbistatin-loaded PLGA particles can be used to inhibit fibroblast force-generation and reduce collagen production and lay the foundation for optimization of drug delivery technology for treating arthrofibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Atluri
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Translational Therapeutics, University of Iowa College of Pharmacy, 115 South Grand Avenue, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - A M De Jesus
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa College of Engineering, 1402 Seamans Center, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - S Chinnathambi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa College of Engineering, 1402 Seamans Center, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - M J Brouillette
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, 25 South Grand Avenue, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - J A Martin
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, 25 South Grand Avenue, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - A K Salem
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Translational Therapeutics, University of Iowa College of Pharmacy, 115 South Grand Avenue, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa College of Engineering, 1402 Seamans Center, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - E A Sander
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa College of Engineering, 1402 Seamans Center, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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12
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Hochstetter A, Pfohl T. Motility, Force Generation, and Energy Consumption of Unicellular Parasites. Trends Parasitol 2016; 32:531-541. [PMID: 27157805 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Motility is a key factor for pathogenicity of unicellular parasites, enabling them to infiltrate and evade host cells, and perform several of their life-cycle events. State-of-the-art methods of motility analysis rely on a combination of optical tweezers with high-resolution microscopy and microfluidics. With this technology, propulsion forces, energies, and power generation can be determined so as to shed light on the motion mechanisms, chemotactic behavior, and specific survival strategies of unicellular parasites. With these new tools in hand, we can elucidate the mechanisms of motility and force generation of unicellular parasites, and identify ways to manipulate and eventually inhibit them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Hochstetter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Pfohl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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13
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Fusco S, Memmolo P, Miccio L, Merola F, Mugnano M, Paciello A, Ferraro P, Netti PA. Nanomechanics of a fibroblast suspended using point-like anchors reveal cytoskeleton formation. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra26305k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells are suspended and stretched using two microbeads. The formation of inner cytoskeleton structures is reported using displacement, QPM phase change and fluorescent micrographs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabato Fusco
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia
- IIT@CRIB
- Napoli 80125
- Italy
| | - Pasquale Memmolo
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia
- IIT@CRIB
- Napoli 80125
- Italy
- CNR – Istituto di Scienze Applicate e Sistemi Intelligenti
| | - Lisa Miccio
- CNR – Istituto di Scienze Applicate e Sistemi Intelligenti
- Pozzuoli
- Italy
| | - Francesco Merola
- CNR – Istituto di Scienze Applicate e Sistemi Intelligenti
- Pozzuoli
- Italy
| | - Martina Mugnano
- CNR – Istituto di Scienze Applicate e Sistemi Intelligenti
- Pozzuoli
- Italy
| | | | - Pietro Ferraro
- CNR – Istituto di Scienze Applicate e Sistemi Intelligenti
- Pozzuoli
- Italy
| | - Paolo A. Netti
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia
- IIT@CRIB
- Napoli 80125
- Italy
- DCMIPE
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14
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Tartibi M, Liu Y, Liu GY, Komvopoulos K. Single-cell mechanics--An experimental-computational method for quantifying the membrane-cytoskeleton elasticity of cells. Acta Biomater 2015; 27:224-235. [PMID: 26300334 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The membrane-cytoskeleton system plays a major role in cell adhesion, growth, migration, and differentiation. F-actin filaments, cross-linkers, binding proteins that bundle F-actin filaments to form the actin cytoskeleton, and integrins that connect the actin cytoskeleton network to the cell plasma membrane and extracellular matrix are major cytoskeleton constituents. Thus, the cell cytoskeleton is a complex composite that can assume different shapes. Atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based techniques have been used to measure cytoskeleton material properties without much attention to cell shape. A recently developed surface chemical patterning method for long-term single-cell culture was used to seed individual cells on circular patterns. A continuum-based cell model, which uses as input the force-displacement response obtained with a modified AFM setup and relates the membrane-cytoskeleton elastic behavior to the cell geometry, while treating all other subcellular components suspended in the cytoplasmic liquid (gel) as an incompressible fluid, is presented and validated by experimental results. The developed analytical-experimental methodology establishes a framework for quantifying the membrane-cytoskeleton elasticity of live cells. This capability may have immense implications in cell biology, particularly in studies seeking to establish correlations between membrane-cytoskeleton elasticity and cell disease, mortality, differentiation, and migration, and provide insight into cell infiltration through nonwoven fibrous scaffolds. The present method can be further extended to analyze membrane-cytoskeleton viscoelasticity, examine the role of other subcellular components (e.g., nucleus envelope) in cell elasticity, and elucidate the effects of mechanical stimuli on cell differentiation and motility. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE This is the first study to decouple the membrane-cytoskeleton elasticity from cell stiffness and introduce an effective approach for measuring the elastic modulus. The novelty of this study is the development of new technology for quantifying the elastic stiffness of the membrane-cytoskeleton system of cells. This capability could have immense implications in cell biology, particularly in establishing correlations between various cell diseases, mortality, and differentiation with membrane-cytoskeleton elasticity, examining through-tissue cell migration, and understanding cell infiltration in porous scaffolds. The present method can be further extended to analyze membrane-cytoskeleton viscous behavior, identify the contribution of other subcellular components (e.g., nucleus envelope) to load sharing, and elucidate mechanotransduction effects due to repetitive compressive loading and unloading on cell differentiation and motility.
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15
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Chan CJ, Ekpenyong AE, Golfier S, Li W, Chalut KJ, Otto O, Elgeti J, Guck J, Lautenschläger F. Myosin II Activity Softens Cells in Suspension. Biophys J 2015; 108:1856-69. [PMID: 25902426 PMCID: PMC4407259 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular cytoskeleton is crucial for many cellular functions such as cell motility and wound healing, as well as other processes that require shape change or force generation. Actin is one cytoskeleton component that regulates cell mechanics. Important properties driving this regulation include the amount of actin, its level of cross-linking, and its coordination with the activity of specific molecular motors like myosin. While studies investigating the contribution of myosin activity to cell mechanics have been performed on cells attached to a substrate, we investigated mechanical properties of cells in suspension. To do this, we used multiple probes for cell mechanics including a microfluidic optical stretcher, a microfluidic microcirculation mimetic, and real-time deformability cytometry. We found that nonadherent blood cells, cells arrested in mitosis, and naturally adherent cells brought into suspension, stiffen and become more solidlike upon myosin inhibition across multiple timescales (milliseconds to minutes). Our results hold across several pharmacological and genetic perturbations targeting myosin. Our findings suggest that myosin II activity contributes to increased whole-cell compliance and fluidity. This finding is contrary to what has been reported for cells attached to a substrate, which stiffen via active myosin driven prestress. Our results establish the importance of myosin II as an active component in modulating suspended cell mechanics, with a functional role distinctly different from that for substrate-adhered cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chii J Chan
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andrew E Ekpenyong
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Golfier
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Wenhong Li
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kevin J Chalut
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Otto
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jens Elgeti
- Institute of Complex Systems, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Jochen Guck
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Franziska Lautenschläger
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Physics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.
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