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El-Wakil ES, Abdelmaksoud HF, Wakid MH, Alsulami MN, Hammam O, Albohiri HH, Ghallab MMI. Annona muricata Leaf as an Anti-Cryptosporidial Agent: An In Silico Molecular Docking Analysis and In Vivo Studies. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:878. [PMID: 37375825 DOI: 10.3390/ph16060878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is a serious parasitic diarrheal disease linked to the occurrence of colorectal cancer in immunocompromised patients. The FDA-approved drug nitazoxanide (NTZ) achieved a temporary effect, and relapses occur. Annona muricata leaf is widely used in traditional medicine to treat a wide range of disorders, including antiparasitic and anticancer effects. So, this study aimed to investigate Annona muricata leaf antiparasitic and anticancer properties compared to NTZ in Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum) acutely and chronically infected immunosuppressed mice. A molecular docking analysis was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of some biologically active compounds that represented the pharmacological properties of Annona muricata leaf-rich extract toward C. parvum lactate dehydrogenase compared to NTZ. For the in vivo study, eighty immunosuppressed albino mice were classified into four groups as follows: group I: infected and treated with A. muricata; group II: infected and treated with nitazoxanide; group III: infected and received no treatment; and group IV: were neither infected nor treated. Furthermore, half of the mice in groups I and II received the drugs on the 10th day post-infection (dpi), and the other half received treatment on the 90th day post-infection. Parasitological, histopathological, and immunohistochemical evaluations were performed. The docking analysis showed that the lowest estimated free energy of binding of annonacin, casuarine, L-epigallocatechin, P-coumaric acid, and ellagic acid toward C. parvum LDH, were -6.11, -6.32, -7.51, -7.81, and -9.64 kcal/mol, respectively, while NTZ was -7.03 kcal/mol. Parasitological examination displayed a significantly high difference in C. parvum oocyst mean counts in groups I and II compared to group III (p-value < 0.001), with group I demonstrating the highest efficacy. The analyses of histopathological and immunohistochemical results revealed that group I showed restoration of the normal villous pattern without evidence of dysplasia or malignancy. A. muricata leaf has proved to be a reliable agent for Cryptosporidium treatment. This paper argues for its promising use as an antiparasitic agent and for the prevention of neoplastic sequels of Cryptosporidium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman S El-Wakil
- Department of Parasitology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Imbaba 12411, Egypt
| | - Hagar F Abdelmaksoud
- Department of Parasitology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Imbaba 12411, Egypt
| | - Majed H Wakid
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muslimah N Alsulami
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Olfat Hammam
- Department of Pathology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Imbaba 12411, Egypt
| | - Haleema H Albohiri
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marwa M I Ghallab
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt
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Abokor AA, McDaniel GH, Golonka RM, Campbell C, Brahmandam S, Yeoh BS, Joe B, Vijay-Kumar M, Saha P. Immunoglobulin A, an Active Liaison for Host-Microbiota Homeostasis. Microorganisms 2021; 9:2117. [PMID: 34683438 PMCID: PMC8539215 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9102117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces in the gastrointestinal tract are continually exposed to native, commensal antigens and susceptible to foreign, infectious antigens. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) provides dual humoral responses that create a symbiotic environment for the resident gut microbiota and prevent the invasion of enteric pathogens. This review features recent immunological and microbial studies that elucidate the underlying IgA and microbiota-dependent mechanisms for mutualism at physiological conditions. IgA derailment and concurrent microbiota instability in pathological diseases are also discussed in detail. Highlights of this review underscore that the source of IgA and its structural form can dictate microbiota reactivity to sustain a diverse niche where both host and bacteria benefit. Other important studies emphasize IgA insufficiency can result in the bloom of opportunistic pathogens that encroach the intestinal epithelia and disseminate into circulation. The continual growth of knowledge in these subjects can lead to the development of therapeutics targeting IgA and/or the microbiota to treat life threatening diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A. Abokor
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (A.A.A.); (R.M.G.); (B.S.Y.); (B.J.); (M.V.-K.)
| | - Grant H. McDaniel
- College of Medicine, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (G.H.M.); (C.C.); (S.B.)
| | - Rachel M. Golonka
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (A.A.A.); (R.M.G.); (B.S.Y.); (B.J.); (M.V.-K.)
| | - Connor Campbell
- College of Medicine, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (G.H.M.); (C.C.); (S.B.)
| | - Sreya Brahmandam
- College of Medicine, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (G.H.M.); (C.C.); (S.B.)
| | - Beng San Yeoh
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (A.A.A.); (R.M.G.); (B.S.Y.); (B.J.); (M.V.-K.)
| | - Bina Joe
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (A.A.A.); (R.M.G.); (B.S.Y.); (B.J.); (M.V.-K.)
| | - Matam Vijay-Kumar
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (A.A.A.); (R.M.G.); (B.S.Y.); (B.J.); (M.V.-K.)
| | - Piu Saha
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (A.A.A.); (R.M.G.); (B.S.Y.); (B.J.); (M.V.-K.)
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3
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Kumar A, Jayawardena D, Anbazhagan AN, Chatterjee I, Priyamvada S, Alrefai WA, Borthakur A, Dudeja PK. Decreased SLC26A3 expression and function in intestinal epithelial cells in response to Cryptosporidium parvum infection. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 317:C1205-C1212. [PMID: 31483700 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00278.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium parvum (CP) causes cryptosporidiosis, a diarrheal disease worldwide. Infection in immunocompetent hosts typically results in acute, self-limiting, or recurrent diarrhea. However, in immunocompromised individuals infection can cause fulminant diarrhea, extraintestinal manifestations, and death. To date, the mechanisms underlying CP-induced diarrheal pathogenesis are poorly understood. Diarrheal diseases most commonly involve increased secretion and/or decreased absorption of fluid and electrolytes. We and others have previously shown impaired chloride absorption in infectious diarrhea due to dysregulation of SLC26A3 [downregulated in adenoma (DRA)], the human intestinal apical membrane Cl-/HCO3- exchanger protein. However, there are no studies on the effects of CP infection on DRA activity. Therefore, we examined the expression and function of DRA in intestinal epithelial cells in response to CP infection in vitro and in vivo. CP infection (0.5 × 106 oocysts/well in 24-well plates, 24 h) of Caco-2 cell monolayers significantly decreased Cl-/HCO3- exchange activity (measured as DIDS-sensitive 125I uptake) as well as DRA mRNA and protein levels. Substantial downregulation of DRA mRNA and protein was also observed following CP infection ex vivo in mouse enteroid-derived monolayers and in vivo in the ileal and jejunal mucosa of C57BL/6 mice for 24 h. However, at 48 h after infection in vivo, the effects on DRA mRNA and protein were attenuated and at 5 days after infection DRA returned to normal levels. Our results suggest that impaired chloride absorption due to downregulation of DRA could be one of the contributing factors to CP-induced acute, self-limiting diarrhea in immunocompetent hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoop Kumar
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.,Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Dulari Jayawardena
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.,Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Arivarasu N Anbazhagan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.,Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ishita Chatterjee
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.,Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Shubha Priyamvada
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.,Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Waddah A Alrefai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.,Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Alip Borthakur
- Department of Clinical and Translational Sciences, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, West Virginia
| | - Pradeep K Dudeja
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.,Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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Vidadala RSR, Golkowski M, Hulverson MA, Choi R, McCloskey MC, Whitman GR, Huang W, Arnold SLM, Barrett LK, Fan E, Merritt EA, Van Voorhis WC, Ojo KK, Maly DJ. 7 H-Pyrrolo[2,3- d]pyrimidin-4-amine-Based Inhibitors of Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinase 1 Have Distinct Inhibitory and Oral Pharmacokinetic Characteristics Compared with 1 H-Pyrazolo[3,4- d]pyrimidin-4-amine-Based Inhibitors. ACS Infect Dis 2018. [PMID: 29522315 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Selective inhibitors of Cryptosporidium calcium-dependent protein kinase 1 ( CpCDPK1) based on the 1 H-pyrazolo[3,4- d]pyrimidin-4-amine (pyrazolopyrimidine, PP) scaffold are effective in both in vitro and in vivo models of cryptosporidiosis. However, the search for distinct safety and pharmacokinetic (PK) properties has motivated our exploration of alternative scaffolds. Here, we describe a series of 7 H-pyrrolo[2,3- d]pyrimidin-4-amine (pyrrolopyrimidine, PrP)-based analogs of PP CpCDPK1 inhibitors. Most of the PrP-based inhibitors described potently inhibit the CpCDPK1 enzyme, demonstrate no toxicity against mammalian cells, and block proliferation of the C. parvum parasite in the low micromolar range. Interestingly, certain substituents that show reduced CpCDPK1 potency when displayed from a PP scaffold provided notably enhanced efficacy in the context of a PrP scaffold. PK studies on these paired compounds show that some PrP analogs have distinct physiochemical properties compared with their PP counterparts. These results demonstrate that inhibitors based on a PrP scaffold are distinct therapeutic alternatives to previously developed PP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama S. R. Vidadala
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, 36 Bagley Hall, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Martin Golkowski
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Box 357280, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Matthew A. Hulverson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and the Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington, 750 Republican Street, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Ryan Choi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and the Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington, 750 Republican Street, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Molly C. McCloskey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and the Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington, 750 Republican Street, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Grant R. Whitman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and the Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington, 750 Republican Street, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Wenlin Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, 1705 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Samuel L. M. Arnold
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and the Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington, 750 Republican Street, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Lynn K. Barrett
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and the Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington, 750 Republican Street, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Erkang Fan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, 1705 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Ethan A. Merritt
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, 1705 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Wesley C. Van Voorhis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and the Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington, 750 Republican Street, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Kayode K. Ojo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and the Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington, 750 Republican Street, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Dustin J. Maly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, 36 Bagley Hall, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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5
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Hulverson MA, Choi R, Arnold SLM, Schaefer DA, Hemphill A, McCloskey MC, Betzer DP, Müller J, Vidadala RSR, Whitman GR, Rivas KL, Barrett LK, Hackman RC, Love MS, McNamara CW, Shaughnessy TK, Kondratiuk A, Kurnick M, Banfor PN, Lynch JJ, Freiberg GM, Kempf DJ, Maly DJ, Riggs MW, Ojo KK, Van Voorhis WC. Advances in bumped kinase inhibitors for human and animal therapy for cryptosporidiosis. Int J Parasitol 2017; 47:753-763. [PMID: 28899690 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Improvements have been made to the safety and efficacy of bumped kinase inhibitors, and they are advancing toward human and animal use for treatment of cryptosporidiosis. As the understanding of bumped kinase inhibitor pharmacodynamics for cryptosporidiosis therapy has increased, it has become clear that better compounds for efficacy do not necessarily require substantial systemic exposure. We now have a bumped kinase inhibitor with reduced systemic exposure, acceptable safety parameters, and efficacy in both the mouse and newborn calf models of cryptosporidiosis. Potential cardiotoxicity is the limiting safety parameter to monitor for this bumped kinase inhibitor. This compound is a promising pre-clinical lead for cryptosporidiosis therapy in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Hulverson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Ryan Choi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Samuel L M Arnold
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Deborah A Schaefer
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Andrew Hemphill
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggass-Strasse 122, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Molly C McCloskey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Dana P Betzer
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Joachim Müller
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggass-Strasse 122, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rama S R Vidadala
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Grant R Whitman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Kasey L Rivas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Lynn K Barrett
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Robert C Hackman
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Melissa S Love
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Case W McNamara
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Matthew Kurnick
- Research and Development, AbbVie, Inc, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | | | - James J Lynch
- Research and Development, AbbVie, Inc, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Gail M Freiberg
- Research and Development, AbbVie, Inc, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Dale J Kempf
- Research and Development, AbbVie, Inc, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Dustin J Maly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Michael W Riggs
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Kayode K Ojo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Wesley C Van Voorhis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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Assessment of Cryptosporidium parvum infection in immunocompetent and immunocompromised mice and its role in triggering intestinal dysplasia. Int J Infect Dis 2013; 17:e593-600. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2012.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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7
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Histone deacetylases and NF-kB signaling coordinate expression of CX3CL1 in epithelial cells in response to microbial challenge by suppressing miR-424 and miR-503. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65153. [PMID: 23724129 PMCID: PMC3665534 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The NF-kB pathway is key to epithelial immune defense and has been implicated in secretion of antimicrobial peptides, release of cytokines/chemokines to mobilize immune effector cells, and activation of adaptive immunity. The expression of many inflammatory genes following infection involves the remodeling of the chromatin structure. We reported here that histone deacetylases (HDACs) and NF-kB signaling coordinate expression of CX3CL1 in epithelial cells following Cryptosporidium parvum infection. Upregulation of CX3CL1 was detected in cultured human biliary epithelial cells following infection. Expression of miR-424 and miR-503 was downregulated, and was involved in the induction of CX3CL1 in infected cells. C. parvum infection suppressed transcription of the mir-424-503 gene in a NF-kB- and HDAC-dependent manner. Increased promoter recruitment of NF-kB p50 and HDACs, and decreased promoter H3 acetylation associated with the mir-424-503 gene were observed in infected cells. Upregulation of CX3CL1 in biliary epithelial cells and increased infiltration of CX3CR1+ cells were detected during C. parvum infection in vivo. Induction of CX3CL1 and downregulation of miR-424 and miR-503 were also detected in epithelial cells in response to LPS stimulation. The above results indicate that HDACs and NF-kB signaling coordinate epithelial expression of CX3CL1 to promote mucosal antimicrobial defense through suppression of the mir-424-503 gene.
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Hu G, Gong AY, Roth AL, Huang BQ, Ward HD, Zhu G, LaRusso NF, Hanson ND, Chen XM. Release of luminal exosomes contributes to TLR4-mediated epithelial antimicrobial defense. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003261. [PMID: 23592986 PMCID: PMC3617097 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are membranous nanovesicles released by most cell types from multi-vesicular endosomes. They are speculated to transfer molecules to neighboring or distant cells and modulate many physiological and pathological procedures. Exosomes released from the gastrointestinal epithelium to the basolateral side have been implicated in antigen presentation. Here, we report that luminal release of exosomes from the biliary and intestinal epithelium is increased following infection by the protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium parvum. Release of exosomes involves activation of TLR4/IKK2 signaling through promoting the SNAP23-associated vesicular exocytotic process. Downregulation of let-7 family miRNAs by activation of TLR4 signaling increases SNAP23 expression, coordinating exosome release in response to C. parvum infection. Intriguingly, exosomes carry antimicrobial peptides of epithelial cell origin, including cathelicidin-37 and beta-defensin 2. Activation of TLR4 signaling enhances exosomal shuttle of epithelial antimicrobial peptides. Exposure of C. parvum sporozoites to released exosomes decreases their viability and infectivity both in vitro and ex vivo. Direct binding to the C. parvum sporozoite surface is required for the anti-C. parvum activity of released exosomes. Biliary epithelial cells also increase exosomal release and display exosome-associated anti-C. parvum activity following LPS stimulation. Our data indicate that TLR4 signaling regulates luminal exosome release and shuttling of antimicrobial peptides from the gastrointestinal epithelium, revealing a new arm of mucosal immunity relevant to antimicrobial defense. Exosomes are secreted membranous nanovesicles produced by a variety of cells. Exosomes shuttle various molecules to transfer them to neighboring or distant cells, and have been implicated as mediators in cell-cell communications to modulate physiological and pathological procedures. Here, we report that luminal release of exosomal vesicles is an important component of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-associated gastrointestinal epithelial defense against infection by Cryptosporidium parvum, an obligate intracellular protozoan that infects gastrointestinal epithelial cells. Activation of TLR4 signaling in host epithelial cells following C. parvum infection promotes luminal release of epithelial exosomes and exosomal shuttling of antimicrobial peptides from the epithelium. By direct binding to the C. parvum surface, exosomal vesicles reveal anti-C. parvum activity. Activation of TLR4 signaling in epithelial cells after LPS stimulation also increases exosomal release and exosome-associated anti-C. parvum activity. Therefore, we speculate that TLR4-mediated exosome release may be relevant to innate mucosal immunity in general, representing a new target for therapeutic intervention for infectious diseases at the mucosal surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoku Hu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Ai-Yu Gong
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Amanda L. Roth
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Bing Q. Huang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Honorine D. Ward
- Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Guan Zhu
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nicholas F. LaRusso
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Nancy D. Hanson
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Xian-Ming Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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9
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Zhou R, Gong AY, Eischeid AN, Chen XM. miR-27b targets KSRP to coordinate TLR4-mediated epithelial defense against Cryptosporidium parvum infection. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002702. [PMID: 22615562 PMCID: PMC3355088 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is a protozoan parasite that infects the gastrointestinal epithelium and causes a diarrheal disease. Toll-like receptor (TLR)- and NF-κB-mediated immune responses from epithelial cells, such as production of antimicrobial peptides and generation of reactive nitrogen species, are important components of the host's defense against cryptosporidial infection. Here we report data demonstrating a role for miR-27b in the regulation of TLR4/NF-κB-mediated epithelial anti-Cryptosporidium parvum responses. We found that C. parvum infection induced nitric oxide (NO) production in host epithelial cells in a TLR4/NF-κB-dependent manner, with the involvement of the stabilization of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) mRNA. C. parvum infection of epithelial cells activated NF-κB signaling to increase transcription of the miR-27b gene. Meanwhile, downregulation of KH-type splicing regulatory protein (KSRP) was detected in epithelial cells following C. parvum infection. Importantly, miR-27b targeted the 3′-untranslated region of KSRP, resulting in translational suppression. C. parvum infection decreased KSRP expression through upregulating miR-27b. Functional manipulation of KSRP or miR-27b caused reciprocal alterations in iNOS mRNA stability in infected cells. Forced expression of KSRP and inhibition of miR-27b resulted in an increased burden of C. parvum infection. Downregulation of KSRP through upregulating miR-27b was also detected in epithelial cells following LPS stimulation. These data suggest that miR-27b targets KSRP and modulates iNOS mRNA stability following C. parvum infection, a process that may be relevant to the regulation of epithelial anti-microbial defense in general. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. Accumulating data indicate that miRNAs are an essential part of the complex regulatory networks that control various cellular processes, including host antimicrobial immune responses. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an essential role in the activation of innate immunity by recognizing specific patterns of microbial components and activating downstream intracellular signaling pathways, including NF-κB. However, the role of miRNAs in the regulation of TLR/NF-κB-mediated epithelial antimicrobial defense is still unclear. Cryptosporidium is a protozoan parasite that infects the gastrointestinal epithelium in humans. Here, we show that KSRP, an RNA-binding protein and a key mediator of mRNA decay, is a target for miR-27b. Infection by Cryptosporidium parvum activates TLR4/NF-κB signaling and increases miR-27b expression, causing a suppression of KSRP in infected host epithelial cells. Functionally, downregulation of KSRP stabilizes iNOS mRNA and promotes epithelial production of nitric oxide, a molecule with antimicrobial activity. Therefore, miR-27b confers TLR4/NF-κB-mediated epithelial cell anti-Cryptosporidium parvum defense though regulating KSRP. Our study provides a new area of exploration for fine-tuning TLR/NF-κB-mediated host reactions in response to microbial challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhou
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Ai-Yu Gong
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Alex N. Eischeid
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Xian-Ming Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- * E-mail: .
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Evaluation of the immunosuppressive effect of cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone in mice with visceral toxocariasis. Parasitol Res 2011; 110:443-7. [PMID: 21748353 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2510-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Visceral toxocariasis is a serious public health problem with a cosmopolitan distribution. Children are susceptible due to their immature immune system and high risks of infection. Nevertheless, the few completed studies about immunosuppression have had controversial results. To evaluate the effect of two immunosuppressive drugs on the larval burden of Toxocara canis, four groups of ten Swiss strain mice each were inoculated on day 0 with 1,200 embryonated T. canis eggs. Fifteen days before the experimental infection, group 1 (control) was treated via intraperitoneal injection (IP) with sterile distilled water and groups 2 and 3 were treated with dexamethasone (DEX) at 1 and 5 mg/kg/day, respectively. Additionally, group 4 was treated IP with cyclophosphamide (CY) at 50 mg/kg at two times per week for 2 weeks. Sixty days following infection, the mice were euthanised to recover the larvae by means of the tissue digestion technique. The levels of antibodies detected by indirect ELISA were not associated with the larval burden. Administration of CY (50 mg/kg) and DEX (5 mg/kg) resulted in an increase of the larval burden of 162.1% and 50.8%, respectively, in relation to the control group. These two treatments, especially CY (50 mg/kg), promoted immunosuppression and the establishment of a significant larval burden, supporting its further utilisation in studies related to immunosuppression in visceral toxocariasis.
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O'Hara SP, Bogert PST, Trussoni CE, Chen X, LaRusso NF. TLR4 promotes Cryptosporidium parvum clearance in a mouse model of biliary cryptosporidiosis. J Parasitol 2011; 97:813-21. [PMID: 21506806 DOI: 10.1645/ge-2703.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocytes, the epithelial cells lining intrahepatic bile ducts, express multiple toll-like receptors (TLRs) and, thus, have the capacity to recognize and respond to microbial pathogens. In previous work, we demonstrated that TLR4, which is activated by gram-negative lipopolysaccharide (LPS), is upregulated in cholangiocytes in response to infection with Cryptosporidium parvum in vitro and contributes to nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kB) activation. Here, using an in vivo model of biliary cryptosporidiosis, we addressed the functional role of TLR4 in C. parvum infection dynamics and hepatobiliary pathophysiology. We observed that C57BL mice clear the infection by 3 wk post-infection (PI). In contrast, parasites were detected in bile and stool in TLR4-deficient mice at 4 wk PI. The liver enzymes alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST), and the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ, and interleukin (IL)-6 peaked at 1 to 2 wk PI and normalized by 4 wk in infected C57BL mice. C57BL mice also demonstrated increased cholangiocyte proliferation (PCNA staining) at 1 wk PI that was resolved by 2 wk PI. In contrast, TLR4-deficient mice showed persistently elevated serum ALT and AST, elevated hepatic IL-6 levels, and histological evidence of hepatocyte necrosis, increased inflammatory cell infiltration, and cholangiocyte proliferation through 4 wk PI. These data suggest that a TLR4-mediated response is required for efficient eradication of biliary C. parvum infection in vivo, and lack of this pattern-recognition receptor contributes to an altered inflammatory response and an increase in hepatobiliary pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P O'Hara
- Center for Basic Research in Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Mayo Clinic Center for Cell Signaling, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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