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Wei Y, Xing J, Su X, Li X, Yan X, Zhao J, Tao H. IL-38 attenuates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting macrophage inflammation. Immun Inflamm Dis 2023; 11:e898. [PMID: 37382260 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reperfusion therapy is the most effective approach to resolve coronary occlusion, but myocardial injury caused by excessive inflammation during myocardial ischemia-reperfusion will also pose a new threat to health. Our prior study revealed the expression pattern of interleukin-38 (IL-38) in the peripheral blood serum of patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and the role of IL-38 in acute myocardial infarction in mice. However, its role and potential mechanisms in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (MIRI) remain to be determined. METHODS AND RESULTS The left anterior descending artery of C57BL/6 mice was transiently ligated to induce the MIRI model. We found that MIRI induced the expression of endogenous IL-38, which was mainly produced by locally infiltrating macrophages. Overexpression of IL-38 in C57BL/6 mice attenuated inflammatory injury and decreased myocardial apoptosis after myocardial ischemia-reperfusion. Furthermore, IL-38 inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage inflammation in vitro. Cardiomyocytes cocultured with the supernatant of IL-38- and troponin I-treated macrophages showed a lower rate of apoptosis than controls. CONCLUSIONS IL-38 attenuates MIRI by inhibiting macrophage inflammation. This inhibitory effect may be partially achieved by inhibiting the activation of NOD-like receptor pyrin domain-related protein 3 inflammasome, resulting in decreased expression of inflammatory factors and reduced cardiomyocyte apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhen Wei
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junhui Xing
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xin Su
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiangrao Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaofei Yan
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiangtao Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hailong Tao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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2
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Mishra P, Tandon G, Kumar M, Paital B, Swain SS, Kumar S, Samanta L. Promoter sequence interaction and structure based multi-targeted (redox regulatory genes) molecular docking analysis of vitamin E and curcumin in T4 induced oxidative stress model using H9C2 cardiac cell line. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:12316-12335. [PMID: 34463220 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1970624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A positive association between oxidative stress and hyper-thyroid conditions is well established. Vitamin E (VIT-E) and curcumin (CRM) are considered as potent antioxidant small molecules. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(NRF-2) is known to bind with antioxidant response element and subsequently activate expression of antioxidant enzymes. However, the activation of NRF-2 depends on removal of its regulator Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1(NRF-2). In the current study, an attempt is made to demonstrate whether effects of VIT-E and CRM are due to direct interaction with the target proteins (i.e. NRF-2, NRF-2, SOD, catalase and LDH) or by possible interaction with the flanking region of their promoters by in silico analysis. Further, these results were corroborated by pretreatment of H9C2 cells (1 x 106 cells per mL of media) with VIT-E (50 μM) and/or CRM (20 μM) for 24 h followed by induction of oxidative stress via T4 (100 nm) administration and assaying the active oxygen metabolism. Discriminant function analyses (DFA) indicated that T4 has a definite role in increasing oxidative stress as evidenced by induction of ROS generation, increase in mitochondrial membrane potential and elevated lipid peroxidation (LPx). Pretreatment with the two antioxidants have ameliorative effects more so when given in combination. The decline in biological activities of the principal antioxidant enzymes SOD and CAT with respect to T4 treatment and its restoration in antioxidant pretreated group further validated our in silico data. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Mishra
- Redox Biology & Proteomics Laboratory, Center of Excellence in Environment and Public Health, Department of Zoology, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | - Gitanjali Tandon
- School of Biosciences, IMS University Courses Campus, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Biswaranjan Paital
- Redox Regulation Laboratory, Department of Zoology, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Shasanka Sekhar Swain
- Division of Microbiology and NCDs, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Computer Building, Centre for Agricultural Bioinformatics (CABIN), ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute (IASRI), New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Luna Samanta
- Redox Biology & Proteomics Laboratory, Center of Excellence in Environment and Public Health, Department of Zoology, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack, Odisha, India
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3
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Mechanisms and Management of Thyroid Disease and Atrial Fibrillation: Impact of Atrial Electrical Remodeling and Cardiac Fibrosis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11244047. [PMID: 36552815 PMCID: PMC9777224 DOI: 10.3390/cells11244047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The pathophysiology of AF is characterized by electrical and structural remodeling occurring in the atrial myocardium. As a source of production of various hormones such as angiotensin-2, calcitonin, and atrial natriuretic peptide, the atria are a target for endocrine regulation. Studies have shown that disorders associated with endocrine dysregulation are potential underlying causes of AF. The thyroid gland is an endocrine organ that secretes three hormones: triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and calcitonin. Thyroid dysregulation affects the cardiovascular system. Although there is a well-established relationship between thyroid disease (especially hyperthyroidism) and AF, the underlying biochemical mechanisms leading to atrial fibrosis and atrial arrhythmias are poorly understood in thyrotoxicosis. Various animal models and cellular studies demonstrated that thyroid hormones are involved in promoting AF substrate. This review explores the recent clinical and experimental evidence of the association between thyroid disease and AF. We highlight the current knowledge on the potential mechanisms underlying the pathophysiological impact of thyroid hormones T3 and T4 dysregulation, in the development of the atrial arrhythmogenic substrate. Finally, we review the available therapeutic strategies to treat AF in the context of thyroid disease.
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4
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Hsps70 and 90 protect the heart of hyperthyroid rats via nitric oxide production and VEGF inhibition of apoptosis. ENDOCRINE AND METABOLIC SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.endmts.2021.100097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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5
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Badi R. Acylated Ghrelin Attenuates l-Thyroxin-induced Cardiac Damage in Rats by Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Effects and Downregulating Components of the Cardiac Renin-angiotensin System. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2021; 78:422-436. [PMID: 34132689 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000001084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT This study investigated the protective effect of acylated ghrelin (AG) against l-thyroxin (l-Thy)-induced cardiac damage in rats and examined possible mechanisms. Male rats were divided into five intervention groups of 12 rats/group: control, control + AG, l-Thy, l-Thy + AG, and l-Thy + AG + [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6 (AG antagonist). l-Thy significantly reduced the levels of AG and des-acyl ghrelin and the AG to des-acyl ghrelin ratio. Administration of AG to l-Thy-treated rats reduced cardiac weights and levels of reactive oxygen species and preserved the function and structure of the left ventricle. In addition, AG also reduced the protein levels of cleaved caspase-3 and cytochrome c and prevented mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening. In the left ventricle of both control + AG-treated and l-Thy + AG-treated rats, AG significantly increased left ventricular levels of manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD2), total glutathione (GSH), and Bcl2. It also reduced the levels of malondialdehyde, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6, and Bax and the nuclear activity of nuclear factor-kappa B. Concomitantly, in both treated groups, AG reduced the mRNA and protein levels of NADPH oxidase 1, angiotensin (Ang) II type 1 receptor, and Ang-converting enzyme 2. All the beneficial effects of AG in l-Thy-treated rats were prevented by the coadministration of [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6, a selective growth hormone secretagogue receptor subtype 1a antagonist. In conclusion, AG protects against hyperthyroidism-induced cardiac hypertrophy and damage, which is mainly due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potentials and requires the activation of GHS-R1a.
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MESH Headings
- Acylation
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology
- Antioxidants/pharmacology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Ghrelin/analogs & derivatives
- Ghrelin/metabolism
- Ghrelin/pharmacology
- Hyperthyroidism/chemically induced
- Hyperthyroidism/metabolism
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/chemically induced
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/metabolism
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/pathology
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/prevention & control
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Male
- Mitochondria, Heart/drug effects
- Mitochondria, Heart/metabolism
- Mitochondria, Heart/pathology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Myocytes, Cardiac/pathology
- Oxidative Stress/drug effects
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Reactive Nitrogen Species/metabolism
- Renin-Angiotensin System/drug effects
- Thyroxine
- Ventricular Function, Left/drug effects
- Rats
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehab Badi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia ; and
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
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6
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Esfahanian F, Hazaveh MM, Garehbagh LH, Falahati K, Ataei M, Sanati MH, Jadali Z. Increased Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number and Oxidative Damage in Patients with Hashimoto's Thyroiditis. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 50:1697-1704. [PMID: 34917541 PMCID: PMC8643530 DOI: 10.18502/ijph.v50i8.6817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: The purpose of present study was to investigate mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNAcn) and mtDNA damage in peripheral blood of patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) and healthy controls (HC). Methods: The relative mtDNAcn and oxidative DNA damage in this case-control study were measured in peripheral blood of 50 patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and 50 healthy controls using quantitative real-time PCR. The study was conducted in Tehran University of Medical Sciences hospital, Tehran, Iran in 2018. Results: HT patients had significantly higher mitochondrial DNA copy number and mitochondrial oxidative damage than the comparison group. Conclusion: These data suggest the possible involvement of mitochondria and oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Esfahanian
- Department of Endocrinology, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Laya Hooshmand Garehbagh
- Department of Endocrinology, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kowsar Falahati
- Clinical Genetics Department, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mitra Ataei
- Clinical Genetics Department, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Sanati
- Clinical Genetics Department, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohreh Jadali
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Cao R, Wang W, Fang T, Ye H, Hu J, Gao Q. [Activation of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 alleviates H 2O 2-induced injury in cardiomyocytes]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2019; 38:938-942. [PMID: 30187866 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4254.2018.08.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the changes of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) expression in H 2O 2inducedcardiomyocytes oxidative stress injury. METHODS Cultured H9C2 cardiomyocytes were exposed to H 2O 2-inducedoxidative stress and the effects of the ALDH2 agonist Alda-1 and ALDH2 inhibitor Daidzin were tested on the stress level ofthe exposed cells. MTT colorimetric assay was used to assess the cell viability after the treatments. The oxidative stress level inthe myocardial cells was detected using DHE fluorescence staining, and the activity and protein level of ALDH2 were detectedwith spectrophotometry and Western blotting. RESULTS Compared with normal control cells, Alda-1 treatment did notsignificantly affect the cell viability, oxidative stress level, or ALDH2 activity and protein level. H 2O 2 exposure significantlylowered the cell activity and ALDH2 activity and protein expression and increased the oxidative stress level; Alda-1 treatmentobvious antagonized the effects of H 2O 2. Blocking ALDH2 with Daidzin produced similar effects to H 2O 2 exposure on theviability, oxidative stress level, and ALDH2 activity and expression in the myocardial cells. CONCLUSIONS H 2O 2 exposure lowersthe activity and reduces the protein expression of ALDH2 in cardiomyocyte H9C2 cells, and activation of ALDH2 can alleviateH 2O 2-induced oxidative stress in the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiping Cao
- Department of Physiology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - Wenlian Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, China
| | - Tingting Fang
- Department of Physiology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - Hongwei Ye
- Department of Physiology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - Jie Hu
- Department of Physiology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - Qin Gao
- Department of Physiology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China
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8
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Fontana J, Zima M, Vetvicka V. Biological Markers of Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases: After so Many Studies, What do We Know? Immunol Invest 2018; 47:823-843. [DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2018.1523925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Josef Fontana
- Center for Research on Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Zima
- Department of Bioenergetics, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vaclav Vetvicka
- Department of Pathology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY USA
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9
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Nikolić-Kokić A, Tatalović N, Nestorov J, Mijović M, Mijusković A, Miler M, Oreščanin-Dušić Z, Nikolić M, Milošević V, Blagojević D, Spasić M, Miljević Č. Clozapine, ziprasidone, and sertindole-induced morphological changes in the rat heart and their relationship to antioxidant enzymes function. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2018; 81:844-853. [PMID: 30036154 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2018.1495587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Atypical antipsychotics produce severe side effects including myocarditis that may be attributed to oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of clozapine, ziprasidone, and sertindole on rat heart morphology and determine whether redox imbalane plays a role in development of histopathological changes. Adult 3-month-old male Wistar rats were treated with recommended daily dose for selected drugs. After 4 week treatment histopathological analysis of the heart was performed and expression and activity of antioxidant enzymes determined. All examined drugs induced histopathological changes that were characterized as toxic myocarditis. Degenerative changes in cardiomyocytes were accompanied by lymphocytic infiltration as well as pericardial histopathological alterations in all treated groups. The least prominent changes were observed in sertindole-treated animals, and most severe with clozapine. Clozapine increased superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) activity while ziprasidone reduced glutathione reductase (GR) activity. Sertindole exerted no marked effect on antioxidant enzyme function in the heart even though myocardial degeneration was noted. In conclusion, treatment with clozapine or ziprasidone induced pathophysiological alterations in rat heart, which appeared to be associated disturbances in antioxidant capacity. Abbreviation: AAP, Atypical antipsychotics; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SOD1, Copper-zinc superoxide dismutase; SOD2, Manganese superoxide dismutase; CAT, Catalase; GPx, Glutathione peroxidase; GR, Glutathione reductase; H&E, hematoxylin and eosin stain; TNF- α, tumor necrosis factor alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Nikolić-Kokić
- a Department of Physiology , Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Nikola Tatalović
- a Department of Physiology , Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Jelena Nestorov
- b Department of Biochemistry , Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Milica Mijović
- c Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine , University of Priština , Kosovska Mitrovica , Serbia
| | - Ana Mijusković
- a Department of Physiology , Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Marko Miler
- d Department of Cytology , Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Zorana Oreščanin-Dušić
- a Department of Physiology , Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Milan Nikolić
- e Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Verica Milošević
- d Department of Cytology , Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Duško Blagojević
- a Department of Physiology , Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Mihajlo Spasić
- a Department of Physiology , Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Čedo Miljević
- f Institute of Mental Health, School of Medicine , University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia
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10
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Nano-diamino-tetrac (NDAT) inhibits PD-L1 expression which is essential for proliferation in oral cancer cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 120:1-11. [PMID: 29960019 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is a critical regulator to defend tumor cells against immune surveillance. Thyroid hormone has been shown to induce PD-L1 expression in cancer cells. Its nano-particulated analogue, nano-diamino-tetrac (NDAT; Nanotetrac) is an anticancer/anti-angiogenic agent. In the current study, the inhibitory mechanism by which NDAT inhibited PD-L1 mRNA abundance and PD-L1 protein content in oral cancer cells was investigated. NDAT inhibited inducible PD-L1 expression and protein accumulation by the inhibition of activated ERK1/2 and PI3K. Knockdown PD-L1 also inhibited the proliferation of oral cancer cells which suggests that the inhibitory effect of NDAT on PD-L1 expression maybe is one of the critical mechanisms for NDAT-induced anti-proliferative effect in oral cancer cells.
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11
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Tian Y, Du YY, Shang H, Wang M, Sun ZH, Wang BQ, Deng D, Wang S, Xu XD, Sun GB, Sun XB. Calenduloside E Analogues Protecting H9c2 Cardiomyocytes Against H 2O 2-Induced Apoptosis: Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:862. [PMID: 29218010 PMCID: PMC5703861 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Modulation of apoptosis is therapeutically effective in cardiomyocytes damage. Calenduloside E (CE), a naturally occurring triterpenoid saponin, is a potent anti-apoptotic agent. However, little is known about its synthetic analogues on the protective effects in apoptosis of cardiomyocytes. The present research was performed to investigate the potential protective effect of CE analogues against H2O2-induced apoptosis in H9c2 cardiomyocytes and the underlying mechanisms. Sixteen novel CE anologues have been designed, synthesized and biological evaluation. Among the 16 CE anologues, as well as the positive control CE tested, compound 5d was the most effective in improving cardiomyocytes viability. Pretreatment with anologue 5d inhibited ROS generation, maintained the mitochondrial membrane potential and reduced apoptotic cardiomyocytes. Moreover, exposure to H2O2 significantly increased the levels of Bax, cleaved caspase-3, and cleaved PARP, and decreased the level of Bcl-2, resulting in cell apoptosis. Pretreatment with anologue 5d (0.02-0.5 μg/mL) dose-dependently upregulated antiapoptotic proteins and downregulated proapoptotic proteins mentioned above during H2O2-induced apoptosis. These results suggested that CE analogues provide protection to H9c2 cardiomyocytes against H2O2-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis, most likely via anti-apoptotic mechanism, and provided the basis for the further optimization of the CE analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Zhong Guan Cun Open Laboratory of the Research and Development of Natural Medicine and Health Products, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Yang Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Zhong Guan Cun Open Laboratory of the Research and Development of Natural Medicine and Health Products, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hai Shang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Zhong Guan Cun Open Laboratory of the Research and Development of Natural Medicine and Health Products, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Min Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Zhong Guan Cun Open Laboratory of the Research and Development of Natural Medicine and Health Products, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong-Hao Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Zhong Guan Cun Open Laboratory of the Research and Development of Natural Medicine and Health Products, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bao-Qi Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Zhong Guan Cun Open Laboratory of the Research and Development of Natural Medicine and Health Products, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Center of Research and Development on Life Sciences and Environment Sciences, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | - Di Deng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Zhong Guan Cun Open Laboratory of the Research and Development of Natural Medicine and Health Products, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Center of Research and Development on Life Sciences and Environment Sciences, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | - Shan Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Zhong Guan Cun Open Laboratory of the Research and Development of Natural Medicine and Health Products, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xu-Dong Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Zhong Guan Cun Open Laboratory of the Research and Development of Natural Medicine and Health Products, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Gui-Bo Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Zhong Guan Cun Open Laboratory of the Research and Development of Natural Medicine and Health Products, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Bo Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Zhong Guan Cun Open Laboratory of the Research and Development of Natural Medicine and Health Products, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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12
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Yu BW, Li JL, Guo BB, Fan HM, Zhao WM, Wang HY. Chlorogenic acid analogues from Gynura nepalensis protect H9c2 cardiomyoblasts against H 2O 2-induced apoptosis. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2016; 37:1413-1422. [PMID: 27593219 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2016.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Chlorogenic acid has shown protective effect on cardiomyocytes against oxidative stress-induced damage. Herein, we evaluated nine caffeoylquinic acid analogues (1-9) isolated from the leaves of Gynura nepalensis for their protective effect against H2O2-induced H9c2 cardiomyoblast damage and explored the underlying mechanisms. METHODS H9c2 cardiomyoblasts were exposed to H2O2 (0.3 mmol/L) for 3 h, and cell viability was detected with MTT assay. Hoechst 33342 staining was performed to evaluate cell apoptosis. MMPs (mitochondrial membrane potentials) were measured using a JC-1 assay kit, and ROS (reactive oxygen species) generation was measured using CM-H2 DCFDA. The expression levels of relevant proteins were detected using Western blot analysis. RESULTS Exposure to H2O2 markedly decreased the viability of H9c2 cells and catalase activity, and increased LDH release and intracellular ROS production; accompanied by a loss of MMP and increased apoptotic rate. Among the 9 chlorogenic acid analogues as well as the positive control drug epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) tested, compound 6 (3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid ethyl ester) was the most effective in protecting H9c2 cells from H2O2-induced cell death. Pretreatment with compound 6 (1.56-100 μmol/L) dose-dependently alleviated all the H2O2-induced detrimental effects. Moreover, exposure to H2O2 significantly increased the levels of Bax, p53, cleaved caspase-8, and cleaved caspase-9, and decreased the level of Bcl-2, resulting in cell apoptosis. Exposure to H2O2 also significantly increased the phosphorylation of p38, JNK and ERK in the H9c2 cells. Pretreatment with compound 6 (12.5 and 25 μmol/L) dose-dependently inhibited the H2O2-induced increase in the level of cleaved caspase-9 but not of cleaved caspase-8. It also dose-dependently suppressed the H2O2-induced phosphorylation of JNK and ERK but not that of p38. CONCLUSION Compound 6 isolated from the leaves of Gynura nepalensis potently protects H9c2 cardiomyoblasts against H2O2-induced apoptosis, possibly by inhibiting intrinsic apoptosis and the ERK/JNK pathway.
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13
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Erem C, Suleyman AK, Civan N, Mentese A, Nuhoglu İ, Uzun A, Coskun H, Deger O. The effect of L-thyroxine replacement therapy on ischemia-modified albümin and malondialdehyde levels in patients with overt and subclinical hypothyroidism. Endocr Res 2016; 41:350-360. [PMID: 27111422 DOI: 10.3109/07435800.2016.1163722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The main objective of this study was to evaluate the levels of ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in patients with subclinical (SHypo) and overt hypothyroidism (OHypo), and to assess the effects of levothyroxine (LT4) therapy on the oxidative stress (OS) parameters. We also investigated the relationships among serum thyroid hormones, lipid parameters, and IMA and MDA in these patients. DESIGN AND METHODS Thirty untreated patients with OHypo, 25 untreated patients with Shypo, and 30 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were prospectively included in the study. Biochemical and hormonal parameters including IMA and MDA were evaluated in all patients just before and one month after the maintenance of euthyroidism. RESULTS Compared with the control subjects, the levels of MDA and triglycerides (TG) significantly increased in patients with SHypo (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively), whereas high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels significantly decreased (p = 0.01). Patients with OHypo showed significantly high MDA, total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and TG levels (p = 0.001, p < 0.01, p = 0.01, and p < 0.01, respectively), and significantly low HDL-C levels compared with the controls (p < 0.05). MDA levels and lipid profile were not significantly different in the patients with OHypo when compared with the patients with SHypo. Serum IMA levels did not significantly change in patients with OHypo and SHypo compared with the controls. In the pre-treatment period, MDA levels were inversely correlated with HDL-C levels in patients with OHypo (r: -0.471, p = 0.009). Plasma MDA and LDL-C levels significantly decreased and HDL-C levels significantly increased in the groups of OHypo and SHypo after LT4 treatment. Serum IMA levels did not significantly change with the therapy in all patient groups. CONCLUSIONS Increased MDA levels in both patient groups represent increased lipid peroxidation which might play an important role in the pathogenesis of the atherosclerosis seen in these patients. Increased OS in patients with SHypo and OHypo could be improved by LT4 treatment. Also, MDA can be used as a reliable marker of OS and oxidative damage, while IMA is considered to be inappropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cihangir Erem
- a Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine , Karadeniz Technical University , Trabzon , Turkey
| | - Akile Karacin Suleyman
- a Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine , Karadeniz Technical University , Trabzon , Turkey
| | - Nadim Civan
- a Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine , Karadeniz Technical University , Trabzon , Turkey
| | - Ahmet Mentese
- b Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine , Karadeniz Technical University , Trabzon , Turkey
| | - İrfan Nuhoglu
- a Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine , Karadeniz Technical University , Trabzon , Turkey
| | - Aysegul Uzun
- b Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine , Karadeniz Technical University , Trabzon , Turkey
| | - Hulya Coskun
- a Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine , Karadeniz Technical University , Trabzon , Turkey
| | - Orhan Deger
- b Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine , Karadeniz Technical University , Trabzon , Turkey
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14
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Kwak T, Al Zoubi M, Bhavith A, Rueda Rios C, Kumar S. Acute myocarditis in bodybuilder from coxsackievirus and thyrotoxicosis. J Cardiol Cases 2016; 14:123-126. [PMID: 30524566 DOI: 10.1016/j.jccase.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A 25-year-old male with no past medical history presented with 1 day of chest pain. The patient had exercised with high intensity for a bodybuilding competition. He had fever, malaise, sore throat, and cough 1 week before presentation. He was tachycardic and tachypneic. Cardiac examination was unremarkable. Electrocardiogram showed diffuse ST segment elevation. Laboratory results showed leukocytosis, creatinine kinase 3078 unit/L, and troponin I 78.06 ng/mL. Coronary angiography revealed no occlusion. Echocardiogram showed ejection fraction of 45% with global hypokinesis. The next day, the patient became dyspneic, hypoxic, and hypotensive. Chest X-ray showed pulmonary edema requiring intubation for respiratory failure. Inotropic support and intra-aortic balloon pump were started. A viral panel was ordered and antibody titer of coxsackievirus B type 4 was ≥1:640. On obtaining further history, it was found that he took liothyronine 75 mcg daily for 3 weeks. Thyroid-stimulating hormone was 0.015 U/mL and free T3 was 4.4 ng/mL. Burch-Wartofsky score was 75. Methimazole and hydrocortisone were started. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging showed diffuse myocardial inflammation and edema. There was multifocal dense epicardial and midmyocardial necrosis in all segments. The patient was discharged on metoprolol and enalapril. The patient was instructed to refrain from supplements. <Learning objective: Exogenous thyroid hormone abuse may be an unusual cause of acute myocarditis in young healthy individuals. Physicians should emphasize to athletes to avoid overtraining and to minimize exposure to infection. Athletes with a clinical diagnosis of viral myocarditis should be temporarily excluded from competitive physical activity. Physicians should check whether athletes' immunizations are up-to-date and advise athletes against the use of thyroid hormone.>.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy Kwak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Moamen Al Zoubi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Aruni Bhavith
- Department of Cardiology, Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Carlos Rueda Rios
- Department of Cardiology, Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Surender Kumar
- Department of Cardiology, Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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15
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Cardioprotective effects of lipoic acid, quercetin and resveratrol on oxidative stress related to thyroid hormone alterations in long-term obesity. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 33:36-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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16
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Guo W, Huen K, Park JS, Petreas M, Crispo Smith S, Block G, Holland N. Vitamin C intervention may lower the levels of persistent organic pollutants in blood of healthy women - A pilot study. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 92:197-204. [PMID: 27090108 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals including persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) has a long term impact on human health. The goal of this pilot study was to test whether antioxidant intervention by vitamin C supplementation may be a remedial approach to decrease body burden of POPs in humans. Using solid phase extraction coupled with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer and a gas chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry, we measured 18 PCBs, 7 OCPs, and 5 PBDEs in the blood of 15 healthy California women (8 were obese/overweight and 7 had normal weight) before and after 2 months of vitamin C supplementation (1000 mg/day). We observed higher PBDE levels than PCBs and OCPs, but only PCB and OCP levels were strongly and positively correlated with participant's BMI and age. We also found statistically significant decreases in 6 PCBs (PCB-74, PCB-118, PCB-138, PCB-153, PCB-180, and PCB-187), and 2 OCPs (4,4'-DDE, and 4,4'-DDT), but not PBDEs after vitamin C supplementation. Pending confirmation of this pilot finding in a larger study of both sexes, vitamin C intervention may have important public health implications in protecting health by reducing body burdens of POPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Guo
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, California Department of Toxic Substances Control, 700 Heinz Ave, S. 100, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA.
| | - Karen Huen
- School of Public Health, 50 University Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - June-Soo Park
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, California Department of Toxic Substances Control, 700 Heinz Ave, S. 100, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA
| | - Myrto Petreas
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, California Department of Toxic Substances Control, 700 Heinz Ave, S. 100, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA
| | - Sabrina Crispo Smith
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, California Department of Toxic Substances Control, 700 Heinz Ave, S. 100, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA; Sequoia Foundation, 2166 Avenida De La Playa, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Gladys Block
- School of Public Health, 50 University Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Nina Holland
- School of Public Health, 50 University Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Role of Oxidative Stress in Thyroid Hormone-Induced Cardiomyocyte Hypertrophy and Associated Cardiac Dysfunction: An Undisclosed Story. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:854265. [PMID: 26146529 PMCID: PMC4471379 DOI: 10.1155/2015/854265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy is the most documented cardiomyopathy following hyperthyroidism in experimental animals. Thyroid hormone-induced cardiac hypertrophy is described as a relative ventricular hypertrophy that encompasses the whole heart and is linked with contractile abnormalities in both right and left ventricles. The increase in oxidative stress that takes place in experimental hyperthyroidism proposes that reactive oxygen species are key players in the cardiomyopathy frequently reported in this endocrine disorder. The goal of this review is to shed light on the effects of thyroid hormones on the development of oxidative stress in the heart along with the subsequent cellular and molecular changes. In particular, we will review the role of thyroid hormone-induced oxidative stress in the development of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and associated cardiac dysfunction, as well as the potential effectiveness of antioxidant treatments in attenuating these hyperthyroidism-induced abnormalities in experimental animal models.
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18
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Sedaghat K, Zahediasl S, Ghasemi A. Intrauterine programming. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2015; 18:212-20. [PMID: 25945232 PMCID: PMC4414985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, the intrauterine condition has an important role in the development of fetal physiological systems in later life. Suboptimal maternal environment can alter the regulatory pathways that determine the normal development of the fetus in utero, which in post-natal life may render the individual more susceptible to cardiovascular or metabolic adult-life diseases. Changes in the intrauterine availability of nutrients, oxygen and hormones can change the fetal tissue developmental regulatory planning, which occurs genomically and non-genomically and can cause permanent structural and functional changes in the systems, leading to diseases in early years of life and those that particularly become overt in adulthood. In this review we take a brief look at the main elements which program the fetal system development and consequently induce a crucial impact on the cardiovascular, nervous and hormonal systems in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katayoun Sedaghat
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid-Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid-Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saleh Zahediasl
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid-Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid-Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Asghar Ghasemi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid-Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid-Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,*Corresponding author: Asghar Ghasemi. Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Tel: +98-21-22432467; Fax: +98-21-22402463;
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19
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Erem C, Suleyman AK, Civan N, Mentese A, Nuhoglu İ, Uzun A, Ersoz HO, Deger O. Ischemia-modified albümin and malondialdehyde levels in patients with overt and subclinical hyperthyroidism: effects of treatment on oxidative stress. Endocr J 2015; 62:493-501. [PMID: 25843331 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej14-0542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the levels of ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in patients with OHyper and SHyper, to assess the effects of antithyroid drug (ATD) therapy on the oxidative stress (OS) parameters. Forty-five untreated patients with overt hyperthyroidism (OHyper), 20 untreated patients with subclinical hyperthyroidism (SHyper) and 30 age-and sex-matched healthy controls were prospectively included in the study. Biochemical and hormonal parameters were evaluated in all patients before and after treatment. Compared with the control subjects, the levels of MDA, glucose and TG were significantly increased in patients with SHyper (p<0.05), whereas LDL-C levels were significantly decreased (p<0.01). Patients with OHyper showed significantly elevated MDA and glucose levels (p<0.001) and significantly decreased LDL-C and HDL-C levels compared with the controls (p<0.01). In patients with Graves' disease, serum TSH levels were inversely correlated with plasma MDA levels (r: -0.42, p<0.05). Plasma MDA levels significantly decreased and levels of TC, LDL-C and HDL-C significantly increased in the groups of OHyper and SHyper after treatment. Serum IMA levels did not significantly change at baseline and with the therapy in all subjects. In conclusion, increased MDA levels in both patient groups represent increased lipid peroxidation which might play an important role in the pathogenesis of the atherosclerosis in these patients. Increased oxidative stress in patients with SHyper and OHyper could be improved by ATD therapy. Also, MDA can be used as a reliable marker of OS and oxidative damage, while IMA is considered to be inappropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cihangir Erem
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Karadeniz Technical University Faculty of Medicine, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey
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20
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Clozapine-Induced Cardiotoxicity: Role of Oxidative Stress, Tumour Necrosis Factor Alpha and NF-κβ. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2014; 15:355-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s12012-014-9304-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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21
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Abdel-Wahab BA, Metwally ME. Clozapine-induced cardiotoxicity in rats: Involvement of tumour necrosis factor alpha, NF-κβ and caspase-3. Toxicol Rep 2014; 1:1213-1223. [PMID: 28962331 PMCID: PMC5598316 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Clozapine, an ideal antipsychotic drug for the treatment of resistant schizophrenia, is considered the most underutilised treatment for schizophrenia. However, safety concerns have been raised about clozapine-induced cardiotoxicity, which may lead to sudden death, particularly in young patients. The exact mechanism of clozapine cardiotoxicity has not yet been thoroughly studied. This study aimed to investigate the possible mechanisms of clozapine-induced cardiotoxicity in a rat model. Young male Wistar rats were treated with clozapine (10, 15 and 25 mg/kg/day, i.p.) for 21 days. Haemodynamic and echocardiographic studies were performed for assessment of cardiac functions. Heart sections were studied histopathologically and immunohistochemically. Serum and cardiac markers of cardiotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis were evaluated. Heart sections of CLZ-treated animals showed increased cardiac inflammation that correlated with the clozapine dose. Serum levels of CK-MB and LDH levels increased, as did cardiac levels of TNF-α, MDA, NO, myeloperoxidase (MPO), 8-OHdG, caspase-3 and NF-κB p65. In contrast, GSH levels and GSH-Px activity decreased. Furthermore, immunohistochemical examination of the heart sections showed positive immunostaining for both 3-nitrotyrosine and caspase-3 in all clozapine-treated groups. Clozapine, particularly in relatively high doses, has a clear cardiotoxic effect. This cardiotoxicity is accompanied by increased myocardial oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokines, DNA damage and apoptosis with attenuation in antioxidant defences, thus explaining the previously reported myocarditis and pericarditis during clozapine therapy in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basel A Abdel-Wahab
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Metwally E Metwally
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, College of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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22
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Hernández-Esquivel L, Pavón N, Buelna-Chontal M, González-Pacheco H, Belmont J, Chávez E. Cardioprotective properties of citicoline against hyperthyroidism-induced reperfusion damage in rat hearts. Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 93:185-91. [PMID: 25589288 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2014-0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperthyroidism represents an increased risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity, especially when the heart is subjected to an ischemia/reperfusion process. The aim of this study was to explore the possible protective effect of the nucleotide citicoline on the susceptibility of hyperthyroid rat hearts to undergo reperfusion-induced damage, which is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Hence, we analyzed the protective effect of citicoline on the electrical behavior and on the mitochondrial function in rat hearts. Hyperthyroidism was established after a daily i.p. injection of triiodothyronine (at 2 mg/kg of body weight) during 5 days. Thereafter, citicoline was administered i.p. (at 125 mg/kg of body weight) for 5 days. In hyperthyroid rat hearts, citicoline protected against reperfusion-induced ventricular arrhythmias. Moreover, citicoline maintained the accumulation of mitochondrial Ca(2+), allowing mitochondria to reach a high transmembrane electric gradient that protected against the release of cytochrome c. It also preserved the activity of the enzyme aconitase that inhibited the release of cytokines. The protection also included the inhibition of oxidative stress-induced mDNA disruption. We conclude that citicoline protects against the reperfusion damage that is found in the hyperthyroid myocardium. This effect might be due to its inhibitory action on the permeability transition in mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz Hernández-Esquivel
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Juan Badiano N°1, Col Sección XVI, CP 14080 Tlalpan D.F. México
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23
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Asker ME, Hassan WA, El-Kashlan AM. Experimentally induced hyperthyroidism influences oxidant and antioxidant status and impairs male gonadal functions in adult rats. Andrologia 2014; 47:644-54. [PMID: 25220112 DOI: 10.1111/and.12312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present experiment was to study the effect of hyperthyroidism on male gonadal functions and oxidant/antioxidant biomarkers in testis of adult rats. Induction of hyperthyroidism by L-thyroxine (L-T4, 300 μg kg(-1) body weight) treatment once daily for 3 or 8 weeks caused a decrease in body weight gain as well as in absolute genital sex organs weight. The epididymal sperm counts and their motility were significantly decreased in a time-dependent manner following L-T4 treatment. Significant decline in serum levels of luteinising hormone, follicle stimulating hormone and testosterone along with significant increase in serum estradiol level was observed in hyperthyroid rats compared with euthyroid ones. Significant increase in malondialdehyde and nitric oxide concentration associated with significant decrease in superoxide dismutase and catalase activity was also noticed following hyperthyroidism induction. Both reduced glutathione content and glutathione peroxidase activity were increased in hyperthyroid rats compared with control rats. Marked histopathological alterations were observed in testicular section of hyperthyroid rats. These results provide evidence that hypermetabolic state induced by excess level of thyroid hormones may be a causative factor for the impairment of testicular physiology as a consequence of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Asker
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - W A Hassan
- Hormone Evaluation Department, National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Giza, Egypt
| | - A M El-Kashlan
- Hormone Evaluation Department, National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Giza, Egypt
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24
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Pavón N, Hernández-Esquivel L, Buelna-Chontal M, Chávez E. Antiarrhythmic effect of tamoxifen on the vulnerability induced by hyperthyroidism to heart ischemia/reperfusion damage. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 143:416-23. [PMID: 24923730 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Hyperthyroidism, known to have deleterious effects on heart function, and is associated with an enhanced metabolic state, implying an increased production of reactive oxygen species. Tamoxifen is a selective antagonist of estrogen receptors. These receptors make the hyperthyroid heart more susceptible to ischemia/reperfusion. Tamoxifen is also well-known as an antioxidant. The aim of the present study was to explore the possible protective effect of tamoxifen on heart function in hyperthyroid rats. Rats were injected daily with 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine at 2mg/kg body weight during 5 days to induce hyperthyroidism. One group was treated with 10mg/kg tamoxifen and another was not. The protective effect of the drug on heart rhythm was analyzed after 5 min of coronary occlusion followed by 5 min reperfusion. In hyperthyroid rats not treated with tamoxifen, ECG tracings showed post-reperfusion arrhythmias, and heart mitochondria isolated from the ventricular free wall lost the ability to accumulate and retain matrix Ca(2+) and to form a high electric gradient. Both of these adverse effects were avoided with tamoxifen treatment. Hyperthyroidism-induced oxidative stress caused inhibition of cis-aconitase and disruption of mitochondrial DNA, effects which were also avoided by tamoxifen treatment. The current results support the idea that tamoxifen inhibits the hypersensitivity of hyperthyroid rat myocardium to reperfusion damage, probably because its antioxidant activity inhibits the mitochondrial permeability transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Pavón
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, México D.F., Mexico
| | - Luz Hernández-Esquivel
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, México D.F., Mexico
| | - Mabel Buelna-Chontal
- Departamento de Biomedicina Cardiovascular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, México D.F., Mexico
| | - Edmundo Chávez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, México D.F., Mexico.
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Abdel-Wahab BA, Abdalla ME, El-khawanki MM. Does clozapine induce myocarditis, myocardial oxidative stress and DNA damage in rats? EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejfs.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Protective effect of captopril against clozapine-induced myocarditis in rats: Role of oxidative stress, proinflammatory cytokines and DNA damage. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 216:43-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Jørgensen ME, Torp-Pedersen C, Finer N, Caterson I, James WPT, Legler UF, Andersson C. Association between serum bilirubin and cardiovascular disease in an overweight high risk population from the SCOUT trial. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2014; 24:656-662. [PMID: 24534073 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS An inverse relationship between (serum) total bilirubin and risk of cardiovascular disease has been reported previously, but longitudinal data on overweight and obese patients are lacking. We have investigated the relationship between total bilirubin and cardiovascular adverse events in a large group of patients with risk factors for cardiovascular disease who were enrolled in a large weight loss trial. METHODS AND RESULTS Data from the Sibutramine Cardiovascular Outcomes (SCOUT) trial, including almost 10.000 overweight/obese high cardiovascular risk patients, were used. The relationship between total bilirubin level at screening and the primary outcome (i.e. non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke, resuscitated cardiac arrest or cardiovascular death) for the entire study period was investigated using Cox proportional hazards models. The population was divided into four groups based on total bilirubin levels (normal range 5-25 μmol/L). Time-dependent Cox analyses were also performed to adjust for weight loss over time. Initial analyses adjusted for sex, age and treatment allocation showed significantly reduced hazard ratios of 0.80 (95% confidence interval 0.68-0.94), 0.73 (0.62-0.86) and 0.77 (0.65-0.91), for the three higher total bilirubin groups: >8 and ≤10 μmol/L, >10 and ≤13 μmol/L and >13 μmol/L (5-95 interpercentile range for total bilirubin at screening; 6-19 μmol/L), compared to the lowest total bilirubin group ≤8 μmol/L. When adjusting for classical cardiovascular risk factors, estimates increased towards unity. Additional adjustment for indicators of liver function did not alter the results. A time-dependent Cox model, adjusted for weight loss, demonstrated a similar trend. CONCLUSION Bilirubin was not a risk-factor independent from other traditional cardiovascular risk-factors in our population.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Jørgensen
- Department of Cardiology, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - C Torp-Pedersen
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Denmark
| | - N Finer
- Centre for Cardiovascular Prevention & Outcomes, UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, London, UK
| | - I Caterson
- Boden Institute, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - W P T James
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - U F Legler
- Special Vocational College for handicapped Persons, Mainz, Germany
| | - C Andersson
- Department of Cardiology, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Pourmoghaddas M, Rabbani M, Shahabi J, Garakyaraghi M, Khanjani R, Hedayat P. Combination of atorvastatin/coenzyme Q10 as adjunctive treatment in congestive heart failure: A double-blind randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. ARYA ATHEROSCLEROSIS 2014; 10:1-5. [PMID: 24963306 PMCID: PMC4063520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heart failure is one of the leading causes of mortality, is a final common pathway of several cardiovascular diseases, and its treatment is a major concern in the science of cardiology. The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of addition of the coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10)/atorvastatin combination to standard congestive heart failure (CHF) treatment versus addition of atorvastatin alone on CHF outcomes. METHODS This study was a double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial. In the present study, 62 eligible patients were enrolled and randomized into 2 groups. In the intervention group patients received 10 mg atorvastatin daily plus 100 mg CoQ10 pearl supplement twice daily, and in the placebo group patients received 10 mg atorvastatin daily and the placebo of CoQ10 pearl for 4 months. For all patients echocardiography was performed and blood sample was obtained for determination of N-terminal B-type natriuretic peptide, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and C-reactive protein levels. Echocardiography and laboratory test were repeated after 4 months. The New York Heart Association Function Class (NYHA FC) was also determined for each patient before and after the study period. RESULTS Data analyses showed that ejection fraction (EF) and NYHA FC changes differ significantly between intervention and placebo group (P = 0.006 and P = 0.002, respectively). Changes in other parameters did not differ significantly between study groups. CONCLUSION We deduce that combination of atorvastatin and CoQ10, as an adjunctive treatment of CHF, increase EF and improve NYHA FC in comparison with use of atorvastatin alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Pourmoghaddas
- Professor, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Majid Rabbani
- Resident, Hypertension Research Center, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute , Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Javad Shahabi
- Resident, Cardiac Rehabilitation Research Center, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran,Correspondence to: Javad Shahabi,
| | - Mohammad Garakyaraghi
- Associate Professor, Heart Failure Research Center, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Reza Khanjani
- Resident, Hypertension Research Center, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute , Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Pegah Hedayat
- Resident, Department of Pathology, Alzahra Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Kasote DM, Hegde MV, Katyare SS. Mitochondrial dysfunction in psychiatric and neurological diseases: cause(s), consequence(s), and implications of antioxidant therapy. Biofactors 2013; 39:392-406. [PMID: 23460132 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is at the base of development and progression of several psychiatric and neurologic diseases with different etiologies. MtDNA/nDNA mutational damage, failure of endogenous antioxidant defenses, hormonal malfunction, altered membrane permeability, metabolic dysregulation, disruption of calcium buffering capacity and ageing have been found to be the root causes of mitochondrial dysfunction in psychatric and neurodegenerative diseases. However, the overall consequences of mitochondrial dysfunction are only limited to increase in oxidative/nitrosative stress and cellular energy crises. Thus far, extensive efforts have been made to improve mitochondrial function through specific cause-dependent antioxidant therapy. However, owing to complex genetic and interlinked causes of mitochondrial dysfunction, it has not been possible to achieve any common, unique supportive antioxidant therapeutic strategy for the treatment of psychiatric and neurologic diseases. Hence, we propose an antioxidant therapeutic strategy for management of consequences of mitochondrial dysfunction in psychiatric and neurologic diseases. It is expected that this will not only reduces oxidative stress, but also promote anaerobic energy production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak M Kasote
- MACS-Agharkar Research Institute, G.G. Agarkar Road, Pune, MS, India.
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