1
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Soteros BM, Tillmon H, Wollet M, General J, Chin H, Lee JB, Carreno FR, Morilak DA, Kim JH, Sia GM. Heterogeneous complement and microglia activation mediates stress-induced synapse loss. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.28.546889. [PMID: 37425856 PMCID: PMC10327081 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.28.546889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Spatially heterogeneous synapse loss is a characteristic of many psychiatric and neurological disorders, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here, we show that spatially-restricted complement activation mediates stress-induced heterogeneous microglia activation and synapse loss localized to the upper layers of the mouse medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Single cell RNA sequencing also reveals a stress-associated microglia state marked by high expression of the apolipoprotein E gene (ApoE high ) localized to the upper layers of the mPFC. Mice lacking complement component C3 are protected from stress-induced layer-specific synapse loss, and the ApoE high microglia population is markedly reduced in the mPFC of these mice. Furthermore, C3 knockout mice are also resilient to stress-induced anhedonia and working memory behavioral deficits. Our findings suggest that region-specific complement and microglia activation can contribute to the disease-specific spatially restricted patterns of synapse loss and clinical symptoms found in many brain diseases.
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2
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Dolan MJ, Therrien M, Jereb S, Kamath T, Gazestani V, Atkeson T, Marsh SE, Goeva A, Lojek NM, Murphy S, White CM, Joung J, Liu B, Limone F, Eggan K, Hacohen N, Bernstein BE, Glass CK, Leinonen V, Blurton-Jones M, Zhang F, Epstein CB, Macosko EZ, Stevens B. Exposure of iPSC-derived human microglia to brain substrates enables the generation and manipulation of diverse transcriptional states in vitro. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:1382-1390. [PMID: 37500887 PMCID: PMC10382323 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01558-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Microglia, the macrophages of the brain parenchyma, are key players in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. These cells adopt distinct transcriptional subtypes known as states. Understanding state function, especially in human microglia, has been elusive owing to a lack of tools to model and manipulate these cells. Here, we developed a platform for modeling human microglia transcriptional states in vitro. We found that exposure of human stem-cell-differentiated microglia to synaptosomes, myelin debris, apoptotic neurons or synthetic amyloid-beta fibrils generated transcriptional diversity that mapped to gene signatures identified in human brain microglia, including disease-associated microglia, a state enriched in neurodegenerative diseases. Using a new lentiviral approach, we demonstrated that the transcription factor MITF drives a disease-associated transcriptional signature and a highly phagocytic state. Together, these tools enable the manipulation and functional interrogation of human microglial states in both homeostatic and disease-relevant contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael-John Dolan
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Boston Children's Hospital, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Martine Therrien
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Boston Children's Hospital, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Saša Jereb
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Boston Children's Hospital, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tushar Kamath
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vahid Gazestani
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Trevor Atkeson
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Samuel E Marsh
- Boston Children's Hospital, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aleksandrina Goeva
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Neal M Lojek
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sarah Murphy
- Boston Children's Hospital, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Julia Joung
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard Cambridge, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research at MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bingxu Liu
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard Cambridge, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Francesco Limone
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Leiden University Medical Center, LUMC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Kevin Eggan
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nir Hacohen
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard Cambridge, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bradley E Bernstein
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard Cambridge, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Ludwig Center at Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Departments of Cell Biology and Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christopher K Glass
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ville Leinonen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kuopio University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurosurgery, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mathew Blurton-Jones
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, UCI Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Feng Zhang
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard Cambridge, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research at MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Evan Z Macosko
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Beth Stevens
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Boston Children's Hospital, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard Cambridge, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
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3
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Wayne CR, Bremner L, Faust TE, Durán-Laforet V, Ampatey N, Ho SJ, Feinberg PA, Arvanitis P, Ciric B, Ruan C, Elyaman W, Delaney SL, Vargas WS, Swedo S, Menon V, Schafer DP, Cutforth T, Agalliu D. Distinct Th17 effector cytokines differentially promote microglial and blood-brain barrier inflammatory responses during post-infectious encephalitis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.10.532135. [PMID: 37215000 PMCID: PMC10197575 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.10.532135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) infections can cause neuropsychiatric sequelae in children due to post-infectious encephalitis. Multiple GAS infections induce migration of Th17 lymphocytes from the nose into the brain, which are critical for microglial activation, blood-brain barrier (BBB) and neural circuit impairment in a mouse disease model. How endothelial cells (ECs) and microglia respond to GAS infections, and which Th17-derived cytokines are essential for these responses are unknown. Using single-cell RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomics, we found that ECs downregulate BBB genes and microglia upregulate interferon-response, chemokine and antigen-presentation genes after GAS infections. Several microglial-derived chemokines were elevated in patient sera. Administration of a neutralizing antibody against interleukin-17A (IL-17A), but not ablation of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in T cells, partially rescued BBB dysfunction and microglial expression of chemokine genes. Thus, IL-17A is critical for neuropsychiatric sequelae of GAS infections and may be targeted to treat these disorders.
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4
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Barron JJ, Mroz NM, Taloma SE, Dahlgren MW, Ortiz-Carpena J, Dorman LC, Vainchtein ID, Escoubas CC, Molofsky AB, Molofsky AV. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells promote inhibitory synapse development and social behavior. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.16.532850. [PMID: 36993292 PMCID: PMC10055027 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.16.532850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune system plays essential roles in brain synaptic development, and immune dysregulation is implicated in neurodevelopmental diseases. Here we show that a subset of innate lymphocytes (group 2 innate lymphoid cells, ILC2s) is required for cortical inhibitory synapse maturation and adult social behavior. ILC2s expanded in the developing meninges and produced a surge of their canonical cytokine Interleukin-13 (IL-13) between postnatal days 5-15. Loss of ILC2s decreased cortical inhibitory synapse numbers in the postnatal period where as ILC2 transplant was sufficient to increase inhibitory synapse numbers. Deletion of the IL-4/IL-13 receptor (Il4ra) from inhibitory neurons phenocopied the reduction inhibitory synapses. Both ILC2 deficient and neuronal Il4ra deficient animals had similar and selective impairments in adult social behavior. These data define a type 2 immune circuit in early life that shapes adult brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerika J. Barron
- Departments of Psychiatry/Weill Institute for Neurosciences
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program
| | - Nicholas M. Mroz
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program
- Department of Laboratory Medicine. University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Sunrae E. Taloma
- Departments of Psychiatry/Weill Institute for Neurosciences
- Neuroscience Graduate Program
| | - Madelene W. Dahlgren
- Department of Laboratory Medicine. University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Jorge Ortiz-Carpena
- Department of Laboratory Medicine. University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Leah C. Dorman
- Departments of Psychiatry/Weill Institute for Neurosciences
- Neuroscience Graduate Program
| | | | | | - Ari B. Molofsky
- Department of Laboratory Medicine. University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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5
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Vainchtein ID, Alsema AM, Dubbelaar ML, Grit C, Vinet J, van Weering HRJ, Al‐Izki S, Biagini G, Brouwer N, Amor S, Baker D, Eggen BJL, Boddeke EWGM, Kooistra SM. Characterizing microglial gene expression in a model of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Glia 2023; 71:588-601. [PMID: 36377669 PMCID: PMC10100411 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common inflammatory, demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system in young adults. Chronic-relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (crEAE) in Biozzi ABH mice is an experimental model of MS. This crEAE model is characterized by an acute phase with severe neurological disability, followed by remission of disease, relapse of neurological disease and remission that eventually results in a chronic progressive phase that mimics the secondary progressive phase (SPEAE) of MS. In both MS and SPEAE, the role of microglia is poorly defined. We used a crEAE model to characterize microglia in the different phases of crEAE phases using morphometric and RNA sequencing analyses. At the initial, acute inflammation phase, microglia acquired a pro-inflammatory phenotype. At the remission phase, expression of standard immune activation genes was decreased while expression of genes associated with lipid metabolism and tissue remodeling were increased. Chronic phase microglia partially regain inflammatory gene sets and increase expression of genes associated with proliferation. Together, the data presented here indicate that microglia obtain different features at different stages of crEAE and a particularly mixed phenotype in the chronic stage. Understanding the properties of microglia that are present at the chronic phase of EAE will help to understand the role of microglia in secondary progressive MS, to better aid the development of therapies for this phase of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia D. Vainchtein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular NeurobiologyUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Astrid M. Alsema
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular NeurobiologyUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Marissa L. Dubbelaar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular NeurobiologyUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Corien Grit
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular NeurobiologyUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Jonathan Vinet
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly
| | - Hilmar R. J. van Weering
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular NeurobiologyUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Sarah Al‐Izki
- Department of NeuroimmunologyBlizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Giuseppe Biagini
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly
| | - Nieske Brouwer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular NeurobiologyUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Sandra Amor
- Department of NeuroimmunologyBlizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
- Department of PathologyVUMCAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - David Baker
- Department of NeuroimmunologyBlizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Bart J. L. Eggen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular NeurobiologyUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Erik W. G. M. Boddeke
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular NeurobiologyUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
- Department of Cellular and Molecular MedicineCenter for Healthy Ageing, University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Susanne M. Kooistra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular NeurobiologyUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
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6
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T cells drive aging of the brain. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:12-13. [PMID: 36596892 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-022-01390-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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7
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Jung H, Lee SY, Lim S, Choi HR, Choi Y, Kim M, Kim S, Lee Y, Han KH, Chung WS, Kim CH. Anti-inflammatory clearance of amyloid-β by a chimeric Gas6 fusion protein. Nat Med 2022; 28:1802-1812. [PMID: 35927581 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-022-01926-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Clearing amyloid-β (Aβ) through immunotherapy is one of the most promising therapeutic approaches to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although several monoclonal antibodies against Aβ have been shown to substantially reduce Aβ burden in patients with AD, their effects on improving cognitive function remain marginal. In addition, a significant portion of patients treated with Aβ-targeting antibodies experience brain edema and microhemorrhage associated with antibody-mediated Fc receptor activation in the brain. Here, we develop a phagocytosis inducer for Aβ consisting of a single-chain variable fragment of an Aβ-targeting monoclonal antibody fused with a truncated receptor binding domain of growth arrest-specific 6 (Gas6), a bridging molecule for the clearance of dead cells via TAM (TYRO3, AXL, and MERTK) receptors. This chimeric fusion protein (αAβ-Gas6) selectively eliminates Aβ plaques through TAM receptor-dependent phagocytosis without inducing NF-kB-mediated inflammatory responses or reactive gliosis. Furthermore, αAβ-Gas6 can induce synergistic clearance of Aβ by activating both microglial and astrocytic phagocytosis, resulting in better behavioral outcomes with substantially reduced synapse elimination and microhemorrhage in AD and cerebral amyloid angiopathy model mice compared with Aβ antibody treatment. Our results suggest that αAβ-Gas6 could be a novel immunotherapeutic agent for AD that overcomes the side effects of conventional antibody therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuncheol Jung
- Department of Biological SciencesKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Young Lee
- Department of Biological SciencesKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongjoon Lim
- Department of Biological SciencesKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong Ryeol Choi
- Department of Biological SciencesKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeseong Choi
- Department of Biological SciencesKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjin Kim
- Department of Biological SciencesKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Segi Kim
- Department of Biological SciencesKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujean Lee
- Department of Biological SciencesKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Ho Han
- Department of Biological SciencesKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Hannam University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Suk Chung
- Department of Biological SciencesKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea. .,KAIST Stem Cell Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chan Hyuk Kim
- Department of Biological SciencesKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Sanford SAI, McEwan WA. Type-I Interferons in Alzheimer's Disease and Other Tauopathies. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:949340. [PMID: 35910253 PMCID: PMC9334774 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.949340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The detection of pathogen-associated molecular patterns can elicit the production of type-I interferons (IFNs), soluble cytokines that induce a transcriptional state inhibitory to viral replication. Signatures of type-I IFN-driven gene expression, and type-I IFNs themselves, are observed in the central nervous system during neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies, the umbrella term for diseases that feature aggregation of the cytosolic protein tau. The contribution of the type-I IFN response to pathological progression of these diseases, however, is not well-understood. The wholesale transcriptional changes that ensue from type-I IFN production can both promote protective effects and lead to damage dependent on the context and duration of the response. The type-I IFN system therefore represents a signaling pathway with a potential disease-modifying role in the progression of neurodegenerative disease. In this review we summarize the evidence for a type-I IFN signature in AD and other tauopathies and examine the role of aggregated proteins as inflammatory stimuli. We explore both the protective role of IFN against protein pathologies as well as their downstream toxic consequences, which include the exacerbation of protein pathology as a potentially destructive feed-forward loop. Given the involvement of type-I IFNs in other neurogenerative diseases, we draw comparisons with other categories of homotypic protein aggregation. Understanding how type-I IFN influences progression of AD and other tauopathies may yield important insight to neurodegeneration and identify new targets in an area currently lacking disease-modifying therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie A. I. Sanford
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences at the University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Sophie A. I. Sanford
| | - William A. McEwan
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences at the University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- William A. McEwan
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9
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Sudwarts A, Ramesha S, Gao T, Ponnusamy M, Wang S, Hansen M, Kozlova A, Bitarafan S, Kumar P, Beaulieu-Abdelahad D, Zhang X, Collier L, Szekeres C, Wood LB, Duan J, Thinakaran G, Rangaraju S. BIN1 is a key regulator of proinflammatory and neurodegeneration-related activation in microglia. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:33. [PMID: 35526014 PMCID: PMC9077874 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00535-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The BIN1 locus contains the second-most significant genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease. BIN1 undergoes alternate splicing to generate tissue- and cell-type-specific BIN1 isoforms, which regulate membrane dynamics in a range of crucial cellular processes. Whilst the expression of BIN1 in the brain has been characterized in neurons and oligodendrocytes in detail, information regarding microglial BIN1 expression is mainly limited to large-scale transcriptomic and proteomic data. Notably, BIN1 protein expression and its functional roles in microglia, a cell type most relevant to Alzheimer's disease, have not been examined in depth. METHODS Microglial BIN1 expression was analyzed by immunostaining mouse and human brain, as well as by immunoblot and RT-PCR assays of isolated microglia or human iPSC-derived microglial cells. Bin1 expression was ablated by siRNA knockdown in primary microglial cultures in vitro and Cre-lox mediated conditional deletion in adult mouse brain microglia in vivo. Regulation of neuroinflammatory microglial signatures by BIN1 in vitro and in vivo was characterized using NanoString gene panels and flow cytometry methods. The transcriptome data was explored by in silico pathway analysis and validated by complementary molecular approaches. RESULTS Here, we characterized microglial BIN1 expression in vitro and in vivo and ascertained microglia expressed BIN1 isoforms. By silencing Bin1 expression in primary microglial cultures, we demonstrate that BIN1 regulates the activation of proinflammatory and disease-associated responses in microglia as measured by gene expression and cytokine production. Our transcriptomic profiling revealed key homeostatic and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response pathways, as well as transcription factors PU.1 and IRF1 that are regulated by BIN1. Microglia-specific Bin1 conditional knockout in vivo revealed novel roles of BIN1 in regulating the expression of disease-associated genes while counteracting CX3CR1 signaling. The consensus from in vitro and in vivo findings showed that loss of Bin1 impaired the ability of microglia to mount type 1 interferon responses to proinflammatory challenge, particularly the upregulation of a critical type 1 immune response gene, Ifitm3. CONCLUSIONS Our convergent findings provide novel insights into microglial BIN1 function and demonstrate an essential role of microglial BIN1 in regulating brain inflammatory response and microglial phenotypic changes. Moreover, for the first time, our study shows a regulatory relationship between Bin1 and Ifitm3, two Alzheimer's disease-related genes in microglia. The requirement for BIN1 to regulate Ifitm3 upregulation during inflammation has important implications for inflammatory responses during the pathogenesis and progression of many neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Sudwarts
- grid.170693.a0000 0001 2353 285XByrd Alzheimer’s Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613 USA ,grid.170693.a0000 0001 2353 285XDepartment of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620 USA
| | - Supriya Ramesha
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Tianwen Gao
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Moorthi Ponnusamy
- grid.170693.a0000 0001 2353 285XByrd Alzheimer’s Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613 USA ,grid.170693.a0000 0001 2353 285XDepartment of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620 USA
| | - Shuai Wang
- grid.170693.a0000 0001 2353 285XByrd Alzheimer’s Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613 USA ,grid.170693.a0000 0001 2353 285XDepartment of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620 USA
| | - Mitchell Hansen
- grid.170693.a0000 0001 2353 285XByrd Alzheimer’s Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613 USA ,grid.170693.a0000 0001 2353 285XDepartment of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620 USA
| | - Alena Kozlova
- grid.240372.00000 0004 0400 4439Center for Psychiatric Genetics, North Shore University Health System, Evanston, IL 60201 USA
| | - Sara Bitarafan
- grid.213917.f0000 0001 2097 4943Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Georgia W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
| | - Prateek Kumar
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - David Beaulieu-Abdelahad
- grid.170693.a0000 0001 2353 285XByrd Alzheimer’s Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613 USA ,grid.170693.a0000 0001 2353 285XDepartment of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620 USA
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- grid.170693.a0000 0001 2353 285XByrd Alzheimer’s Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613 USA ,grid.170693.a0000 0001 2353 285XDepartment of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620 USA
| | - Lisa Collier
- grid.170693.a0000 0001 2353 285XByrd Alzheimer’s Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613 USA ,grid.170693.a0000 0001 2353 285XDepartment of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620 USA
| | - Charles Szekeres
- grid.170693.a0000 0001 2353 285XDepartment of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620 USA
| | - Levi B. Wood
- grid.213917.f0000 0001 2097 4943Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Georgia W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
| | - Jubao Duan
- grid.240372.00000 0004 0400 4439Center for Psychiatric Genetics, North Shore University Health System, Evanston, IL 60201 USA ,grid.170205.10000 0004 1936 7822Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Gopal Thinakaran
- Byrd Alzheimer's Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA. .,Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA.
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10
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Anderson SR, Roberts JM, Ghena N, Irvin EA, Schwakopf J, Cooperstein IB, Bosco A, Vetter ML. Neuronal apoptosis drives remodeling states of microglia and shifts in survival pathway dependence. eLife 2022; 11:e76564. [PMID: 35481836 PMCID: PMC9071266 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia serve critical remodeling roles that shape the developing nervous system, responding to the changing neural environment with phagocytosis or soluble factor secretion. Recent single-cell sequencing (scRNAseq) studies have revealed the context-dependent diversity in microglial properties and gene expression, but the cues promoting this diversity are not well defined. Here, we ask how interactions with apoptotic neurons shape microglial state, including lysosomal and lipid metabolism gene expression and dependence on Colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) for survival. Using early postnatal mouse retina, a CNS region undergoing significant developmental remodeling, we performed scRNAseq on microglia from mice that are wild-type, lack neuronal apoptosis (Bax KO), or are treated with CSF1R inhibitor (PLX3397). We find that interactions with apoptotic neurons drive multiple microglial remodeling states, subsets of which are resistant to CSF1R inhibition. We find that TAM receptor Mer and complement receptor 3 are required for clearance of apoptotic neurons, but that Mer does not drive expression of remodeling genes. We show TAM receptor Axl is negligible for phagocytosis or remodeling gene expression but is consequential for microglial survival in the absence of CSF1R signaling. Thus, interactions with apoptotic neurons shift microglia toward distinct remodeling states and through Axl, alter microglial dependence on survival pathway, CSF1R.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nathaniel Ghena
- Department of Neurobiology, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
- Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Emmalyn A Irvin
- Department of Neurobiology, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Joon Schwakopf
- Department of Neurobiology, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | | | - Alejandra Bosco
- Department of Neurobiology, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Monica L Vetter
- Department of Neurobiology, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
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11
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Liu KE, Raymond MH, Ravichandran KS, Kucenas S. Clearing Your Mind: Mechanisms of Debris Clearance After Cell Death During Neural Development. Annu Rev Neurosci 2022; 45:177-198. [PMID: 35226828 PMCID: PMC10157384 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-110920-022431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Neurodevelopment and efferocytosis have fascinated scientists for decades. How an organism builds a nervous system that is precisely tuned for efficient behaviors and survival and how it simultaneously manages constant somatic cell turnover are complex questions that have resulted in distinct fields of study. Although neurodevelopment requires the overproduction of cells that are subsequently pruned back, very few studies marry these fields to elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms that drive nervous system development through the lens of cell clearance. In this review, we discuss these fields to highlight exciting areas of future synergy. We first review neurodevelopment from the perspective of overproduction and subsequent refinement and then discuss who clears this developmental debris and the mechanisms that control these events. We then end with how a more deliberate merger of neurodevelopment and efferocytosis could reframe our understanding of homeostasis and disease and discuss areas of future study. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Neuroscience, Volume 45 is July 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra E Liu
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA; .,Program in Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Michael H Raymond
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA; .,Center for Clearance, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Kodi S Ravichandran
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA; .,Center for Clearance, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research and the Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarah Kucenas
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA; .,Program in Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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