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Aldana J, Gardner ML, Freitas MA. Integrative Multi-Omics Analysis of Oncogenic EZH2 Mutants: From Epigenetic Reprogramming to Molecular Signatures. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11378. [PMID: 37511137 PMCID: PMC10380343 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Somatic heterozygous mutations in the active site of the enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) are prevalent in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The methyltransferase activity of EZH2 towards lysine 27 on histone H3 (H3K27) and non-histone proteins is dysregulated by the presence of gain-of-function (GOF) and loss-of-function (LOF) mutations altering chromatin compaction, protein complex recruitment, and transcriptional regulation. In this study, a comprehensive multi-omics approach was carried out to characterize the effects of differential H3K27me3 deposition driven by EZH2 mutations. Three stable isogenic mutants (EZH2Y641F, EZH2A677G, and EZH2H689A/F667I) were examined using EpiProfile, H3K27me3 CUT&Tag, ATAC-Seq, transcriptomics, label-free proteomics, and untargeted metabolomics. A discrete set of genes and downstream targets were identified for the EZH2 GOF and LOF mutants that impacted pathways involved in cellular proliferation, differentiation, and migration. Disruption of protein networks and metabolic signatures able to sustain aberrant cell behavior was observed in response to EZH2 mutations. This systems biology-based analysis sheds light on EZH2-mediated cell transformative processes, from the epigenetic to the phenotypic level. These studies provide novel insights into aberrant EZH2 function along with targets that can be explored for improved diagnostics/treatment in hematologic malignancies with mutated EZH2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Aldana
- Ohio State Biochemistry Program, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (J.A.); (M.L.G.)
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Miranda L. Gardner
- Ohio State Biochemistry Program, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (J.A.); (M.L.G.)
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Michael A. Freitas
- Ohio State Biochemistry Program, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (J.A.); (M.L.G.)
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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2
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Gong D, Zhao Q, Liu J, Zhao S, Yi C, Lv J, Yu H, Bian E, Tian D. Identification of a novel MYC target gene set signature for predicting the prognosis of osteosarcoma patients. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1169430. [PMID: 37342196 PMCID: PMC10277635 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1169430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is a primary malignant tumor found mainly in teenagers and young adults. Patients have very little long-term survival. MYC controls tumor initiation and progression by regulating the expression of its target genes; thus, constructing a risk signature of osteosarcoma MYC target gene set will benefit the evaluation of both treatment and prognosis. In this paper, we used GEO data to download the ChIP-seq data of MYC to obtain the MYC target gene. Then, a risk signature consisting of 10 MYC target genes was developed using Cox regression analysis. The signature indicates that patients in the high-risk group performed poorly. After that, we verified it in the GSE21257 dataset. In addition, the difference in tumor immune function among the low- and high-risk populations was compared by single sample gene enrichment analysis. Immunotherapy and prediction of response to the anticancer drug have shown that the risk signature of the MYC target gene set was positively correlated with immune checkpoint response and drug sensitivity. Functional analysis has demonstrated that these genes are enriched in malignant tumors. Finally, STX10 was selected for functional experimentation. STX10 silence has limited osteosarcoma cell migration, invasion, and proliferation. Therefore, these findings indicated that the MYC target gene set risk signature could be used as a potential therapeutic target and prognostic indicator in patients with osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deliang Gong
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Research Center for Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qingzhong Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Research Center for Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Research Center for Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Shibing Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Research Center for Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Chengfeng Yi
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Research Center for Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jianwei Lv
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Research Center for Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hang Yu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Research Center for Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Erbao Bian
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Research Center for Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Dasheng Tian
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Research Center for Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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3
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Liau XL, Salvamani S, Gunasekaran B, Chellappan DK, Rhodes A, Ulaganathan V, Tiong YL. CCAT 1- A Pivotal Oncogenic Long Non-Coding RNA in Colorectal Cancer. Br J Biomed Sci 2023; 80:11103. [PMID: 37025163 PMCID: PMC10070472 DOI: 10.3389/bjbs.2023.11103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is ranked as the third most common cancer and second deadliest cancer in both men and women in the world. Currently, the cure rate and 5-year survival rate of CRC patients remain relatively low. Therefore, discovering a novel molecular biomarker that can be used to improve CRC screening, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment would be beneficial. Long non-coding RNA colon cancer-associated transcript 1 (CCAT 1) has been found overexpressed in CRC and is associated with CRC tumorigenesis and treatment outcome. CCAT 1 has a high degree of specificity and sensitivity, it is readily detected in CRC tissues and is significantly overexpressed in both premalignant and malignant CRC tissues. Besides, CCAT 1 is associated with clinical manifestation and advanced features of CRC, such as lymph node metastasis, high tumor node metastasis stage, differentiation, invasion, and distant metastasis. In addition, they can upregulate oncogenic c-MYC and negatively modulate microRNAs via different mechanisms of action. Furthermore, dysregulated CCAT 1 also enhances the chemoresistance in CRC cells while downregulation of them reverses the malignant phenotypes of cancer cells. In brief, CCAT 1 serves as a potential screening, diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in CRC, it also serves as a potential therapeutic marker to treat CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiew Leng Liau
- Division of Applied Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shamala Salvamani
- Division of Applied Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- *Correspondence: Shamala Salvamani, ; Baskaran Gunasekaran,
| | - Baskaran Gunasekaran
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- *Correspondence: Shamala Salvamani, ; Baskaran Gunasekaran,
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Anthony Rhodes
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Vaidehi Ulaganathan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yee Lian Tiong
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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4
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Guo Y, Yu Y, Wang GG. Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 in Oncology. Cancer Treat Res 2023; 190:273-320. [PMID: 38113005 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-45654-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic regulation of the chromatin state by Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) provides an important mean for epigenetic gene control that can profoundly influence normal development and cell lineage specification. PRC2 and PRC2-induced methylation of histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27) are critically involved in a wide range of DNA-templated processes, which at least include transcriptional repression and gene imprinting, organization of three-dimensional chromatin structure, DNA replication and DNA damage response and repair. PRC2-based genome regulation often goes wrong in diseases, notably cancer. This chapter discusses about different modes-of-action through which PRC2 and EZH2, a catalytic subunit of PRC2, mediate (epi)genomic and transcriptomic regulation. We will also discuss about how alteration or mutation of the PRC2 core or axillary component promotes oncogenesis, how post-translational modification regulates functionality of EZH2 and PRC2, and how PRC2 and other epigenetic pathways crosstalk. Lastly, we will briefly touch on advances in targeting EZH2 and PRC2 dependence as cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
| | - Yao Yu
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Gang Greg Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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5
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Medina JR, Tian X, Li WH, Suarez D, Mack JF, LaFrance L, Martyr C, Brackley J, Di Marco C, Rivero R, Heerding DA, McHugh C, Minthorn E, Bhaskar A, Rubin J, Butticello M, Carpenter C, Nartey EN, Berrodin TJ, Kallal LA, Mangatt B. Cell-Based Drug Discovery: Identification and Optimization of Small Molecules that Reduce c-MYC Protein Levels in Cells. J Med Chem 2021; 64:16056-16087. [PMID: 34669409 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Elevated expression of the c-MYC oncogene is one of the most common abnormalities in human cancers. Unfortunately, efforts to identify pharmacological inhibitors that directly target MYC have not yet yielded a drug-like molecule due to the lack of any known small molecule binding pocket in the protein, which could be exploited to disrupt MYC function. We have recently described a strategy to target MYC indirectly, where a screening effort designed to identify compounds that can rapidly decrease endogenous c-MYC protein levels in a MYC-amplified cell line led to the discovery of a compound series that phenocopies c-MYC knockdown by siRNA. Herein, we describe our medicinal chemistry program that led to the discovery of potent, orally bioavailable c-MYC-reducing compounds. The development of a minimum pharmacophore model based on empirical structure activity relationship as well as the property-based approach used to modulate pharmacokinetics properties will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús R Medina
- Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Xinrong Tian
- Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - William H Li
- Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Dominic Suarez
- Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - James F Mack
- Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Louis LaFrance
- Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Cuthbert Martyr
- Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - James Brackley
- Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Christina Di Marco
- Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Ralph Rivero
- Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Dirk A Heerding
- Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Charles McHugh
- Oncology Research, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Elisabeth Minthorn
- Oncology Research, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Aishwarya Bhaskar
- Oncology Research, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Jacob Rubin
- Oncology Research, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Michael Butticello
- Oncology Research, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | | | - Eldridge N Nartey
- Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Thomas J Berrodin
- Oncology Research, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Lorena A Kallal
- Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Biju Mangatt
- Oncology Research, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
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6
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Trakala M, Aggarwal M, Sniffen C, Zasadil L, Carroll A, Ma D, Su XA, Wangsa D, Meyer A, Sieben CJ, Zhong J, Hsu PH, Paradis G, Ried T, Holland A, Van Deursen J, Amon A. Clonal selection of stable aneuploidies in progenitor cells drives high-prevalence tumorigenesis. Genes Dev 2021; 35:1079-1092. [PMID: 34266888 PMCID: PMC8336892 DOI: 10.1101/gad.348341.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study Trakala et al. investigated how chromosome gains and losses, which are a frequent feature of human cancers, can overcome the detrimental effects of aneuploidy. They developed a novel mouse model that enables unprecedented levels of chromosome missegregation in the adult animal and their results show that the initial detrimental effects of random missegregation are outweighed by clonal selection, which is dependent on chromosomal location and the nature of specific genes and is sufficient to drive cancer. Chromosome gains and losses are a frequent feature of human cancers. However, how these aberrations can outweigh the detrimental effects of aneuploidy remains unclear. An initial comparison of existing chromosomal instability (CIN) mouse models suggests that aneuploidy accumulates to low levels in these animals. We therefore developed a novel mouse model that enables unprecedented levels of chromosome missegregation in the adult animal. At the earliest stages of T-cell development, cells with random chromosome gains and/or losses are selected against, but CIN eventually results in the expansion of progenitors with clonal chromosomal imbalances. Clonal selection leads to the development of T-cell lymphomas with stereotypic karyotypes in which chromosome 15, containing the Myc oncogene, is gained with high prevalence. Expressing human MYC from chromosome 6 (MYCChr6) is sufficient to change the karyotype of these lymphomas to include universal chromosome 6 gains. Interestingly, while chromosome 15 is still gained in MYCChr6 tumors after genetic ablation of the endogenous Myc locus, this chromosome is not efficiently gained after deletion of one copy of Rad21, suggesting a synergistic effect of both MYC and RAD21 in driving chromosome 15 gains. Our results show that the initial detrimental effects of random missegregation are outbalanced by clonal selection, which is dictated by the chromosomal location and nature of certain genes and is sufficient to drive cancer with high prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Trakala
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Muskaan Aggarwal
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Courtney Sniffen
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Lauren Zasadil
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Allison Carroll
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Duanduan Ma
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Xiaofeng A Su
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Darawalee Wangsa
- Genetics Branch National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Ashleigh Meyer
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Cynthia J Sieben
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Jian Zhong
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Pei-Hsin Hsu
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Glenn Paradis
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Thomas Ried
- Genetics Branch National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Andrew Holland
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Jan Van Deursen
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Angelika Amon
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
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7
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Amjadi-Moheb F, Paniri A, Akhavan-Niaki H. Insights into the Links between MYC and 3D Chromatin Structure and Epigenetics Regulation: Implications for Cancer Therapy. Cancer Res 2021; 81:1925-1936. [PMID: 33472888 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-3613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
MYC is embedded in the transcriptional oasis of the 8q24 gene desert. A plethora of genomic elements has roles in MYC aberrant expression in cancer development by interacting with transcription factors and epigenetics regulators as well as altering the structure of chromatin at the MYC locus and tissue-specific long-range enhancer-promoter contacts. Furthermore, MYC is a master regulator of several human cancers by modulating the transcription of numerous cancer-related genes through epigenetic mechanisms. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the three-dimensional genomic organization around MYC and the role of epigenetic machinery in transcription and function of MYC as well as discusses various epigenetic-targeted therapeutic strategies in MYC-driven cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Amjadi-Moheb
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Alireza Paniri
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Haleh Akhavan-Niaki
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
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8
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Wu G, Suo C, Yang Y, Shen S, Sun L, Li ST, Zhou Y, Yang D, Wang Y, Cai Y, Wang N, Zhang H, Yang YG, Cao J, Gao P. MYC promotes cancer progression by modulating m 6 A modifications to suppress target gene translation. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e51519. [PMID: 33426808 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202051519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The MYC oncoprotein activates and represses gene expression in a transcription-dependent or transcription-independent manner. Modification of mRNA emerges as a key gene expression regulatory nexus. We sought to determine whether MYC alters mRNA modifications and report here that MYC promotes cancer progression by down-regulating N6-methyladenosine (m6 A) preferentially in transcripts of a subset of MYC-repressed genes (MRGs). We find that MYC activates the expression of ALKBH5 and reduces m6 A levels in the mRNA of the selected MRGs SPI1 and PHF12. We also show that MYC-regulated m6 A controls the translation of MRG mRNA via the specific m6 A reader YTHDF3. Finally, we find that inhibition of ALKBH5, or overexpression of SPI1 or PHF12, effectively suppresses the growth of MYC-deregulated B-cell lymphomas, both in vitro and in vivo. Our findings uncover a novel mechanism by which MYC suppresses gene expression by altering m6 A modifications in selected MRG transcripts promotes cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongwei Wu
- Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Institutes for Life Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Caixia Suo
- Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Institutes for Life Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Guangzhou International Campus, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shengqi Shen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Linchong Sun
- Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Institutes for Life Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Guangzhou International Campus, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi-Ting Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yingli Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Dongdong Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yongping Cai
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Nana Wang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Huafeng Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yun-Gui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China.,Institute of Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Cao
- Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Institutes for Life Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Guangzhou International Campus, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Gao
- Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Institutes for Life Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.,School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Guangzhou International Campus, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
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9
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Liu B, Gao W, Sun W, Li L, Wang C, Yang X, Liu J, Guo Y. Promoting roles of long non-coding RNA FAM83H-AS1 in bladder cancer growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis through the c-Myc-mediated ULK3 upregulation. Cell Cycle 2020; 19:3546-3562. [PMID: 33289601 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2020.1850971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) FAM83H-AS1 has been recently identified with oncogenic roles in many human cancers. But its role in bladder cancer (BCa) pathogenesis and the mechanisms are largely unstudied. This study aims to evaluate the roles of FAM83H-AS1 in the malignant behaviors and the angiogenesis of BCa cells and the mechanical molecules involved. High expression of FAM83H-AS1 was found in 82 BCa tissues and in BCa cell lines compared to the normal ones. FAM83H-AS1 downregulation in T24 and BK10 cells inhibited viability, colony formation, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis of BCa cells and increased cell apoptosis. FAM83H-AS1 was found to bind to the transcription factor c-Myc to activate ULK3 expression. Overexpression of ULK3 was further introduced into T24 and BK10 cells in the presence of FAM83H-AS1 silencing, which blocked the inhibitory effects of FAM83H-AS1 downregulation on BCa cell growth. The activity of the Hedgehog signaling pathway was suppressed by FAM83H-AS1 while recovered by ULK3. Suppression of the Hedgehog pathway reduced the malignant behaviors of BCa cells promoted by ULK3. The in vitro experiment results were reproduced in vivo. This study evidenced that FAM83H-AS1 upregulates ULK3 expression through the transcription factor c-Myc and promotes the progression of BCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Liu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College , Bengbu, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Wuyue Gao
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College , Bengbu, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College , Bengbu, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Liqiang Li
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College , Bengbu, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College , Bengbu, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohuai Yang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College , Bengbu, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Jianmin Liu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College , Bengbu, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Guo
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College , Bengbu, Anhui, P.R. China
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10
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Liu M, Yao B, Gui T, Guo C, Wu X, Li J, Ma L, Deng Y, Xu P, Wang Y, Yang D, Li Q, Zeng X, Li X, Hu R, Ge J, Yu Z, Chen Y, Chen B, Ju J, Zhao Q. PRMT5-dependent transcriptional repression of c-Myc target genes promotes gastric cancer progression. Theranostics 2020; 10:4437-4452. [PMID: 32292506 PMCID: PMC7150477 DOI: 10.7150/thno.42047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The proto-oncogene c-Myc regulates multiple biological processes mainly through selectively activating gene expression. However, the mechanisms underlying c-Myc-mediated gene repression in the context of cancer remain less clear. This study aimed to clarify the role of PRMT5 in the transcriptional repression of c-Myc target genes in gastric cancer. Methods: Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate the expression of PRMT5, c-Myc and target genes in gastric cancer patients. PRMT5 and c-Myc interaction was assessed by immunofluorescence, co-immunoprecipitation and GST pull-down assays. Bioinformatics analysis, immunoblotting, real-time PCR, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and rescue experiments were used to evaluate the mechanism. Results: We found that c-Myc directly interacts with protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) to transcriptionally repress the expression of a cohort of genes, including PTEN, CDKN2C (p18INK4C), CDKN1A (p21CIP1/WAF1), CDKN1C (p57KIP2) and p63, to promote gastric cancer cell growth. Specifically, we found that PRMT5 was required to promote gastric cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo, and for transcriptional repression of this cohort of genes, which was dependent on its methyltransferase activity. Consistently, the promoters of this gene cohort were enriched for both PRMT5-mediated symmetric di-methylation of histone H4 on Arg 3 (H4R3me2s) and c-Myc, and c-Myc depletion also upregulated their expression. H4R3me2s also colocalized with the c-Myc-binding E-box motif (CANNTG) on these genes. We show that PRMT5 directly binds to c-Myc, and this binding is required for transcriptional repression of the target genes. Both c-Myc and PRMT5 expression levels were upregulated in primary human gastric cancer tissues, and their expression levels inversely correlated with clinical outcomes. Conclusions: Taken together, our study reveals a novel mechanism by which PRMT5-dependent transcriptional repression of c-Myc target genes is required for gastric cancer progression, and provides a potential new strategy for therapeutic targeting of gastric cancer.
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11
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Benetatos L, Benetatou A, Vartholomatos G. Enhancers and MYC interplay in hematopoiesis. J Mol Med (Berl) 2020; 98:471-481. [PMID: 32144465 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-01891-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Transcription requires the fine interplay between enhancers and transcription factors. Enhancers are able to activate transcription of genes involved in normal cell biology, whereas aberrant enhancer activity leads to oncogenesis. MYC is a well-established proto-oncogene involved in half of human cancers amplifying the output of its targets. The crosstalk between MYC and enhancers is known for many years since the discovery of IgH enhancer juxtaposition with MYC in high-grade lymphomas. Here, we focus mainly in the enhancers surrounding MYC in the 8q24 locus. That region comprises several enhancers that associate with other transcription factors, transmembrane receptors, and fusion genes composing complex regulatory networks aberrantly expressed in almost all types of hematological malignancies. Understanding the nature of these interactions in normal blood cells and in leukemias/lymphomas will expand MYC targeting options in the armamentarium against hematological cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agapi Benetatou
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
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12
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Neves Filho EH, Hirth CG, Frederico IA, Burbano RM, Carneiro T, Rabenhorst SH. EZH2 expression is dependent on MYC and TP53 regulation in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. APMIS 2020; 128:308-315. [PMID: 31991488 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
EZH2 is an important epigenetic regulator, but its role in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) pathogenesis and its relationship with MYC, BCL2, and TP53 expression, chromosomal rearrangements, and clinical features are still poorly understood. So, we investigated EZH2 expression and its associations with the immunophenotypic presentations, including MYC, BCL2, and TP53 expression, MYC, BCL2, and BCL6 translocation status, clinicopathological features, and therapeutic response to R-CHOP in a series of 139 DLBCL cases. EZH2 positivity was associated with MYC and TP53 expression (p = 0.0002 and p = 0.0000, respectively) and to high proliferative index (Ki67>70%, p = 0.0082). No associations were found among EZH2 expression and chromosomal translocation status. The non-germinal center (nGC) DLBCL presented most of associations observed in the general sample; however, only TP53 immunodetection showed associations with EZH2 expression in the germinal center (GC) DLBCL. EZH2 expression had no impact on therapeutic efficacy in R-CHOP-treated patients. In conclusion, EZH2 seems to be upregulated by MYC, to rely on TP53 alterations, and is associated with high proliferative tumors in DLBCL, which might be dependent on GC or nGC subclassifications. Furthermore, it is not a therapeutic efficacy marker to R-CHOP in our series.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Igor Allen Frederico
- LABGEM, Departamento de Patologia e Medicina Legal, Universidade Federal Do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | | | - Silvia Helena Rabenhorst
- LABGEM, Departamento de Patologia e Medicina Legal, Universidade Federal Do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
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13
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Massó-Vallés D, Beaulieu ME, Soucek L. MYC, MYCL, and MYCN as therapeutic targets in lung cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 24:101-114. [PMID: 32003251 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1723548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality globally. Despite recent advances with personalized therapies and immunotherapy, the prognosis remains dire and recurrence is frequent. Myc is an oncogene deregulated in human cancers, including lung cancer, where it supports tumorigenic processes and progression. Elevated Myc levels have also been associated with resistance to therapy.Areas covered: This article summarizes the genomic and transcriptomic studies that compile evidence for (i) MYC, MYCN, and MYCL amplification and overexpression in lung cancer patients, and (ii) their prognostic significance. We collected the most recent literature regarding the development of Myc inhibitors where the emphasis is on those inhibitors tested in lung cancer experimental models and their potential for future clinical application.Expert opinion: The targeting of Myc in lung cancer is potentially an unprecedented opportunity for inhibiting a key player in tumor progression and maintenance and therapeutic resistance. Myc inhibitory strategies are on the path to their clinical application but further work is necessary for the assessment of their use in combination with standard treatment approaches. Given the role of Myc in immune suppression, a significant opportunity may exist in the combination of Myc inhibitors with immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laura Soucek
- Peptomyc S.L., Edifici Cellex, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.,Edifici Cellex, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana De Recerca I Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma De Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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14
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CBX6 is negatively regulated by EZH2 and plays a potential tumor suppressor role in breast cancer. Sci Rep 2019; 9:197. [PMID: 30655550 PMCID: PMC6336801 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36560-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromobox 6 (CBX6) is a subunit of Polycomb Repressive Complex 1 (PRC1) that mediates epigenetic gene repression and acts as an oncogene or tumor suppressor in a cancer type-dependent manner. The specific function of CBX6 in breast cancer is currently undefined. In this study, a comprehensive analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset led to the identification of CBX6 as a consistently downregulated gene in breast cancer. We provided evidence showing enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) negatively regulated CBX6 expression in a Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2)-dependent manner. Exogenous overexpression of CBX6 inhibited cell proliferation and colony formation, and induced cell cycle arrest along with suppression of migration and invasion of breast cancer cells in vitro. Microarray analyses revealed that CBX6 governs a complex gene expression program. Moreover, CBX6 induced significant downregulation of bone marrow stromal cell antigen-2 (BST2), a potential therapeutic target, via interactions with its promoter region. Our collective findings support a tumor suppressor role of CBX6 in breast cancer.
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15
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Homer-Bouthiette C, Zhao Y, Shunkwiler LB, Van Peel B, Garrett-Mayer E, Baird RC, Rissman AI, Guest ST, Ethier SP, John MC, Powers PA, Haag JD, Gould MN, Smits BMG. Deletion of the murine ortholog of the 8q24 gene desert has anti-cancer effects in transgenic mammary cancer models. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:1233. [PMID: 30526553 PMCID: PMC6288875 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-5109-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The gene desert on human chromosomal band 8q24 harbors multiple genetic variants associated with common cancers, including breast cancer. The locus, including the gene desert and its flanking genes, MYC, PVT1 and FAM84B, is also frequently amplified in human breast cancer. We generated a megadeletion (MD) mouse model lacking 430-Kb of sequence orthologous to the breast cancer-associated region in the gene desert. The goals were to examine the effect of the deletion on mammary cancer development and on transcript level regulation of the candidate genes within the locus. Methods The MD allele was engineered using the MICER system in embryonic stem cells and bred onto 3 well-characterized transgenic models for breast cancer, namely MMTV-PyVT, MMTV-neu and C3(1)-TAg. Mammary tumor growth, latency, multiplicity and metastasis were compared between homozygous MD and wild type mice carrying the transgenes. A reciprocal mammary gland transplantation assay was conducted to distinguish mammary cell-autonomous from non-mammary cell-autonomous anti-cancer effects. Gene expression analysis was done using quantitative real-time PCR. Chromatin interactions were evaluated by 3C. Gene-specific patient outcome data were analysed using the METABRIC and TCGA data sets through the cBioPortal website. Results Mice homozygous for the MD allele are viable, fertile, lactate sufficiently to nourish their pups, but maintain a 10% lower body weight mainly due to decreased adiposity. The deletion interferes with mammary tumorigenesis in mouse models for luminal and basal breast cancer. In the MMTV-PyVT model the mammary cancer-reducing effects of the allele are mammary cell-autonomous. We found organ-specific effects on transcript level regulation, with Myc and Fam84b being downregulated in mammary gland, prostate and mammary tumor samples. Through analysis using the METABRIC and TCGA datasets, we provide evidence that MYC and FAM84B are frequently co-amplified in breast cancer, but in contrast with MYC, FAM84B is frequently overexpressed in the luminal subtype, whereas MYC activity affect basal breast cancer outcomes. Conclusion Deletion of a breast cancer-associated non-protein coding region affects mammary cancer development in 3 transgenic mouse models. We propose Myc as a candidate susceptibility gene, regulated by the gene desert locus, and a potential role for Fam84b in modifying breast cancer development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-018-5109-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin Homer-Bouthiette
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 68 President Street, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 68 President Street, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Lauren B Shunkwiler
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 68 President Street, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Benjamine Van Peel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 68 President Street, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Elizabeth Garrett-Mayer
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 135 Cannon Street, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Rachael C Baird
- Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Anna I Rissman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 68 President Street, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Stephen T Guest
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 68 President Street, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Stephen P Ethier
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 68 President Street, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Manorama C John
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Patricia A Powers
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Jill D Haag
- Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Michael N Gould
- Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Bart M G Smits
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 68 President Street, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
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16
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Zhu M, Wu J, Ma X, Huang C, Wu R, Zhu W, Li X, Liang Z, Deng F, Zhu J, Xie W, Yang X, Jiang Y, Wang S, Geng S, Xie C, Zhong C. Butyl benzyl phthalate promotes prostate cancer cell proliferation through miR-34a downregulation. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 54:82-88. [PMID: 30243731 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy in men. Phthalate esters are a class of environmental endocrine disruptors and were reported to be cancer promoting agents, however the potential role of phthalate esters in prostate cancer has been rarely reported. Mounting evidence has shown that miR-34a is a master tumor suppressor miRNA in cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), one of the typical phthalate esters, in cell proliferation of prostate cancer cells. Human prostate cancer LNCaP and PC-3 cells were exposed to low dose of BBP for 6 days. The results showed that 10-6 and 10-7 mol/L BBP increased the expression of cyclinD1 and PCNA, decreased p21 expression, and induced cell growth in both LNCaP and PC-3 cells. Furthermore, we found that BBP significantly downregulated the expression of miR-34a, along with upregulation of miR-34a target gene c-myc. Using cell tranfection of miR-34a mimic and inhibitor, we demonstrated that BBP promoted cell proliferation through miR-34a/c-myc axis in prostate cancer cells. Findings from this study could provide new insight into the involvement and the molecular mechanism of phthalate esters on prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Zhu
- Department of Nutrition, The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Jieshu Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Cong Huang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Rui Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Weiwei Zhu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Xiaoting Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Zhaofeng Liang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Feifei Deng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Jianyun Zhu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Wei Xie
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Ye Jiang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Shijia Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Shanshan Geng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Chunfeng Xie
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Caiyun Zhong
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
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17
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Ferrucci F, Ciaccio R, Monticelli S, Pigini P, di Giacomo S, Purgato S, Erriquez D, Bernardoni R, Norris M, Haber M, Milazzo G, Perini G. MAX to MYCN intracellular ratio drives the aggressive phenotype and clinical outcome of high risk neuroblastoma. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2018; 1861:235-245. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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18
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Talukdar S, Das SK, Pradhan AK, Emdad L, Shen XN, Windle JJ, Sarkar D, Fisher PB. Novel function of MDA-9/Syntenin (SDCBP) as a regulator of survival and stemness in glioma stem cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:54102-54119. [PMID: 27472461 PMCID: PMC5342330 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an aggressive cancer with current therapies only marginally impacting on patient survival. Glioma stem cells (GSCs), a subpopulation of highly tumorigenic cells, are considered major contributors to glioma progression and play seminal roles in therapy resistance, immune evasion and increased invasion. Despite clinical relevance, effective/selective therapeutic targeting strategies for GSCs do not exist, potentially due to the lack of a definitive understanding of key regulators of GSCs. Consequently, there is a pressing need to identify therapeutic targets and novel options to effectively target this therapy-resistant cell population. The precise roles of GSCs in governing GBM development, progression and prognosis are under intense scrutiny, but key upstream regulatory genes remain speculative. MDA-9/Syntenin (SDCBP), a scaffold protein, regulates tumor pathogenesis in multiple cancers. Highly aggressive cancers like GBM express elevated levels of MDA-9 and contain increased populations of GSCs. We now uncover a unique function of MDA-9 as a facilitator and determinant of glioma stemness and survival. Mechanistically, MDA-9 regulates multiple stemness genes (Nanog, Oct4 and Sox2) through activation of STAT3. MDA-9 controls survival of GSCs by activating the NOTCH1 pathway through phospho-Src and DLL1. Once activated, cleaved NOTCH1 regulates C-Myc expression through RBPJK, thereby facilitating GSC growth and proliferation. Knockdown of MDA-9 affects the NOTCH1/C-Myc and p-STAT3/Nanog pathways causing a loss of stemness and initiation of apoptosis in GSCs. Our data uncover a previously unidentified relationship between MDA-9 and GSCs, reinforcing relevance of this gene as a potential therapeutic target in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarmistha Talukdar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA.,VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Swadesh K Das
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA.,VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Anjan K Pradhan
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA.,VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Luni Emdad
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA.,VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Xue-Ning Shen
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA.,VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Jolene J Windle
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA.,VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Devanand Sarkar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA.,VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Paul B Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA.,VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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19
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Wiemels JL, Walsh KM, de Smith AJ, Metayer C, Gonseth S, Hansen HM, Francis SS, Ojha J, Smirnov I, Barcellos L, Xiao X, Morimoto L, McKean-Cowdin R, Wang R, Yu H, Hoh J, DeWan AT, Ma X. GWAS in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia reveals novel genetic associations at chromosomes 17q12 and 8q24.21. Nat Commun 2018; 9:286. [PMID: 29348612 PMCID: PMC5773513 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02596-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) (age 0-14 years) is 20% more common in Latino Americans than non-Latino whites. We conduct a genome-wide association study in a large sample of 3263 Californian children with ALL (including 1949 of Latino heritage) and 3506 controls matched on month and year of birth, sex, and ethnicity, and an additional 12,471 controls from the Kaiser Resource for Genetic Epidemiology Research on Aging Cohort. Replication of the strongest genetic associations is performed in two independent datasets from the Children's Oncology Group and the California Childhood Leukemia Study. Here we identify new risk loci on 17q12 near IKZF3/ZPBP2/GSDMB/ORMDL3, a locus encompassing a transcription factor important for lymphocyte development (IKZF3), and at an 8q24 region known for structural contacts with the MYC oncogene. These new risk loci may impact gene expression via local (four 17q12 genes) or long-range (8q24) interactions, affecting function of well-characterized hematopoietic and growth-regulation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Wiemels
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, 1450 3rd Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, 1450 3rd Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, 1450 3rd Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
- Department of Preventative Medicine, University of Southern California, SSB 318D 2001 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
| | - Kyle M Walsh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, 1450 3rd Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, 1450 3rd Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Adam J de Smith
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, 1450 3rd Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Catherine Metayer
- School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, 1950 University Avenue, Suite 460, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Semira Gonseth
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, 1450 3rd Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Department of Preventative Medicine, University of Southern California, SSB 318D 2001 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Helen M Hansen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, 1450 3rd Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Stephen S Francis
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, 1450 3rd Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Community Health Sciences, University of Nevada Reno, 1664 N. Virginia Street, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Juhi Ojha
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, 1450 3rd Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Ivan Smirnov
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, 1450 3rd Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Lisa Barcellos
- School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, 1950 University Avenue, Suite 460, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Xiaorong Xiao
- School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, 1950 University Avenue, Suite 460, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Libby Morimoto
- School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, 1950 University Avenue, Suite 460, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Roberta McKean-Cowdin
- Department of Preventative Medicine, University of Southern California, SSB 318D 2001 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Chronic Diseases Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Yale University, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Herbert Yu
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Josephine Hoh
- Department of Chronic Diseases Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Yale University, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Andrew T DeWan
- Department of Chronic Diseases Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Yale University, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Xiaomei Ma
- Department of Chronic Diseases Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Yale University, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
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Suman S, Mishra A. Network analysis revealed aurora kinase dysregulation in five gynecological types of cancer. Oncol Lett 2017; 15:1125-1132. [PMID: 29391900 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene markers are crucial for cancer prognosis and treatment. Previous studies have placed greater emphasis on individual diagnostic genes, thereby ignoring systemic-level attributes across diseases. Female-specific cells namely, breast, endometrium, cervical, ovarian and vulvar cells are highly susceptible to cancer. To date, a limited number of molecular studies have been performed that evaluate common biological processes across gynecological types of cancer. Differentially expressed genes in breast, cervical, endometrial, vulvar and ovarian cancer were utilized to construct protein-protein interaction networks, and to identify a common module across the five cancer types. A single common module with 8 nodes and 26 edges was mined among the five cancer systems. In total, four hub genes were present across the five cancer gene sets. Genes in the common module were enriched for the common pathways and associated diseases. The aurora kinase pathway was revealed to be conserved across the five cancer types surveyed. The present study, therefore, revealed that the aurora kinase pathway has a crucial function in the pathogenesis of the five aforementioned gynecological types of cancer through cross-tumor conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Suman
- Division of Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh 211012, India
| | - Ashutosh Mishra
- Division of Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh 211012, India
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Integrative analysis of RNA polymerase II and transcriptional dynamics upon MYC activation. Genome Res 2017; 27:1658-1664. [PMID: 28904013 PMCID: PMC5630029 DOI: 10.1101/gr.226035.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of the MYC transcription factor causes its widespread interaction with regulatory elements in the genome but leads to the up- and down-regulation of discrete sets of genes. The molecular determinants of these selective transcriptional responses remain elusive. Here, we present an integrated time-course analysis of transcription and mRNA dynamics following MYC activation in proliferating mouse fibroblasts, based on chromatin immunoprecipitation, metabolic labeling of newly synthesized RNA, extensive sequencing, and mathematical modeling. Transcriptional activation correlated with the highest increases in MYC binding at promoters. Repression followed a reciprocal scenario, with the lowest gains in MYC binding. Altogether, the relative abundance (henceforth, "share") of MYC at promoters was the strongest predictor of transcriptional responses in diverse cell types, predominating over MYC's association with the corepressor ZBTB17 (also known as MIZ1). MYC activation elicited immediate loading of RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) at activated promoters, followed by increases in pause-release, while repressed promoters showed opposite effects. Gains and losses in RNAPII loading were proportional to the changes in the MYC share, suggesting that repression by MYC may be partly indirect, owing to competition for limiting amounts of RNAPII. Secondary to the changes in RNAPII loading, the dynamics of elongation and pre-mRNA processing were also rapidly altered at MYC regulated genes, leading to the transient accumulation of partially or aberrantly processed mRNAs. Altogether, our results shed light on how overexpressed MYC alters the various phases of the RNAPII cycle and the resulting transcriptional response.
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Han H, Li W, Shen H, Zhang J, Zhu Y, Li Y. microRNA-129-5p, a c-Myc negative target, affects hepatocellular carcinoma progression by blocking the Warburg effect. J Mol Cell Biol 2016; 8:400-410. [PMID: 27001970 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjw010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Deregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) and c-Myc (Myc) contributes to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression, but how miRNAs and Myc regulate each other in hepatocarcinogenesis is still poorly understood. Using a functional screen, we identified miR-129-5p as a miRNA that inhibits HCC cell growth. miR-129-5p targets the mitochondrial matrix protein pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4), which leads to decreased phosphorylation of the E1α subunit of pyruvate dehyrogenase (PDH) complex, inhibition of glycolysis, retarded tumor growth, and impaired lung colonization. Enforced expression of PDK4 refractory to inhibition by miR-129-5p rescued all of these phenotypes. Targeting PDK4 by shRNA recapitulated the effects caused by miR-129-5p. miR-129-5p is transcriptionally repressed by a complex comprised of Myc, histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3), and enhancer of zeste 2 polycomb repressive complex 2 (EZH2). Levels of miR-129-5p negatively correlated with clinical stages in human HCC. Restoring miR-129-5p expression suppressed the diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in mice. Thus, we concluded that miR-129-5p, which is a negative target of Myc, blocks glycolysis to retard hepatocarcinogenesis via targeting PDK4. The critical link between miR-129-5p and PDK4 in the progression of HCC suggests potential points of therapeutic intervention for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Han
- College of Life Sciences, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Wenjuan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Hongxing Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jinxiang Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Wuhan Union Hospital, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yahui Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Youjun Li
- College of Life Sciences, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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23
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Lee KE, Chang BC, Park S, Gwak HS. Effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms in c-Myc on stable warfarin doses in patients with cardiac valve replacements. Pharmacogenomics 2015; 16:1101-8. [PMID: 26249541 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.15.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to investigate an association between c-Myc SNPs and stable warfarin doses. MATERIALS & METHODS The influences of genetic polymorphisms on dose requirements were investigated by genotyping ten SNPs in 201 patients with stable warfarin doses; VKORC1 (rs9923231), CYP2C9 (rs1057910), CYP4F2 (rs2108622), GATA4 (rs10090884), c-Myc (rs4645962, rs4645943, rs4645948 and rs4645974) and 8q24 (rs1447295 and rs16901979). RESULTS Around 44.3% of the overall interindividual variability in warfarin dose requirements was explained by the multivariate regression model; VKORC1 genotype accounted for 26.4%, CYP2C9 genotype for 4.9%, age for 3.4%, c-Myc genotypes for 5.2% (rs4645974 for 2.4% and rs4645943 for 2.8%), CYP4F2 genotype for 2.9% and diuretic use for 1.5%. CONCLUSION Our results revealed that c-Myc could be a determinant of stable warfarin doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung E Lee
- College of Pharmacy & Division of Life & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-750, South Korea.,College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, South Korea
| | - Byung C Chang
- Department of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery, Yonsei University Medical Center, 250 Seongsanno, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, South Korea
| | - Sunny Park
- College of Pharmacy & Division of Life & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-750, South Korea
| | - Hye S Gwak
- College of Pharmacy & Division of Life & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-750, South Korea
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24
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Hann SR. MYC cofactors: molecular switches controlling diverse biological outcomes. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014; 4:a014399. [PMID: 24939054 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a014399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor MYC has fundamental roles in proliferation, apoptosis, tumorigenesis, and stem cell pluripotency. Over the last 30 years extensive information has been gathered on the numerous cofactors that interact with MYC and the target genes that are regulated by MYC as a means of understanding the molecular mechanisms controlling its diverse roles. Despite significant advances and perhaps because the amount of information learned about MYC is overwhelming, there has been little consensus on the molecular functions of MYC that mediate its critical biological roles. In this perspective, the major MYC cofactors that regulate the various transcriptional activities of MYC, including canonical and noncanonical transactivation and transcriptional repression, will be reviewed and a model of how these transcriptional mechanisms control MYC-mediated proliferation, apoptosis, and tumorigenesis will be presented. The basis of the model is that a variety of cofactors form dynamic MYC transcriptional complexes that can switch the molecular and biological functions of MYC to yield a diverse range of outcomes in a cell-type- and context-dependent fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Hann
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2175
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Conacci-Sorrell M, McFerrin L, Eisenman RN. An overview of MYC and its interactome. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014; 4:a014357. [PMID: 24384812 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a014357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This review is intended to provide a broad outline of the biological and molecular functions of MYC as well as of the larger protein network within which MYC operates. We present a view of MYC as a sensor that integrates multiple cellular signals to mediate a broad transcriptional response controlling many aspects of cell behavior. We also describe the larger transcriptional network linked to MYC with emphasis on the MXD family of MYC antagonists. Last, we discuss evidence that the network has evolved for millions of years, dating back to the emergence of animals.
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