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Malik S, Asghar M, Waheed Y. Outlining recent updates on influenza therapeutics and vaccines: A comprehensive review. Vaccine X 2024; 17:100452. [PMID: 38328274 PMCID: PMC10848012 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2024.100452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus has presented a considerable healthcare challenge during the past years, particularly in vulnerable groups with compromised immune systems. Therapeutics and vaccination have always been in research annals since the spread of influenza. Efforts have been going on to develop an antiviral therapeutic approach that could assist in better disease management and reduce the overall disease complexity, resistance development, and fatality rates. On the other hand, vaccination presents a chance for effective, long-term, cost-benefit, and preventive response against the morbidity and mortality associated with the influenza. However, the issues of resistance development, strain mutation, antigenic variability, and inability to cure wide-spectrum and large-scale strains of the virus by available vaccines remain there. The article gathers the updated data for the therapeutics and available influenza vaccines, their mechanism of action, shortcomings, and trials under clinical experimentation. A methodological approach has been adopted to identify the prospective therapeutics and available vaccines approved and within the clinical trials against the influenza virus. Review contains influenza therapeutics, including traditional and novel antiviral drugs and inhibitor therapies against influenza virus as well as research trials based on newer drug combinations and latest technologies such as nanotechnology and organic and plant-based natural products. Most recent development of influenza vaccine has been discussed including some updates on traditional vaccination protocols and discussion on next-generation and upgraded novel technologies. This review will help the readers to understand the righteous approach for dealing with influenza virus infection and for deducing futuristic approaches for novel therapeutic and vaccine trials against Influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiza Malik
- Bridging Health Foundation, Rawalpindi, Punjab 46000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asghar
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sweden
- Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Yasir Waheed
- Office of Research, Innovation, and Commercialization (ORIC), Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University (SZABMU), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos 1401, Lebanon
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Beukenhorst AL, Frallicciardi J, Rice KL, Koldijk MH, Moreira de Mello JC, Klap JM, Hadjichrysanthou C, Koch CM, da Costa KAS, Temperton N, de Jong BA, Vietsch H, Ziere B, Julg B, Koudstaal W, Goudsmit J. A pan-influenza monoclonal antibody neutralizes H5 strains and prophylactically protects through intranasal administration. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3818. [PMID: 38360813 PMCID: PMC10869794 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53049-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Avian A(H5N1) influenza virus poses an elevated zoonotic threat to humans, and no pharmacological products are currently registered for fast-acting pre-exposure protection in case of spillover leading to a pandemic. Here, we show that an epitope on the stem domain of H5 hemagglutinin is highly conserved and that the human monoclonal antibody CR9114, targeting that epitope, potently neutralizes all pseudotyped H5 viruses tested, even in the rare case of substitutions in its epitope. Further, intranasal administration of CR9114 fully protects mice against A(H5N1) infection at low dosages, irrespective of pre-existing immunity conferred by the quadrivalent seasonal influenza vaccine. These data provide a proof-of-concept for broad, pre-exposure protection against a potential future pandemic using the intranasal administration route. Studies in humans should assess if autonomous administration of a broadly-neutralizing monoclonal antibody is safe and effective and can thus contribute to pandemic preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Beukenhorst
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
- Leyden Laboratories BV, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Centre for Epidemiology, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | - Jaco M Klap
- Leyden Laboratories BV, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Kelly A S da Costa
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent and University of Greenwich, Chatham, UK
| | - Nigel Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent and University of Greenwich, Chatham, UK
| | | | | | | | - Boris Julg
- Leyden Laboratories BV, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jaap Goudsmit
- Leyden Laboratories BV, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Departments of Epidemiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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Ivashchenko AA, Jones JC, Shkil DO, Ivanenkov YA, Pascua PNQ, Penaflor MK, Karapetian RN, Govorkova EA, Ivachtchenko AV. Resistance profiles for the investigational neuraminidase inhibitor AV5080 in influenza A and B viruses. Antiviral Res 2023; 217:105701. [PMID: 37567255 PMCID: PMC10528385 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) are recommended for influenza treatment and prevention worldwide. The most widely prescribed NAI is oral oseltamivir, while inhaled zanamivir is less commonly used. Using phenotypic neuraminidase (NA) enzymatic assays and molecular modeling approaches, we examined the ability of the investigational orally-dosed NAI AV5080 to inhibit viruses of the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, A(H3N2), A(H5N1), and A(H7N9) subtypes and the influenza B/Victoria- and B/Yamagata-lineages containing NA substitutions conferring oseltamivir or zanamivir resistance including: NA-R292K, NA-E119G/V, NA-H274Y, NA-I122L/N, and NA-R150K. Broadly, AV5080 showed enhanced in vitro efficacy when compared with oseltamivir and/or zanamivir. Reduced AV5080 inhibition was determined for influenza A viruses with NA-E119G and NA-R292K, and for B/Victoria-lineage viruses with NA-I122N/L and B/Yamagata-lineage virus with NA-R150K. Molecular modeling suggested loss of the short hydrogen bond to the carboxyl group of AV5080 affected inhibition of NA-R292K viruses, whereas loss of the salt bridge with the guanidine group of AV5080 affected inhibition of NA-E119G. The resistance profiles and predicted binding modes of AV5080 and zanamivir are most similar, but dissimilar to those of oseltamivir, in part because of a guanidine moiety compensatory binding effect. Overall, our data suggests that AV5080 is a promising orally-dosed NAI that exhibited similar or superior in vitro efficacy against viruses with reduced or highly reduced inhibition phenotypes with respect to currently approved NAIs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeremy C Jones
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Dmitry O Shkil
- ChemDiv, 12760 High Bluff Drive, Ste. 370 San Diego, CA, 92130, USA
| | - Yan A Ivanenkov
- ChemDiv, 12760 High Bluff Drive, Ste. 370 San Diego, CA, 92130, USA
| | - Philippe Noriel Q Pascua
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Melissa K Penaflor
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | | | - Elena A Govorkova
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
| | - Alexandre V Ivachtchenko
- ChemDiv, 12760 High Bluff Drive, Ste. 370 San Diego, CA, 92130, USA; AVISA LLC, 1835 E. Hallandale Beach Blvd, #442, Hallandale Beach, FL, 33009, USA.
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Guo M, Chen D, Zhao M, Xu T, Zhang Y, Xiao M, Li Y, Zhu B. 5-Nitrobenzo[c][1, 2, 5]selenadiazole as therapeutic agents in the regulation of oxidative stress and inflammation induced by influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 in vitro and in vivo. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28920. [PMID: 37386905 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Currently, various problems are being faced in the treatment of influenza, so the development of new safe and effective drugs is crucial. Selenadiazole, an important component of selenium heterocyclic compounds, has received wide attention for its biological activity. This study aimed to verify the antiviral activity of 5-nitrobenzo[c][1,2,5]selenadiazole (SeD-3) in vivo and in vitro. The cell counting kit-8 assay and observation of cytopathic effect verified that SeD-3 could improve the survival of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09-infected Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. Polymerase chain reaction quantification and neuraminidase assay showed that SeD-3 could inhibit the proliferation of H1N1 virus. The time of addition assay demonstrated that SeD-3 may have a direct effect on virus particles and block some stages of H1N1 life cycle after virus adsorption. Cell cycle, JC-1, Annexin V, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) dUTP nick-end labeling-4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (TUNEL-DAPI) assays showed that SeD-3 inhibited H1N1 infection-induced apoptosis. Cytokine detection demonstrated SeD-3 inhibited the production of proinflammatory factors after infection, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), TNF-β, interferon-γ, interleukin 12 (IL-12), and IL-17F. In vivo experiments suggested that the pathological damage in the lungs was significantly alleviated after treatment with SeD-3 by hematoxylin and eosin staining. The TUNEL assay of lung tissues indicated that SeD-3 inhibited DNA damage during H1N1 infection. Immunohistochemical assays were performed to further explore the mechanism that SeD-3 inhibited H1N1-induced apoptosis via reactive oxygen species-mediated MAPK, AKT, and P53 signaling pathways. In conclusion, SeD-3 may become a new potential anti-H1N1 influenza virus drug due to its antiviral and anti-inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Guo
- Center Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Danyang Chen
- Center Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingqi Zhao
- Center Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tiantian Xu
- Center Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Center Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Misi Xiao
- Center Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yinghua Li
- Center Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bing Zhu
- Center Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Li C, Han P, Mao H, Lv C, Huang K, Jin M. Glycyrrhizic Acid-Based Carbonized Dots Boost Antiviral Activity against Influenza A Virus via Multisite Inhibition Mechanisms. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:10441-10451. [PMID: 36789721 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c21319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IVA) has been continuously causing pandemics in several animal hosts and has become a worldwide public health threat. Currently, antiviral drugs have become associated with a lot of side effects and limited activity against emerging drug-resistant influenza viruses. Therefore, the development of novel antiviral drugs is of great importance. In this study, we synthesized a kind of carbon dots (CDs) with high dispersibility from glycyrrhizic acid (GA) using a simple dry heating method. Compared with glycyrrhizic acid alone, GA-CDs exhibit superior solubility and significantly improve the antiviral property against IVA. Investigation of the mechanism revealed that GA-CDs act against IVA mainly by inhibiting viral internalization, replication of the viral genome, neuraminidase activity, and host inflammatory responses. More importantly, in a mouse model, GA-CDs can significantly alleviate the clinical symptoms and decrease mortality and lung viral titers. In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrate that GA-CDs possess extraordinary therapeutic effects; therefore, we propose that GA-CDs may be a promising alternative therapy for IVA infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengfei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Han
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Haiying Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Changjie Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Kun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Meilin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
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Wu W, Ye Y, Zhong Y, Yan X, Lin J, Qiu J, Liu S, Fang Z. Pterostilbene effectively inhibits influenza A virus infection by promoting the type I interferon production. Microbes Infect 2023; 25:105062. [PMID: 36280208 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2022.105062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
With the prevalence of novel strains and drug-resistant influenza viruses, there is an urgent need to develop effective and low-toxicity anti-influenza therapeutics. Regulation of the type I interferon antiviral response is considered an attractive therapeutic strategy for viral infection. Pterostilbene, a 3,5-dimethoxy analog of resveratrol, is known for its remarkable pharmacological activity. Here, we found that pterostilbene effectively inhibited influenza A virus infection and mainly affected the late stages of viral replication. A mechanistic study showed that the antiviral activity of pterostilbene might promote the induction of antiviral type I interferon and expression of its downstream interferon-stimulated genes during viral infection. The same effect of pterostilbene was also observed in the condition of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) transfection. Further study showed that pterostilbene interacted with influenza non-structural 1 (NS1) protein, inhibited ubiquitination mediated degradation of RIG-I and activated the downstream antiviral pathway, orchestrating an antiviral state against influenza virus in the cell. Taken together, pterostilbene could be a promising anti-influenza agent for future antiviral drug exploitation and compounds with similar structures may provide new options for the development of novel inhibitors against influenza A virus (IAV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjiao Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, No.466 Middle Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510317, China
| | - Yilu Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, No. 1838 Shatai South Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yingyuan Zhong
- Department of Pharmacy, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Affiliated Jiangmen Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No.23 Haipang Street, North Street, Jiangmen, 529030, China
| | - Xiukui Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, No.466 Middle Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510317, China
| | - Jianguo Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, No.466 Middle Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510317, China
| | - Jianxiang Qiu
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, No.466 Middle Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510317, China.
| | - Shuwen Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, No. 1838 Shatai South Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Zhixin Fang
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, No.466 Middle Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510317, China.
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Jones JC, Yen HL, Adams P, Armstrong K, Govorkova EA. Influenza antivirals and their role in pandemic preparedness. Antiviral Res 2023; 210:105499. [PMID: 36567025 PMCID: PMC9852030 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Effective antivirals provide crucial benefits during the early phase of an influenza pandemic, when vaccines are still being developed and manufactured. Currently, two classes of viral protein-targeting drugs, neuraminidase inhibitors and polymerase inhibitors, are approved for influenza treatment and post-exposure prophylaxis. Resistance to both classes has been documented, highlighting the need to develop novel antiviral options that may include both viral and host-targeted inhibitors. Such efforts will form the basis of management of seasonal influenza infections and of strategic planning for future influenza pandemics. This review focuses on the two classes of approved antivirals, their drawbacks, and ongoing work to characterize novel agents or combination therapy approaches to address these shortcomings. The importance of these topics in the ongoing process of influenza pandemic planning is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy C Jones
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Hui-Ling Yen
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Peter Adams
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kimberly Armstrong
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Elena A Govorkova
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
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Stevaert A, Groaz E, Naesens L. Nucleoside analogs for management of respiratory virus infections: mechanism of action and clinical efficacy. Curr Opin Virol 2022; 57:101279. [PMID: 36403338 PMCID: PMC9671222 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2022.101279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the development of nucleoside analogs to treat respiratory virus infections, with remdesivir being the first compound to receive worldwide authorization and three other nucleoside analogs (i.e. favipiravir, molnupiravir, and bemnifosbuvir) in the pipeline. Here, we summarize the current knowledge concerning their clinical efficacy in suppressing the virus and reducing the need for hospitalization or respiratory support. We also mention trials of favipiravir and lumicitabine, for influenza and respiratory syncytial virus, respectively. Besides, we outline how nucleoside analogs interact with the polymerases of respiratory viruses, to cause lethal virus mutagenesis or disturbance of viral RNA synthesis. In this way, we aim to convey the key findings on this rapidly evolving class of respiratory virus medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Stevaert
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 box 1043, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elisabetta Groaz
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 box 1041, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Lieve Naesens
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 box 1043, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Near AM, Tse J, Young-Xu Y, Hong DK, Reyes CM. Burden of influenza hospitalization among high-risk groups in the United States. BMC Health Serv Res 2022; 22:1209. [PMID: 36171601 PMCID: PMC9520810 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-022-08586-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Seasonal influenza poses a substantial clinical and economic burden in the United States and vulnerable populations, including the elderly and those with comorbidities, are at elevated risk for influenza-related medical complications. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study using the IQVIA PharMetrics® Plus claims database in two stages. In Stage 1, we identified patients with evidence of medically-attended influenza during influenza seasons from October 1, 2014 to May 31, 2018 (latest available data for Stage 1) and used a multivariable logistic regression model to identify patient characteristics that predicted 30-day influenza-related hospitalization. The findings from Stage 1 informed high-risk subgroups of interest for Stage 2, where we selected cohorts of influenza patients during influenza seasons from October 1, 2014 to March 1, 2019 and used 1:1 propensity score matching to patients without influenza with similar high-risk characteristics to compare influenza-attributable rates of all-cause hospital and emergency department (ED) visits during follow-up (30-day and in the index influenza season). Results In Stage 1, more than 1.6 million influenza cases were identified, of which 18,509 (1.2%) had a hospitalization. Elderly age was associated with 9 times the odds of hospitalization (≥65 years vs. 5–17 years; OR = 9.4, 95% CI 8.8–10.1) and select comorbidities were associated with 2–3 times the odds of hospitalization. In Stage 2, elderly influenza patients with comorbidities had 3 to 7 times higher 30-day hospitalization rates compared to matched patients without influenza, including patients with congestive heart failure (41.0% vs.7.9%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (34.6% vs. 6.1%), coronary artery disease (22.8% vs. 3.8%), and late-stage chronic kidney disease (44.1% vs. 13.1%; all p < 0.05). Conclusions The risk of influenza-related complications is elevated in the elderly, especially those with certain underlying comorbidities, leading to excess healthcare resource utilization. Continued efforts, beyond currently available vaccines, are needed to reduce influenza burden in high-risk populations. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12913-022-08586-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee M Near
- IQVIA, 4820 Emperor Blvd, Durham, NC, 27703, USA.
| | - Jenny Tse
- IQVIA, 4820 Emperor Blvd, Durham, NC, 27703, USA
| | - Yinong Young-Xu
- US Department of Veterans Affairs, Clinical Epidemiology Program, 215 N Main St, White River Junction, VT, 05009, USA
| | - David K Hong
- VIR Biotechnology Inc, 499 Illinois St, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Abstract
Annual seasonal influenza epidemics of variable severity caused by influenza A and B virus infections result in substantial disease burden worldwide. Seasonal influenza virus circulation declined markedly in 2020-21 after SARS-CoV-2 emerged but increased in 2021-22. Most people with influenza have abrupt onset of respiratory symptoms and myalgia with or without fever and recover within 1 week, but some can experience severe or fatal complications. Prevention is primarily by annual influenza vaccination, with efforts underway to develop new vaccines with improved effectiveness. Sporadic zoonotic infections with novel influenza A viruses of avian or swine origin continue to pose pandemic threats. In this Seminar, we discuss updates of key influenza issues for clinicians, in particular epidemiology, virology, and pathogenesis, diagnostic testing including multiplex assays that detect influenza viruses and SARS-CoV-2, complications, antiviral treatment, influenza vaccines, infection prevention, and non-pharmaceutical interventions, and highlight gaps in clinical management and priorities for clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Uyeki
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - David S Hui
- Division of Respiratory Medicine and Stanley Ho Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Maria Zambon
- Virology Reference Department, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - David E Wentworth
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Arnold S Monto
- Center for Respiratory Research and Response, Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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11
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Protein Folding Interdiction Strategy for Therapeutic Drug Development in Viral Diseases: Ebola VP40 and Influenza A M1. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073906. [PMID: 35409264 PMCID: PMC8998936 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In a recent paper, we proposed the folding interdiction target region (FITR) strategy for therapeutic drug design in SARS-CoV-2. This paper expands the application of the FITR strategy by proposing therapeutic drug design approaches against Ebola virus disease and influenza A. We predict target regions for folding interdicting drugs on correspondingly relevant structural proteins of both pathogenic viruses: VP40 of Ebola, and matrix protein M1 of influenza A. Identification of the protein targets employs the sequential collapse model (SCM) for protein folding. It is explained that the model predicts natural peptide candidates in each case from which to start the search for therapeutic drugs. The paper also discusses how these predictions could be tested, as well as some challenges likely to be found when designing effective therapeutic drugs from the proposed peptide candidates. The FITR strategy opens a potential new avenue for the design of therapeutic drugs that promises to be effective against infectious diseases.
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Govorkova EA, Takashita E, Daniels RS, Fujisaki S, Presser LD, Patel MC, Huang W, Lackenby A, Nguyen HT, Pereyaslov D, Rattigan A, Brown SK, Samaan M, Subbarao K, Wong S, Wang D, Webby RJ, Yen HL, Zhang W, Meijer A, Gubareva LV. Global update on the susceptibilities of human influenza viruses to neuraminidase inhibitors and the cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitor baloxavir, 2018–2020. Antiviral Res 2022; 200:105281. [PMID: 35292289 PMCID: PMC9254721 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Global analysis of the susceptibility of influenza viruses to neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors (NAIs) and the polymerase acidic (PA) inhibitor (PAI) baloxavir was conducted by five World Health Organization Collaborating Centres for Reference and Research on Influenza during two periods (May 2018–May 2019 and May 2019–May 2020). Combined phenotypic and NA sequence-based analysis revealed that the global frequency of viruses displaying reduced or highly reduced inhibition (RI or HRI) or potential to show RI/HRI by NAIs remained low, 0.5% (165/35045) and 0.6% (159/26010) for the 2018–2019 and 2019–2020 periods, respectively. The most common amino acid substitution was NA-H275Y (N1 numbering) conferring HRI by oseltamivir and peramivir in A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses. Combined phenotypic and PA sequence-based analysis showed that the global frequency of viruses showing reduced susceptibility to baloxavir or carrying substitutions associated with reduced susceptibility was low, 0.5% (72/15906) and 0.1% (18/15692) for the 2018–2019 and 2019–2020 periods, respectively. Most (n = 61) of these viruses had I38→T/F/M/S/L/V PA amino acid substitutions. In Japan, where baloxavir use was highest, the rate was 4.5% (41/919) in the 2018–2019 period and most of the viruses (n = 32) had PA-I38T. Zoonotic viruses isolated from humans (n = 32) in different countries did not contain substitutions in NA associated with NAI RI/HRI phenotypes. One A(H5N6) virus had a dual substitution PA-I38V + PA-E199G, which may reduce susceptibility to baloxavir. Therefore, NAIs and baloxavir remain appropriate choices for the treatment of influenza virus infections, but close monitoring of antiviral susceptibility is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A Govorkova
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Studies on the Ecology of Influenza in Animals and Birds, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105-3678, USA.
| | - Emi Takashita
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
| | - Rod S Daniels
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, The Francis Crick Institute, Worldwide Influenza Centre, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Seiichiro Fujisaki
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
| | - Lance D Presser
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, PO Box 1, 3720, BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Mira C Patel
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Surveillance, Epidemiology and Control of Influenza, Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton RD NE, MS H17-5, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Weijuan Huang
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
| | - Angie Lackenby
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, NW9 5HT, United Kingdom
| | - Ha T Nguyen
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Surveillance, Epidemiology and Control of Influenza, Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton RD NE, MS H17-5, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Dmitriy Pereyaslov
- Global Influenza Programme, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, 1211, Geneva, 27, Switzerland
| | - Aine Rattigan
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, The Francis Crick Institute, Worldwide Influenza Centre, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Sook Kwan Brown
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Magdi Samaan
- Global Influenza Programme, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, 1211, Geneva, 27, Switzerland
| | - Kanta Subbarao
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Sun Wong
- Public Health Laboratory Centre, 382 Nam Cheong Street, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dayan Wang
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
| | - Richard J Webby
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Studies on the Ecology of Influenza in Animals and Birds, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105-3678, USA
| | - Hui-Ling Yen
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wenqing Zhang
- Global Influenza Programme, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, 1211, Geneva, 27, Switzerland
| | - Adam Meijer
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, PO Box 1, 3720, BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Larisa V Gubareva
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Surveillance, Epidemiology and Control of Influenza, Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton RD NE, MS H17-5, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
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13
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Liu Y, Retout S, Duval V, Jia J, Zou Y, Wang Y, Cosson V, Jolivet S, De Buck S. Pharmacokinetics, safety, and simulated efficacy of an influenza treatment, baloxavir marboxil, in Chinese individuals. Clin Transl Sci 2022; 15:1196-1203. [PMID: 35176206 PMCID: PMC9099119 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Baloxavir marboxil is an endonuclease inhibitor indicated for the treatment of influenza in patients ≥12 years. No data exist for Chinese patients in global studies. This randomized, open‐label, phase I study evaluated the pharmacokinetics (PK) and safety of baloxavir marboxil in healthy Chinese volunteers and was used to anticipate efficacy in Chinese patients. Patients received a single oral dose of baloxavir marboxil (40 or 80 mg [1:1]). Serial blood samples were collected predose and at various timepoints up to 14 days postdose. Baloxavir marboxil and acid plasma concentrations were determined by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. PK parameters of baloxavir acid were estimated by noncompartmental analysis. Adverse events (AEs) were recorded. Time to alleviation of symptoms (TTAS) was simulated for otherwise healthy (OwH) and high‐risk (HR) Chinese and Asian patients. Thirty‐two male patients received baloxavir marboxil. Baloxavir acid plasma concentration peaked 4 h postdose. Mean maximum concentration (Cmax) was 107.6 and 206.9 ng/ml, and mean area under the plasma concentration‐time curve from zero to infinity (AUC0–inf) was 6955 and 9643 ng·h/ml in the 40 and 80 mg cohorts, respectively. AEs were mild and transient; no new safety signals were identified. Simulated median TTAS for OwH and HR Chinese patients agreed with simulated values in Asian patients. PK parameters were similar to Asian populations in other studies. The globally adopted baloxavir marboxil dosing strategy was consistent with the established safety profile of baloxavir marboxil in this population. Simulated efficacy indicated Chinese patients could benefit from similar efficacy to Asian patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Liu
- Central Laboratory, Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital/Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Phase I Clinical Research and Quality Consistency Evaluation for Drugs, Shanghai, China
| | - Sylvie Retout
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Jingying Jia
- Central Laboratory, Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital/Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Phase I Clinical Research and Quality Consistency Evaluation for Drugs, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Zou
- Central Laboratory, Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital/Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Phase I Clinical Research and Quality Consistency Evaluation for Drugs, Shanghai, China
| | - Yijun Wang
- Central Laboratory, Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital/Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Phase I Clinical Research and Quality Consistency Evaluation for Drugs, Shanghai, China
| | - Valérie Cosson
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sébastien Jolivet
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan De Buck
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
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14
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Mapping inhibitory sites on the RNA polymerase of the 1918 pandemic influenza virus using nanobodies. Nat Commun 2022; 13:251. [PMID: 35017564 PMCID: PMC8752864 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27950-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses cause seasonal epidemics and global pandemics, representing a considerable burden to healthcare systems. Central to the replication cycle of influenza viruses is the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase which transcribes and replicates the viral RNA genome. The polymerase undergoes conformational rearrangements and interacts with viral and host proteins to perform these functions. Here we determine the structure of the 1918 influenza virus polymerase in transcriptase and replicase conformations using cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM). We then structurally and functionally characterise the binding of single-domain nanobodies to the polymerase of the 1918 pandemic influenza virus. Combining these functional and structural data we identify five sites on the polymerase which are sensitive to inhibition by nanobodies. We propose that the binding of nanobodies at these sites either prevents the polymerase from assuming particular functional conformations or interactions with viral or host factors. The polymerase is highly conserved across the influenza A subtypes, suggesting these sites as effective targets for potential influenza antiviral development. Influenza viruses carry their own RNAdependent RNA-polymerase that is highly conserved and a promising anti-viral target. Combining functional and structural data, Keown et al. characterise the inhibitory effect of nanobodies on 1918 pandemic H1N1 influenza strain polymerase complex and identify sensitive sites interfering with polymerase activity in vitro.
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15
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3-Indoleacetonitrile Is Highly Effective in Treating Influenza A Virus Infection In Vitro and In Vivo. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081433. [PMID: 34452298 PMCID: PMC8402863 DOI: 10.3390/v13081433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses are serious zoonotic pathogens that continuously cause pandemics in several animal hosts, including birds, pigs, and humans. Indole derivatives containing an indole core framework have been extensively studied and developed to prevent and/or treat viral infection. This study evaluated the anti-influenza activity of several indole derivatives, including 3-indoleacetonitrile, indole-3-carboxaldehyde, 3-carboxyindole, and gramine, in A549 and MDCK cells. Among these compounds, 3-indoleacetonitrile exerts profound antiviral activity against a broad spectrum of influenza A viruses, as tested in A549 cells. Importantly, in a mouse model, 3-indoleacetonitrile with a non-toxic concentration of 20 mg/kg effectively reduced the mortality and weight loss, diminished lung virus titers, and alleviated lung lesions of mice lethally challenged with A/duck/Hubei/WH18/2015 H5N6 and A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 H1N1 influenza A viruses. The antiviral properties enable the potential use of 3-indoleacetonitrile for the treatment of IAV infection.
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16
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Jirjees F, Saad AK, Al Hano Z, Hatahet T, Al Obaidi H, Dallal Bashi YH. COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines: Do They Really Reflect Best Medical Practices to Manage the Pandemic? Infect Dis Rep 2021; 13:259-284. [PMID: 33915690 PMCID: PMC8167744 DOI: 10.3390/idr13020029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) has been changing the world since December 2019. A comprehensive search into many COVID-19 treatment guidelines was conducted and reported in this article. This is a review paper to probe differences in COVID-19 managing strategies and explore the most common treatment plans among countries. Published guidelines from 23 countries and three references guidelines-until the end of 2020-were included in this article. The majority of COVID-19 treatment options were reported in this review and it includes antiviral drugs, antimalarial drugs, antibiotics, corticosteroids, immunotherapy, anticoagulants, and other pharmacological treatment. The presence of such information from different countries in a single comprehensive review article could help in understanding and speculation of variation in the recommended treatment in each country. This might be related to the cost of medications, the access to the medications, availability of medication that could potentially be useful in managing COVID-19 cases, and the availability/capacity of healthcare facilities. Finally, although there are various treatment groups listed in the published therapeutic guidelines worldwide, unfortunately, there is no evidence for effectiveness of most of these medications in reducing the COVID-19 mortality curve over more than one year of this global pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feras Jirjees
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Ali K Saad
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Alain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Zahraa Al Hano
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Taher Hatahet
- School of Pharmacy, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, UK; (T.H.); (Y.H.D.B.)
- Queen’s University Belfast Joint College (CQC), China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Hala Al Obaidi
- Pharmacy Department, City University College of Ajman, Ajman, United Arab Emirates;
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17
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Abstract
The emergence and spread of infectious diseases with pandemic potential occurred regularly throughout history. Major pandemics and epidemics such as plague, cholera, flu, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) have already afflicted humanity. The world is now facing the new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Many infectious diseases leading to pandemics are caused by zoonotic pathogens that were transmitted to humans due to increased contacts with animals through breeding, hunting and global trade activities. The understanding of the mechanisms of transmission of pathogens to humans allowed the establishment of methods to prevent and control infections. During centuries, implementation of public health measures such as isolation, quarantine and border control helped to contain the spread of infectious diseases and maintain the structure of the society. In the absence of pharmaceutical interventions, these containment methods have still been used nowadays to control COVID-19 pandemic. Global surveillance programs of water-borne pathogens, vector-borne diseases and zoonotic spillovers at the animal-human interface are of prime importance to rapidly detect the emergence of infectious threats. Novel technologies for rapid diagnostic testing, contact tracing, drug repurposing, biomarkers of disease severity as well as new platforms for the development and production of vaccines are needed for an effective response in case of pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyne Piret
- CHU de Québec - Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Guy Boivin
- CHU de Québec - Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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18
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Cai W, Wen H, Zhou Q, Wu L, Chen Y, Zhou H, Jin M. 14-Deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide inhibits apoptosis in influenza A(H5N1) virus-infected human lung epithelial cells via the caspase-9-dependent intrinsic apoptotic pathway which contributes to its antiviral activity. Antiviral Res 2020; 181:104885. [PMID: 32702348 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) infection represents a global health challenge. Excavating antiviral active components from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a promising anti-IAV strategy. Our previous studies have demonstrated that 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide (DAP), a major ingredient of a TCM herb called Andrographis paniculata, shows anti-IAV activity that is mainly effective against A/chicken/Hubei/327/2004 (H5N1), A/duck/Hubei/XN/2007 (H5N1), and A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) in vitro and in vivo. However, the underlying anti-IAV molecular mechanism of DAP needs further investigation. In the present work, we found that DAP can significantly inhibit the apoptosis of human lung epithelial (A549) cells infected with A/chicken/Hubei/327/2004 (H5N1). After DAP treatment, the protein expression levels of cleaved PARP, cleaved caspase-3, and cleaved caspase-9, and the activities of caspase-3 and caspase-9 in H5N1-infected A549 cells were all obviously downregulated. However, DAP had no inhibitory effect on caspase-8 activity and cleaved caspase-8 production. Meanwhile, the efficacy of DAP in reducing the apoptotic cells was lost after using the inhibitor of caspase-3 or caspase-9 but remained intact after the caspase-8 inhibitor treatment. Moreover, DAP efficiently attenuated the dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential, suppressed cytochrome c release from the mitochondria to the cytosol, and decreased the protein expression ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 in the mitochondrial fraction. Furthermore, the silencing of caspase-9 reduced the yield of nucleoprotein (NP) and disabled the inhibitory ability of DAP in NP production in A549 cells. Overall results suggest that DAP exerts its antiviral effects by inhibiting H5N1-induced apoptosis on the caspase-9-dependent intrinsic/mitochondrial pathway, which may be one of the anti-H5N1 mechanisms of DAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Cai
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-throughput Drug Screening Technology, State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China.
| | - Haimei Wen
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-throughput Drug Screening Technology, State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Qinyang Zhou
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-throughput Drug Screening Technology, State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Lei Wu
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-throughput Drug Screening Technology, State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-throughput Drug Screening Technology, State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Hongbo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Meilin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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19
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Rosário-Ferreira N, Preto AJ, Melo R, Moreira IS, Brito RMM. The Central Role of Non-Structural Protein 1 (NS1) in Influenza Biology and Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1511. [PMID: 32098424 PMCID: PMC7073157 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza (flu) is a contagious viral disease, which targets the human respiratory tract and spreads throughout the world each year. Every year, influenza infects around 10% of the world population and between 290,000 and 650,000 people die from it according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Influenza viruses belong to the Orthomyxoviridae family and have a negative sense eight-segment single-stranded RNA genome that encodes 11 different proteins. The only control over influenza seasonal epidemic outbreaks around the world are vaccines, annually updated according to viral strains in circulation, but, because of high rates of mutation and recurrent genetic assortment, new viral strains of influenza are constantly emerging, increasing the likelihood of pandemics. Vaccination effectiveness is limited, calling for new preventive and therapeutic approaches and a better understanding of the virus-host interactions. In particular, grasping the role of influenza non-structural protein 1 (NS1) and related known interactions in the host cell is pivotal to better understand the mechanisms of virus infection and replication, and thus propose more effective antiviral approaches. In this review, we assess the structure of NS1, its dynamics, and multiple functions and interactions, to highlight the central role of this protein in viral biology and its potential use as an effective therapeutic target to tackle seasonal and pandemic influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nícia Rosário-Ferreira
- Coimbra Chemistry Center, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology. University of Coimbra, UC Biotech Building, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - António J. Preto
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology. University of Coimbra, UC Biotech Building, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Rita Melo
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology. University of Coimbra, UC Biotech Building, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares and Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal
| | - Irina S. Moreira
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology. University of Coimbra, UC Biotech Building, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui M. M. Brito
- Coimbra Chemistry Center, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
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