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Vlashi R, Zhang X, Li H, Chen G. Potential therapeutic strategies for osteoarthritis via CRISPR/Cas9 mediated gene editing. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2024; 25:339-367. [PMID: 38055160 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-023-09860-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is an incapacitating and one of the most common physically degenerative conditions with an assorted etiology and a highly complicated molecular mechanism that to date lacks an efficient treatment. The capacity to design biological networks and accurately modify existing genomic sites holds an apt potential for applications across medical and biotechnological sciences. One of these highly specific genomes editing technologies is the CRISPR/Cas9 mechanism, referred to as the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats, which is a defense mechanism constituted by CRISPR associated protein 9 (Cas9) directed by small non-coding RNAs (sncRNA) that bind to target DNA through Watson-Crick base pairing rules where subsequent repair of the target DNA is initiated. Up-to-date research has established the effectiveness of the CRISPR/Cas9 mechanism in targeting the genetic and epigenetic alterations in OA by suppressing or deleting gene expressions and eventually distributing distinctive anti-arthritic properties in both in vitro and in vivo osteoarthritic models. This review aims to epitomize the role of this high-throughput and multiplexed gene editing method as an analogous therapeutic strategy that could greatly facilitate the clinical development of OA-related treatments since it's reportedly an easy, minimally invasive technique, and a comparatively less painful method for osteoarthritic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rexhina Vlashi
- College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Xingen Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Minimally Invasive Surgery in Orthopaedics & Skeletal Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang Rongjun Hospital, Jiaxing, 314001, China
| | - Haibo Li
- The Central Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention and Control, Ningbo Women and Children's Hospital, Ningbo, China.
- Ningbo Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Embryogenic Diseases, Ningbo Women and Children's Hospital, Ningbo, China.
| | - Guiqian Chen
- College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
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2
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Draga M, Scaal M. Building a vertebra: Development of the amniote sclerotome. J Morphol 2024; 285:e21665. [PMID: 38100740 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
In embryonic development, the vertebral column arises from the sclerotomal compartment of the somites. The sclerotome is a mesenchymal cell mass which can be subdivided into several subpopulations specified by different regulatory mechanisms and giving rise to different parts of the vertebrae like vertebral body, vertebral arch, ribs, and vertebral joints. This review gives a short overview on the molecular and cellular basis of the formation of sclerotomal subdomains and the morphogenesis of their vertebral derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarethe Draga
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Center of Anatomy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin Scaal
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Center of Anatomy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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3
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Ikeda Y, Tani S, Moriishi T, Kuroda A, Matsuo Y, Saeki N, Inui-Yamamoto C, Abe M, Maeda T, Rowe DW, Chung UI, Hojo H, Matsushita Y, Sawase T, Ohba S. Modeling of intramembranous ossification using human pluripotent stem cell-derived paraxial mesoderm derivatives. Regen Ther 2023; 24:536-546. [PMID: 37860130 PMCID: PMC10582276 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2023.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Vertebrates form their skeletal tissues from three distinct origins (the neural crest, paraxial mesoderm, and lateral plate mesoderm) through two distinct modes of ossification (intramembranous and endochondral ossification). Since the paraxial mesoderm generates both intramembranous and endochondral bones, it is thought to give rise to both osteoprogenitors and osteo-chondroprogenitors. However, it remains unclear what directs the paraxial mesoderm-derived cells toward these different fates in distinct skeletal elements during human skeletal development. To answer this question, we need experimental systems that recapitulate paraxial mesoderm-mediated intramembranous and endochondral ossification processes. In this study, we aimed to develop a human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-based system that models the human intramembranous ossification process. We found that spheroid culture of the hPSC-derived paraxial mesoderm derivatives generates osteoprogenitors or osteo-chondroprogenitors depending on stimuli. The former induced intramembranous ossification, and the latter endochondral ossification, in mouse renal capsules. Transcriptional profiling supported the notion that bone signatures were enriched in the intramembranous bone-like tissues. Thus, we developed a system that recapitulates intramembranous ossification, and that enables the induction of two distinct modes of ossification by controlling the cell fate of the hPSC-derived paraxial mesoderm derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Ikeda
- Department of Tissue and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Applied Prosthodontics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Tani
- Laboratory of Clinical Biotechnology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Takeshi Moriishi
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | - Aiko Kuroda
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | - Yuki Matsuo
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | - Naoya Saeki
- Department of Tissue and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Chizuko Inui-Yamamoto
- Department of Tissue and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Makoto Abe
- Department of Tissue and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takashi Maeda
- Department of Tissue and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - David W. Rowe
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, CT 06030, USA
| | - Ung-il Chung
- Laboratory of Clinical Biotechnology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Hironori Hojo
- Laboratory of Clinical Biotechnology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yuki Matsushita
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | - Takashi Sawase
- Department of Applied Prosthodontics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Ohba
- Department of Tissue and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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4
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da Cunha JI, Barauna AMD, Garcez RC. Prechordal structures act cooperatively in early trabeculae development of gnathostome skull. Cells Dev 2023; 176:203879. [PMID: 37844659 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2023.203879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
The vertebrate skull is formed by mesoderm and neural crest (NC) cells. The mesoderm contributes to the skull chordal domain, with the notochord playing an essential role in this process. The NC contributes to the skull prechordal domain, prompting investigation into the embryonic structures involved in prechordal neurocranium cartilage formation. The trabeculae cartilage, a structure of the prechordal neurocranium, arises at the convergence of prechordal plate (PCP), ventral midline (VM) cells of the diencephalon, and dorsal oral ectoderm. This study examines the molecular participation of these embryonic structures in gnathostome trabeculae development. PCP-secreted SHH induces its expression in VM cells of the diencephalon, initiating a positive feedback loop involving SIX3 and GLI1. SHH secreted by the VM cells of the diencephalon acts on the dorsal oral ectoderm, stimulating condensation of NC cells to form trabeculae. SHH from the prechordal region affects the expression of SOX9 in NC cells. BMP7 and SHH secreted by PCP induce NKX2.1 expression in VM cells of the diencephalon, but this does not impact trabeculae formation. Molecular cooperation between PCP, VM cells of the diencephalon, and dorsal oral ectoderm is crucial for craniofacial development by NC cells in the prechordal domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline Isoppo da Cunha
- Graduate Program of Cell and Developmental Biology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil; Stem Cell and Tissue Regeneration Laboratory (LACERT), Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Maria Duarte Barauna
- Graduate Program of Cell and Developmental Biology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil; Stem Cell and Tissue Regeneration Laboratory (LACERT), Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Castilho Garcez
- Graduate Program of Cell and Developmental Biology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil; Stem Cell and Tissue Regeneration Laboratory (LACERT), Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil; Department of Cell Biology, Embryology, and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil.
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Hossain N, Igawa T, Suzuki M, Tazawa I, Nakao Y, Hayashi T, Suzuki N, Ogino H. Phenotype-genotype relationships in Xenopus sox9 crispants provide insights into campomelic dysplasia and vertebrate jaw evolution. Dev Growth Differ 2023; 65:481-497. [PMID: 37505799 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Since CRISPR-based genome editing technology works effectively in the diploid frog Xenopus tropicalis, a growing number of studies have successfully modeled human genetic diseases in this species. However, most of their targets were limited to non-syndromic diseases that exhibit abnormalities in a small fraction of tissues or organs in the body. This is likely because of the complexity of interpreting the phenotypic variations resulting from somatic mosaic mutations generated in the founder animals (crispants). In this study, we attempted to model the syndromic disease campomelic dysplasia (CD) by generating sox9 crispants in X. tropicalis. The resulting crispants failed to form neural crest cells at neurula stages and exhibited various combinations of jaw, gill, ear, heart, and gut defects at tadpole stages, recapitulating part of the syndromic phenotype of CD patients. Genotyping of the crispants with a variety of allelic series of mutations suggested that the heart and gut defects depend primarily on frame-shift mutations expected to be null, whereas the jaw, gill, and ear defects could be induced not only by such mutations but also by in-frame deletion mutations expected to delete part of the jawed vertebrate-specific domain from the encoded Sox9 protein. These results demonstrate that Xenopus crispants are useful for investigating the phenotype-genotype relationships behind syndromic diseases and examining the tissue-specific role of each functional domain within a single protein, providing novel insights into vertebrate jaw evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nusrat Hossain
- Amphibian Research Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takeshi Igawa
- Amphibian Research Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Makoto Suzuki
- Amphibian Research Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Ichiro Tazawa
- Amphibian Research Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuta Nakao
- Amphibian Research Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Toshinori Hayashi
- Amphibian Research Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Nanoka Suzuki
- Amphibian Research Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hajime Ogino
- Amphibian Research Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Xiong F, Chevalier Y, Klar RM. Parallel Chondrogenesis and Osteogenesis Tissue Morphogenesis in Muscle Tissue via Combinations of TGF-β Supergene Family Members. Cartilage 2023:19476035231196224. [PMID: 37714817 DOI: 10.1177/19476035231196224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to decipher the temporal and spatial signaling code for clinical cartilage and bone regeneration. We investigated the effects of continuous equal dosages of a single, dual, or triplicate growth factor combination of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β3, and/or BMP-7 on muscle tissue over a culturing period. The hypothesis was that specific growth factor combinations at specific time points direct tissue transformation toward endochondral bone or cartilage formation. DESIGN The harvested muscle tissues from F-344 adult male rats were cultured in 96-well plates maintained in a specific medium and cultured at specific conditions. And the multidimensional and multi-time point analyses were performed at both the genetic and protein levels. RESULTS The results insinuate that the application of growth factor stimulates a chaotic tissue response that does not follow a chronological signaling cascade. Both osteogenic and chondrogenic genes showed upregulation after induction, a similar result was also observed in the semiquantitative analysis after immunohistochemical staining against different antigens. CONCLUSIONS The study showed that multiple TGF-β superfamily proteins applied to tissue stimulate developmental tissue processes that do not follow current tissue formation rules. The findings contribute to the understanding of the chronological order of signals and expression patterns needed to achieve chondrogenesis, articular chondrogenesis, or osteogenesis, which is crucial for the development of treatments that can regrow bone and articular cartilage clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xiong
- Wuxi Hand Surgery Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Yan Chevalier
- Department of Orthopedics, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Roland M Klar
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, School of Dentistry, Kansas City, MO, USA
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7
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Liu J, Liu S, Zeng L, Tsilioni I. Amyloid Beta Peptides Lead to Mast Cell Activation in a Novel 3D Hydrogel Model. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12002. [PMID: 37569378 PMCID: PMC10419190 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disease and the world's primary cause of dementia among the elderly population. The aggregation of toxic amyloid-beta (Aβ) is one of the main pathological hallmarks of the AD brain. Recently, neuroinflammation has been recognized as one of the major features of AD, which involves a network of interactions between immune cells. The mast cell (MC) is an innate immune cell type known to serve as a first responder to pathological changes and crosstalk with microglia and neurons. Although an increased number of mast cells were found near the sites of Aβ deposition, how mast cells are activated in AD is not clear. We developed a 3D culture system to culture MCs and investigated the activation of MCs by Aβ peptides. Because collagen I is the major component of extracellular matrix (ECM) in the brain, we encapsulated human LADR MCs in gels formed by collagen I. We found that 3D-cultured MCs survived and proliferated at the same level as MCs in suspension. Additionally, they can be induced to secrete inflammatory cytokines as well as MC proteases tryptase and chymase by typical MC activators interleukin 33 (IL-33) and IgE/anti-IgE. Culturing with peptides Aβ1-42, Aβ1-40, and Aβ25-35 caused MCs to secrete inflammatory mediators, with Aβ1-42 inducing the maximum level of activation. These data indicate that MCs respond to amyloid deposition to elicit inflammatory responses and demonstrate the validity of collagen gel as a model system to investigate MCs in a 3D environment to understand neuroinflammation in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingshu Liu
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA; (J.L.)
| | - Sihan Liu
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA; (J.L.)
| | - Li Zeng
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA; (J.L.)
- Program in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Program in Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Program in Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Irene Tsilioni
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA; (J.L.)
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Hashimoto D, Fujimoto K, Kim SW, Lee YS, Nakata M, Suzuki K, Wada Y, Asamura S, Yamada G. Emerging structural and pathological analyses on the erectile organ, corpus cavernous containing sinusoids. Reprod Med Biol 2023; 22:e12539. [PMID: 37663955 PMCID: PMC10472535 DOI: 10.1002/rmb2.12539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The corpus cavernosum (CC) containing sinusoids plays fundamental roles for erection. Analysis of pathological changes in the erectile system is studied by recent experimental systems. Various in vitro models utilizing genital mesenchymal-derived cells and explant culture systems are summarized. Methods 3D reconstruction of section images of murine CC was created. Ectopic chondrogenesis in aged mouse CC was shown by a gene expression study revealing the prominent expression of Sox9. Various experimental strategies utilizing mesenchyme-derived primary cells and tissue explants are introduced. Main Findings Possible roles of Sox9 in chondrogenesis and its regulation by several signals are suggested. The unique character of genital mesenchyme is shown by various analyses of external genitalia (ExG) derived cells and explant cultures. Such strategies are also applied to the analysis of erectile contraction/relaxation responses to many signals and aging process. Conclusion Erectile dysfunction (ED) is one of the essential topics for the modern aged society. More comprehensive studies are necessary to reveal the nature of the erectile system by combining multiple cell culture strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Hashimoto
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced MedicineWakayama Medical UniversityWakayamaJapan
- Department of Physiology and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of MedicineKindai UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Kota Fujimoto
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced MedicineWakayama Medical UniversityWakayamaJapan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of MedicineWakayama Medical UniversityWakayamaJapan
| | - Sang Woon Kim
- Department of Urology, Urological Science InstituteYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Yong Seung Lee
- Department of Urology, Urological Science InstituteYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Masanori Nakata
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of MedicineWakayama Medical UniversityWakayamaJapan
| | - Kentaro Suzuki
- Faculty of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of YamanashiYamanashiJapan
| | - Yoshitaka Wada
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of MedicineWakayama Medical UniversityWakayamaJapan
| | - Shinichi Asamura
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of MedicineWakayama Medical UniversityWakayamaJapan
| | - Gen Yamada
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced MedicineWakayama Medical UniversityWakayamaJapan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of MedicineWakayama Medical UniversityWakayamaJapan
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Humphreys PA, Mancini FE, Ferreira MJS, Woods S, Ogene L, Kimber SJ. Developmental principles informing human pluripotent stem cell differentiation to cartilage and bone. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 127:17-36. [PMID: 34949507 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells can differentiate into any cell type given appropriate signals and hence have been used to research early human development of many tissues and diseases. Here, we review the major biological factors that regulate cartilage and bone development through the three main routes of neural crest, lateral plate mesoderm and paraxial mesoderm. We examine how these routes have been used in differentiation protocols that replicate skeletal development using human pluripotent stem cells and how these methods have been refined and improved over time. Finally, we discuss how pluripotent stem cells can be employed to understand human skeletal genetic diseases with a developmental origin and phenotype, and how developmental protocols have been applied to gain a better understanding of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Humphreys
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering & Henry Royce Institute, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Fabrizio E Mancini
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Miguel J S Ferreira
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering & Henry Royce Institute, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Steven Woods
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Leona Ogene
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Susan J Kimber
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK
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10
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Yang X, Tian S, Fan L, Niu R, Yan M, Chen S, Zheng M, Zhang S. Integrated regulation of chondrogenic differentiation in mesenchymal stem cells and differentiation of cancer cells. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:169. [PMID: 35488254 PMCID: PMC9052535 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02598-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrogenesis is the formation of chondrocytes and cartilage tissues and starts with mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) recruitment and migration, condensation of progenitors, chondrocyte differentiation, and maturation. The chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs depends on co-regulation of many exogenous and endogenous factors including specific microenvironmental signals, non-coding RNAs, physical factors existed in culture condition, etc. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) exhibit self-renewal capacity, pluripotency and cellular plasticity, which have the potential to differentiate into post-mitotic and benign cells. Accumulating evidence has shown that CSCs can be induced to differentiate into various benign cells including adipocytes, fibrocytes, osteoblast, and so on. Retinoic acid has been widely used in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia. Previous study confirmed that polyploid giant cancer cells, a type of cancer stem-like cells, could differentiate into adipocytes, osteocytes, and chondrocytes. In this review, we will summarize signaling pathways and cytokines in chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs. Understanding the molecular mechanism of chondrogenic differentiation of CSCs and cancer cells may provide new strategies for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Yang
- Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Shifeng Tian
- Graduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, People's Republic of China
| | - Linlin Fan
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Niu
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Man Yan
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuo Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Minying Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiwu Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Deng H, Xiao X, Chilufya MM, Qiao L, Lv Y, Guo Z, Lei J, Liu J, Zhao Y, Zhang J, Wang W, Han J, Qu C. Altered Expression of the Hedgehog Pathway Proteins BMP2, BMP4, SHH, and IHH Involved in Knee Cartilage Damage of Patients With Osteoarthritis and Kashin-Beck Disease. Cartilage 2022; 13:19476035221087706. [PMID: 35313742 PMCID: PMC9137319 DOI: 10.1177/19476035221087706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the expression of Hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway proteins in knee articular cartilage from Kashin-Beck disease (KBD) and osteoarthritis (OA) patients. METHODS Knee articular cartilage samples were collected from normal (N), OA, and KBD adults (aged 38-60 years) and divided into 3 groups with 6 subjects in each group. The localization of the HH pathway proteins bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2), bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), Sonic hedgehog (SHH), and Indian hedgehog (IHH) was observed with the microscope after immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. Positive staining cell rates of each proteins were compared. RESULTS The strongest stainings of all proteins were observed in the middle zones of all 3 groups. The positive staining rates of BMP4 and IHH were significantly lower in the OA and KBD groups than those in the N group in all 3 zones. The positive staining rates of BMP2 and SHH tend to be lower in the OA and KBD groups than those in the N group in the deep zone, while higher in the OA and KBD groups than those in the N group in superficial and middle zones. CONCLUSIONS Altered expression of the HH pathway proteins BMP2, BMP4, SHH, and IHH was found in OA and KBD articular cartilage. There seemed to be a compensatory effect between SHH and IHH in cartilage damage. Further studies on the pathogenesis of OA and KBD may be carried out from these aspects in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Deng
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, P.R. China,Huan Deng, Xiang Xiao, and Mumba Mulutula Chilufya are co-first authors
| | - Xiang Xiao
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, P.R. China,Huan Deng, Xiang Xiao, and Mumba Mulutula Chilufya are co-first authors
| | - Mumba Mulutula Chilufya
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, P.R. China,Huan Deng, Xiang Xiao, and Mumba Mulutula Chilufya are co-first authors
| | - Lichun Qiao
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, P.R. China
| | - Yizhen Lv
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, P.R. China
| | - Ziwei Guo
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, P.R. China
| | - Jian Lei
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, P.R. China
| | - Yan Zhao
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, P.R. China
| | - Jiaheng Zhang
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, P.R. China
| | - Wenyue Wang
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, P.R. China
| | - Jing Han
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, P.R. China,Jing Han, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, No. 76 West Yanta Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China.
| | - Chengjuan Qu
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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12
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Liu S, Deng Z, Chen K, Jian S, Zhou F, Yang Y, Fu Z, Xie H, Xiong J, Zhu W. Cartilage tissue engineering: From proinflammatory and anti‑inflammatory cytokines to osteoarthritis treatments (Review). Mol Med Rep 2022; 25:99. [PMID: 35088882 PMCID: PMC8809050 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2022.12615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA), one of the most common joint diseases, is characterized by fibrosis, rhagadia, ulcers and attrition of articular cartilage due to a number of factors. The etiology of OA remains unclear, but its occurrence has been associated with age, obesity, inflammation, trauma and genetic factors. Inflammatory cytokines are crucial for the occurrence and progression of OA. The intra-articular proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines jointly maintain a dynamic balance, in accordance with the physiological metabolism of articular cartilage. However, dynamic imbalance between proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines can cause abnormal metabolism in knee articular cartilage, which leads to deformation, loss and abnormal regeneration, and ultimately destroys the normal structure of the knee joint. The ability of articular cartilage to self-repair once damaged is limited, due to its inability to obtain nutrients from blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels, as well as limitations in the extracellular matrix. There are several disadvantages inherent to conventional repair methods, while cartilage tissue engineering (CTE), which combines proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, offers a new therapeutic approach for OA. The aim of the present review was to examine the proinflammatory factors implicated in OA, including IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-15, IL-17 and IL-18, as well as the key anti-inflammatory factors reducing OA-related articular damage, including IL-4, insulin-like growth factor and TGF-β. The predominance of proinflammatory over anti-inflammatory cytokine effects ultimately leads to the development of OA. CTE, which employs mesenchymal stem cells and scaffolding technology, may prevent OA by maintaining the homeostasis of pro- and anti-inflammatory factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Liu
- Department of Sports Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, P.R. China
| | - Zhenhan Deng
- Department of Sports Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, P.R. China
| | - Kang Chen
- Department of Sports Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, P.R. China
| | - Shengsheng Jian
- Department of Orthopedics, Luo Hu Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518001, P.R. China
| | - Feifei Zhou
- Department of Sports Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Yang
- Department of Sports Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, P.R. China
| | - Zicai Fu
- Department of Sports Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, P.R. China
| | - Huanyu Xie
- Department of Sports Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, P.R. China
| | - Jianyi Xiong
- Department of Sports Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, P.R. China
| | - Weimin Zhu
- Department of Sports Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, P.R. China
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13
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Weldon SA, Münsterberg AE. Somite development and regionalisation of the vertebral axial skeleton. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 127:10-16. [PMID: 34690064 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A critical stage in the development of all vertebrate embryos is the generation of the body plan and its subsequent patterning and regionalisation along the main anterior-posterior axis. This includes the formation of the vertebral axial skeleton. Its organisation begins during early embryonic development with the periodic formation of paired blocks of mesoderm tissue called somites. Here, we review axial patterning of somites, with a focus on studies using amniote model systems - avian and mouse. We summarise the molecular and cellular mechanisms that generate paraxial mesoderm and review how the different anatomical regions of the vertebral column acquire their specific identity and thus shape the body plan. We also discuss the generation of organoids and embryo-like structures from embryonic stem cells, which provide insights regarding axis formation and promise to be useful for disease modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon A Weldon
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
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14
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Oh HK, Park M, Choi SW, Jeong DU, Kim BJ, Kim JA, Choi HJ, Lee J, Cho Y, Kim JH, Seong JK, Choi BH, Min BH, Kim DW. Suppression of Osteoarthritis progression by post-natal Induction of Nkx3.2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 571:188-194. [PMID: 34330063 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.07.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is an incurable joint disease affecting 240 million elderly population, and major unmet medical needs exist for better therapeutic options for OA. During skeletal development, Nkx3.2 has been shown to promote chondrocyte differentiation and survival, but to suppress cartilage hypertrophy and blood vessel invasion. Here we show that Nkx3.2 plays a key role in osteoarthritis (OA) pathogenesis. Marked reduction of Nkx3.2 expression was observed in three different murine OA models. Consistent with these findings, analyses of surgery-induced and age-driven OA models revealed that cartilage-specific post-natal induction of Nkx3.2 can suppress OA progression in mice. These results suggest that Nkx3.2 may serve as a promising target for OA drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Kyoung Oh
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsun Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Won Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Un Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Ju Kim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Ah Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jeong Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jimin Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongsik Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hong Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Je Kyung Seong
- Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Hyune Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Hyun Min
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea; Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Wang MH, Hsu CL, Wu CH, Chiou LL, Tsai YT, Lee HS, Lin SP. Timing Does Matter: Nerve-Mediated HDAC1 Paces the Temporal Expression of Morphogenic Genes During Axolotl Limb Regeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:641987. [PMID: 34041236 PMCID: PMC8143519 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.641987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Sophisticated axolotl limb regeneration is a highly orchestrated process that requires highly regulated gene expression and epigenetic modification patterns at precise positions and timings. We previously demonstrated two waves of post-amputation expression of a nerve-mediated repressive epigenetic modulator, histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1), at the wound healing (3 days post-amputation; 3 dpa) and blastema formation (8 dpa onward) stages in juvenile axolotls. Limb regeneration was profoundly inhibited by local injection of an HDAC inhibitor, MS-275, at the amputation sites. To explore the transcriptional response of post-amputation axolotl limb regeneration in a tissue-specific and time course-dependent manner after MS-275 treatment, we performed transcriptome sequencing of the epidermis and soft tissue (ST) at 0, 3, and 8 dpa with and without MS-275 treatment. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of each coregulated gene cluster revealed a complex array of functional pathways in both the epidermis and ST. In particular, HDAC activities were required to inhibit the premature elevation of genes related to tissue development, differentiation, and morphogenesis. Further validation by Q-PCR in independent animals demonstrated that the expression of 5 out of 6 development- and regeneration-relevant genes that should only be elevated at the blastema stage was indeed prematurely upregulated at the wound healing stage when HDAC1 activity was inhibited. WNT pathway-associated genes were also prematurely activated under HDAC1 inhibition. Applying a WNT inhibitor to MS-275-treated amputated limbs partially rescued HDAC1 inhibition, resulting in blastema formation defects. We propose that post-amputation HDAC1 expression is at least partially responsible for pacing the expression timing of morphogenic genes to facilitate proper limb regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Hui Wang
- College of Bioresources and Agriculture, Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lang Hsu
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Oncology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Han Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Ling Chiou
- Liver Disease Prevention and Treatment Research Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Tzang Tsai
- College of Bioresources and Agriculture, Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Shu Lee
- College of Bioresources and Agriculture, Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shau-Ping Lin
- College of Bioresources and Agriculture, Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center of Systems Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,The Research Center of Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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16
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Zhu J, Fu Q, Shao J, Jinhui Peng, Qian Q, Zhou Y, Yi Chen. Regulating effect of Circ_ATRNL1 on the promotion of SOX9 expression to promote chondrogenic differentiation of hAMSCs mediated by MiR-145-5p. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2021; 15:487-502. [PMID: 33734580 DOI: 10.1002/term.3189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Circ_ATRNL1 is significantly highly expressed in cartilage tissues of patients with osteoarthritis. This study explored the role and mechanism of circ_ATRNL1 in cartilage differentiation of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSCs). hAMSCs were isolated and identified by flow cytometry. The degree of chondrocyte and adipogenic differentiation was assessed using Alcian blue staining and Oil Red O staining, respectively. The expressions of cartilage- and adipogenic-related genes, circ_ATRNL1, and SOX9 were detected by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The correlation between SOX9 and circ_ATRNL1 was analyzed using Pearson test. Bioinformatics and luciferase analysis were used to detect the overlapped target miRNAs of circ_ATRNL1 and SOX9. The role of circ_ATRNL1/miRNA/SOX9 was examined using functional rescue assays. hAMSCs were identified as CD90-, CD105-, and CD44-positive. The degree of cartilage differentiation of hAMSCs was significantly enhanced after 2 weeks. Cartilage-related genes, circ_ATRNL1 and SOX9, were significantly upregulated, and positively correlated with each other. Circ_ATRNL1 overexpression enhanced hAMSC proliferation and differentiation into chondrogenesis, and promoted the expressions of COL2, Aggrecan, and SOX9. Overexpression of circ_ATRNL1 inhibited the adipogenic differentiation of hAMSCs and the expressions of adipogenic-related genes. miR-145-5p was a target miRNA for circ_ATRNL1 and SOX9. miR-145-5p mimic inhibited hAMSC differentiation toward cartilage, and inhibited the expression of cartilage-related factors. miR-145-5p mimic effectively reversed the regulating effect of circ_ATRNL1 on hAMSCs. Circ_ATRNL1 regulates the promotion of SOX9 expression to promote chondrogenic differentiation of hAMSCs mediated by miR-145-5p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhu
- Department of Joint Surgery and Orthopedic Medicine, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiwei Fu
- Department of Joint Surgery and Orthopedic Medicine, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahua Shao
- Department of Joint Surgery and Orthopedic Medicine, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhui Peng
- Department of Joint Surgery and Orthopedic Medicine, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qirong Qian
- Department of Joint Surgery and Orthopedic Medicine, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiqin Zhou
- Department of Joint Surgery and Orthopedic Medicine, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Joint Surgery and Orthopedic Medicine, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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17
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Wang JS, Yoon SH, Wein MN. Role of histone deacetylases in bone development and skeletal disorders. Bone 2021; 143:115606. [PMID: 32829038 PMCID: PMC7770092 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bone cells must constantly respond to hormonal and mechanical cues to change gene expression programs. Of the myriad of epigenomic mechanisms used by cells to dynamically alter cell type-specific gene expression, histone acetylation and deacetylation has received intense focus over the past two decades. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) represent a large family of proteins with a conserved deacetylase domain first described to deacetylate lysine residues on histone tails. It is now appreciated that multiple classes of HDACs exist, some of which are clearly misnamed in that acetylated lysine residues on histone tails is not the major function of their deacetylase domain. Here, we will review the roles of proteins bearing deacetylase domains in bone cells, focusing on current genetic evidence for each individual HDAC gene. While class I HDACs are nuclear proteins whose primary role is to deacetylate histones, class IIa and class III HDACs serve other important cellular functions. Detailed knowledge of the roles of individual HDACs in bone development and remodeling will set the stage for future efforts to specifically target individual HDAC family members in the treatment of skeletal diseases such as osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialiang S Wang
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sung-Hee Yoon
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marc N Wein
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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18
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Smeeton J, Natarajan N, Naveen Kumar A, Miyashita T, Baddam P, Fabian P, Graf D, Crump JG. Zebrafish model for spondylo-megaepiphyseal-metaphyseal dysplasia reveals post-embryonic roles of Nkx3.2 in the skeleton. Development 2021; 148:dev.193409. [PMID: 33462117 DOI: 10.1242/dev.193409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The regulated expansion of chondrocytes within growth plates and joints ensures proper skeletal development through adulthood. Mutations in the transcription factor NKX3.2 underlie spondylo-megaepiphyseal-metaphyseal dysplasia (SMMD), which is characterized by skeletal defects including scoliosis, large epiphyses, wide growth plates and supernumerary distal limb joints. Whereas nkx3.2 knockdown zebrafish and mouse Nkx3.2 mutants display embryonic lethal jaw joint fusions and skeletal reductions, respectively, they lack the skeletal overgrowth seen in SMMD patients. Here, we report adult viable nkx3.2 mutant zebrafish displaying cartilage overgrowth in place of a missing jaw joint, as well as severe dysmorphologies of the facial skeleton, skullcap and spine. In contrast, cartilage overgrowth and scoliosis are absent in rare viable nkx3.2 knockdown animals that lack jaw joints, supporting post-embryonic roles for Nkx3.2. Single-cell RNA-sequencing and in vivo validation reveal increased proliferation and upregulation of stress-induced pathways, including prostaglandin synthases, in mutant chondrocytes. By generating a zebrafish model for the skeletal overgrowth defects of SMMD, we reveal post-embryonic roles for Nkx3.2 in dampening proliferation and buffering the stress response in joint-associated chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Smeeton
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA,Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Department of Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Natasha Natarajan
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Arati Naveen Kumar
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Tetsuto Miyashita
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada,Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Pranidhi Baddam
- Department of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Peter Fabian
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Daniel Graf
- Department of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada,Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R7, Canada
| | - J Gage Crump
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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19
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Liu L, Hu K, Feng J, Wang H, Fu S, Wang B, Wang L, Xu Y, Yu X, Huang H. The oncometabolite R-2-hydroxyglutarate dysregulates the differentiation of human mesenchymal stromal cells via inducing DNA hypermethylation. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:36. [PMID: 33413208 PMCID: PMC7791852 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07744-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH1/2) gene mutations are the most frequently observed mutations in cartilaginous tumors. The mutant IDH causes elevation in the levels of R-enantiomer of 2-hydroxylglutarate (R-2HG). Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are reasonable precursor cell candidates of cartilaginous tumors. This study aimed to investigate the effect of oncometabolite R-2HG on MSCs. Methods Human bone marrow MSCs treated with or without R-2HG at concentrations 0.1 to 1.5 mM were used for experiments. Cell Counting Kit-8 was used to detect the proliferation of MSCs. To determine the effects of R-2HG on MSC differentiation, cells were cultured in osteogenic, chondrogenic and adipogenic medium. Specific staining approaches were performed and differentiation-related genes were quantified. Furthermore, DNA methylation status was explored by Illumina array-based arrays. Real-time PCR was applied to examine the signaling component mRNAs involved in. Results R-2HG showed no influence on the proliferation of human MSCs. R-2HG blocked osteogenic differentiation, whereas promoted adipogenic differentiation of MSCs in a dose-dependent manner. R-2HG inhibited chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs, but increased the expression of genes related to chondrocyte hypertrophy in a lower concentration (1.0 mM). Moreover, R-2HG induced a pronounced DNA hypermethylation state of MSC. R-2HG also improved promotor methylation of lineage-specific genes during osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation. In addition, R-2HG induced hypermethylation and decreased the mRNA levels of SHH, GLI1and GLI2, indicating Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling inhibition. Conclusions The oncometabolite R-2HG dysregulated the chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation of MSCs possibly via induction of DNA hypermethylation, improving the role of R-2HG in cartilaginous tumor development. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-020-07744-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhen Liu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China.,Stem Cell Institute, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, P.R. China
| | - Kaimin Hu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Jingjing Feng
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China.,Stem Cell Institute, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, P.R. China
| | - Huafang Wang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China.,Stem Cell Institute, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, P.R. China
| | - Shan Fu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China.,Stem Cell Institute, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, P.R. China
| | - Binsheng Wang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China.,Stem Cell Institute, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, P.R. China
| | - Limengmeng Wang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China.,Stem Cell Institute, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, P.R. China
| | - Yulin Xu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China.,Stem Cell Institute, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohong Yu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China.,Stem Cell Institute, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, P.R. China
| | - He Huang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China. .,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. .,Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China. .,Stem Cell Institute, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, P.R. China.
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20
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Lungova V, Thibeault SL. Mechanisms of larynx and vocal fold development and pathogenesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:3781-3795. [PMID: 32253462 PMCID: PMC7511430 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03506-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The larynx and vocal folds sit at the crossroad between digestive and respiratory tracts and fulfill multiple functions related to breathing, protection and phonation. They develop at the head and trunk interface through a sequence of morphogenetic events that require precise temporo-spatial coordination. We are beginning to understand some of the molecular and cellular mechanisms that underlie critical processes such as specification of the laryngeal field, epithelial lamina formation and recanalization as well as the development and differentiation of mesenchymal cell populations. Nevertheless, many gaps remain in our knowledge, the filling of which is essential for understanding congenital laryngeal disorders and the evaluation and treatment approaches in human patients. This review highlights recent advances in our understanding of the laryngeal embryogenesis. Proposed genes and signaling pathways that are critical for the laryngeal development have a potential to be harnessed in the field of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlasta Lungova
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin Madison, 5103 WIMR, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Susan L Thibeault
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin Madison, 5103 WIMR, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
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21
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Caron MMJ, Janssen MPF, Peeters L, Haudenschild DR, Cremers A, Surtel DAM, van Rhijn LW, Emans PJ, Welting TJM. Aggrecan and COMP Improve Periosteal Chondrogenesis by Delaying Chondrocyte Hypertrophic Maturation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:1036. [PMID: 32984292 PMCID: PMC7483497 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.01036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of cartilage from progenitor cells for the purpose of cartilage repair is often hampered by hypertrophic differentiation of the engineered cartilaginous tissue caused by endochondral ossification. Since a healthy cartilage matrix contains high amounts of Aggrecan and COMP, we hypothesized that their supplementation in the biogel used in the generation of subperiosteal cartilage mimics the composition of the cartilage extracellular matrix environment, with beneficial properties for the engineered cartilage. Supplementation of COMP or Aggrecan was studied in vitro during chondrogenic differentiation of rabbit periosteum cells and periosteum-derived chondrocytes. Low melting agarose was supplemented with bovine Aggrecan, human recombinant COMP or vehicle and was injected between the bone and periosteum at the upper medial side of the tibia of New Zealand white rabbits. Generated subperiosteal cartilage tissue was analyzed for weight, GAG and DNA content and ALP activity. Key markers of different phases of endochondral ossification were measured by RT-qPCR. For the in vitro experiments, no significant differences in chondrogenic marker expression were detected following COMP or Aggrecan supplementation, while in vivo favorable chondrogenic marker expression was detected. Gene expression levels of hypertrophic markers as well as ALP activity were significantly decreased in the Aggrecan and COMP supplemented conditions compared to controls. The wet weight and GAG content of the in vivo generated subperiosteal cartilage tissue was not significantly different between groups. Data demonstrate the potential of Aggrecan and COMP to favorably influence the subperiosteal microenvironment for the in vivo generation of cartilage for the optimization of cartilage regenerative approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein M J Caron
- Laboratory for Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Maarten P F Janssen
- Laboratory for Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Laura Peeters
- Laboratory for Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Dominik R Haudenschild
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Andy Cremers
- Laboratory for Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Don A M Surtel
- Laboratory for Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Lodewijk W van Rhijn
- Laboratory for Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Pieter J Emans
- Laboratory for Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Tim J M Welting
- Laboratory for Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
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22
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Miyashita T, Baddam P, Smeeton J, Oel AP, Natarajan N, Gordon B, Palmer AR, Crump JG, Graf D, Allison WT. nkx3.2 mutant zebrafish accommodate jaw joint loss through a phenocopy of the head shapes of Paleozoic jawless fish. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb216945. [PMID: 32527964 PMCID: PMC10668335 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.216945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate jaw is a versatile feeding apparatus. To function, it requires a joint between the upper and lower jaws, so jaw joint defects are often highly disruptive and difficult to study. To describe the consequences of jaw joint dysfunction, we engineered two independent null alleles of a single jaw joint marker gene, nkx3.2, in zebrafish. These mutations caused zebrafish to become functionally jawless via fusion of the upper and lower jaw cartilages (ankylosis). Despite lacking jaw joints, nkx3.2 mutants survived to adulthood and accommodated this defect by: (a) having a remodeled skull with a fixed open gape, reduced snout and enlarged branchial region; and (b) performing ram feeding in the absence of jaw-generated suction. The late onset and broad extent of phenotypic changes in the mutants suggest that modifications to the skull are induced by functional agnathia, secondarily to nkx3.2 loss of function. Interestingly, nkx3.2 mutants superficially resemble ancient jawless vertebrates (anaspids and furcacaudiid thelodonts) in overall head shape. Because no homology exists in individual skull elements between these taxa, the adult nkx3.2 phenotype is not a reversal but rather a convergence due to similar functional requirements of feeding without moveable jaws. This remarkable analogy strongly suggests that jaw movements themselves dramatically influence the development of jawed vertebrate skulls. Thus, these mutants provide a unique model with which to: (a) investigate adaptive responses to perturbation in skeletal development; (b) re-evaluate evolutionarily inspired interpretations of phenocopies generated by gene knockdowns and knockouts; and (c) gain insight into feeding mechanics of the extinct agnathans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuto Miyashita
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2E9
| | - Pranidhi Baddam
- Department of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2R3
| | - Joanna Smeeton
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, W. M. Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - A Phil Oel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2E9
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Natasha Natarajan
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, W. M. Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Brogan Gordon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2E9
| | - A Richard Palmer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2E9
| | - J Gage Crump
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, W. M. Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Daniel Graf
- Department of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2R3
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2R7
| | - W Ted Allison
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2E9
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2R7
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23
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Song H, Park KH. Regulation and function of SOX9 during cartilage development and regeneration. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 67:12-23. [PMID: 32380234 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chondrogenesis is a highly coordinated event in embryo development, adult homeostasis, and repair of the vertebrate cartilage. Fate decisions and differentiation of chondrocytes accompany differential expression of genes critical for each step of chondrogenesis. SOX9 is a master transcription factor that participates in sequential events in chondrogenesis by regulating a series of downstream factors in a stage-specific manner. SOX9 either works alone or in combination with downstream SOX transcription factors, SOX5 and SOX6 as chondrogenic SOX Trio. SOX9 is reduced in the articular cartilage of patients with osteoarthritis while highly maintained during tumorigenesis of cartilage and bone. Gene therapy using viral and non-viral vectors accompanied by tissue engineering (scaffolds) is a promising tool to regenerate impaired cartilage. Delivery of SOX9 or chondrogenic SOX Trio into cells produces efficient therapeutic effects on chondrogenesis and this event is facilitated by scaffolds. Non-viral vector-guided delivery systems encapsulated or loaded in mechanically stable solid scaffolds are useful for the regeneration of articular cartilage. Here we review major milestones and most recent studies focusing on regulation and function of chondrogenic SOX Trio, during chondrogenesis and cartilage regeneration, and on the development of advanced technologies in gene delivery with tissue engineering to improve efficiency of cartilage repair process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haengseok Song
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun-Hong Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.
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24
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Secreted tyrosine kinase Vlk negatively regulates Hedgehog signaling by inducing lysosomal degradation of Smoothened. Biochem J 2020; 477:121-136. [PMID: 31845979 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Vlk is a secreted tyrosine kinase that plays crucial roles during vertebrate embryonic development including skeletal formation. Genetic studies suggest that Vlk can modulate the Hedgehog signaling pathway during skeletal development. Despite its potential roles as an extracellular regulator of signaling pathways, little is known regarding the molecular functions of Vlk. Here we show that Vlk can negatively regulate the Hedgehog signaling pathway. We found that Vlk can induce lysosomal degradation of Smoothened, a crucial transmembrane signal transducer of the Hedgehog pathway, through the interaction with the extracellular domain of Smoothened (Smo-ECD). In addition, we observed that Vlk can attenuate Hedgehog signaling-induced ciliary localization of Smoothened. Furthermore, Vlk-mediated suppression of Hedgehog signaling can be diminished by tyrosine-to-phenylalanine substitutions in Smo-ECD. Taken together, these results suggest that Vlk may function as a signaling regulator in extracellular space to modulate the Hedgehog pathway.
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25
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Raja DA, Gotherwal V, Burse SA, Subramaniam YJ, Sultan F, Vats A, Gautam H, Sharma B, Sharma S, Singh A, Sivasubbu S, Gokhale RS, Natarajan VT. pH-controlled histone acetylation amplifies melanocyte differentiation downstream of MITF. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e48333. [PMID: 31709752 PMCID: PMC6945066 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201948333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tanning response and melanocyte differentiation are mediated by the central transcription factor MITF. This involves the rapid and selective induction of melanocyte maturation genes, while concomitantly the expression of other effector genes is maintained. In this study, using cell-based and zebrafish model systems, we report on a pH-mediated feed-forward mechanism of epigenetic regulation that enables selective amplification of the melanocyte maturation program. We demonstrate that MITF activation directly elevates the expression of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase 14 (CA14). Nuclear localization of CA14 leads to an increase of the intracellular pH, resulting in the activation of the histone acetyl transferase p300/CBP. In turn, enhanced H3K27 histone acetylation at selected differentiation genes facilitates their amplified expression via MITF. CRISPR-mediated targeted missense mutation of CA14 in zebrafish results in the formation of immature acidic melanocytes with decreased pigmentation, establishing a central role for this mechanism during melanocyte differentiation in vivo. Thus, we describe an epigenetic control system via pH modulation that reinforces cell fate determination by altering chromatin dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desingu Ayyappa Raja
- CSIR‐Institute of Genomics and Integrative BiologyNew DelhiIndia
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative ResearchTaramani, Chennai
| | - Vishvabandhu Gotherwal
- CSIR‐Institute of Genomics and Integrative BiologyNew DelhiIndia
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative ResearchTaramani, Chennai
| | - Shaunak A Burse
- CSIR‐Institute of Genomics and Integrative BiologyNew DelhiIndia
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative ResearchTaramani, Chennai
| | - Yogaspoorthi J Subramaniam
- CSIR‐Institute of Genomics and Integrative BiologyNew DelhiIndia
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative ResearchTaramani, Chennai
| | - Farina Sultan
- CSIR‐Institute of Genomics and Integrative BiologyNew DelhiIndia
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative ResearchTaramani, Chennai
| | - Archana Vats
- CSIR‐Institute of Genomics and Integrative BiologyNew DelhiIndia
| | - Hemlata Gautam
- CSIR‐Institute of Genomics and Integrative BiologyNew DelhiIndia
| | - Babita Sharma
- CSIR‐Institute of Genomics and Integrative BiologyNew DelhiIndia
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative ResearchTaramani, Chennai
| | - Sachin Sharma
- CSIR‐Institute of Genomics and Integrative BiologyNew DelhiIndia
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative ResearchTaramani, Chennai
- Present address:
National Institute of ImmunologyNew DelhiIndia
| | - Archana Singh
- CSIR‐Institute of Genomics and Integrative BiologyNew DelhiIndia
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative ResearchTaramani, Chennai
| | | | - Rajesh S Gokhale
- CSIR‐Institute of Genomics and Integrative BiologyNew DelhiIndia
- Present address:
National Institute of ImmunologyNew DelhiIndia
| | - Vivek T Natarajan
- CSIR‐Institute of Genomics and Integrative BiologyNew DelhiIndia
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative ResearchTaramani, Chennai
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26
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Turner BRH, Itasaki N. Local modulation of the Wnt/β-catenin and bone morphogenic protein (BMP) pathways recapitulates rib defects analogous to cerebro-costo-mandibular syndrome. J Anat 2019; 236:931-945. [PMID: 31884688 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribs are seldom affected by developmental disorders, however, multiple defects in rib structure are observed in the spliceosomal disease cerebro-costo-mandibular syndrome (CCMS). These defects include rib gaps, found in the posterior part of the costal shaft in multiple ribs, as well as missing ribs, shortened ribs and abnormal costotransverse articulations, which result in inadequate ventilation at birth and high perinatal mortality. The genetic mechanism of CCMS is a loss-of-function mutation in SNRPB, a component of the major spliceosome, and knockdown of this gene in vitro affects the activity of the Wnt/β-catenin and bone morphogenic protein (BMP) pathways. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether altering these pathways in vivo can recapitulate rib gaps and other rib abnormalities in the model animal. Chick embryos were implanted with beads soaked in Wnt/β-catenin and BMP pathway modulators during somitogenesis, and incubated until the ribs were formed. Some embryos were harvested in the preceding days for analysis of the chondrogenic marker Sox9, to determine whether pathway modulation affected somite patterning or chondrogenesis. Wnt/β-catenin inhibition manifested characteristic rib phenotypes seen in CCMS, including rib gaps (P < 0.05) and missing ribs (P < 0.05). BMP pathway activation did not cause rib gaps but yielded missing rib (P < 0.01) and shortened rib phenotypes (P < 0.05). A strong association with vertebral phenotypes was also noted with BMP4 (P < 0.001), including scoliosis (P < 0.05), a feature associated with CCMS. Reduced expression of Sox9 was detected with Wnt/β-catenin inhibition, indicating that inhibition of chondrogenesis precipitated the rib defects in the presence of Wnt/β-catenin inhibitors. BMP pathway activators also reduced Sox9 expression, indicating an interruption of somite patterning in the manifestation of rib defects with BMP4. The present study demonstrates that local inhibition of the Wnt/β-catenin and activation of the BMP pathway can recapitulate rib defects, such as those observed in CCMS. The balance of Wnt/β-catenin and BMP in the somite is vital for correct rib morphogenesis, and alteration of the activity of these two pathways in CCMS may perturb this balance during somite patterning, leading to the observed rib defects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nobue Itasaki
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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27
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Metalloprotease-Dependent Attenuation of BMP Signaling Restricts Cardiac Neural Crest Cell Fate. Cell Rep 2019; 29:603-616.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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28
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Allas L, Boumédiene K, Baugé C. Epigenetic dynamic during endochondral ossification and articular cartilage development. Bone 2019; 120:523-532. [PMID: 30296494 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Within the last decade epigenetics has emerged as fundamental regulator of numerous cellular processes, including those orchestrating embryonic and fetal development. As such, epigenetic factors play especially crucial roles in endochondral ossification, the process by which bone tissue is created, as well during articular cartilage formation. In this review, we summarize the recent discoveries that characterize how DNA methylation, histone post-translational modifications and non-coding RNA (e.g., miRNA and lcnRNA) epigenetically regulate endochondral ossification and chondrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyess Allas
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, EA7451 BioConnecT, Caen, France
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29
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Ford MJ, Yeyati PL, Mali GR, Keighren MA, Waddell SH, Mjoseng HK, Douglas AT, Hall EA, Sakaue-Sawano A, Miyawaki A, Meehan RR, Boulter L, Jackson IJ, Mill P, Mort RL. A Cell/Cilia Cycle Biosensor for Single-Cell Kinetics Reveals Persistence of Cilia after G1/S Transition Is a General Property in Cells and Mice. Dev Cell 2019; 47:509-523.e5. [PMID: 30458140 PMCID: PMC6251972 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The cilia and cell cycles are inextricably linked. Centrioles in the basal body of cilia nucleate the ciliary axoneme and sequester pericentriolar matrix (PCM) at the centrosome to organize the mitotic spindle. Cilia themselves respond to growth signals, prompting cilia resorption and cell cycle re-entry. We describe a fluorescent cilia and cell cycle biosensor allowing live imaging of cell cycle progression and cilia assembly and disassembly kinetics in cells and inducible mice. We define assembly and disassembly in relation to cell cycle stage with single-cell resolution and explore the intercellular heterogeneity in cilia kinetics. In all cells and tissues analyzed, we observed cilia that persist through the G1/S transition and into S/G2/M-phase. We conclude that persistence of cilia after the G1/S transition is a general property. This resource will shed light at an individual cell level on the interplay between the cilia and cell cycles in development, regeneration, and disease. Arl13bCerulean-Fucci2a biosensor labels the cell and cilia cycles Analysis of cells and mice reveals persistence of cilia after the G1/S transition Inducible mouse line allows lineage tracing and ex vivo live imaging Organisms can tolerate artificially lengthened cilia without overt phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Ford
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Patricia L Yeyati
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Girish R Mali
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Margaret A Keighren
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Scott H Waddell
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Heidi K Mjoseng
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Adam T Douglas
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Emma A Hall
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Asako Sakaue-Sawano
- Centre of Brain Science, Laboratory for Cell Function and Dynamics, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Atsushi Miyawaki
- Centre of Brain Science, Laboratory for Cell Function and Dynamics, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Richard R Meehan
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Luke Boulter
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Ian J Jackson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Roslin EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Pleasantine Mill
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
| | - Richard L Mort
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Furness Building, Lancaster LA1 4YG, UK.
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30
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Abstract
Development of the axial skeleton is a complex, stepwise process that relies on intricate signaling and coordinated cellular differentiation. Disruptions to this process can result in a myriad of skeletal malformations that range in severity. The notochord and the sclerotome are embryonic tissues that give rise to the major components of the intervertebral discs and the vertebral bodies of the spinal column. Through a number of mouse models and characterization of congenital abnormalities in human patients, various growth factors, transcription factors, and other signaling proteins have been demonstrated to have critical roles in the development of the axial skeleton. Balance between opposing growth factors as well as other environmental cues allows for cell fate specification and divergence of tissue types during development. Furthermore, characterization of progenitor cells for specific cell lineages has furthered the understanding of specific spatiotemporal cues that cells need in order to initiate and complete development of distinct tissues. Identifying specific marker genes that can distinguish between the various embryonic and mature cell types is also of importance. Clinically, understanding developmental clues can aid in the generation of therapeutics for musculoskeletal disease through the process of developmental engineering. Studies into potential stem cell therapies are based on knowledge of the normal processes that occur in the embryo, which can then be applied to stepwise tissue engineering strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rosa Serra
- Department of Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.
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31
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Carrasco-Garcia E, Álvarez-Satta M, García-Puga M, Ribeiro ML, Arevalo S, Arauzo-Bravo M, Matheu A. Therapeutic relevance of SOX9 stem cell factor in gastric cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2018; 23:143-152. [DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2019.1559826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Estefania Carrasco-Garcia
- Cellular Oncology group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
- CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERfes)
| | - María Álvarez-Satta
- Cellular Oncology group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Mikel García-Puga
- Cellular Oncology group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Marcelo Lima Ribeiro
- Clinical Pharmacology and Gastroenterology Unit, São Francisco University, Bragança Paulista, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sara Arevalo
- Cellular Oncology group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Marcos Arauzo-Bravo
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation, Bilbao, Spain
- Computational Biology and Systems Biomedicine, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Ander Matheu
- Cellular Oncology group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
- CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERfes)
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation, Bilbao, Spain
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32
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Séguin CA, Chan D, Dahia CL, Gazit Z. Latest advances in intervertebral disc development and progenitor cells. JOR Spine 2018; 1:e1030. [PMID: 30687811 PMCID: PMC6338208 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper is a concise review aiming to assemble the most relevant topics presented by the authors at ORS-Philadelphia Spine Research Society Fourth International Spine Research Symposium. It centers on the latest advances in disc development, its main structural entities, and the populating cells, with emphasis on the advances in pivotal molecular pathways responsible for forming the intervertebral discs (IVD). The objective of finding and emphasizing pathways and mechanisms that function to control tissue formation is to identify and to explore modifications occurring during normal aging, disease, and tissue repair. Thus, to comprehend that the cellular and molecular basis of tissue degeneration are crucial in the study of the dynamic interplay that includes cell-cell communication, gene regulation, and growth factors required to form a healthy and functional tissue during normal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryle A Séguin
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry Bone and Joint Institute, The University of Western Ontario London ON Canada
| | - Danny Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
| | - Chitra L Dahia
- Hospital for Special Surgery Weill Cornell Medical College New York New York
| | - Zulma Gazit
- Department of Surgery Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles California
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33
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Segert J, Schneider I, Berger IM, Rottbauer W, Just S. Mediator complex subunit Med12 regulates cardiac jelly development and AV valve formation in zebrafish. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 138:20-31. [PMID: 30036562 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanism essential for the formation of heart valves involves complex interactions of signaling molecules and transcription factors. The Mediator Complex (MC) functions as multi-subunit machinery to orchestrate gene transcription, especially for tissue-specific fine-tuning of transcriptional processes during development, also in the heart. Here, we analyzed the role of the MC subunit Med12 during atrioventricular canal (AVC) development and endocardial cushion formation, using the Med12-deficient zebrafish mutant trapped (tpd). Whereas primary heart formation was only slightly affected in tpd, we identified defects in AVC development and cardiac jelly formation. We found that although misexpression of bmp4 and versican in tpd hearts can be restored by overexpression of a modified version of the Sox9b transcription factor (harboring VP16 transactivation domain) that functions independent of its co-activator Med12, endocardial cushion development in tpd was not reconstituted. Interestingly, expression of tbx2b and its target hyaluronan synthase 2 (has2) - the synthase of hyaluronan (HA) in the heart - was absent in both uninjected and Sox9b-VP16 overexpressing tpd hearts. HA is a major ECM component of the cardiac jelly and required for endocardial cushion formation. Furthermore, we found secreted phosphoprotein 1 (spp1), an endocardial marker of activated AV endocardial cells, completely absent in tpd hearts, suggesting that crucial steps of the transformation of AV endocardial cells into endocardial cushions is blocked. We demonstrate that Med12 controls cardiac jelly formation Sox9-independently by regulating tbx2b and has2 expression and therefore the production of the glycosaminoglycan HA at the AVC to guarantee proper endocardial cushion development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Segert
- Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Isabelle Schneider
- Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ina M Berger
- Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Steffen Just
- Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
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34
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Kaucka M, Petersen J, Tesarova M, Szarowska B, Kastriti ME, Xie M, Kicheva A, Annusver K, Kasper M, Symmons O, Pan L, Spitz F, Kaiser J, Hovorakova M, Zikmund T, Sunadome K, Matise MP, Wang H, Marklund U, Abdo H, Ernfors P, Maire P, Wurmser M, Chagin AS, Fried K, Adameyko I. Signals from the brain and olfactory epithelium control shaping of the mammalian nasal capsule cartilage. eLife 2018; 7:34465. [PMID: 29897331 PMCID: PMC6019068 DOI: 10.7554/elife.34465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Facial shape is the basis for facial recognition and categorization. Facial features reflect the underlying geometry of the skeletal structures. Here, we reveal that cartilaginous nasal capsule (corresponding to upper jaw and face) is shaped by signals generated by neural structures: brain and olfactory epithelium. Brain-derived Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) enables the induction of nasal septum and posterior nasal capsule, whereas the formation of a capsule roof is controlled by signals from the olfactory epithelium. Unexpectedly, the cartilage of the nasal capsule turned out to be important for shaping membranous facial bones during development. This suggests that conserved neurosensory structures could benefit from protection and have evolved signals inducing cranial cartilages encasing them. Experiments with mutant mice revealed that the genomic regulatory regions controlling production of SHH in the nervous system contribute to facial cartilage morphogenesis, which might be a mechanism responsible for the adaptive evolution of animal faces and snouts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marketa Kaucka
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julian Petersen
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marketa Tesarova
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Bara Szarowska
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Eleni Kastriti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Meng Xie
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Kicheva
- Institute of Science and Technology IST Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Karl Annusver
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Maria Kasper
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Orsolya Symmons
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Leslie Pan
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Francois Spitz
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany.,Genomics of Animal Development Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jozef Kaiser
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Maria Hovorakova
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Zikmund
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kazunori Sunadome
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael P Matise
- Department of Neuroscience & Cell Biology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, United States
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Neuroscience & Cell Biology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, United States
| | - Ulrika Marklund
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hind Abdo
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrik Ernfors
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pascal Maire
- Department of Development, Reproduction and Cancer, Institute Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Maud Wurmser
- Department of Development, Reproduction and Cancer, Institute Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Andrei S Chagin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kaj Fried
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Igor Adameyko
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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35
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Mok GF, Lozano-Velasco E, Maniou E, Viaut C, Moxon S, Wheeler G, Münsterberg A. miR-133-mediated regulation of the Hedgehog pathway orchestrates embryo myogenesis. Development 2018; 145:dev.159657. [PMID: 29802149 PMCID: PMC6031409 DOI: 10.1242/dev.159657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal myogenesis serves as a paradigm to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying exquisitely regulated cell fate decisions in developing embryos. The evolutionarily conserved miR-133 family of microRNAs is expressed in the myogenic lineage, but how it acts remains incompletely understood. Here, we performed genome-wide differential transcriptomics of miR-133 knockdown (KD) embryonic somites, the source of vertebrate skeletal muscle. These analyses, performed in chick embryos, revealed extensive downregulation of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway components: patched receptors, Hedgehog interacting protein and the transcriptional activator Gli1. By contrast, Gli3, a transcriptional repressor, was de-repressed and confirmed as a direct miR-133 target. Phenotypically, miR-133 KD impaired myotome formation and growth by disrupting proliferation, extracellular matrix deposition and epithelialization. Together, these observations suggest that miR-133-mediated Gli3 silencing is crucial for embryonic myogenesis. Consistent with this idea, we found that activation of Shh signalling by either purmorphamine, or KD of Gli3 by antisense morpholino, rescued the miR-133 KD phenotype. Thus, we identify a novel Shh/myogenic regulatory factor/miR-133/Gli3 axis that connects epithelial morphogenesis with myogenic fate specification. Summary: Here, using chick embryos, we showed that post-transcriptional silencing of the Gli3 repressor by miR-133 is required to stably establish the myogenic programme in early somites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi Fay Mok
- School of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Estefania Lozano-Velasco
- School of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Eirini Maniou
- School of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Camille Viaut
- School of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Simon Moxon
- The Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Grant Wheeler
- School of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Andrea Münsterberg
- School of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
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36
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Grafe I, Alexander S, Peterson JR, Snider TN, Levi B, Lee B, Mishina Y. TGF-β Family Signaling in Mesenchymal Differentiation. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:a022202. [PMID: 28507020 PMCID: PMC5932590 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a022202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can differentiate into several lineages during development and also contribute to tissue homeostasis and regeneration, although the requirements for both may be distinct. MSC lineage commitment and progression in differentiation are regulated by members of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family. This review focuses on the roles of TGF-β family signaling in mesenchymal lineage commitment and differentiation into osteoblasts, chondrocytes, myoblasts, adipocytes, and tenocytes. We summarize the reported findings of cell culture studies, animal models, and interactions with other signaling pathways and highlight how aberrations in TGF-β family signaling can drive human disease by affecting mesenchymal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Grafe
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Stefanie Alexander
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Jonathan R Peterson
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Taylor Nicholas Snider
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Benjamin Levi
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Brendan Lee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Yuji Mishina
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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37
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Lungova V, Verheyden JM, Sun X, Thibeault SL. β-Catenin signaling is essential for mammalian larynx recanalization and the establishment of vocal fold progenitor cells. Development 2018; 145:dev.157677. [PMID: 29386246 DOI: 10.1242/dev.157677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Congenital laryngeal webs result from failure of vocal fold separation during development in utero Infants present with life-threatening respiratory problems at birth, and extensive lifelong difficulties in breathing and voicing. The molecular mechanisms that instruct vocal fold formation are rarely studied. Here, we show, for the first time, that conditional inactivation of the gene encoding β-catenin in the primitive laryngopharyngeal epithelium leads to failure in separation of the vocal folds, which approximates the gross phenotype of laryngeal webbing. These defects can be traced to a series of morphogenesis defects, including delayed fusion of the epithelial lamina and formation of the laryngeal cecum, failed separation of the larynx and esophagus with reduced and disorganized cartilages and muscles. Parallel to these morphogenesis defects, inactivation of β-catenin disrupts stratification of epithelial cells and establishment of p63+ basal progenitors. These findings provide the first line of evidence that links β-catenin function to the cell proliferation and progenitor establishment during larynx and vocal fold development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlasta Lungova
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 5107 WIMR, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Jamie M Verheyden
- Laboratory of Genetics, Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 425G Henry Mall, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Xin Sun
- Laboratory of Genetics, Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 425G Henry Mall, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Susan L Thibeault
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 5107 WIMR, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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38
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Fogel JL, Lakeland DL, Mah IK, Mariani FV. A minimally sufficient model for rib proximal-distal patterning based on genetic analysis and agent-based simulations. eLife 2017; 6:e29144. [PMID: 29068314 PMCID: PMC5693115 DOI: 10.7554/elife.29144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, the mechanism of skeletal patterning along a proximal-distal axis has been an area of intense inquiry. Here, we examine the development of the ribs, simple structures that in most terrestrial vertebrates consist of two skeletal elements-a proximal bone and a distal cartilage portion. While the ribs have been shown to arise from the somites, little is known about how the two segments are specified. During our examination of genetically modified mice, we discovered a series of progressively worsening phenotypes that could not be easily explained. Here, we combine genetic analysis of rib development with agent-based simulations to conclude that proximal-distal patterning and outgrowth could occur based on simple rules. In our model, specification occurs during somite stages due to varying Hedgehog protein levels, while later expansion refines the pattern. This framework is broadly applicable for understanding the mechanisms of skeletal patterning along a proximal-distal axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Fogel
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell ResearchUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | | | - In Kyoung Mah
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell ResearchUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Francesca V Mariani
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell ResearchUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
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39
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Goldstein NB, Koster MI, Jones KL, Gao B, Hoaglin LG, Robinson SE, Wright MJ, Birlea SI, Luman A, Lambert KA, Shellman YG, Fujita M, Robinson WA, Roop DR, Norris DA, Birlea SA. Repigmentation of Human Vitiligo Skin by NBUVB Is Controlled by Transcription of GLI1 and Activation of the β-Catenin Pathway in the Hair Follicle Bulge Stem Cells. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 138:657-668. [PMID: 29054607 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Vitiligo repigmentation is a complex process in which the melanocyte-depleted interfollicular epidermis is repopulated by melanocyte precursors from hair follicle bulge that proliferate, migrate, and differentiate into mature melanocytes on their way to the epidermis. The strongest stimulus for vitiligo repigmentation is narrow-band UVB (NBUVB), but how the hair follicle melanocyte precursors are activated by UV light has not been extensively studied. To better understand this process, we developed an application that combined laser capture microdissection and subsequent whole transcriptome RNA sequencing of hair follicle bulge melanocyte precursors and compared their gene signatures to that of regenerated mature epidermal melanocytes from NBUVB-treated vitiligo skin. Using this strategy, we found up-regulation of TNC, GJB6, and THBS1 in the hair follicle bulge melanocytes and of TYR in the epidermal melanocytes of the NBUVB-treated vitiligo skin. We validated these results by quantitative real-time-PCR using NBUVB-treated vitiligo skin and untreated normal skin. We also identified that GLI1, a candidate stem cell-associated gene, is significantly up-regulated in the melanocytes captured from NBUVB-treated vitiligo bulge compared with untreated vitiligo bulge. These signals are potential key players in the activation of bulge melanocyte precursors during vitiligo repigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maranke I Koster
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Colorado Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kenneth L Jones
- Department of Hematology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Bifeng Gao
- Sequencing and Microarray Core, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Laura G Hoaglin
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Colorado Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Michael J Wright
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Smaranda I Birlea
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Abigail Luman
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Karoline A Lambert
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Yiqun G Shellman
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Mayumi Fujita
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Colorado Aurora, Colorado, USA; Denver Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Dennis R Roop
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Colorado Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - David A Norris
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Colorado Aurora, Colorado, USA; Denver Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Stanca A Birlea
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Colorado Aurora, Colorado, USA.
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40
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Sayad A, Noroozi R, Omrani MD, Taheri M, Ghafouri-Fard S. Retinoic acid-related orphan receptor alpha (RORA) variants are associated with autism spectrum disorder. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:1595-1601. [PMID: 28608249 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0049-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with various epidemiologic, genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors being associated with it. The observed sex bias in ASD towards male has prompted investigators to propose sex-dependent mechanisms for ASD. Retinoic acid-related orphan receptor-alpha (RORA) is a new autism candidate gene that has been shown to be differentially regulated by male and female hormones. Previous studies have shown deregulation of its expression in the prefrontal cortex and the cerebellum of ASD patients. In the present study we aimed at identification of the possible associations between two functional polymorphisms in the RORA gene (rs11639084 and rs4774388) and the risk of ASD in 518 Iranian ASD patients and 472 age, gender, and ethnic-matched healthy controls by means of tetra primer-amplification refractory mutation system-PCR. The allele and genotype frequencies of rs11639084 were not significantly different between patients and controls. However, the allele frequencies of rs4774388 showed significant overrepresentation of T allele in patients compared with controls (P = 0.04, OR (95% CI) =1.21 (1.01-1.46)). The rs4774388-TT genotype was significantly higher in patients compared with controls and was associated with ASD risk in dominant inheritance model (P = 0.04, OR (95% CI) =0.77 (0.59-0.99)). Haplotype analysis showed significant association of two estimated blocks of rs11639084/ rs4774388 with ASD risk. Consequently, the present data provide further evidence for RORA participation in the pathogenesis of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezou Sayad
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rezvan Noroozi
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mir Davood Omrani
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Urogenital Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, No 23, Shahid Labbafi Nejad Educational Hospital, Amir Ebrahimi St, Pasdaran Ave, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Urogenital Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, No 23, Shahid Labbafi Nejad Educational Hospital, Amir Ebrahimi St, Pasdaran Ave, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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41
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Im S, Kim DW. Nkx3.2 induces oxygen concentration-independent and lysosome-dependent degradation of HIF-1α to modulate hypoxic responses in chondrocytes. Cell Signal 2017; 36:127-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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42
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Deletion of the sclerotome-enriched lncRNA PEAT augments ribosomal protein expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 114:101-106. [PMID: 27986952 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1612069113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To define a complete catalog of the genes that are activated during mouse sclerotome formation, we sequenced RNA from embryonic mouse tissue directed to form sclerotome in culture. In addition to well-known early markers of sclerotome, such as Pax1, Pax9, and the Bapx2/Nkx3-2 homolog Nkx3-1, the long-noncoding RNA PEAT (Pax1 enhancer antisense transcript) was induced in sclerotome-directed samples. Strikingly, PEAT is located just upstream of the Pax1 gene. Using CRISPR/Cas9, we generated a mouse line bearing a complete deletion of the PEAT-transcribed unit. RNA-seq on PEAT mutant embryos showed that loss of PEAT modestly increases bone morphogenetic protein target gene expression and also elevates the expression of a large subset of ribosomal protein mRNAs.
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43
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Liu CF, Samsa WE, Zhou G, Lefebvre V. Transcriptional control of chondrocyte specification and differentiation. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 62:34-49. [PMID: 27771362 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A milestone in the evolutionary emergence of vertebrates was the invention of cartilage, a tissue that has key roles in modeling, protecting and complementing the bony skeleton. Cartilage is elaborated and maintained by chondrocytes. These cells derive from multipotent skeletal progenitors and they perform highly specialized functions as they proceed through sequential lineage commitment and differentiation steps. They form cartilage primordia, the primary skeleton of the embryo. They then transform these primordia either into cartilage growth plates, temporary drivers of skeletal elongation and endochondral ossification, or into permanent tissues, namely articular cartilage. Chondrocyte fate decisions and differentiated activities are controlled by numerous extrinsic and intrinsic cues, and they are implemented at the gene expression level by transcription factors. The latter are the focus of this review. Meritorious efforts from many research groups have led over the last two decades to the identification of dozens of key chondrogenic transcription factors. These regulators belong to all types of transcription factor families. Some have master roles at one or several differentiation steps. They include SOX9 and RUNX2/3. Others decisively assist or antagonize the activities of these masters. They include TWIST1, SOX5/6, and MEF2C/D. Many more have tissue-patterning roles and regulate cell survival, proliferation and the pace of cell differentiation. They include, but are not limited to, homeodomain-containing proteins and growth factor signaling mediators. We here review current knowledge of all these factors, one superclass, class, and family at a time. We then compile all knowledge into transcriptional networks. We also identify remaining gaps in knowledge and directions for future research to fill these gaps and thereby provide novel insights into cartilage disease mechanisms and treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Feng Liu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
| | - William E Samsa
- Department of Orthopaedics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Guang Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Véronique Lefebvre
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
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44
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Choi HJ, Kwon S, Kim DW. A post-translational modification cascade employing HDAC9-PIASy-RNF4 axis regulates chondrocyte hypertrophy by modulating Nkx3.2 protein stability. Cell Signal 2016; 28:1336-1348. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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45
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Kerkhofs J, Leijten J, Bolander J, Luyten FP, Post JN, Geris L. A Qualitative Model of the Differentiation Network in Chondrocyte Maturation: A Holistic View of Chondrocyte Hypertrophy. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162052. [PMID: 27579819 PMCID: PMC5007039 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiation of chondrocytes towards hypertrophy is a natural process whose control is essential in endochondral bone formation. It is additionally thought to play a role in several pathophysiological processes, with osteoarthritis being a prominent example. We perform a dynamic analysis of a qualitative mathematical model of the regulatory network that directs this phenotypic switch to investigate the influence of the individual factors holistically. To estimate the stability of a SOX9 positive state (associated with resting/proliferation chondrocytes) versus a RUNX2 positive one (associated with hypertrophy) we employ two measures. The robustness of the state in canalisation (size of the attractor basin) is assessed by a Monte Carlo analysis and the sensitivity to perturbations is assessed by a perturbational analysis of the attractor. Through qualitative predictions, these measures allow for an in silico screening of the effect of the modelled factors on chondrocyte maintenance and hypertrophy. We show how discrepancies between experimental data and the model’s results can be resolved by evaluating the dynamic plausibility of alternative network topologies. The findings are further supported by a literature study of proposed therapeutic targets in the case of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Kerkhofs
- Biomechanics Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Biomechanics section, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Prometheus, the Leuven R&D division of skeletal tissue engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Leijten
- Prometheus, the Leuven R&D division of skeletal tissue engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johanna Bolander
- Prometheus, the Leuven R&D division of skeletal tissue engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frank P. Luyten
- Prometheus, the Leuven R&D division of skeletal tissue engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Janine N. Post
- Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for biomedical technology and technical medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Liesbet Geris
- Biomechanics Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Biomechanics section, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Prometheus, the Leuven R&D division of skeletal tissue engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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Jeong DU, Choi JY, Kim DW. Cartilage-Specific and Cre-Dependent Nkx3.2 Overexpression In Vivo Causes Skeletal Dwarfism by Delaying Cartilage Hypertrophy. J Cell Physiol 2016; 232:78-90. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Da-Un Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry; College of Life Science and Biotechnology; Yonsei University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Yong Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology; School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University; Daegu Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry; College of Life Science and Biotechnology; Yonsei University; Seoul Republic of Korea
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Wu M, Chen G, Li YP. TGF-β and BMP signaling in osteoblast, skeletal development, and bone formation, homeostasis and disease. Bone Res 2016; 4:16009. [PMID: 27563484 PMCID: PMC4985055 DOI: 10.1038/boneres.2016.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 977] [Impact Index Per Article: 122.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and bone morphogenic protein (BMP) signaling has fundamental roles in both embryonic skeletal development and postnatal bone homeostasis. TGF-βs and BMPs, acting on a tetrameric receptor complex, transduce signals to both the canonical Smad-dependent signaling pathway (that is, TGF-β/BMP ligands, receptors, and Smads) and the non-canonical-Smad-independent signaling pathway (that is, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase/p38 MAPK) to regulate mesenchymal stem cell differentiation during skeletal development, bone formation and bone homeostasis. Both the Smad and p38 MAPK signaling pathways converge at transcription factors, for example, Runx2 to promote osteoblast differentiation and chondrocyte differentiation from mesenchymal precursor cells. TGF-β and BMP signaling is controlled by multiple factors, including the ubiquitin–proteasome system, epigenetic factors, and microRNA. Dysregulated TGF-β and BMP signaling result in a number of bone disorders in humans. Knockout or mutation of TGF-β and BMP signaling-related genes in mice leads to bone abnormalities of varying severity, which enable a better understanding of TGF-β/BMP signaling in bone and the signaling networks underlying osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. There is also crosstalk between TGF-β/BMP signaling and several critical cytokines’ signaling pathways (for example, Wnt, Hedgehog, Notch, PTHrP, and FGF) to coordinate osteogenesis, skeletal development, and bone homeostasis. This review summarizes the recent advances in our understanding of TGF-β/BMP signaling in osteoblast differentiation, chondrocyte differentiation, skeletal development, cartilage formation, bone formation, bone homeostasis, and related human bone diseases caused by the disruption of TGF-β/BMP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengrui Wu
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, USA
| | - Guiqian Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA; Department of neurology, Bruke Medical Research Institute, Weil Cornell Medicine of Cornell University, White Plains, USA
| | - Yi-Ping Li
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, USA
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48
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The genetic program for cartilage development has deep homology within Bilateria. Nature 2016; 533:86-9. [PMID: 27111511 DOI: 10.1038/nature17398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of novel cell types led to the emergence of new tissues and organs during the diversification of animals. The origin of the chondrocyte, the cell type that synthesizes cartilage matrix, was central to the evolution of the vertebrate endoskeleton. Cartilage-like tissues also exist outside the vertebrates, although their relationship to vertebrate cartilage is enigmatic. Here we show that protostome and deuterostome cartilage share structural and chemical properties, and that the mechanisms of cartilage development are extensively conserved--from induction of chondroprogenitor cells by Hedgehog and β-catenin signalling, to chondrocyte differentiation and matrix synthesis by SoxE and SoxD regulation of clade A fibrillar collagen (ColA) genes--suggesting that the chondrogenic gene regulatory network evolved in the common ancestor of Bilateria. These results reveal deep homology of the genetic program for cartilage development in Bilateria and suggest that activation of this ancient core chondrogenic network underlies the parallel evolution of cartilage tissues in Ecdysozoa, Lophotrochozoa and Deuterostomia.
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49
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Early development of the vertebral column. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 49:83-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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50
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Burns FR, Lanham KA, Xiong KM, Gooding AJ, Peterson RE, Heideman W. Analysis of the zebrafish sox9b promoter: Identification of elements that recapitulate organ-specific expression of sox9b. Gene 2015; 578:281-9. [PMID: 26721460 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The SRY-related high-mobility box 9 (SOX9) gene is expressed in many different tissues. To better understand the DNA elements that control tissue-specific expression, we cloned and sequenced a 2.5 kb fragment lying 5' to the zebrafish sox9b gene transcriptional start site. Three regions of this clone contained stable secondary structures that hindered cloning, sequencing, and amplification. This segment and smaller fragmentswere inserted 5' of an EGFP reporter and transgenic fish were raised with the different reporters. Reporter expression was also observed in embryos directly injected with the constructs to transiently express the reporter. Heart expression required only a very short 5' sequence, as a 0.6 kb sox9b fragment produced reporter expression in heart in transgenic zebrafish, and transient experiments showed heart expression from a minimal sox9b promoter region containing a conserved TATA box and an EGR2 element (-74/+29 bp). Reporter expression in transgenic skeletal muscle was consistently lower than in other tissues. Jaw, brain, and notochord expression was strong with the full-length clone, but was dramatically reduced as the size of the fragment driving the reporter decreased from approximately 1.8 to 0.9 kb. The 2.5 kb region 5' of the sox9b contained 7 conserved non-coding elements (CNEs) that included putative hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF1α), CAAT box (CCAAT), early growth response protein 2 (EGR2), and core promoter elements. While a synthetic fragment containing all 7 CNEs produced some degree of reporter expression in muscle, jaw, heart and brain, the degree of reporter expression was considerably lower than that produced by the full length clone. These results can account for the tissue-specific expression of sox9b in the developing zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe R Burns
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Kevin A Lanham
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Kong M Xiong
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, 420 Henry Mall, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Immunoassay Research and Development, Beckman Coulter Inc., 1000 Lake Hazeltine Dr., Chaska, MN 55318, USA
| | - Alex J Gooding
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Richard E Peterson
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Warren Heideman
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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