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Chanpong A, Alves MM, Bonora E, De Giorgio R, Thapar N. Evaluating the molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying gut motility disorders. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 17:1301-1312. [PMID: 38117595 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2023.2296558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gastrointestinal (GI) motility disorders comprise a wide range of different diseases affecting the structural or functional integrity of the GI neuromusculature. Their clinical presentation and burden of disease depends on the predominant location and extent of gut involvement as well as the component of the gut neuromusculature affected. AREAS COVERED A comprehensive literature review was conducted using the PubMed and Medline databases to identify articles related to GI motility and functional disorders, published between 2016 and 2023. In this article, we highlight the current knowledge of molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying GI dysmotility, including disorders of gut-brain interaction, which involve both GI motor and sensory disturbance. EXPERT OPINION Although the pathophysiology and molecular mechanisms underlying many such disorders remain unclear, recent advances in the assessment of intestinal tissue samples, genetic testing with the application of 'omics' technologies and the use of animal models will provide better insights into disease pathogenesis as well as opportunities to improve therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atchariya Chanpong
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
- Neurogastroenterology & Motility Unit, Gastroenterology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Maria M Alves
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Bonora
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, DIMEC, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- U.O. Genetica Medica, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, AOUB, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberto De Giorgio
- Department of Translational Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Nikhil Thapar
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Liver Transplant, Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Woolworths Centre for Child Nutrition Research, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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2
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Lee C, Lo M, Chen Y, Lin P, Hsu C, Chen P, Wu C, Hsu JS. Identification of nine novel variants across PAX3, SOX10, EDNRB, and MITF genes in Waardenburg syndrome with next-generation sequencing. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2022; 10:e2082. [PMID: 36331148 PMCID: PMC9747560 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.2082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Waardenburg syndrome (WS) is a hereditary, genetically heterogeneous disorder characterized by variable presentations of sensorineural hearing impairment and pigmentation anomalies. This study aimed to investigate the clinical features of WS in detail and determine the genetic causes of patients with clinically suspected WS. METHODS A total of 24 patients from 21 Han-Taiwanese families were enrolled and underwent comprehensive physical and audiological examinations. We applied targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) to investigate the potential causative variants in these patients and further validated the candidate variants through Sanger sequencing. RESULTS We identified 19 causative variants of WS in our cohort. Of these variants, nine were novel and discovered in PAX3, SOX10, EDNRB, and MITF genes, including missense, nonsense, deletion, and splice site variants. Several patients presented with skeletal deformities, hypotonia, megacolon, and neurological disorders that were rarely seen in WS. CONCLUSION This study revealed highly phenotypic variability in Taiwanese WS patients and demonstrated that targeted NGS allowed us to clarify the genetic diagnosis and extend the genetic variant spectrum of WS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen‐Yu Lee
- Department of OtolaryngologyNational Taiwan University Hospital, Hsinchu BranchHsinchuTaiwan
| | - Ming‐Yu Lo
- Department of OtolaryngologyNational Taiwan University HospitalTaipeiTaiwan,Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, College of MedicineNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - You‐Mei Chen
- Department of Medical GeneticsNational Taiwan University HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Pei‐Hsuan Lin
- Department of OtolaryngologyNational Taiwan University HospitalTaipeiTaiwan,Department of OtolaryngologyNational Taiwan University Hospital, Yunlin BranchYunlinTaiwan
| | - Chuan‐Jen Hsu
- Department of OtolaryngologyNational Taiwan University HospitalTaipeiTaiwan,Department of OtolaryngologyBuddhist Tzuchi General Hospital, Taichung BranchTaichungTaiwan
| | - Pei‐Lung Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, College of MedicineNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan,Department of Medical GeneticsNational Taiwan University HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Chen‐Chi Wu
- Department of OtolaryngologyNational Taiwan University HospitalTaipeiTaiwan,Department of Medical ResearchNational Taiwan University Hospital, Hsinchu BranchHsinchuTaiwan
| | - Jacob Shujui Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, College of MedicineNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
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3
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Dhayalan B, Weiss MA. Diabetes-Associated Mutations in Proinsulin Provide a "Molecular Rheostat" of Nascent Foldability. Curr Diab Rep 2022; 22:85-94. [PMID: 35119630 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-022-01447-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Diabetes mellitus (DM) due to toxic misfolding of proinsulin variants provides a monogenic model of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. The mutant proinsulin syndrome (also designated MIDY; Mutant INS-gene-induced Diabetes of Youth or Maturity-onset diabetes of the young 10 (MODY10)) ordinarily presents as permanent neonatal-onset DM, but specific amino-acid substitutions may also present later in childhood or adolescence. This review highlights structural mechanisms of proinsulin folding as inferred from phenotype-genotype relationships. RECENT FINDINGS MIDY mutations most commonly add or remove a cysteine, leading to a variant polypeptide containing an odd number of thiol groups. Such variants are associated with aberrant intermolecular disulfide pairing, ER stress, and neonatal β-cell dysfunction. Non-cysteine-related (NCR) mutations (occurring in both the B and A domains of proinsulin) define distinct determinants of foldability and vary in severity. The range of ages of onset, therefore, reflects a "molecular rheostat" connecting protein biophysics to quality-control ER checkpoints. Because in most mammalian cell lines even wild-type proinsulin exhibits limited folding efficiency, molecular barriers to folding uncovered by NCR MIDY mutations may pertain to β-cell dysfunction in non-syndromic type 2 DM due to INS-gene overexpression in the face of peripheral insulin resistance. Recent studies of MIDY mutations and related NCR variants, combining molecular and cell-based approaches, suggest that proinsulin has evolved at the edge of non-foldability. Chemical protein synthesis promises to enable comparative studies of "non-foldable" proinsulin variants to define key steps in wild-type biosynthesis. Such studies may create opportunities for novel therapeutic approaches to non-syndromic type 2 DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balamurugan Dhayalan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Michael A Weiss
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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4
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Zhang S, Lin S, Liu Z, Wang W, Li J, Chen Q, Yang L, Wang C, Pang Q. Case report: Heterogeneous mutations of SOX10 gene in a Chinese infant with Waardenburg syndrome type 4C. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:898693. [PMID: 36071884 PMCID: PMC9441800 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.898693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A 5-month-old patient presented with grayish-blue iris bilaterally, skin and mucosal pigmentation loss, Hirschsprung's disease, full-blown growth retardation, and sensorineural deafness. The patient's whole exon gene sequencing revealed a spontaneous heterozygous code-shifting mutation in the SOX10 gene: c.803del:p.K268Sfs*18. The parents of the child were wild-type, and the site of the mutation is novel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suli Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, Hainan Women and Children's Medical Center, Haikou, China
| | - Shuangzhu Lin
- First Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Zhenxian Liu
- First Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Wanqi Wang
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Jiayi Li
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Qiandui Chen
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Neuroscience, Hainan Women and Children's Medical Center, Haikou, China
| | - Cui Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, Hainan Women and Children's Medical Center, Haikou, China
| | - Qiming Pang
- Department of Neuroscience, Hainan Women and Children's Medical Center, Haikou, China
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5
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Genetic Background Influences Severity of Colonic Aganglionosis and Response to GDNF Enemas in the Holstein Mouse Model of Hirschsprung Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313140. [PMID: 34884944 PMCID: PMC8658428 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hirschsprung disease is a congenital malformation where ganglia of the neural crest-derived enteric nervous system are missing over varying lengths of the distal gastrointestinal tract. This complex genetic condition involves both rare and common variants in dozens of genes, many of which have been functionally validated in animal models. Modifier loci present in the genetic background are also believed to influence disease penetrance and severity, but this has not been frequently tested in animal models. Here, we addressed this question using Holstein mice in which aganglionosis is due to excessive deposition of collagen VI around the developing enteric nervous system, thereby allowing us to model trisomy 21-associated Hirschsprung disease. We also asked whether the genetic background might influence the response of Holstein mice to GDNF enemas, which we recently showed to have regenerative properties for the missing enteric nervous system. Compared to Holstein mice in their original FVB/N genetic background, Holstein mice maintained in a C57BL/6N background were found to have a less severe enteric nervous system defect and to be more responsive to GDNF enemas. This change of genetic background had a positive impact on the enteric nervous system only, leaving the neural crest-related pigmentation phenotype of Holstein mice unaffected. Taken together with other similar studies, these results are thus consistent with the notion that the enteric nervous system is more sensitive to genetic background changes than other neural crest derivatives.
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6
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Pingault V, Zerad L, Bertani-Torres W, Bondurand N. SOX10: 20 years of phenotypic plurality and current understanding of its developmental function. J Med Genet 2021; 59:105-114. [PMID: 34667088 PMCID: PMC8788258 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2021-108105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
SOX10 belongs to a family of 20 SRY (sex-determining region Y)-related high mobility group box-containing (SOX) proteins, most of which contribute to cell type specification and differentiation of various lineages. The first clue that SOX10 is essential for development, especially in the neural crest, came with the discovery that heterozygous mutations occurring within and around SOX10 cause Waardenburg syndrome type 4. Since then, heterozygous mutations have been reported in Waardenburg syndrome type 2 (Waardenburg syndrome type without Hirschsprung disease), PCWH or PCW (peripheral demyelinating neuropathy, central dysmyelination, Waardenburg syndrome, with or without Hirschsprung disease), intestinal manifestations beyond Hirschsprung (ie, chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction), Kallmann syndrome and cancer. All of these diseases are consistent with the regulatory role of SOX10 in various neural crest derivatives (melanocytes, the enteric nervous system, Schwann cells and olfactory ensheathing cells) and extraneural crest tissues (inner ear, oligodendrocytes). The recent evolution of medical practice in constitutional genetics has led to the identification of SOX10 variants in atypical contexts, such as isolated hearing loss or neurodevelopmental disorders, making them more difficult to classify in the absence of both a typical phenotype and specific expertise. Here, we report novel mutations and review those that have already been published and their functional consequences, along with current understanding of SOX10 function in the affected cell types identified through in vivo and in vitro models. We also discuss research options to increase our understanding of the origin of the observed phenotypic variability and improve the diagnosis and medical care of affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronique Pingault
- Department of Embryology and Genetics of Malformations, INSERM UMR 1163, Université de Paris and Institut Imagine, Paris, France .,Service de Génétique des Maladies Rares, AP-HP, Hopital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Lisa Zerad
- Department of Embryology and Genetics of Malformations, INSERM UMR 1163, Université de Paris and Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - William Bertani-Torres
- Department of Embryology and Genetics of Malformations, INSERM UMR 1163, Université de Paris and Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Nadege Bondurand
- Department of Embryology and Genetics of Malformations, INSERM UMR 1163, Université de Paris and Institut Imagine, Paris, France
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7
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Luzón‐Toro B, Villalba‐Benito L, Torroglosa A, Fernández RM, Antiñolo G, Borrego S. What is new about the genetic background of Hirschsprung disease? Clin Genet 2019; 97:114-124. [DOI: 10.1111/cge.13615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Berta Luzón‐Toro
- Department of Maternofetal Medicine, Genetics and Reproduction, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville Seville Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) Seville Spain
| | - Leticia Villalba‐Benito
- Department of Maternofetal Medicine, Genetics and Reproduction, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville Seville Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) Seville Spain
| | - Ana Torroglosa
- Department of Maternofetal Medicine, Genetics and Reproduction, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville Seville Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) Seville Spain
| | - Raquel M. Fernández
- Department of Maternofetal Medicine, Genetics and Reproduction, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville Seville Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) Seville Spain
| | - Guillermo Antiñolo
- Department of Maternofetal Medicine, Genetics and Reproduction, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville Seville Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) Seville Spain
| | - Salud Borrego
- Department of Maternofetal Medicine, Genetics and Reproduction, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville Seville Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) Seville Spain
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8
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Young J, Xu C, Papadakis GE, Acierno JS, Maione L, Hietamäki J, Raivio T, Pitteloud N. Clinical Management of Congenital Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:669-710. [PMID: 30698671 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The initiation and maintenance of reproductive capacity in humans is dependent on pulsatile secretion of the hypothalamic hormone GnRH. Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) is a rare disorder that results from the failure of the normal episodic GnRH secretion, leading to delayed puberty and infertility. CHH can be associated with an absent sense of smell, also termed Kallmann syndrome, or with other anomalies. CHH is characterized by rich genetic heterogeneity, with mutations in >30 genes identified to date acting either alone or in combination. CHH can be challenging to diagnose, particularly in early adolescence where the clinical picture mirrors that of constitutional delay of growth and puberty. Timely diagnosis and treatment will induce puberty, leading to improved sexual, bone, metabolic, and psychological health. In most cases, patients require lifelong treatment, yet a notable portion of male patients (∼10% to 20%) exhibit a spontaneous recovery of their reproductive function. Finally, fertility can be induced with pulsatile GnRH treatment or gonadotropin regimens in most patients. In summary, this review is a comprehensive synthesis of the current literature available regarding the diagnosis, patient management, and genetic foundations of CHH relative to normal reproductive development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Young
- University of Paris-Sud, Paris-Sud Medical School, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Bicêtre Hôpital, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,INSERM Unité 1185, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Cheng Xu
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Georgios E Papadakis
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - James S Acierno
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luigi Maione
- University of Paris-Sud, Paris-Sud Medical School, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Bicêtre Hôpital, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,INSERM Unité 1185, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Johanna Hietamäki
- Children's Hospital, Pediatric Research Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Translational Stem Cell Biology and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Taneli Raivio
- Children's Hospital, Pediatric Research Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Translational Stem Cell Biology and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nelly Pitteloud
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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9
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GT-repeat extension in the IL11 promoter is associated with Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR). Gene 2018; 677:163-168. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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LeBel DP, Wolff DJ, Batalis NI, Ellingham T, Matics N, Patwardhan SC, Znoyko IY, Schandl CA. First Report of Prenatal Ascertainment of a Fetus With Homozygous Loss of the SOX10 Gene and Phenotypic Correlation by Autopsy Examination. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2018; 21:561-567. [PMID: 29216801 DOI: 10.1177/1093526617744714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The SOX10 gene plays a vital role in neural crest cell development and migration. Abnormalities in SOX10 are associated with Waardenburg syndrome Types II and IV, and these patients have recognizable clinical features. This case report highlights the first ever reported homozygous loss of function of the SOX10 gene in a human. This deletion is correlated using family history, prenatal ultrasound, microarray analysis of amniotic fluid, and ultimately, a medical autopsy examination to further elucidate phenotypic effects of this genetic variation. Incorporating the use of molecular pathology into the autopsy examination of fetuses with suspected congenital anomalies is vital for appropriate family counseling, and with the ability to use formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues, has become a practical approach in autopsy pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P LeBel
- 1 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Daynna J Wolff
- 1 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Nicholas I Batalis
- 1 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Tara Ellingham
- 1 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Natalie Matics
- 1 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Sanjay C Patwardhan
- 2 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Iya Y Znoyko
- 1 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Cynthia A Schandl
- 1 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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11
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Case of Waardenburg Shah syndrome in a family with review of literature. J Otol 2018; 13:105-110. [PMID: 30559775 PMCID: PMC6291636 DOI: 10.1016/j.joto.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Waardenburg syndrome is a rare disease characterized by sensorineural deafness in association with pigmentary defects. Depending on additional symptoms, WS have been classified into four types. Waardenburg syndrome type 4, also called as Waardenburg Shah Syndrome is a very rare congenital disorder with astounding variable clinical expression, characterized by pigmentary abnormalities of the hair (A white forelock of hair, premature graying) and pigmentary changes of the iris such as heterochromia or homochromia irides, sensorineural deafness and Hirschsprung disease. Three genes have been bestowed so far in consociation with EDNRB, EDN3, and SOX10 genes. The pattern of inheritance is multifarious with the SOX10 mutation affiliation with autosomal dominant inheritance whereas the EDNRB and EDN3 genes are passed down in an autosomally recessive pattern.
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12
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Hao QQ, Li L, Chen W, Jiang QQ, Ji F, Sun W, Wei H, Guo WW, Yang SM. Key Genes and Pathways Associated With Inner Ear Malformation in SOX10 p.R109W Mutation Pigs. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:181. [PMID: 29922125 PMCID: PMC5996026 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
SRY-box 10 (SOX10) mutation may lead to inner ear deformities. However, its molecular mechanisms on inner ear development are not clear. In this work, the inner ear morphology was investigated at different embryonic stages of the SOX10 mutation miniature porcine model with sensorineural hearing loss, and high-throughput RNA-seq and bioinformatics analyses were applied. Our results indicated that the SOX10 mutation in the miniature pigs led to an incomplete partition (IP) of the cochlea, a cystic apex caused by fusion from middle and apical turns, cochlear modiolar defects and a shortened cochlear duct. The model demonstrated 173 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 185 differentially expressed long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). The down-regulated DEGs most significantly enriched the inflammatory mediator regulation of the TRP channels, arachidonic acid metabolism, and the salivary secretion pathways, while the up-regulated DEGs most significantly enriched the systemic lupus erythematosus and alcoholism pathways. Based on gene cluster analysis, we selected four gene groups: WNT1, KCNQ4, STRC and PAX6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Qing Hao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hearing Impairment Prevention and Treatment, Key Laboratory of Hearing Impairment Science, Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hearing Impairment Prevention and Treatment, Key Laboratory of Hearing Impairment Science, Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Qing-Qing Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hearing Impairment Prevention and Treatment, Key Laboratory of Hearing Impairment Science, Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Ji
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hearing Impairment Prevention and Treatment, Key Laboratory of Hearing Impairment Science, Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Communicative Disorders & Sciences, Center for Hearing and Deafness, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Hong Wei
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei-Wei Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hearing Impairment Prevention and Treatment, Key Laboratory of Hearing Impairment Science, Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Shi-Ming Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hearing Impairment Prevention and Treatment, Key Laboratory of Hearing Impairment Science, Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, China
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13
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Truch K, Arter J, Turnescu T, Weider M, Hartwig AC, Tamm ER, Sock E, Wegner M. Analysis of the human SOX10 mutation Q377X in mice and its implications for genotype-phenotype correlation in SOX10-related human disease. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 27:1078-1092. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Truch
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Juliane Arter
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tanja Turnescu
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Weider
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna C Hartwig
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ernst R Tamm
- Institut für Humananatomie und Embryologie, Universität Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Sock
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Wegner
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Bronchain OJ, Chesneau A, Monsoro-Burq AH, Jolivet P, Paillard E, Scanlan TS, Demeneix BA, Sachs LM, Pollet N. Implication of thyroid hormone signaling in neural crest cells migration: Evidence from thyroid hormone receptor beta knockdown and NH3 antagonist studies. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 439:233-246. [PMID: 27619407 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (TH) have been mainly associated with post-embryonic development and adult homeostasis but few studies report direct experimental evidence for TH function at very early phases of embryogenesis. We assessed the outcome of altered TH signaling on early embryogenesis using the amphibian Xenopus as a model system. Precocious exposure to the TH antagonist NH-3 or impaired thyroid receptor beta function led to severe malformations related to neurocristopathies. These include pathologies with a broad spectrum of organ dysplasias arising from defects in embryonic neural crest cell (NCC) development. We identified a specific temporal window of sensitivity that encompasses the emergence of NCCs. Although the initial steps in NCC ontogenesis appeared unaffected, their migration properties were severely compromised both in vivo and in vitro. Our data describe a role for TH signaling in NCCs migration ability and suggest severe consequences of altered TH signaling during early phases of embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odile J Bronchain
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay, France.
| | - Albert Chesneau
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Anne-Hélène Monsoro-Burq
- Univ Paris Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Centre Universitaire, F-91405, Orsay, France; Institut Curie PSL Research University, Centre Universitaire, F-91405, Orsay, France; UMR 3347 CNRS, U1021 Inserm, Université Paris Saclay, Centre Universitaire, F-91405, Orsay, France
| | - Pascale Jolivet
- CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, UMR8226, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire des Eucaryotes, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 75005, Paris, France; UMR 7221 CNRS, Muséum National d'histoire Naturelle, Dépt. Régulation, Développement et Diversité Moléculaire, Sorbonne Universités, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Paillard
- Watchfrog S.A., 1 Rue Pierre Fontaine, 91000, Evry, France; Institute of Systems and Synthetic Biology, CNRS, Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne, Bâtiment 3, Genopole(®) Campus 3, 1, Rue Pierre Fontaine, F-91058, Evry, France
| | - Thomas S Scanlan
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, L334, Portland, OR, 97239-3098, USA
| | - Barbara A Demeneix
- UMR 7221 CNRS, Muséum National d'histoire Naturelle, Dépt. Régulation, Développement et Diversité Moléculaire, Sorbonne Universités, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Laurent M Sachs
- UMR 7221 CNRS, Muséum National d'histoire Naturelle, Dépt. Régulation, Développement et Diversité Moléculaire, Sorbonne Universités, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Pollet
- Institute of Systems and Synthetic Biology, CNRS, Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne, Bâtiment 3, Genopole(®) Campus 3, 1, Rue Pierre Fontaine, F-91058, Evry, France; Evolution, Génomes, Comportement & Ecologie, CNRS, IRD, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Chatterjee S, Kapoor A, Akiyama JA, Auer DR, Lee D, Gabriel S, Berrios C, Pennacchio LA, Chakravarti A. Enhancer Variants Synergistically Drive Dysfunction of a Gene Regulatory Network In Hirschsprung Disease. Cell 2016; 167:355-368.e10. [PMID: 27693352 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Common sequence variants in cis-regulatory elements (CREs) are suspected etiological causes of complex disorders. We previously identified an intronic enhancer variant in the RET gene disrupting SOX10 binding and increasing Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) risk 4-fold. We now show that two other functionally independent CRE variants, one binding Gata2 and the other binding Rarb, also reduce Ret expression and increase risk 2- and 1.7-fold. By studying human and mouse fetal gut tissues and cell lines, we demonstrate that reduced RET expression propagates throughout its gene regulatory network, exerting effects on both its positive and negative feedback components. We also provide evidence that the presence of a combination of CRE variants synergistically reduces RET expression and its effects throughout the GRN. These studies show how the effects of functionally independent non-coding variants in a coordinated gene regulatory network amplify their individually small effects, providing a model for complex disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumantra Chatterjee
- Center for Complex Disease Genomics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ashish Kapoor
- Center for Complex Disease Genomics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jennifer A Akiyama
- Genomics Division, MS 84-171, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Dallas R Auer
- Center for Complex Disease Genomics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Dongwon Lee
- Center for Complex Disease Genomics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | | - Courtney Berrios
- Center for Complex Disease Genomics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Len A Pennacchio
- Genomics Division, MS 84-171, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Aravinda Chakravarti
- Center for Complex Disease Genomics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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16
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Song J, Feng Y, Acke FR, Coucke P, Vleminckx K, Dhooge IJ. Hearing loss in Waardenburg syndrome: a systematic review. Clin Genet 2015; 89:416-425. [PMID: 26100139 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Waardenburg syndrome (WS) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by hearing loss (HL) and pigment disturbances of hair, skin and iris. Classifications exist based on phenotype and genotype. The auditory phenotype is inconsistently reported among the different Waardenburg types and causal genes, urging the need for an up-to-date literature overview on this particular topic. We performed a systematic review in search for articles describing auditory features in WS patients along with the associated genotype. Prevalences of HL were calculated and correlated with the different types and genes of WS. Seventy-three articles were included, describing 417 individual patients. HL was found in 71.0% and was predominantly bilateral and sensorineural. Prevalence of HL among the different clinical types significantly differed (WS1: 52.3%, WS2: 91.6%, WS3: 57.1%, WS4: 83.5%). Mutations in SOX10 (96.5%), MITF (89.6%) and SNAI2 (100%) are more frequently associated with hearing impairment than other mutations. Of interest, the distinct disease-causing genes are able to better predict the auditory phenotype compared with different clinical types of WS. Consequently, it is important to confirm the clinical diagnosis of WS with molecular analysis in order to optimally inform patients about the risk of HL.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Song
- Department of Otolaryngology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Y Feng
- Department of Otolaryngology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - F R Acke
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ghent University/Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - P Coucke
- Department of Medical Genetics, Ghent University/Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - K Vleminckx
- Department of Medical Genetics, Ghent University/Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Department for Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - I J Dhooge
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ghent University/Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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Additive dominant effect of a SOX10 mutation underlies a complex phenotype of PCWH. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 80:1-14. [PMID: 25959061 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Revised: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Distinct classes of SOX10 mutations result in peripheral demyelinating neuropathy, central dysmyelinating leukodystrophy, Waardenburg syndrome, and Hirschsprung disease, collectively known as PCWH. Meanwhile, SOX10 haploinsufficiency caused by allelic loss-of-function mutations leads to a milder non-neurological disorder, Waardenburg-Hirschsprung disease. The cellular pathogenesis of more complex PCWH phenotypes in vivo has not been thoroughly understood. To determine the pathogenesis of PCWH, we have established a transgenic mouse model. A known PCWH-causing SOX10 mutation, c.1400del12, was introduced into mouse Sox10-expressing cells by means of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) transgenesis. By crossing the multiple transgenic lines, we examined the effects produced by various copy numbers of the mutant transgene. Within the nervous systems, transgenic mice revealed a delay in the incorporation of Schwann cells in the sciatic nerve and the terminal differentiation of oligodendrocytes in the spinal cord. Transgenic mice also showed defects in melanocytes presenting as neurosensory deafness and abnormal skin pigmentation, and a loss of the enteric nervous system. Phenotypes in each lineage were more severe in mice carrying higher copy numbers, suggesting a gene dosage effect for mutant SOX10. By uncoupling the effects of gain-of-function and haploinsufficiency in vivo, we have demonstrated that the effect of a PCWH-causing SOX10 mutation is solely pathogenic in each SOX10-expressing cellular lineage in a dosage-dependent manner. In both the peripheral and central nervous systems, the primary consequence of SOX10 mutations is hypomyelination. The complex neurological phenotypes in PCWH patients likely result from a combination of haploinsufficiency and additive dominant effect.
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Chen K, Zong L, Zhan Y, Wu X, Liu M, Jiang H. Genetic counseling for a three-generation Chinese family with Waardenburg syndrome type II associated with a rare SOX10 mutation. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2015; 79:745-8. [PMID: 25817900 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Waardenburg syndrome is clinically and genetically heterogeneous. The SOX10 mutation related with Waardenburg syndrome type II is rare in Chinese. This study aimed to uncover the genetic causes of Waardenburg syndrome type II in a three-generation family to improve genetic counseling. METHODS Complete clinical and molecular evaluations were conducted in a three-generation Han Chinese family with Waardenburg syndrome type II. Targeted genetic counseling was provided to this family. RESULTS We identified a rare heterozygous dominant mutation c.621C>A (p.Y207X) in SOX10 gene in this family. The premature termination codon occurs in exon 4, 27 residues downstream of the carboxyl end of the high mobility group box. Bioinformatics prediction suggested this variant to be disease-causing, probably due to nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. Useful genetic counseling was given to the family for prenatal guidance. CONCLUSION Identification of a rare dominant heterozygous SOX10 mutation c.621C>A in this family provided an efficient way to understand the causes of Waardenburg syndrome type II and improved genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitian Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University and Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Ling Zong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University and Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, PR China
| | - Yuan Zhan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University and Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Xuan Wu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University and Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University and Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Hongyan Jiang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University and Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China.
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Walters BJ, Zuo J. A Sox10(rtTA/+) Mouse Line Allows for Inducible Gene Expression in the Auditory and Balance Organs of the Inner Ear. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 2015; 16:331-45. [PMID: 25895579 DOI: 10.1007/s10162-015-0517-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic mouse models provide invaluable tools for discerning gene function in vivo. Tetracycline-inducible systems (Tet-On/Off) provide temporal and cell-type specific control of gene expression, offering an alternative or even complementary approach to existing Cre/LoxP systems. Here we characterized a Sox10(rtTA/+) knock-in mouse line which demonstrates inducible reverse tetracycline trans-activator (rtTA) activity and Tet-On transgene expression in the inner ear following induction with the tetracycline derivative doxycycline (Dox). These Sox10(rtTA/+) mice do not exhibit any readily observable developmental or hearing phenotypes, and actively drive Tet-On transgene expression in Sox10 expressing cells in the inner ear. Sox10(rtTA/+) activity was revealed by multiple Tet-On reporters to be nearly ubiquitous throughout the membranous labyrinth of the developing inner ear, and notably absent from hair cells, tympanic border cells, and ganglion neurons following postnatal Dox inductions. Interestingly, Dox-induced Sox10(rtTA/+) activity declined with induction age, where Tet-On reporters became uninducible in adult cochlear epithelium. Co-administration of the loop diuretic furosemide was able to rescue Dox-induced reporter expression, though this method also caused significant cochlear hair cell loss. Surprisingly, Sox10(rtTA/+) driven reporter expression in the cochlea persists for at least 54 days after cessation of neonatal induction, presumably due to the persistence of Dox within inner ear tissues. These findings highlight the utility of the Sox10(rtTA/+) mouse line as a powerful tool for functional genetic studies of the auditory and balance organs in vivo, but also reveal some important considerations that must be adequately controlled for in future studies that rely upon Tet-On/Off systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley J Walters
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA,
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20
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Musser MA, Correa H, Southard-Smith EM. Enteric neuron imbalance and proximal dysmotility in ganglionated intestine of the Sox10Dom/+ Hirschsprung mouse model. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 1:87-101. [PMID: 25844395 PMCID: PMC4380251 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS In Hirschsprung disease (HSCR), neural crest-derived progenitors (NCPs) fail to completely colonize the intestine so that the enteric nervous system (ENS) is absent from distal bowel. Despite removal of the aganglionic region, many HSCR patients suffer from residual intestinal dysmotility. To test the hypothesis that inappropriate lineage segregation of NCPs in proximal ganglionated regions of the bowel could contribute to such postoperative disease, we investigated neural crest (NC)-derived lineages and motility in ganglionated, postnatal intestine of the Sox10Dom/+ HSCR mouse model. METHODS Cre-mediated fate-mapping was applied to evaluate relative proportions of NC-derived cell types. Motility assays were performed to assess gastric emptying and small intestine motility while colonic inflammation was assessed by histopathology for Sox10Dom/+ mutants relative to wildtype controls. RESULTS Sox10Dom/+ mice showed regional alterations in neuron and glia proportions as well as Calretinin+ and nNOS+ neuronal subtypes. In the colon, imbalance of enteric NC derivatives correlated with the extent of aganglionosis. All Sox10Dom/+ mice exhibited reduced small intestinal transit at 4-weeks of age, and at 6-weeks, Sox10Dom/+ males had increased gastric emptying rates. Sox10Dom/+ mice surviving to 6-weeks of age had little or no colonic inflammation when compared to wildtype littermates, suggesting that these changes in GI motility are neurally mediated. CONCLUSIONS The Sox10Dom mutation disrupts the balance of NC-derived lineages and affects GI motility in the proximal, ganglionated intestine of adult animals. This is the first report identifying alterations in enteric neuronal classes in Sox10Dom/+ mutants, which suggests a previously unrecognized role for Sox10 in neuronal subtype specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A. Musser
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Hernan Correa
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - E. Michelle Southard-Smith
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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Snider TN, Mishina Y. Cranial neural crest cell contribution to craniofacial formation, pathology, and future directions in tissue engineering. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 102:324-32. [PMID: 25227212 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This review provides an overview of the state and future directions of development and pathology in the craniofacial complex in the context of Cranial Neural Crest Cells (CNCC). CNCC are a multipotent cell population that is largely responsible for forming the vertebrate head. We focus on findings that have increased the knowledge of gene regulatory networks and molecular mechanisms governing CNCC migration and the participation of these cells in tissue formation. Pathology due to aberrant migration or cell death of CNCC, termed neurocristopathies, is discussed in addition to craniosynostoses. Finally, we discuss tissue engineering applications that take advantage of recent advancements in genome editing and the multipotent nature of CNCC. These applications have relevance to treating diseases due directly to the failure of CNCC, and also in restoring tissues lost due to a variety of reasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Nicholas Snider
- Department for Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Michigan
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Mi J, Chen D, Wu M, Wang W, Gao H. Study of the effect of miR‑124 and the SOX9 target gene in Hirschsprung's disease. Mol Med Rep 2014; 9:1839-43. [PMID: 24604230 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR) is a polygenic disease, of which the cause remains to be elucidated. It has been suggested that SRY-related HMG-box 9 (SOX9) is fundamental for the correct development of oligodendrocytes and astrocytes; however, not the development of neurons. There are currently no reports regarding SOX9 expression in patients with HSCR; therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the expression of microRNA-124 (miR-124) and its target gene, SOX9, in HSCR. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry were used to detect the mRNA and protein expression of miR-124 and SOX9 in patients with HSCR. miR-124 expression was observed to be markedly higher in stenotic colon segment tissues compared with normal colon segment tissues in patients with HSCR. Furthermore, mRNA and protein analyses revealed that SOX9 expression was also higher in the stenotic colon segment tissues compared with the normal colon segment tissues. In conclusion, these data suggest that miR-124 and its target gene, SOX9, are overexpressed in the stenotic colon segment of patients with HSCR, and may have a significant role in the development of HSCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Mi
- Laboratory of Congenital Malformation, Ministry of Public Health, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Dong Chen
- Laboratory of Congenital Malformation, Ministry of Public Health, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Mei Wu
- Laboratory of Congenital Malformation, Ministry of Public Health, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Weilin Wang
- Laboratory of Congenital Malformation, Ministry of Public Health, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Hong Gao
- Laboratory of Congenital Malformation, Ministry of Public Health, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
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23
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2013 William Allan Award: My multifactorial journey. Am J Hum Genet 2014; 94:326-33. [PMID: 24607382 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Wang HH, Chen HS, Li HB, Zhang H, Mei LY, He CF, Wang XW, Men MC, Jiang L, Liao XB, Wu H, Feng Y. Identification and functional analysis of a novel mutation in the SOX10 gene associated with Waardenburg syndrome type IV. Gene 2014; 538:36-41. [PMID: 24440785 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Waardenburg syndrome type IV (WS4) is a rare genetic disorder, characterized by auditory-pigmentary abnormalities and Hirschsprung disease. Mutations of the EDNRB gene, EDN3 gene, or SOX10 gene are responsible for WS4. In the present study, we reported a case of a Chinese patient with clinical features of WS4. In addition, the three genes mentioned above were sequenced in order to identify whether mutations are responsible for the case. We revealed a novel nonsense mutation, c.1063C>T (p.Q355*), in the last coding exon of SOX10. The same mutation was not found in three unaffected family members or 100 unrelated controls. Then, the function and mechanism of the mutation were investigated in vitro. We found both wild-type (WT) and mutant SOX10 p.Q355* were detected at the expected size and their expression levels are equivalent. The mutant protein also localized in the nucleus and retained the DNA-binding activity as WT counterpart; however, it lost its transactivation capability on the MITF promoter and acted as a dominant-negative repressor impairing function of the WT SOX10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Han Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital and the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China; Province Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Critical Diseases, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Hong-Sheng Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; Province Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Critical Diseases, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Hai-Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of China, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang, China
| | - Ling-Yun Mei
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; Province Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Critical Diseases, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Chu-Feng He
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; Province Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Critical Diseases, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Xing-Wei Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; Province Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Critical Diseases, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Mei-Chao Men
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Lu Jiang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; Province Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Critical Diseases, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Xin-Bin Liao
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Hong Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Yong Feng
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of China, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China; Province Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Critical Diseases, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China.
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Burkardt DD, Graham JM, Short SS, Frykman PK. Advances in Hirschsprung disease genetics and treatment strategies: an update for the primary care pediatrician. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2014; 53:71-81. [PMID: 24002048 DOI: 10.1177/0009922813500846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) is a multigenic condition with variable presentation. Most commonly, it presents in the neonatal period as a functional intestinal obstruction secondary to failure of caudal migration of the enteric nervous system. Classically, this manifests as dilated proximal bowel and constricted distal bowel with absent ganglia and hypertrophic nerve trunks. When recognized early, medical and surgical therapies can be instituted to minimize associated morbidity and mortality. This article reviews current understanding of the etiology of HSCR, its multigenic associations, the historical evolution of HSCR diagnosis and treatment, and current HSCR therapies.
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Fernández RM, Núñez-Ramos R, Enguix-Riego MV, Román-Rodríguez FJ, Galán-Gómez E, Blesa-Sánchez E, Antiñolo G, Núñez-Núñez R, Borrego S. Waardenburg syndrome type 4: report of two new cases caused by SOX10 mutations in Spain. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 164A:542-7. [PMID: 24311220 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Shah-Waardenburg syndrome or Waardenburg syndrome type 4 (WS4) is a neurocristopathy characterized by the association of deafness, depigmentation and Hirschsprung disease. Three disease-causing genes have been identified so far for WS4: EDNRB, EDN3, and SOX10. SOX10 mutations, found in 45-55% of WS4 patients, are inherited in autosomal dominant way. In addition, mutations in SOX10 are also responsible for an extended syndrome involving peripheral and central neurological phenotypes, referred to as PCWH (peripheral demyelinating neuropathy, central dysmyelinating leucodystrophy, Waardenburg syndrome, Hirschsprung disease). Such mutations are mostly private, and a high intra- and inter-familial variability exists. In this report, we present a patient with WS4 and a second with PCWH due to SOX10 mutations supporting again the genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity of these syndromes. Interestingly, the WS4 family carries an insertion of 19 nucleotides in exon 5 of SOX10, which results in distinct phenotypes along three different generations: hypopigmentation in the maternal grandmother, hearing loss in the mother, and WS4 in the proband. Since mosaicism cannot explain the three different related-WS features observed in this family, we propose as the most plausible explanation the existence of additional molecular events, acting in an additive or multiplicative fashion, in genes or regulatory regions unidentified so far. On the other hand, the PCWH case was due to a de novo deletion in exon 5 of the gene. Efforts should be devoted to unravel the mechanisms underlying the intrafamilial phenotypic variability observed in the families affected, and to identify new genes responsible for the still unsolved WS4 cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel M Fernández
- Department of Genetics, Reproduction and Fetal Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Seville, Spain
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Bondurand N, Sham MH. The role of SOX10 during enteric nervous system development. Dev Biol 2013; 382:330-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Butler Tjaden NE, Trainor PA. The developmental etiology and pathogenesis of Hirschsprung disease. Transl Res 2013; 162:1-15. [PMID: 23528997 PMCID: PMC3691347 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system is the part of the autonomic nervous system that directly controls the gastrointestinal tract. Derived from a multipotent, migratory cell population called the neural crest, a complete enteric nervous system is necessary for proper gut function. Disorders that arise as a consequence of defective neural crest cell development are termed neurocristopathies. One such disorder is Hirschsprung disease (HSCR), also known as congenital megacolon or intestinal aganglionosis. HSCR occurs in 1/5000 live births and typically presents with the inability to pass meconium, along with abdominal distension and discomfort that usually requires surgical resection of the aganglionic bowel. This disorder is characterized by a congenital absence of neurons in a portion of the intestinal tract, usually the distal colon, because of a disruption of normal neural crest cell migration, proliferation, differentiation, survival, and/or apoptosis. The inheritance of HSCR disease is complex, often non-Mendelian, and characterized by variable penetrance. Extensive research has identified a number of key genes that regulate neural crest cell development in the pathogenesis of HSCR including RET, GDNF, GFRα1, NRTN, EDNRB, ET3, ZFHX1B, PHOX2b, SOX10, and SHH. However, mutations in these genes account for only ∼50% of the known cases of HSCR. Thus, other genetic mutations and combinations of genetic mutations and modifiers likely contribute to the etiology and pathogenesis of HSCR. The aims of this review are to summarize the HSCR phenotype, diagnosis, and treatment options; to discuss the major genetic causes and the mechanisms by which they disrupt normal enteric neural crest cell development; and to explore new pathways that may contribute to HSCR pathogenesis.
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Reissmann M, Ludwig A. Pleiotropic effects of coat colour-associated mutations in humans, mice and other mammals. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2013; 24:576-86. [PMID: 23583561 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2013.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The characterisation of the pleiotropic effects of coat colour-associated mutations in mammals illustrates that sensory organs and nerves are particularly affected by disorders because of the shared origin of melanocytes and neurocytes in the neural crest; e.g. the eye-colour is a valuable indicator of disorders in pigment production and eye dysfunctions. Disorders related to coat colour-associated alleles also occur in the skin (melanoma), reproductive tract and immune system. Additionally, the coat colour phenotype of an individual influences its general behaviour and fitness. Mutations in the same genes often produce similar coat colours and pleiotropic effects in different species (e.g., KIT [reproductive disorders, lethality], EDNRB [megacolon] and LYST [CHS]). Whereas similar disorders and similar-looking coat colour phenotypes sometimes have a different genetic background (e.g., deafness [EDN3/EDNRB, MITF, PAX and SNAI2] and visual diseases [OCA2, RAB38, SLC24A5, SLC45A2, TRPM1 and TYR]). The human predilection for fancy phenotypes that ignore disorders and genetic defects is a major driving force for the increase of pleiotropic effects in domestic species and laboratory subjects since domestication has commenced approximately 18,000 years ago.
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Key Words
- AS
- ASIP
- ATRN
- Agouti signalling protein
- Albino
- Angelman syndrome
- Attractin (mahogany)
- BLOC
- Biogenesis of lysosomal organelles complex
- CCSD
- CHS
- CSD
- CSNB
- Canine congenital sensorineural deafness
- Chediak-Higashi syndrome
- Coat colour gene
- Congenital sensorineural deafness
- Congenital stationary night blindness
- Disorder
- EDN3
- EDNRB
- Endothelin 3
- Endothelin receptor type B
- Epistasis
- Fitness
- GS
- Griscelli syndrome (type 1 or 2)
- HPS
- HSCR
- Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome with different types
- Hirschsprung disease
- IPE
- Iris pigment epithelium
- KIT
- KIT ligand (steel factor)
- KITLG
- LFS
- LYST
- Lavender foal syndrome
- Lethal
- Leucism
- Lysosomal trafficking regulator
- MC1R
- MCOA
- MCOLN3
- MGRN1
- MITF
- MYO5A
- Mahogunin ring finger 1 (E3 ubiquitin protein ligase)
- Melanocortin 1 receptor
- Melanoma
- Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor
- Mucolipin 3 (TRPML3)
- Multiple congenital ocular anomalies
- Myosin VA (heavy chain 12, myoxin)
- OA
- OCA
- OCA2
- OLWS
- OSTM1
- Ocular albinism
- Oculocutaneous albinism II (pink-eye dilution homolog)
- Oculocutaneous albinism type 1–4
- Osteopetrosis associated transmembrane protein 1 (Grey lethal osteopetrosis)
- Overo lethal white syndrome
- PAX3
- PMEL
- PWS
- Paired box 3
- Pleiotropy
- Prader-Willi syndrome
- Premelanosome protein (Pmel17, SILV)
- RAB27A
- RAB27A member RAS oncogene family
- RAB38
- RAB38 member RAS oncogene family
- RPE
- Reproduction
- Retinal pigmented epithelium
- SLC24A5
- SLC2A9
- SLC45A2
- SNAI2
- STX17
- Snail homolog 2 (Drosophila), (SLUG), SOX10, SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 10
- Solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose transporter), member 9
- Solute carrier family 24, member 5
- Solute carrier family 45, member 2, MATP
- Syntaxin 17
- TRPM1
- TYR
- Tameness
- Transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 1 (melastatin-1)
- Tyrosinase, TYRP1, Tyrosinase-related protein 1
- V-kit Hardy-Zuckerman 4 feline sarcoma viral oncogene homolog, tyrosine kinase receptor (c-kit)
- WS
- Waardenburg syndrome (type 1, type 2 combined with Tietz syndrome type 3 Klein-Waardenburg syndrome, type 4 Waardenburg-Shah syndrome)
- alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone
- αMSH
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Reissmann
- Humboldt University Berlin, Department for Crop and Animal Sciences, Berlin, Germany.
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Jackling FC, Johnson WE, Appleton BR. The genetic inheritance of the blue-eyed white phenotype in alpacas (Vicugna pacos). J Hered 2012; 105:847-57. [PMID: 23144493 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/ess093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
White-spotting patterns in mammals can be caused by mutations in the gene KIT, whose protein is necessary for the normal migration and survival of melanocytes from the neural crest. The alpaca (Vicugna pacos) blue-eyed white (BEW) phenotype is characterized by 2 blue eyes and a solid white coat over the whole body. Breeders hypothesize that the BEW phenotype in alpacas is caused by the combination of the gene causing gray fleece and a white-spotting gene. We performed an association study using KIT flanking and intragenic markers with 40 unrelated alpacas, of which 17 were BEW. Two microsatellite alleles at KIT-related markers were significantly associated (P < 0.0001) with the BEW phenotype (bew1 and bew2). In a larger cohort of 171 related individuals, we identify an abundance of an allele (bew1) in gray animals and the occurrence of bew2 homozygotes that are solid white with pigmented eyes. Association tests accounting for population structure and familial relatedness are consistent with a proposed model where these alleles are in linkage disequilibrium with a mutation or mutations that contribute to the BEW phenotype and to individual differences in fleece color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicity C Jackling
- From the Department of Genetics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, NCI-Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Warren E Johnson
- From the Department of Genetics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, NCI-Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Belinda R Appleton
- From the Department of Genetics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, NCI-Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702
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Oshimo T, Fukai K, Abe Y, Hozumi Y, Yokoi T, Tanaka A, Yamanishi K, Ishii M, Suzuki T. Pediatric case report: clinical profile of a patient with PCWH with p.Q377X nonsense mutation in the SOX10 gene. J Dermatol 2012; 39:1022-5. [PMID: 22963253 DOI: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2012.01671.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We report the case of a Japanese patient with PCWH, a neurological variant of Waardenburg type 4. Direct sequencing of the genomic DNA obtained from peripheral leukocytes revealed the p.Q377X nonsense mutation in the SOX10 gene. The patient had mottled hypopigmented macules on the trunk since birth; such macules have not been described previously. The so-called "white forelock", a triangular or diamond shaped leukoderma on the forehead, was absent. We also reviewed and summarized the outcomes of 23 patients with Waardenburg syndrome type 4, PCWH and Yemenite deaf-blind hypopigmentation syndrome, in which SOX10 mutations were identified. Among them, 17 cases were reported to have hypopigmented skin macule(s). The five patients who had the white forelock had PCWH with severe neurological complications. Paradoxically, two cases had hyperpigmented spots. Heterochromia of the iris was reported in four patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Oshimo
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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32
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Sox10 promotes the formation and maintenance of giant congenital naevi and melanoma. Nat Cell Biol 2012; 14:882-90. [PMID: 22772081 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Giant congenital naevi are pigmented childhood lesions that frequently lead to melanoma, the most aggressive skin cancer. The mechanisms underlying this malignancy are largely unknown, and there are no effective therapies. Here we describe a mouse model for giant congenital naevi and show that naevi and melanoma prominently express Sox10, a transcription factor crucial for the formation of melanocytes from the neural crest. Strikingly, Sox10 haploinsufficiency counteracts Nras(Q61K)-driven congenital naevus and melanoma formation without affecting the physiological functions of neural crest derivatives in the skin. Moreover, Sox10 is also crucial for the maintenance of neoplastic cells in vivo. In human patients, virtually all congenital naevi and melanomas are SOX10 positive. Furthermore, SOX10 silencing in human melanoma cells suppresses neural crest stem cell properties, counteracts proliferation and cell survival, and completely abolishes in vivo tumour formation. Thus, SOX10 represents a promising target for the treatment of congenital naevi and melanoma in human patients.
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Parthey K, Kornhuber M, Kunze C, Wand D, Nolte KW, Nikolin S, Weis J, Schröder JM. SOX10 mutation with peripheral amyelination and developmental disturbance of axons. Muscle Nerve 2012; 45:284-90. [PMID: 22246888 DOI: 10.1002/mus.22262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this study we describe a case of a term infant with the neurological variant of Waardenburg syndrome type 4 (i.e., PCWH = peripheral demyelinating neuropathy, central dysmyelinating leukodystrophy, Waardenburg syndrome, and Hirschsprung disease, as defined in OMIM #609136) due to a novel heterozygous base exchange (c.671C>G) in exon 4 of SOX10. Magnetic resonance imaging suggested central myelin deficiency with cerebral and cerebellar hypoplasia. Hirschsprung disease was confirmed by rectal biopsy. Sural nerve biopsy revealed hypoplasia due to amyelination (with the exception of a single, small myelinated fiber) and severe reduction in the number of axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Parthey
- Clinic and Policlinic for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital, Halle, Saale, Germany
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Panza E, Knowles CH, Graziano C, Thapar N, Burns AJ, Seri M, Stanghellini V, De Giorgio R. Genetics of human enteric neuropathies. Prog Neurobiol 2012; 96:176-89. [PMID: 22266104 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of molecular mechanisms that underlie development of the enteric nervous system has greatly expanded in recent decades. Enteric neuropathies related to aberrant genetic development are thus becoming increasingly recognized. There has been no recent review of these often highly morbid disorders. This review highlights advances in knowledge of the molecular pathogenesis of these disorders from a clinical perspective. It includes diseases characterized by an infantile aganglionic Hirschsprung phenotype and those in which structural abnormalities are less pronounced. The implications for diagnosis, screening and possible reparative approaches are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Panza
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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35
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Dang R, Torigoe D, Sasaki N, Agui T. QTL analysis identifies a modifier locus of aganglionosis in the rat model of Hirschsprung disease carrying Ednrb(sl) mutations. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27902. [PMID: 22132166 PMCID: PMC3222640 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) exhibits complex genetics with incomplete penetrance and variable severity thought to result as a consequence of multiple gene interactions that modulate the ability of enteric neural crest cells to populate the developing gut. As reported previously, when the same null mutation of the Ednrb gene, Ednrbsl, was introgressed into the F344 strain, almost 60% of F344-Ednrbsl/sl pups did not show any symptoms of aganglionosis, appearing healthy and normally fertile. These findings strongly suggested that the severity of HSCR was affected by strain-specific genetic factor (s). In this study, the genetic basis of such large strain differences in the severity of aganglionosis in the rat model was studied by whole-genome scanning for quantitative trait loci (QTLs) using an intercross of (AGH-Ednrbsl×F344-Ednrbsl) F1 with the varying severity of aganglionosis. Genome linkage analysis identified one significant QTL on chromosome 2 for the severity of aganglionosis. Our QTL analyses using rat models of HSCR revealed that multiple genetic factors regulated the severity of aganglionosis. Moreover, a known HSCR susceptibility gene, Gdnf, was found in QTL that suggested a novel non-coding sequence mutation in GDNF that modifies the penetrance and severity of the aganglionosis phenotype in EDNRB-deficient rats. A further identification and analysis of responsible genes located on the identified QTL could lead to the richer understanding of the genetic basis of HSCR development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihua Dang
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Daisuke Torigoe
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Nobuya Sasaki
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takashi Agui
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Wahlbuhl M, Reiprich S, Vogl MR, Bösl MR, Wegner M. Transcription factor Sox10 orchestrates activity of a neural crest-specific enhancer in the vicinity of its gene. Nucleic Acids Res 2011; 40:88-101. [PMID: 21908409 PMCID: PMC3245941 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkr734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Sox10 transcription factor is a central regulator of vertebrate neural crest and nervous system development. Its expression is likely controlled by multiple enhancer elements, among them U3 (alternatively known as MCS4). Here we analyze U3 activity to obtain deeper insights into Sox10 function and expression in the neural crest and its derivatives. U3 activity strongly depends on the presence of Sox10 that regulates its own expression as commonly observed for important developmental regulators. Sox10 bound directly as monomer to at least three sites in U3, whereas a fourth site preferred dimers. Deletion of these sites efficiently reduced U3 activity in transfected cells and transgenic mice. In stimulating the U3 enhancer, Sox10 synergized with many other transcription factors present in neural crest and developing peripheral nervous system including Pax3, FoxD3, AP2α, Krox20 and Sox2. In case of FoxD3, synergism involved Sox10-dependent recruitment to the U3 enhancer, while Sox10 and AP2α each had to bind to the regulatory region. Our study points to the importance of autoregulatory activity and synergistic interactions for maintenance of Sox10 expression and functional activity of Sox10 in the neural crest regulatory network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Wahlbuhl
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Genetic background strongly modifies the severity of symptoms of Hirschsprung disease, but not hearing loss in rats carrying Ednrb(sl) mutations. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24086. [PMID: 21915282 PMCID: PMC3168492 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) is thought to result as a consequence of multiple gene interactions that modulate the ability of enteric neural crest cells to populate the developing gut. However, it remains unknown whether the single complete deletion of important HSCR-associated genes is sufficient to result in HSCR disease. In this study, we found that the null mutation of the Ednrb gene, thought indispensable for enteric neuron development, is insufficient to result in HSCR disease when bred onto a different genetic background in rats carrying Ednrbsl mutations. Moreover, we found that this mutation results in serious congenital sensorineural deafness, and these strains may be used as ideal models of Waardenburg Syndrome Type 4 (WS4). Furthermore, we evaluated how the same changed genetic background modifies three features of WS4 syndrome, aganglionosis, hearing loss, and pigment disorder in these congenic strains. We found that the same genetic background markedly changed the aganglionosis, but resulted in only slight changes to hearing loss and pigment disorder. This provided the important evidence, in support of previous studies, that different lineages of neural crest-derived cells migrating along with various pathways are regulated by different signal molecules. This study will help us to better understand complicated diseases such as HSCR and WS4 syndrome.
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Agarwal P, Verzi MP, Nguyen T, Hu J, Ehlers ML, McCulley DJ, Xu SM, Dodou E, Anderson JP, Wei ML, Black BL. The MADS box transcription factor MEF2C regulates melanocyte development and is a direct transcriptional target and partner of SOX10. Development 2011; 138:2555-65. [PMID: 21610032 PMCID: PMC3100711 DOI: 10.1242/dev.056804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Waardenburg syndromes are characterized by pigmentation and autosensory hearing defects, and mutations in genes encoding transcription factors that control neural crest specification and differentiation are often associated with Waardenburg and related disorders. For example, mutations in SOX10 result in a severe form of Waardenburg syndrome, Type IV, also known as Waardenburg-Hirschsprung disease, characterized by pigmentation and other neural crest defects, including defective innervation of the gut. SOX10 controls neural crest development through interactions with other transcription factors. The MADS box transcription factor MEF2C is an important regulator of brain, skeleton, lymphocyte and cardiovascular development and is required in the neural crest for craniofacial development. Here, we establish a novel role for MEF2C in melanocyte development. Inactivation of Mef2c in the neural crest of mice results in reduced expression of melanocyte genes during development and a significant loss of pigmentation at birth due to defective differentiation and reduced abundance of melanocytes. We identify a transcriptional enhancer of Mef2c that directs expression to the neural crest and its derivatives, including melanocytes, in transgenic mouse embryos. This novel Mef2c neural crest enhancer contains three functional SOX binding sites and a single essential MEF2 site. We demonstrate that Mef2c is a direct transcriptional target of SOX10 and MEF2 via this evolutionarily conserved enhancer. Furthermore, we show that SOX10 and MEF2C physically interact and function cooperatively to activate the Mef2c gene in a feed-forward transcriptional circuit, suggesting that MEF2C might serve as a potentiator of the transcriptional pathways affected in Waardenburg syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Agarwal
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158-2517, USA
| | - Michael P. Verzi
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158-2517, USA
| | - Thuyen Nguyen
- Department of Dermatology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0316, USA
| | - Jianxin Hu
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158-2517, USA
| | - Melissa L. Ehlers
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158-2517, USA
| | - David J. McCulley
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158-2517, USA
| | - Shan-Mei Xu
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158-2517, USA
| | - Evdokia Dodou
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158-2517, USA
| | - Joshua P. Anderson
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158-2517, USA
| | - Maria L. Wei
- Department of Dermatology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0316, USA
| | - Brian L. Black
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158-2517, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158-2517, USA
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Motohashi T, Yamanaka K, Chiba K, Miyajima K, Aoki H, Hirobe T, Kunisada T. Neural crest cells retain their capability for multipotential differentiation even after lineage-restricted stages. Dev Dyn 2011; 240:1681-93. [PMID: 21594952 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Multipotency of neural crest cells (NC cells) is thought to be a transient phase at the early stage of their generation; after NC cells emerge from the neural tube, they are specified into the lineage-restricted precursors. We analyzed the differentiation of early-stage NC-like cells derived from Sox10-IRES-Venus ES cells, where the expression of Sox10 can be visualized with a fluorescent protein. Unexpectedly, both the Sox10+/Kit- cells and the Sox10+/Kit+ cells, which were restricted in vivo to the neuron (N)-glial cell (G) lineage and melanocyte (M) lineage, respectively, generated N, G, and M, showing that they retain multipotency. We generated mice from the Sox10-IRES-Venus ES cells and analyzed the differentiation of their NC cells. Both the Sox10+/Kit- cells and Sox10+/Kit+ cells isolated from these mice formed colonies containing N, G, and M, showing that they are also multipotent. These findings suggest that NC cells retain multipotency even after the initial lineage-restricted stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Motohashi
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regeneration, and Advanced Medical Science, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, CREST-JST, Gifu, Japan.
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Jiang L, Chen H, Jiang W, Hu Z, Mei L, Xue J, He C, Liu Y, Xia K, Feng Y. Novel mutations in the SOX10 gene in the first two Chinese cases of type IV Waardenburg syndrome. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 408:620-4. [PMID: 21531202 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.04.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We analyzed the clinical features and family-related gene mutations for the first two Chinese cases of type IV Waardenburg syndrome (WS4). METHODS Two families were analyzed in this study. The analysis included a medical history, clinical analysis, a hearing test and a physical examination. In addition, the EDNRB, EDN3 and SOX10 genes were sequenced in order to identify the pathogenic mutation responsible for the WS4 observed in these patients. RESULTS The two WS4 cases presented with high phenotypic variability. Two novel heterozygous mutations (c.254G>A and c.698-2A>T) in the SOX10 gene were detected. The mutations identified in the patients were not found in unaffected family members or in 200 unrelated control subjects. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of WS4 in Chinese patients. In addition, two novel mutations in SOX10 gene have been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Jiang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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41
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Morales AV, Barbas JA, Nieto MA. How to become neural crest: From segregation to delamination. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2005; 16:655-62. [PMID: 16076557 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2005.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The development of the neural crest up to the stage where they leave the neural tube can be observed as a series of concatenated but independent events that involve dorsalization of the neural plate/neural tube, neural crest induction, segregation and stabilization, epithelial to mesenchymal transition and delamination. During all these processes, the nascent neural crest cells are subjected to the influence of different signals and have to overcome competition for cell fate and apoptotic signals. In addition, striking rostrocaudal differences unveil how the regulatory cascades are somehow different but still can lead to the production of bona fide neural crest cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aixa V Morales
- Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Doctor Arce 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain
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42
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Mollaaghababa R, Pavan WJ. The importance of having your SOX on: role of SOX10 in the development of neural crest-derived melanocytes and glia. Oncogene 2003; 22:3024-34. [PMID: 12789277 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
SOX10 is a member of the high-mobility group-domain SOX family of transcription factors, which are ubiquitously found in the animal kingdom. Disruption of neural crest development in the Dominant megacolon (Dom) mice is associated with a Sox10 mutation. Mutations in human Sox10 gene have also been linked with the occurrence of neurocristopathies in the Waardenburg-Shah syndrome type IV (WS-IV), for which the Sox10(Dom) mice serve as a murine model. The neural crest disorders in the Sox10(Dom) mice and WS-IV patients consist of hypopigmentation, cochlear neurosensory deafness, and enteric aganglionosis. Consistent with these observations, a critical role for SOX10 in the proper differentiation of neural crest-derived melanocytes and glia has been demonstrated. Emerging data also show an important role for SOX10 in promoting the survival of neural crest precursor cells prior to lineage commitment. Several genes whose regulation is dependent on SOX10 function have been identified in the peripheral nervous system and in melanocytes, helping to begin the identification of the multiple pathways that appear to be modulated by SOX10 activity. In this review, we will discuss the biological relevance of these target genes to neural crest development and the properties of Sox10 as a transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Mollaaghababa
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 49 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-4472, USA
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43
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McCallion AS, Stames E, Conlon RA, Chakravarti A. Phenotype variation in two-locus mouse models of Hirschsprung disease: tissue-specific interaction between Ret and Ednrb. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:1826-31. [PMID: 12574515 PMCID: PMC149918 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0337540100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical expression of Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) requires the interaction of multiple susceptibility genes. Molecular genetic analyses have revealed that interactions between mutations in the genes encoding the RET receptor tyrosine kinase and the endothelin receptor type B (EDNRB) are central to the genesis of HSCR. We have established two locus noncomplementation assays in mice, using allelic series at Ednrb in the context of Ret kinase-null heterozygotes, to understand the clinical presentation, incomplete penetrance, variation in length of aganglionic segment, and sex bias observed in human HSCR patients. Titration of Ednrb in the presence of half the genetic dose of Ret determines the presentation of an enteric phenotype in these strains, revealing or abrogating a sex bias in disease expression depending on the genotype at Ednrb. RET and EDNRB signaling pathways are also critical for the normal development of other tissues, including the kidneys and neural crest-derived melanocytes. Our data demonstrate that interaction between these genes is restricted to the enteric nervous system and does not affect renal, coat color, and retinal choroid development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S McCallion
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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44
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Van de Putte T, Maruhashi M, Francis A, Nelles L, Kondoh H, Huylebroeck D, Higashi Y. Mice lacking ZFHX1B, the gene that codes for Smad-interacting protein-1, reveal a role for multiple neural crest cell defects in the etiology of Hirschsprung disease-mental retardation syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 2003; 72:465-70. [PMID: 12522767 PMCID: PMC379238 DOI: 10.1086/346092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2002] [Accepted: 10/29/2002] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, mutations in ZFHX1B, the gene that encodes Smad-interacting protein-1 (SIP1), were found to be implicated in the etiology of a dominant form of Hirschsprung disease-mental retardation syndrome in humans. To clarify the molecular mechanisms underlying the clinical features of SIP1 deficiency, we generated mice that bear a mutation comparable to those found in several human patients. Here, we show that Zfhx1b-knockout mice do not develop postotic vagal neural crest cells, the precursors of the enteric nervous system that is affected in patients with Hirschsprung disease, and they display a delamination arrest of cranial neural crest cells, which form the skeletomuscular elements of the vertebrate head. This suggests that Sip1 is essential for the development of vagal neural crest precursors and the migratory behavior of cranial neural crest in the mouse. Furthermore, we show that Sip1 is involved in the specification of neuroepithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Van de Putte
- Department of Developmental Biology, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, and Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Celgen), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Bioscience, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mitsuji Maruhashi
- Department of Developmental Biology, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, and Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Celgen), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Bioscience, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Annick Francis
- Department of Developmental Biology, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, and Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Celgen), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Bioscience, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Luc Nelles
- Department of Developmental Biology, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, and Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Celgen), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Bioscience, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hisato Kondoh
- Department of Developmental Biology, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, and Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Celgen), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Bioscience, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Danny Huylebroeck
- Department of Developmental Biology, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, and Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Celgen), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Bioscience, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yujiro Higashi
- Department of Developmental Biology, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, and Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Celgen), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Bioscience, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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Sock E, Schmidt K, Hermanns-Borgmeyer I, Bösl MR, Wegner M. Idiopathic weight reduction in mice deficient in the high-mobility-group transcription factor Sox8. Mol Cell Biol 2001; 21:6951-9. [PMID: 11564878 PMCID: PMC99871 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.21.20.6951-6959.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sox8, Sox9, and Sox10 constitute subgroup E within the Sox family of transcription factors. Many Sox proteins are essential regulators of development. Sox9, for instance, is required for chondrogenesis and male sex determination; Sox10 plays key roles in neural crest development and peripheral gliogenesis. The function of Sox8 has not been studied so far. Here, we generated mice deficient in this third member of subgroup E. In analogy to the case for the related Sox9 and Sox10, we expected severe developmental defects in these mice. Despite strong expression of Sox8 in many tissues, including neural crest, nervous system, muscle, cartilage, adrenal gland, kidney, and testis, homozygous mice developed normally in utero, were born at Mendelian frequencies, and were viable. A substantial reduction in weight was observed in these mice; however, this reduction was not attributable to significant structural deficits in any of the Sox8-expressing tissues. Because of frequent coexpression with either Sox9 or Sox10, the mild phenotype of Sox8-deficient mice might at least in part be due to functional redundancy between group E Sox proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sock
- Institut für Biochemie, Universität Erlangen, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
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46
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Watanabe K, Takeda K, Katori Y, Ikeda K, Oshima T, Yasumoto K, Saito H, Takasaka T, Shibahara S. Expression of the Sox10 gene during mouse inner ear development. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 2000; 84:141-5. [PMID: 11113541 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(00)00236-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the SOX10 gene, encoding a cell-lineage specific transcription factor, are associated with congenital deafness. We analyzed the expression of Sox10 mRNA in developing mouse inner ear by in situ hybridization. Sox10 mRNA is expressed in the entire epithelia of the otic vesicle at embryonic day 11.5 (E11.5) and in the developing cochlea and vestibule at E13.5. In postnatal day 8 and adult cochleas, Sox10 expression is restricted to the supporting cells of the organ of Corti. These expression profiles suggest that Sox10 is important for development of the cochlea.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Watanabe
- Department of Molecular Biology and Applied Physiology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
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47
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Peirano RI, Goerich DE, Riethmacher D, Wegner M. Protein zero gene expression is regulated by the glial transcription factor Sox10. Mol Cell Biol 2000; 20:3198-209. [PMID: 10757804 PMCID: PMC85614 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.20.9.3198-3209.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/1999] [Accepted: 02/08/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelinating glia express high levels of a unique set of genes which code for structural proteins of the myelin sheath. Few transcription factors have so far been implicated in the regulation of any myelin gene. Here we show that the protein zero (P(0)) gene, a myelin gene exclusively expressed in the Schwann cell lineage of the peripheral nervous system, is controlled in its expression by the high-mobility-group domain protein Sox10 both in tissue culture and in vivo. Induction of wild-type Sox10, but not of other transcription factors or Sox10 mutants, strongly increased endogenous P(0) expression in tissue culture. This activation was mediated by the P(0) promoter, which was stimulated by Sox10 in transient transfections. Detailed analyses revealed the involvement of a proximal and a distal promoter region. The distal region functioned only in conjunction with the proximal one and contained a single Sox consensus binding site, which accounted for most of its activity. In contrast, the proximal region mediated Sox10 responsiveness on its own. It contained multiple binding sites for Sox proteins, with two high-affinity sites being the most significant. P(0) expression also depended on Sox10 in vivo, as evident from the analysis of Schwann cell precursors in mouse embryos with Sox10 mutation at day 12.5 of embryogenesis. To our knowledge this is the most conclusive link to date between a glial transcription factor and cell-specific activation of myelin gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- R I Peirano
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universität Hamburg, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
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48
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Bolk S, Pelet A, Hofstra RM, Angrist M, Salomon R, Croaker D, Buys CH, Lyonnet S, Chakravarti A. A human model for multigenic inheritance: phenotypic expression in Hirschsprung disease requires both the RET gene and a new 9q31 locus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:268-73. [PMID: 10618407 PMCID: PMC26652 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.97.1.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced penetrance in genetic disorders may be either dependent or independent of the genetic background of gene carriers. Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) demonstrates a complex pattern of inheritance with approximately 50% of familial cases being heterozygous for mutations in the receptor tyrosine kinase RET. Even when identified, the penetrance of RET mutations is only 50-70%, gender-dependent, and varies with the extent of aganglionosis. We searched for additional susceptibility genes which, in conjunction with RET, lead to phenotypic expression by studying 12 multiplex HSCR families. Haplotype analysis and extensive mutation screening demonstrated three types of families: six families harboring severe RET mutations (group I); and the six remaining families, five of which are RET-linked families with no sequence alterations and one RET-unlinked family (group II). Although the presence of RET mutations in group I families is sufficient to explain HSCR inheritance, a genome scan reveals a new susceptibility locus on 9q31 exclusively in group II families. As such, the gene at 9q31 is a modifier of HSCR penetrance. These observations imply that identification of new susceptibility factors in a complex disease may depend on classification of families by mutational type at known susceptibility genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bolk
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland OH 44106, USA
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