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Daks A, Fedorova O, Parfenyev S, Nevzorov I, Shuvalov O, Barlev NA. The Role of E3 Ligase Pirh2 in Disease. Cells 2022; 11:1515. [PMID: 35563824 PMCID: PMC9101203 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The p53-dependent ubiquitin ligase Pirh2 regulates a number of proteins involved in different cancer-associated processes. Targeting the p53 family proteins, Chk2, p27Kip1, Twist1 and others, Pirh2 participates in such cellular processes as proliferation, cell cycle regulation, apoptosis and cellular migration. Thus, it is not surprising that Pirh2 takes part in the initiation and progression of different diseases and pathologies including but not limited to cancer. In this review, we aimed to summarize the available data on Pirh2 regulation, its protein targets and its role in various diseases and pathological processes, thus making the Pirh2 protein a promising therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Daks
- Institute of Cytology RAS, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia; (O.F.); (S.P.); (I.N.); (O.S.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Nickolai A. Barlev
- Institute of Cytology RAS, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia; (O.F.); (S.P.); (I.N.); (O.S.)
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2
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Takezawa J, Shimazaki A, Takimoto H, Kajiwara K, Yamada K. A large intermediate domain of vertebrate REV3 protein is dispensable for ultraviolet-induced translesion replication. DNA Repair (Amst) 2020; 98:103031. [PMID: 33387704 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2020.103031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
DNA polymerase ζ (pol ζ) is involved in translesion replication (translesion synthesis, TLS) and plays an essential role in embryogenesis. In adults, pol ζ triggers mutation as a result of error-prone TLS and causes carcinogenesis. The catalytic subunit of pol ζ, REV3, is evolutionarily conserved from yeast and plants to higher eukaryotes. However, the structures are notably different: unlike that in yeast REV3, a large intermediate domain is inserted in REV3 of humans and mice. The domain is mostly occupied with noncommittal structures (random coil…etc.); therefore, its role and function are yet to be resolved. Previously, we reported deficient levels of ultraviolet (UV)-induced TLS in fibroblasts derived from the Rev3-knockout mouse embryo (Rev3KO-MEF). Here, we constructed a mouse Rev3-expressing plasmid with a deleted intermediate domain (532-1793 a.a,) and transfected it into Rev3KO-MEF. The isolated stable transformants showed comparable levels of UV-sensitivity and UV-TLS activity to those in wild-type MEF, detected using an alkaline sucrose density gradient sedimentation. These results indicate that the intermediate domain is nonessential for UV-induced translesion replication in cultured mouse cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Takezawa
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, The National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8636, Japan
| | - Anna Shimazaki
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, The National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8636, Japan
| | - Hidemi Takimoto
- Department of Nutritional Epidemiology and Shoku-iku, The National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8636, Japan
| | | | - Kouichi Yamada
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, The National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8636, Japan.
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Takezawa J, Aiba N, Kajiwara K, Yamada K. Caffeine abolishes the ultraviolet-induced REV3 translesion replication pathway in mouse cells. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:8513-29. [PMID: 22272088 PMCID: PMC3257085 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12128513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
When a replicative DNA polymerase stalls upon encountering a photoproduct on the template strand, it is relieved by other low-processivity polymerase(s), which insert nucleotide(s) opposite the lesion. Using an alkaline sucrose density gradient sedimentation technique, we previously classified this process termed UV-induced translesion replication (UV-TLS) into two types. In human cancer cells or xeroderma pigmentosum variant (XP-V) cells, UV-TLS was inhibited by caffeine or proteasome inhibitors. However, in normal human cells, the process was insensitive to these reagents. Reportedly, in yeast or mammalian cells, REV3 protein (a catalytic subunit of DNA polymerase ζ) is predominantly involved in the former type of TLS. Here, we studied UV-TLS in fibroblasts derived from the Rev3-knockout mouse embryo (Rev3KO-MEF). In the wild-type MEF, UV-TLS was slow (similar to that of human cancer cells or XP-V cells), and was abolished by caffeine or MG-262. In 2 cell lines of Rev3KO-MEF (Rev3−/−p53−/−), UV-TLS was not observed. In p53KO-MEF, which is a strict control for Rev3KO-MEF, the UV-TLS response was similar to that of the wild-type. Introduction of the Rev3 expression plasmid into Rev3KO-MEF restored the UV-TLS response in selected stable transformants. In some transformants, viability to UV was the same as that in the wild-type, and the death rate was increased by caffeine. Our findings indicate that REV3 is predominantly involved in UV-TLS in mouse cells, and that the REV3 translesion pathway is suppressed by caffeine or proteasome inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Takezawa
- Division of Genetic Biochemistry, The National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8636, Japan; E-Mail: (J.T.)
| | - Naomi Aiba
- Division of Genetic Biochemistry, The National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8636, Japan; E-Mail: (J.T.)
| | - Kagemasa Kajiwara
- School of Medicine, Tokai University, Isehara-shi, Kanagawa-ken 259-1193, Japan
| | - Kouichi Yamada
- Division of Genetic Biochemistry, The National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8636, Japan; E-Mail: (J.T.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +81-3-3203-5723; Fax: +81-3-3203-0335
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4
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Takezawa J, Ishimi Y, Aiba N, Yamada K. Rev1, Rev3, or Rev7 siRNA Abolishes Ultraviolet Light-Induced Translesion Replication in HeLa Cells: A Comprehensive Study Using Alkaline Sucrose Density Gradient Sedimentation. J Nucleic Acids 2010; 2010:750296. [PMID: 21151666 PMCID: PMC2997509 DOI: 10.4061/2010/750296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Revised: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
When a replicative DNA polymerase stalls upon encountering a lesion on the template strand, it is relieved by other low-processivity polymerase(s), which insert nucleotide(s) opposite the lesion, extend by a few nucleotides, and dissociate from the 3'-OH. The replicative polymerase then resumes DNA synthesis. This process, termed translesion replication (TLS) or replicative bypass, may involve at least five different polymerases in mammals, although the participating polymerases and their roles have not been entirely characterized. Using siRNAs originally designed and an alkaline sucrose density gradient sedimentation technique, we verified the involvement of several polymerases in ultraviolet (UV) light-induced TLS in HeLa cells. First, siRNAs to Rev3 or Rev7 largely abolished UV-TLS, suggesting that these 2 gene products, which comprise Polζ, play a main role in mutagenic TLS. Second, Rev1-targeted siRNA also abrogated UV-TLS, indicating that Rev1 is also indispensable to mutagenic TLS. Third, Polη-targeted siRNA also prevented TLS to a greater extent than our expectations. Forth, although siRNA to Polι had no detectable effect, that to Polκ delayed UV-TLS. To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting apparent evidence for the participation of Polκ in UV-TLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Takezawa
- Division of Genetic Biochemistry, The National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8636, Japan
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5
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Muylaert I, Elias P. Contributions of nucleotide excision repair, DNA polymerase eta, and homologous recombination to replication of UV-irradiated herpes simplex virus type 1. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:13761-8. [PMID: 20215648 PMCID: PMC2859539 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.107920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of UV irradiation on herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) gene expression and DNA replication were examined in cell lines containing mutations inactivating the XPA gene product required for nucleotide-excision repair, the DNA polymerase eta responsible for translesion synthesis, or the Cockayne syndrome A and B (CSA and CSB) gene products required for transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair. In the absence of XPA and CSA and CSB gene products, virus replication was reduced 10(6)-, 400-, and 100-fold, respectively. In DNA polymerase eta mutant cells HSV-1 plaque efficiency was reduced 10(4)-fold. Furthermore, DNA polymerase eta was strictly required for virus replication at low multiplicities of infection but dispensable at high multiplicities of infection. Knock down of Rad 51, Rad 52, and Rad 54 levels by RNA interference reduced replication of UV-irradiated HSV-1 150-, 100-, and 50-fold, respectively. We find that transcription-coupled repair efficiently supports expression of immediate early and early genes from UV-irradiated HSV-1 DNA. In contrast, the progression of the replication fork appears to be impaired, causing a severe reduction of late gene expression. Since the HSV-1 replisome does not make use of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, we attribute the replication defect to an inability to perform proliferating cell nuclear antigen-dependent translesion synthesis by polymerase switching at the fork. Instead, DNA polymerase eta may act during postreplication gap filling. Homologous recombination, finally, might restore the physical and genetic integrity of the virus chromosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Muylaert
- From the Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 440, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per Elias
- From the Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 440, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Goff JP, Shields DS, Seki M, Choi S, Epperly MW, Dixon T, Wang H, Bakkenist CJ, Dertinger SD, Torous DK, Wittschieben J, Wood RD, Greenberger JS. Lack of DNA polymerase theta (POLQ) radiosensitizes bone marrow stromal cells in vitro and increases reticulocyte micronuclei after total-body irradiation. Radiat Res 2009; 172:165-74. [PMID: 19630521 PMCID: PMC2742993 DOI: 10.1667/rr1598.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Mammalian POLQ (pol theta) is a specialized DNA polymerase with an unknown function in vivo. Roles have been proposed in chromosome stability, as a backup enzyme in DNA base excision repair, and in somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes. The purified enzyme can bypass AP sites and thymine glycol. Mice defective in POLQ are viable and have been reported to have elevated spontaneous and radiation-induced frequencies of micronuclei in circulating red blood cells. To examine the potential roles of POLQ in hematopoiesis and in responses to oxidative stress responses, including ionizing radiation, bone marrow cultures and marrow stromal cell lines were established from Polq(+/+) and Polq(-/-) mice. Aging of bone marrow cultures was not altered, but Polq(-/-) cells were more sensitive to gamma radiation than were Polq(+/+) cells. The D(0) was 1.38 +/- 0.06 Gy for Polq(+/+) cells compared to 1.27 +/- 0.16 and 0.98 +/- 0.10 Gy (P = 0.032) for two Polq(-/-) clones. Polq(-/-) cells were moderately more sensitive to bleomycin than Polq(+/+) cells and were not hypersensitive to paraquat or hydrogen peroxide. ATM kinase activation appeared to be normal in gamma-irradiated Polq(-/-) cells. Inhibition of ATM kinase activity increased the radiosensitivity of Polq(+/+) cells slightly but did not affect Polq(-/-) cells. Polq(-/-) mice had more spontaneous and radiation-induced micronucleated reticulocytes than Polq+/+ and (+/-) mice. The sensitivity of POLQ-defective bone marrow stromal cells to ionizing radiation and bleomycin and the increase in micronuclei in red blood cells support a role for this DNA polymerase in cellular tolerance of DNA damage that can lead to double-strand DNA breaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie P. Goff
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Donna S. Shields
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Mineaki Seki
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Serah Choi
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Molecular Pharmacology Graduate Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Michael W. Epperly
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Tracy Dixon
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Christopher J. Bakkenist
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | | | | | - John Wittschieben
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Richard D. Wood
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Joel S. Greenberger
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
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Garcia-Diaz M, Bebenek K. Multiple functions of DNA polymerases. CRITICAL REVIEWS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2007; 26:105-122. [PMID: 18496613 PMCID: PMC2391090 DOI: 10.1080/07352680701252817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The primary role of DNA polymerases is to accurately and efficiently replicate the genome in order to ensure the maintenance of the genetic information and its faithful transmission through generations. This is not a simple task considering the size of the genome and its constant exposure to endogenous and environmental DNA damaging agents. Thus, a number of DNA repair pathways operate in cells to protect the integrity of the genome. In addition to their role in replication, DNA polymerases play a central role in most of these pathways. Given the multitude and the complexity of DNA transactions that depend on DNA polymerase activity, it is not surprising that cells in all organisms contain multiple highly specialized DNA polymerases, the majority of which have only recently been discovered. Five DNA polymerases are now recognized in Escherichia coli, 8 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and at least 15 in humans. While polymerases in bacteria, yeast and mammalian cells have been extensively studied much less is known about their counterparts in plants. For example, the plant model organism Arabidopsis thaliana is thought to contain 12 DNA polymerases, whose functions are mostly unknown. Here we review the properties and functions of DNA polymerases focusing on yeast and mammalian cells but paying special attention to the plant enzymes and the special circumstances of replication and repair in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Garcia-Diaz
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Laboratory of Molecular Genetics NIEHS, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
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8
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McDaniel LD, Rivera-Begeman A, Doughty AT, Schultz RA, Friedberg EC. Validation of XP-C pathogenic variations in archival material from a live XP patient. DNA Repair (Amst) 2006; 6:115-20. [PMID: 17084680 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2006.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2006] [Accepted: 09/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) genetic complementation group C (XP-C) is the most common form of the disease worldwide. Thirty-four distinct genetic defects have been identified in 45 XP-C patients. Further identification of such defects and the frequency of their occurrence offers the potential of generating diagnostic and prognostic molecular screening panels. Archival material (such as formalin-fixed paraffin embedded skin) may be useful for the identification of novel genetic variations and for documenting the frequency of individual genetic defects in patients who are no longer available for study. However, the use of archival material precludes direct analysis of changes in the mRNA resulting from genomic changes. The serendipitous reacquisition of an XP individual in whom genetic defects were previously characterized in archival material allowed confirmation of the defects as well as a direct analysis of the consequences of these defects on mRNA, mRNA expression and on cellular phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa D McDaniel
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9072, USA
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9
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Matakidou A, Eisen T, Fleischmann C, Bridle H, Houlston RS. Evaluation of xeroderma pigmentosum XPA, XPC, XPD, XPF, XPB, XPG and DDB2 genes in familial early-onset lung cancer predisposition. Int J Cancer 2006; 119:964-7. [PMID: 16550608 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological data has implicated heterozygosity for xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) as a risk factor for lung cancer. XP has 8 known complementation groups, 7 of which are caused by mutations in genes encoding components of the nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway. To formally investigate the role of XP-related NER genes in lung cancer susceptibility, we screened germline DNA from 92 familial early-onset lung cancer patients for mutations in all coding regions and intron-exon boundaries of XPA, XPC, XPD, XPF, XPB, XPG and DDB2. Forty-one exonic variants were identified. Twenty-four were nonsynonymous, of which 14 were previously documented polymorphisms. Ten missense variants had not been previously described; none of which were detected in germline DNA from 278 cancer-free controls. Two of the novel missense changes are predicted to be functionally deleterious. Our findings are compatible with XP heterozygosity being a risk factor for lung cancer susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athena Matakidou
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom.
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10
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Abstract
When cells that are actively replicating DNA encounter sites of base damage or strand breaks, replication might stall or arrest. In this situation, cells rely on DNA-damage-tolerance mechanisms to bypass the damage effectively. One of these mechanisms, known as translesion DNA synthesis, is supported by specialized DNA polymerases that are able to catalyse nucleotide incorporation opposite lesions that cannot be negotiated by high-fidelity replicative polymerases. A second category of tolerance mechanism involves alternative replication strategies that obviate the need to replicate directly across sites of template-strand damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Errol C Friedberg
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9072, USA.
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11
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Friedberg EC, Lehmann AR, Fuchs RPP. Trading places: how do DNA polymerases switch during translesion DNA synthesis? Mol Cell 2005; 18:499-505. [PMID: 15916957 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2005.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2005] [Revised: 03/21/2005] [Accepted: 03/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The replicative bypass of base damage in DNA (translesion DNA synthesis [TLS]) is a ubiquitous mechanism for relieving arrested DNA replication. The process requires multiple polymerase switching events during which the high-fidelity DNA polymerase in the replication machinery arrested at the primer terminus is replaced by one or more polymerases that are specialized for TLS. When replicative bypass is fully completed, the primer terminus is once again occupied by high-fidelity polymerases in the replicative machinery. This review addresses recent advances in our understanding of DNA polymerase switching during TLS in bacteria such as E. coli and in lower and higher eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Errol C Friedberg
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.
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12
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Hochegger H, Sonoda E, Takeda S. Post-replication repair in DT40 cells: translesion polymerases versus recombinases. Bioessays 2004; 26:151-8. [PMID: 14745833 DOI: 10.1002/bies.10403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Replication forks inevitably stall at damaged DNA in every cell cycle. The ability to overcome DNA lesions is an essential feature of the replication machinery. A variety of specialized polymerases have recently been discovered, which enable cells to replicate past various forms of damage by a process termed translesion synthesis. Alternatively, homologous recombination can be used to restart DNA replication across the lesion. Genetic and biochemical studies have shed light on the impact of these two post-replication repair pathways in bacteria and yeast. In vertebrates, however, a genetic approach to study post-replication repair has been compromised because many of the genes involved appear to be essential for embryonic development. We have taken advantage of the chicken cell line DT40 to perform a genetic analysis of translesion synthesis and homologous recombination and to characterize genetic interactions between these two pathways in vertebrates. In this article, we aim to summarize our current understanding of post-replication repair in DT40 in the perspective of bacterial, yeast and mammalian genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helfrid Hochegger
- Department of Radiation Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, 606-8501 Kyoto, Japan
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Abstract
The aesthetic appeal of the DNA double helix initially hindered notions of DNA mutation and repair, which would necessarily interfere with its pristine state. But it has since been recognized that DNA is subject to continuous damage and the cell has an arsenal of ways of responding to such injury. Although mutations or deficiencies in repair can have catastrophic consequences, causing a range of human diseases, mutations are nonetheless fundamental to life and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Errol C Friedberg
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9072,
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14
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Velasco-Miguel S, Richardson JA, Gerlach VL, Lai WC, Gao T, Russell LD, Hladik CL, White CL, Friedberg EC. Constitutive and regulated expression of the mouse Dinb (Polkappa) gene encoding DNA polymerase kappa. DNA Repair (Amst) 2003; 2:91-106. [PMID: 12509270 DOI: 10.1016/s1568-7864(02)00189-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A recently discovered group of novel polymerases are characterized by significantly reduced fidelity of DNA synthesis in vitro. This feature is consistent with the relaxed fidelity required for the replicative bypass of various types of base damage that frequently block high fidelity replicative polymerases. The present studies demonstrate that the specialized DNA polymerase kappa (polkappa) is uniquely and preferentially expressed in the adrenal cortex and testis of the mouse, as well as in a variety of other tissues. The adrenal cortex is the sole site of detectable expression of the Polkappa gene in mouse embryos. This adrenal expression pattern is consistent with a requirement for polkappa for the replicative bypass of DNA base damage generated during steroid biosynthesis. The expression pattern of polkappa in the testis is specific for particular stages of spermatogenesis and is distinct from the expression pattern of several other low fidelity DNA polymerases that are also expressed during spermatogenesis. The mouse (but not the human) Polkappa gene is primarily regulated by the p53 gene and is upregulated in response to exposure to various DNA-damaging agents in a p53-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Velasco-Miguel
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 73590-9013, USA
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15
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Friedberg EC, Wagner R, Radman M. Specialized DNA polymerases, cellular survival, and the genesis of mutations. Science 2002; 296:1627-30. [PMID: 12040171 DOI: 10.1126/science.1070236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 371] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Cell death caused by arrested replication of damaged or structurally altered DNA can be avoided in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells by multiple DNA polymerases that are specialized to bypass DNA damage. Some of these polymerases perform such translesion DNA synthesis of specific types of damage with high genetic fidelity. However, they exhibit greatly reduced fidelity when they operate on undamaged DNA or on DNA with lesions that are (apparently) not cognate substrates. The low fidelity of some of these specialized polymerases when copying undamaged DNA may be physiologically functional, including generating immunoglobulin diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Errol C Friedberg
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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16
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Abstract
Eukaryotic cells can repair many types of DNA damage. Among the known DNA repair processes in humans, one type--nucleotide excision repair (NER)--specifically protects against mutations caused indirectly by environmental carcinogens. Humans with a hereditary defect in NER suffer from xeroderma pigmentosum and have a marked predisposition to skin cancer caused by sunlight exposure. How does NER protect against skin cancer and possibly other types of environmentally induced cancer in humans?
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Friedberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75390-9072, USA.
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