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Jeromel L, Ogrinc N, Siketić Z, Vavpetič P, Rupnik Z, Bučar K, Jenčič B, Kelemen M, Vencelj M, Vogel-Mikuš K, Kovač J, Heeren RMA, Flinders B, Cuypers E, Barba Ž, Pelicon P. Molecular imaging of humain hair with MeV-SIMS: A case study of cocaine detection and distribution in the hair of a cocaine user. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263338. [PMID: 35333862 PMCID: PMC8956162 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human hair absorbs numerous biomolecules from the body during its growth. This can act as a fingerprint to determine substance intake of an individual, which can be useful in forensic studies. The cocaine concentration profile along the growth axis of hair indicates the time evolution of the metabolic incorporation of cocaine usage. It could be either assessed by chemical extraction and further analysis of hair bundels, or by direct single hair fibre analysis with mass spectroscopy imaging (MSI). Within this work, we analyzed the cocaine distribution in individual hair samples using MeV-SIMS. Unlike conventional surface analysis methods, we demonstrate high yields of nonfragmented molecular ions from the surface of biological materials, resulting in high chemical sensitivity and non-destructive characterisation. Hair samples were prepared by longitudinally cutting along the axis of growth, leaving half-cylindrical shape to access the interior structure of the hair by the probing ion beam, and attached to the silicon wafer. A focused 5.8 MeV 35Cl6+ beam was scanned across the intact, chemically pristine hair structure. A non-fragmented protonated [M+ H]+ cocaine molecular peak at m/z = 304 was detected and localized along the cross-section of the hair. Its intensity exhibits strong fluctuations along the direction of the hair’s growth, with pronounced peaks as narrow as 50 micrometres, corresponding to a metabolic incorporation time of approx. three hours.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nina Ogrinc
- The Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute, Maastricht University, ER Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Katarina Vogel-Mikuš
- Jožef Stefan Institute, SI-Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janez Kovač
- Jožef Stefan Institute, SI-Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ron M. A. Heeren
- The Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute, Maastricht University, ER Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bryn Flinders
- The Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute, Maastricht University, ER Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Eva Cuypers
- The Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute, Maastricht University, ER Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- KU Leuven Toxicology & Pharmacology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Žiga Barba
- Jožef Stefan Institute, SI-Ljubljana, Slovenia
- * E-mail:
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Brajković M, Barac M, Bogdanović Radović I, Siketić Z. Dependence of Megaelectron Volt Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry Secondary Molecular Ion Yield from Phthalocyanine Blue on Primary Ion Stopping Power. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:1518-1524. [PMID: 32453593 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF SIMS) is a well-established mass spectrometry technique used for the chemical analysis of both organic and inorganic materials. In the last ten years, many advances have been made to improve the yield of secondary molecular ions, especially those desorbed from the surfaces of organic samples. For this reason, cluster ion beams with kiloelectron volt energies for the excitation were mostly used. Alternatively, single-ion beams with megaelectron volt energies can be applied, as was done in the present work. It is well-known that a secondary molecule/ion yield depends strongly on the primary ion stopping power, but the nature of this dependence is not completely clear. Therefore, in the present work, the secondary ion yield from the phthalocyanine blue (C32H16CuN8, organic pigment) was measured for the various combinations of ion masses, energies, and charge states. Measured values were compared with the existing models for ion sputtering. An increase in the secondary yield with the primary ion energy, electronic stopping, velocity, and charge state was found for different types of primary ions. Although this general behavior is valid for all primary ions, there is no single parameter that can describe the measured results for all primary ions at once.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Brajković
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marko Barac
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Zdravko Siketić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Jenčič B, Vavpetič P, Kelemen M, Pelicon P. Secondary Ion Yield and Fragmentation of Biological Molecules by Employing 35Cl Primary Ions within the MeV Energy Domain. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:117-123. [PMID: 32881522 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.9b00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
MeV-SIMS is an emerging mass spectrometry imaging method that employs fast, heavy ions to desorb secondary molecules from the analyzed sample. High yields and low fragmentation rates of large molecules, associated with the dominating electronic sputtering process, make it particularly useful in biomedical research, where insight into the distribution of organic molecules is vital. Both yield and fragmentation of desorbed molecules in MeV-SIMS rely on characteristics of the primary ion but may also be impaired by poor instrumental settings. After utilizing secondary ion optics in the linear mass spectrometer at the micro-analytical center of the Jožef Stefan Institute, we demonstrate very efficient detection of secondary ions. As a result, the secondary ion yield, using such settings, solely depends on the species and the characteristics of the primary ion. In order to analyze the yield dependence on the primary ion energy, and the corresponding stopping power within the electronic excitation regime, we used a continuous electron multiplier detector to measure the primary ion current during each measurement of the mass spectra. Secondary ion yield as a function of the primary ion energy and charge is presented as well as fragmentation rates of organic molecules arginine and leu-enkephalin. Other influential instrumental drawbacks are also studied, and their effect on the results is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boštjan Jenčič
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Primož Vavpetič
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mitja Kelemen
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Primož Pelicon
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Seah MP, Gilmore IS. Cluster primary ion sputtering: correlations in secondary ion intensities in TOF SIMS. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.3491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Nakata Y, Honda Y, Ninomiya S, Seki T, Aoki T, Matsuo J. Matrix-free high-resolution imaging mass spectrometry with high-energy ion projectiles. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2009; 44:128-136. [PMID: 18946874 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The importance of imaging mass spectrometry (MS) for visualizing the spatial distribution of molecular species in biological tissues and cells is growing. We have developed a new system for imaging MS using MeV ion beams, termed MeV-secondary ion mass spectrometry (MeV-SIMS) here, and demonstrated more than 1000-fold increase in molecular ion yield from a peptide sample (1154 Da), compared to keV ion irradiation. This significant enhancement of the molecular ion yield is attributed to electronic excitation induced in the near-surface region by the impact of high energy ions. In addition, the secondary ion efficiency for biologically important compounds (>1 kDa) increased to more than 10(10) cm(-2), demonstrating that the current technique could, in principle, achieve micrometer lateral resolution. In addition to MeV-SIMS, peptide compounds were also analyzed with cluster-SIMS and the results indicated that in the former method the molecular ion yields increased substantially compared to the latter. To assess the capability of MeV-SIMS to acquire heavy-ion images, we have prepared a micropatterned peptide surface and successfully obtained mass spectrometric imaging of the deprotonated peptides (m/z 1153) without any matrix enhancement. The results obtained in this study indicate that the MeV-SIMS technique can be a powerful tool for high-resolution imaging in the mass range from 100 to over 1000 Da.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Nakata
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
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Molvik AW, Kollmus H, Mahner E, Covo MK, Bellachioma MC, Bender M, Bieniosek FM, Hedlund E, Krämer A, Kwan J, Malyshev OB, Prost L, Seidl PA, Westenskow G, Westerberg L. Heavy-ion-induced electronic desorption of gas from metals. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2007; 98:064801. [PMID: 17358950 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.98.064801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
During heavy-ion operation in several particle accelerators worldwide, dynamic pressure rises of orders of magnitude were triggered by lost beam ions that bombarded the vacuum chamber walls. This ion-induced molecular desorption, observed at CERN, GSI, and BNL, can seriously limit the ion beam lifetime and intensity of the accelerator. From dedicated test stand experiments we have discovered that heavy-ion-induced gas desorption scales with the electronic energy loss (dE_{e}/dx) of the ions slowing down in matter; but it varies only little with the ion impact angle, unlike electronic sputtering.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Molvik
- Heavy-Ion Fusion Science Virtual National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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Brunelle A, Della-Negra S, Deprun C, Depauw J, Håkansson P, Jacquet D, le Beyec Y, Pautrat M. High desorption—ionization yields of large biomolecules induced by fast C60 projectiles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1176(97)00057-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Daya D, Demirev P, Eriksson J, Hallén A, Håkansson P, Johnson R, Kopniczky J, Papaléo R, Reimann C, Rottler J, Sundqvist B. Interaction of MEV atomic ions with molecular solids: Ion track structure and sputtering phenomena. RADIAT MEAS 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s1350-4487(97)00048-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Dzegilenko FN, Uzer T, Herbst E. Classical studies of shock wave‐induced desorption for model adsorbates. J Chem Phys 1996. [DOI: 10.1063/1.472898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Kopniczky J, Reimann CT, Hallén A, Sundqvist BU, Tengvall P, Erlandsson R. Scanning-force-microscopy study of MeV-atomic-ion-induced surface tracks in organic crystals. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1994; 49:625-628. [PMID: 10009326 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.49.625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Fenyo D. Sputtering by a sum of impulses: The effect of finite track width. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1993; 47:8263-8264. [PMID: 10004839 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.47.8263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Brinkmalm G, Demirev P, Fenyö D, Håkansson P, Kopniczky J, Sundqvist BU. Formation of fullerenes in MeV-ion sputtering from organic solids. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1993; 47:7560-7567. [PMID: 10004752 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.47.7560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Fenyö D, Johnson RE. Computer experiments on molecular ejection from an amorphous solid: Comparison to an analytic continuum mechanical model. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1992; 46:5090-5099. [PMID: 10004283 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.46.5090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Jeronymo JM, Pinho RR, Baptista GB, Schweikert EA, Park MA. Secondary-ion emission from phenylalanine induced by atomic and molecular MeV ion beams. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1992; 45:12218-12221. [PMID: 10001256 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.45.12218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Demirev P, Brinkmalm G, Fenyö D, H»kansson P, Sundqvist B. Radial velocities of ejected ions: implications for the mechanisms of molecular ion formation in plasma desorption mass spectrometry of biomolecules. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1176(91)85047-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Banerjee S, Johnson RE, Cui S, Cummings PT. Molecular-dynamics simulation of prompt sputtering of a molecular solid at high excitation densities. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1991; 43:12707-12714. [PMID: 9997083 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.43.12707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Brandl D, Schoppmann C, Schmidt R, Nees B, Ostrowski A, Voit H. Dependence of the heavy-ion-induced desorption yield on the primary-ion energy loss. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1991; 43:5253-5260. [PMID: 9997917 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.43.5253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Fenyö D, Sundqvist BU, Karlsson BR, Johnson RE. Molecular-dynamics study of electronic sputtering of large organic molecules. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1990; 42:1895-1902. [PMID: 9995630 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.42.1895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Johnson RE, Sundqvist BU, Hedin A, Fenyö D. Sputtering by fast ions based on a sum of impulses. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1989; 40:49-53. [PMID: 9990881 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.40.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Desorption of secondary negative ions induced by impact of heavy ions near the bohr velocity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1176(89)85017-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Ens W, Sundqvist BU, Hkansson P, Hedin A, Jonsson G. Directional correlation between the primary particle and ejected molecular ions in electronic sputtering of large organic molecules. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1989; 39:763-766. [PMID: 9947226 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.39.763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Salehpour M, Fishel DL, Hunt JE. Nonlinear effects in desorption of valine with fast incident molecular ions. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1988; 38:12320-12328. [PMID: 9946171 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.38.12320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
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Torrisi L, Coffa S, Foti G, Johnson RE, Chrisey DB, Boring JW. Threshold dependence in the electronic sputtering of condensed sulfur. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1988; 38:1516-1519. [PMID: 9946416 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.38.1516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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