1
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Oelmann JH, Heldt T, Guth L, Nauta J, Lackmann N, Wössner V, Kokh S, Pfeifer T, López-Urrutia JRC. Photoelectron tomography with an intra-cavity velocity-map imaging spectrometer at 100 MHz repetition rate. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:123303. [PMID: 36586896 DOI: 10.1063/5.0104679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We present a compact velocity-map imaging (VMI) spectrometer for photoelectron imaging at 100 MHz repetition rate. Ultrashort pulses from a near-infrared frequency comb laser are amplified in a polarization-insensitive passive femtosecond enhancement cavity. In the focus, multi-photon ionization (MPI) of gas-phase atoms is studied tomographically by rotating the laser polarization. We demonstrate the functioning of the VMI spectrometer by reconstructing photoelectron angular momentum distributions from xenon MPI. Our intra-cavity VMI setup collects electron energy spectra at high rates, with the advantage of transferring the coherence of the cavity-stabilized femtosecond pulses to the electrons. In addition, the setup will allow studies of strong-field effects in nanometric tips.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-H Oelmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - T Heldt
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - L Guth
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J Nauta
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - N Lackmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - V Wössner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S Kokh
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - T Pfeifer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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2
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Brennecke S, Ranke M, Dimitriou A, Walther S, Prandolini MJ, Lein M, Frühling U. Control of Electron Wave Packets Close to the Continuum Threshold Using Near-Single-Cycle THz Waveforms. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:213202. [PMID: 36461977 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.213202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The control of low-energy electrons by carrier-envelope-phase-stable near-single-cycle THz pulses is demonstrated. A femtosecond laser pulse is used to create a temporally localized wave packet through multiphoton absorption at a well defined phase of a synchronized THz field. By recording the photoelectron momentum distributions as a function of the time delay, we observe signatures of various regimes of dynamics, ranging from recollision-free acceleration to coherent electron-ion scattering induced by the THz field. The measurements are confirmed by three-dimensional time-dependent Schrödinger equation simulations. A classical trajectory model allows us to identify scattering phenomena analogous to strong-field photoelectron holography and high-order above-threshold ionization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Brennecke
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Theoretische Physik, Appelstraße 2, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Ranke
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging (CUI), Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anastasios Dimitriou
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging (CUI), Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, NSR Demokritos, 15341 Agia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - Sophie Walther
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging (CUI), Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mark J Prandolini
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Lein
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Theoretische Physik, Appelstraße 2, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrike Frühling
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging (CUI), Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
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3
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Duris JP, MacArthur JP, Glownia JM, Li S, Vetter S, Miahnahri A, Coffee R, Hering P, Fry A, Welch ME, Lutman A, Decker FJ, Bohler D, Mock JA, Xu C, Gumerlock K, May JE, Cedillos A, Kraft E, Carrasco MA, Smith BE, Chieffo LR, Xu JZ, Cryan JP, Huang Z, Zholents A, Marinelli A. Controllable X-Ray Pulse Trains from Enhanced Self-Amplified Spontaneous Emission. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:104802. [PMID: 33784160 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.104802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We report the demonstration of optical compression of an electron beam and the production of controllable trains of femtosecond, soft x-ray pulses with the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) free-electron laser (FEL). This is achieved by enhanced self-amplified spontaneous emission with a 2 μm laser and a dechirper device. Optical compression was achieved by modulating the energy of an electron beam with the laser and then compressing with a chicane, resulting in high current spikes on the beam which we observe to lase. A dechirper was then used to selectively control the lasing region of the electron beam. Field autocorrelation measurements indicate a train of pulses, and we find that the number of pulses within the train can be controlled (from 1 to 5 pulses) by varying the dechirper position and undulator taper. These results are a step toward attosecond spectroscopy with x-ray FELs as well as future FEL schemes relying on optical compression of an electron beam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Duris
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - James P MacArthur
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - James M Glownia
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Siqi Li
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Sharon Vetter
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Alan Miahnahri
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Ryan Coffee
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Philippe Hering
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Alan Fry
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Marc E Welch
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Alberto Lutman
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | | | - Dorian Bohler
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Jeremy A Mock
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Chengcheng Xu
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Karl Gumerlock
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Justin E May
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Antonio Cedillos
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Eugene Kraft
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Manuel A Carrasco
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Brian E Smith
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | | | - Joseph Z Xu
- Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - James P Cryan
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Zhirong Huang
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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4
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Rego L, San Román J, Plaja L, Hernández-García C. Trains of attosecond pulses structured with time-ordered polarization states. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:5636-5639. [PMID: 33057245 DOI: 10.1364/ol.404402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafast laser pulses generated at the attosecond timescale represent a unique tool to explore the fastest dynamics in matter. An accurate control of their properties, such as polarization, is fundamental to shape three-dimensional laser-driven dynamics. We introduce a technique to generate attosecond pulse trains whose polarization state varies from pulse to pulse. This is accomplished by driving high-harmonic generation with two time-delayed bichromatic counter-rotating fields with proper orbital angular momentum (OAM) content. Our simulations show that the evolution of the polarization state along the train can be controlled via OAM, pulse duration, and time delay of the driving fields. We, thus, introduce an additional control into structured attosecond pulses that provides an alternative route to explore ultrafast dynamics with potential applications in chiral and magnetic materials.
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5
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Horný V, Krůs M, Yan W, Fülöp T. Attosecond betatron radiation pulse train. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15074. [PMID: 32934289 PMCID: PMC7493897 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72053-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
High-intensity X-ray sources are essential diagnostic tools for science, technology and medicine. Such X-ray sources can be produced in laser-plasma accelerators, where electrons emit short-wavelength radiation due to their betatron oscillations in the plasma wake of a laser pulse. Contemporary available betatron radiation X-ray sources can deliver a collimated X-ray pulse of duration on the order of several femtoseconds from a source size of the order of several micrometres. In this paper we demonstrate, through particle-in-cell simulations, that the temporal resolution of such a source can be enhanced by an order of magnitude by a spatial modulation of the emitting relativistic electron bunch. The modulation is achieved by the interaction of the that electron bunch with a co-propagating laser beam which results in the generation of a train of equidistant sub-femtosecond X-ray pulses. The distance between the single pulses of a train is tuned by the wavelength of the modulation laser pulse. The modelled experimental setup is achievable with current technologies. Potential applications include stroboscopic sampling of ultrafast fundamental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojtěch Horný
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Institute of Plasma Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Za Slovankou 1782/3, 182 00, Praha 8, Czech Republic.
| | - Miroslav Krůs
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Za Slovankou 1782/3, 182 00, Praha 8, Czech Republic
| | - Wenchao Yan
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, ELI BEAMLINES, Na Slovance 1999/2, 182 21, Praha 8, Czech Republic.,Key Laboratory for Laser Plasmas (MOE), School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Tünde Fülöp
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
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6
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Liang J, Zhou Y, Tan J, He M, Ke Q, Zhao Y, Li M, Jiang W, Lu P. Low-energy photoelectron interference structure in attosecond streaking. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:37736-37752. [PMID: 31878550 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.037736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
By numerically solving the time-dependent Schrödinger equation, we theoretically investigate the dynamics of the low-energy photoelectrons ionized by a single attosecond pulse in the presence of an infrared laser field. The obtained photoelectron momentum distributions exhibit complicated interference structures. With the semiclassical model, the originations for the different types of the interference structures are unambiguously identified. Moreover, by changing the time delay between the attosecond pulse and the infrared laser field, these interferences could be selectively enhanced or suppressed. This enables us to extract information about the ionization dynamics encoded in the interference structures. As an example, we show that the phase of the electron wave-packets ionized by the linearly and circularly polarized attosecond pulses can be extracted from the interference structures of the direct and the near-forward rescattering electrons.
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7
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The Role of Electron Trajectories in XUV-Initiated High-Harmonic Generation. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9030378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
High-harmonic generation spectroscopy is a powerful tool for ultrafast spectroscopy with intrinsic attosecond time resolution. Its major limitation—the fact that a strong infrared driving pulse is governing the entire generation process—is lifted by extreme ultraviolet (XUV)-initiated high-harmonic generation (HHG). Tunneling ionization is replaced by XUV photoionization, which decouples ionization from recollision. Here we probe the intensity dependence of XUV-initiated HHG and observe strong spectral frequency shifts of the high harmonics. We are able to tune the shift by controlling the instantaneous intensity of the infrared field. We directly access the reciprocal intensity parameter associated with the electron trajectories and identify short and long trajectories. Our findings are supported and analyzed by ab initio calculations and a semiclassical trajectory model. The ability to isolate and control long trajectories in XUV-initiated HHG increases the range of the intrinsic attosecond clock for spectroscopic applications.
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8
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Ruberti M, Decleva P, Averbukh V. Multi-channel dynamics in high harmonic generation of aligned CO2: ab initio analysis with time-dependent B-spline algebraic diagrammatic construction. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp07849h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Electron-correlation effects on the multi-channel dynamics underlying strong-field HHG response of CO2 molecule were demonstrated by ab initio ADC study.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Ruberti
- Department of Physics
- Imperial College London
- London SW7 2AZ
- UK
| | - P. Decleva
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche
- Universita' di Trieste
- I-34127 Trieste
- Italy
| | - V. Averbukh
- Department of Physics
- Imperial College London
- London SW7 2AZ
- UK
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9
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Self-probing spectroscopy of XUV photo-ionization dynamics in atoms subjected to a strong-field environment. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1453. [PMID: 29129928 PMCID: PMC5682292 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01723-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-photon ionization is one of the most fundamental light matter interactions in nature, serving as a universal probe of the quantum state of matter. By probing the emitted electron, one can decode the full dynamics of the interaction. When photo-ionization is evolving in the presence of a strong laser field, the fundamental properties of the mechanism can be signicantly altered. Here we demonstrate how the liberated electron can perform a self-probing measurement of such interaction with attosecond precision. Extreme ultraviolet attosecond pulses initiate an electron wavepacket by photo-ionization, a strong infrared field controls its motion, and finally electron-ion collision maps it into re-emission of attosecond radiation bursts. Our measurements resolve the internal clock provided by the self-probing mechanism, obtaining a direct insight into the build-up of photo-ionization in the presence of the strong laser field.
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10
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Coherent diffractive imaging of single helium nanodroplets with a high harmonic generation source. Nat Commun 2017; 8:493. [PMID: 28887513 PMCID: PMC5591197 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00287-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Coherent diffractive imaging of individual free nanoparticles has opened routes for the in situ analysis of their transient structural, optical, and electronic properties. So far, single-shot single-particle diffraction was assumed to be feasible only at extreme ultraviolet and X-ray free-electron lasers, restricting this research field to large-scale facilities. Here we demonstrate single-shot imaging of isolated helium nanodroplets using extreme ultraviolet pulses from a femtosecond-laser-driven high harmonic source. We obtain bright wide-angle scattering patterns, that allow us to uniquely identify hitherto unresolved prolate shapes of superfluid helium droplets. Our results mark the advent of single-shot gas-phase nanoscopy with lab-based short-wavelength pulses and pave the way to ultrafast coherent diffractive imaging with phase-controlled multicolor fields and attosecond pulses. Diffraction imaging studies of free individual nanoparticles have so far been restricted to XUV and X-ray free - electron laser facilities. Here the authors demonstrate the possibility of using table-top XUV laser sources to image prolate shapes of superfluid helium droplets.
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11
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Nabekawa Y, Furukawa Y, Okino T, Amani Eilanlou A, Takahashi EJ, Yamanouchi K, Midorikawa K. Sub-10-fs control of dissociation pathways in the hydrogen molecular ion with a few-pulse attosecond pulse train. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12835. [PMID: 27647423 PMCID: PMC5494193 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The control of the electronic states of a hydrogen molecular ion by photoexcitation is considerably difficult because it requires multiple sub-10 fs light pulses in the extreme ultraviolet (XUV) wavelength region with a sufficiently high intensity. Here, we demonstrate the control of the dissociation pathway originating from the 2pσu electronic state against that originating from the 2pπu electronic state in a hydrogen molecular ion by using a pair of attosecond pulse trains in the XUV wavelength region with a train-envelope duration of ∼4 fs. The switching time from the peak to the valley in the oscillation caused by the vibrational wavepacket motion in the 1sσg ground electronic state is only 8 fs. This result can be classified as the fastest control, to the best of our knowledge, of a molecular reaction in the simplest molecule on the basis of the XUV-pump and XUV-probe scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Nabekawa
- Attosecond Science Research Team, Extreme Photonics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yusuke Furukawa
- Attosecond Science Research Team, Extreme Photonics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Present address: Department of Engineering Science, the University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - Tomoya Okino
- Attosecond Science Research Team, Extreme Photonics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - A Amani Eilanlou
- Attosecond Science Research Team, Extreme Photonics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Eiji J. Takahashi
- Attosecond Science Research Team, Extreme Photonics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kaoru Yamanouchi
- Attosecond Science Research Team, Extreme Photonics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Katsumi Midorikawa
- Attosecond Science Research Team, Extreme Photonics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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12
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Synthesis and characterization of attosecond light vortices in the extreme ultraviolet. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12583. [PMID: 27573787 PMCID: PMC5013558 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Infrared and visible light beams carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM) are currently thoroughly studied for their extremely broad applicative prospects, among which are quantum information, micromachining and diagnostic tools. Here we extend these prospects, presenting a comprehensive study for the synthesis and full characterization of optical vortices carrying OAM in the extreme ultraviolet (XUV) domain. We confirm the upconversion rules of a femtosecond infrared helically phased beam into its high-order harmonics, showing that each harmonic order carries the total number of OAM units absorbed in the process up to very high orders (57). This allows us to synthesize and characterize helically shaped XUV trains of attosecond pulses. To demonstrate a typical use of these new XUV light beams, we show our ability to generate and control, through photoionization, attosecond electron beams carrying OAM. These breakthroughs pave the route for the study of a series of fundamental phenomena and the development of new ultrafast diagnosis tools using either photonic or electronic vortices. Twisted light beams have found several applications in the infrared and visible regime, but reaching the extreme ultraviolet has been difficult due to lack of sources. Here the authors report generation of helically shaped extreme ultraviolet trains of attosecond pulses via high harmonic generation.
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13
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Kraus PM, Tolstikhin OI, Baykusheva D, Rupenyan A, Schneider J, Bisgaard CZ, Morishita T, Jensen F, Madsen LB, Wörner HJ. Observation of laser-induced electronic structure in oriented polyatomic molecules. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7039. [PMID: 25940229 PMCID: PMC4432593 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
All attosecond time-resolved measurements have so far relied on the use of intense near-infrared laser pulses. In particular, attosecond streaking, laser-induced electron diffraction and high-harmonic generation all make use of non-perturbative light-matter interactions. Remarkably, the effect of the strong laser field on the studied sample has often been neglected in previous studies. Here we use high-harmonic spectroscopy to measure laser-induced modifications of the electronic structure of molecules. We study high-harmonic spectra of spatially oriented CH3F and CH3Br as generic examples of polar polyatomic molecules. We accurately measure intensity ratios of even and odd-harmonic orders, and of the emission from aligned and unaligned molecules. We show that these robust observables reveal a substantial modification of the molecular electronic structure by the external laser field. Our insights offer new challenges and opportunities for a range of emerging strong-field attosecond spectroscopies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. M. Kraus
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - O. I. Tolstikhin
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny 141700, Russia
| | - D. Baykusheva
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - A. Rupenyan
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - J. Schneider
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - C. Z. Bisgaard
- FOSS Analytical A/S, FOSS Allé 1, Hillerød DK-3400, Denmark
| | - T. Morishita
- Department of Engineering Science, The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofu-ga-oka,Chofu-shi, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - F. Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
| | - L. B. Madsen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
| | - H. J. Wörner
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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14
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Li Y, Qin M, Zhu X, Zhang Q, Lan P, Lu P. Ultrafast molecular orbital imaging based on attosecond photoelectron diffraction. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:10687-10702. [PMID: 25969107 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.010687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We present ab initio numerical study of ultrafast ionization dynamics of H(2)(+) as well as CO(2) and N(2) exposed to linearly polarized attosecond extreme ultraviolet pulses. When the molecules are aligned perpendicular to laser polarization direction, photonionization of these molecules show clear and distinguishing diffraction patterns in molecular attosecond photoelectron momentum distributions. The internuclear distances of the molecules are related to the position of the associated diffraction patterns, which can be determined with high accuracy. Moreover, the relative heights of the diffraction fringes contain fruitful information of the molecular orbital structures. We show that the diffraction spectra can be well produced using the two-center interference model. By adopting a simple inversion algorithm which takes into account the symmetry of the initial molecular orbital, we can retrieve the molecular orbital from which the electron is ionized. Our results offer possibility for imaging of molecular structure and orbitals by performing molecular attosecond photoelectron diffraction.
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15
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McCracken RA, Gianani I, Wyatt AS, Reid DT. Multi-color carrier-envelope-phase stabilization for high-repetition-rate multi-pulse coherent synthesis. OPTICS LETTERS 2015; 40:1208-1211. [PMID: 25831294 DOI: 10.1364/ol.40.001208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Using a zero-offset carrier-envelope locking technique, we have synthesized an octave-spanning composite frequency comb exhibiting 132-attosecond timing jitter between the constituent pulses over a one-second observation window. In the frequency domain, this composite comb has a modal structure and coherence which are indistinguishable from those of a comb that might be produced by a hypothetical single mode locked oscillator of equivalent bandwidth. The associated phase stability enables the participating multi-color pulse sequences to be coherently combined, representing an example of multi-pulse synthesis using a femtosecond oscillator.
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16
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Lorek E, Larsen EW, Heyl CM, Carlström S, Paleček D, Zigmantas D, Mauritsson J. High-order harmonic generation using a high-repetition-rate turnkey laser. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2014; 85:123106. [PMID: 25554271 DOI: 10.1063/1.4902819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We generate high-order harmonics at high pulse repetition rates using a turnkey laser. High-order harmonics at 400 kHz are observed when argon is used as target gas. In neon, we achieve generation of photons with energies exceeding 90 eV (∼13 nm) at 20 kHz. We measure a photon flux of up to 4.4 × 10(10) photons per second per harmonic in argon at 100 kHz. Many experiments employing high-order harmonics would benefit from higher repetition rates, and the user-friendly operation opens up for applications of coherent extreme ultra-violet pulses in new research areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lorek
- Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - E W Larsen
- Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - C M Heyl
- Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - S Carlström
- Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - D Paleček
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - D Zigmantas
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - J Mauritsson
- Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
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18
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Baykusheva D, Kraus PM, Zhang SB, Rohringer N, Wörner HJ. The sensitivities of high-harmonic generation and strong-field ionization to coupled electronic and nuclear dynamics. Faraday Discuss 2014; 171:113-32. [DOI: 10.1039/c4fd00018h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The sensitivities of high-harmonic generation (HHG) and strong-field ionization (SFI) to coupled electronic and nuclear dynamics are studied, using the nitric oxide (NO) molecule as an example. A coherent superposition of electronic and rotational states of NO is prepared by impulsive stimulated Raman scattering and probed by simultaneous detection of HHG and SFI yields. We observe a fourfold higher sensitivity of high-harmonic generation to electronic dynamics and attribute it to the presence of inelastic quantum paths connecting coherently related electronic states [Kraus et al., Phys. Rev. Lett.111, 243005 (2013)]. Whereas different harmonic orders display very different sensitivities to rotational or electronic dynamics, strong-field ionization is found to be most sensitive to electronic motion. We introduce a general theoretical formalism for high-harmonic generation from coupled nuclear-electronic wave packets. We show that the unequal sensitivities of different harmonic orders to electronic or rotational dynamics result from the angle dependence of the photorecombination matrix elements which encode several autoionizing and shape resonances in the photoionization continuum of NO. We further study the dependence of rotational and electronic coherences on the intensity of the excitation pulse and support the observations with calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter M. Kraus
- ETH Zürich
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry
- 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Song Bin Zhang
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems
- 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science
- 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nina Rohringer
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems
- 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science
- 22607 Hamburg, Germany
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19
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Kraus PM, Zhang SB, Gijsbertsen A, Lucchese RR, Rohringer N, Wörner HJ. High-harmonic probing of electronic coherence in dynamically aligned molecules. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 111:243005. [PMID: 24483654 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.243005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We introduce and demonstrate a new approach to measuring coherent electron wave packets using high-harmonic spectroscopy. By preparing a molecule in a coherent superposition of electronic states, we show that electronic coherence opens previously unobserved high-harmonic-generation channels that connect distinct but coherently related electronic states. Performing the measurements in dynamically aligned nitric oxide molecules we observe the complex temporal evolution of the electronic coherence under coupling to nuclear motion. Choosing a weakly allowed transition to prepare the wave packet, we demonstrate an unprecedented sensitivity that arises from optical interference between coherent and incoherent pathways. This mechanism converts a 0.1% excitation fraction into a ∼20% signal modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Kraus
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - S B Zhang
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187 Dresden, Germany and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - A Gijsbertsen
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - R R Lucchese
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3255, USA
| | - N Rohringer
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187 Dresden, Germany and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - H J Wörner
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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20
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Johansson JO, Henderson GG, Campbell EEB. Dynamics of Thermal Electron Emission from Highly Excited C60. J Phys Chem A 2013; 118:8067-73. [DOI: 10.1021/jp408147f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Olof Johansson
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, U.K
| | - Gordon G. Henderson
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, U.K
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Petrillo V, Anania MP, Artioli M, Bacci A, Bellaveglia M, Chiadroni E, Cianchi A, Ciocci F, Dattoli G, Di Giovenale D, Di Pirro G, Ferrario M, Gatti G, Giannessi L, Mostacci A, Musumeci P, Petralia A, Pompili R, Quattromini M, Rau JV, Ronsivalle C, Rossi AR, Sabia E, Vaccarezza C, Villa F. Observation of time-domain modulation of free-electron-laser pulses by multipeaked electron-energy spectrum. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 111:114802. [PMID: 24074094 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.114802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We present the experimental demonstration of a new scheme for the generation of ultrashort pulse trains based on free-electron-laser (FEL) emission from a multipeaked electron energy distribution. Two electron beamlets with energy difference larger than the FEL parameter ρ have been generated by illuminating the cathode with two ps-spaced laser pulses, followed by a rotation of the longitudinal phase space by velocity bunching in the linac. The resulting self-amplified spontaneous emission FEL radiation, measured through frequency-resolved optical gating diagnostics, reveals a double-peaked spectrum and a temporally modulated pulse structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Petrillo
- INFN-Milano and Università di Milano, Via Celoria, 16 20133 Milano, Italy
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23
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Gallmann L, Herrmann J, Locher R, Sabbar M, Ludwig A, Lucchini M, Keller U. Resolving intra-atomic electron dynamics with attosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. Mol Phys 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2013.799298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jens Herrmann
- Physics Department, ETH Zurich , Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Reto Locher
- Physics Department, ETH Zurich , Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mazyar Sabbar
- Physics Department, ETH Zurich , Zürich, Switzerland
| | - André Ludwig
- Physics Department, ETH Zurich , Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Ursula Keller
- Physics Department, ETH Zurich , Zürich, Switzerland
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25
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Tehlar A, Wörner HJ. Time-resolved high-harmonic spectroscopy of the photodissociation of CH3I and CF3I. Mol Phys 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2013.782439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Tehlar
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, , ETH Zürich, Switzerland
| | - H. J. Wörner
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, , ETH Zürich, Switzerland
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26
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Dunning DJ, McNeil BWJ, Thompson NR. Few-cycle pulse generation in an x-ray free-electron laser. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 110:104801. [PMID: 23521266 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.104801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A method is proposed to generate trains of few-cycle x-ray pulses from a free-electron laser (FEL) amplifier via a compact "afterburner" extension consisting of several few-period undulator sections separated by electron chicane delays. Simulations show that in the hard x ray (wavelength ~0.1 nm; photon energy ~10 keV) and with peak powers approaching normal FEL saturation (GW) levels, root mean square pulse durations of 700 zs may be obtained. This is approximately two orders of magnitude shorter than that possible for normal FEL amplifier operation. The spectrum is discretely multichromatic with a bandwidth envelope increased by approximately 2 orders of magnitude over unseeded FEL amplifier operation. Such a source would significantly enhance research opportunity in atomic dynamics and push capability toward nuclear dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Dunning
- ASTeC, STFC Daresbury Laboratory and Cockcroft Institute, Warrington WA4 4AD, United Kingdom.
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27
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The Attoclock: A Novel Ultrafast Measurement Technique with Attosecond Time Resolution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-37623-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
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28
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Pazourek R, Nagele S, Doblhoff-Dier K, Feist J, Lemell C, Tökési K, Burgdörfer J. Probing scattering phase shifts by attosecond streaking. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/388/1/012029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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29
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Laurent G, Cao W, Li H, Wang Z, Ben-Itzhak I, Cocke CL. Attosecond control of orbital parity mix interferences and the relative phase of even and odd harmonics in an attosecond pulse train. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 109:083001. [PMID: 23002742 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.083001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate that atomic orbital parity mix interferences can be temporally controlled on an attosecond time scale. Electron wave packets are formed by ionizing argon gas with a comb of odd and even high-order harmonics, in the presence of a weak infrared field. Consequently, a mix of energy-degenerate even and odd parity states is fed in the continuum by one- and two-photon transitions. These interfere, leading to an asymmetric electron emission along the polarization vector. The direction of the emission can be controlled by varying the time delay between the comb and infrared field pulses. We show that such asymmetric emission provides information on the relative phase of consecutive odd and even order harmonics in the attosecond pulse train.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Laurent
- Physics Department, James R. Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA.
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30
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Salières P, Maquet A, Haessler S, Caillat J, Taïeb R. Imaging orbitals with attosecond and Ångström resolutions: toward attochemistry? REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2012; 75:062401. [PMID: 22790647 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/75/6/062401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The recently developed attosecond light sources make the investigation of ultrafast processes in matter possible with unprecedented time resolution. It has been proposed that the very mechanism underlying the attosecond emission allows the imaging of valence orbitals with Ångström space resolution. This controversial idea together with the possibility of combining attosecond and Ångström resolutions in the same measurements has become a hot topic in strong-field science. Indeed, this could provide a new way to image the evolution of the molecular electron cloud during, e.g. a chemical reaction in 'real time'. Here we review both experimental and theoretical challenges raised by the implementation of these prospects. In particular, we show how the valence orbital structure is encoded in the spectral phase of the recombination dipole moment calculated for Coulomb scattering states, which allows a tomographic reconstruction of the orbital using first-order corrections to the plane-wave approach. The possibility of disentangling multi-channel contributions to the attosecond emission is discussed as well as the necessary compromise between the temporal and spatial resolutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Salières
- CEA-Saclay, IRAMIS, Service des Photons, Atomes et Molécules, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Gallmann
- Physics Department, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Claudio Cirelli
- Physics Department, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Ursula Keller
- Physics Department, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland;
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32
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Holler M, Schapper F, Gallmann L, Keller U. Attosecond electron wave-packet interference observed by transient absorption. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 106:123601. [PMID: 21517315 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.106.123601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We perform attosecond time-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy around the first ionization threshold of helium and observe rapid oscillations of the absorption of the individual harmonics as a function of time delay with respect to a superimposed, moderately strong infrared laser field. The phase relation between the absorption modulation of individual harmonics gives direct evidence for the interference of transiently bound electronic wave packets as the mechanism behind the absorption modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Holler
- Physics Department, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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33
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Elouga Bom LB, Haessler S, Gobert O, Perdrix M, Lepetit F, Hergott JF, Carré B, Ozaki T, Salières P. Attosecond emission from chromium plasma. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:3677-3685. [PMID: 21369193 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.003677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We present the first measurement of the attosecond emission generated from underdense plasma produced on a solid target. We generate high-order harmonics of a femtosecond Ti:sapphire laser focused in a weakly ionized underdense chromium plasma. Using the "Reconstruction of Attosecond Beating by Interference of Two-photon Transitions" (RABITT) technique, we show that the 11th to the 19th harmonic orders form in the time domain an attosecond pulse train with each pulse having 300 as duration, which is only 1.05 times the theoretical Fourier transform limit. Measurements reveal a very low positive group delay dispersion of 4200 as2. Beside its fundamental interest, high-order harmonic generation in plasma plumes could thus provide an intense source of attosecond pulses for applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B Elouga Bom
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique–Centre Energie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, 1650 Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X 1S2, Canada
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34
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Elouga Bom LB, Pertot Y, Bhardwaj VR, Ozaki T. Multi-µJ coherent extreme ultraviolet source generated from carbon using the plasma harmonic method. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:3077-3085. [PMID: 21369130 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.003077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate intense high-order harmonic generation from plasma that is created from different carbon targets. We obtain high-order harmonic energy in the multi-microjoule range for each harmonic order from the 11th to the 17th harmonic. By analyzing the target morphology and the plasma composition, we conclude that the intense harmonics from the bulk carbon targets originate from nanoparticles target.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B Elouga Bom
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, 1650 Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X 1S2, Canada.
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35
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Fullagar WK, Paganin DM, Hall CJ. Revisiting Bragg's X-ray microscope: scatter based optical transient grating detection of pulsed ionising radiation. Ultramicroscopy 2010; 111:768-76. [PMID: 21177037 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2010.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Transient optical gratings for detecting ultrafast signals are routine for temporally resolved photochemical investigations. Many processes can contribute to the formation of such gratings; we indicate use of optically scattering centres that can be formed with highly variable latencies in different materials and devices using ionising radiation. Coherent light scattered by these centres can form the short-wavelength-to-optical-wavelength, incoherent-to-coherent basis of a Bragg X-ray microscope, with inherent scope for optical phasing. Depending on the dynamics of the medium chosen, the way is open to both ultrafast pulsed and integrating measurements. For experiments employing brief pulses, we discuss high-dynamic-range short-wavelength diffraction measurements with real-time optical reconstructions. Applications to optical real-time X-ray phase-retrieval are considered.
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36
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Huismans Y, Rouzee A, Gijsbertsen A, Jungmann JH, Smolkowska AS, Logman PSWM, Lepine F, Cauchy C, Zamith S, Marchenko T, Bakker JM, Berden G, Redlich B, van der Meer AFG, Muller HG, Vermin W, Schafer KJ, Spanner M, Ivanov MY, Smirnova O, Bauer D, Popruzhenko SV, Vrakking MJJ. Time-Resolved Holography with Photoelectrons. Science 2010; 331:61-4. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1198450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 428] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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37
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Shivaram N, Roberts A, Xu L, Sandhu A. In situ spatial mapping of Gouy phase slip for high-detail attosecond pump-probe measurements. OPTICS LETTERS 2010; 35:3312-3314. [PMID: 20967050 DOI: 10.1364/ol.35.003312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Attosecond pump-probe experiments routinely utilize extreme ultraviolet (XUV) and IR fields, with relative phase being the variable parameter. However, the Gouy phase slip between the focused IR and XUV pulses inevitably leads to a certain amount of phase averaging and loss of accuracy. By using ion imaging, we establish a one-to-one mapping between the local phase slip and the spatial coordinates of the focal volume, thus performing in situ characterization of the Gouy phase of a complex beam and its role in ionization of He and Xe. We demonstrate that spatially discriminated ion imaging enhances the contrast of a phase-dependent XUV+IR ionization signal. We utilize our technique to unmask a weak ionization asymmetry, thus opening pathways for further high-precision attosecond studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niranjan Shivaram
- Department of Physics and College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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38
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Mauritsson J, Remetter T, Swoboda M, Klünder K, L'Huillier A, Schafer KJ, Ghafur O, Kelkensberg F, Siu W, Johnsson P, Vrakking MJJ, Znakovskaya I, Uphues T, Zherebtsov S, Kling MF, Lépine F, Benedetti E, Ferrari F, Sansone G, Nisoli M. Attosecond electron spectroscopy using a novel interferometric pump-probe technique. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 105:053001. [PMID: 20867908 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.105.053001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We present an interferometric pump-probe technique for the characterization of attosecond electron wave packets (WPs) that uses a free WP as a reference to measure a bound WP. We demonstrate our method by exciting helium atoms using an attosecond pulse (AP) with a bandwidth centered near the ionization threshold, thus creating both a bound and a free WP simultaneously. After a variable delay, the bound WP is ionized by a few-cycle infrared laser precisely synchronized to the original AP. By measuring the delay-dependent photoelectron spectrum we obtain an interferogram that contains both quantum beats as well as multipath interference. Analysis of the interferogram allows us to determine the bound WP components with a spectral resolution much better than the inverse of the AP duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mauritsson
- Department of Physics, Lund Institute of Technology, P. O. Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
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39
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Abstract
Ultrafast spectroscopy and multielectron calculations reveal complex electron dynamics occurring just before an atom emits a photoelectron.
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Affiliation(s)
- H W van der Hart
- Centre for Theoretical Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK.
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40
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Schultze M, Fiess M, Karpowicz N, Gagnon J, Korbman M, Hofstetter M, Neppl S, Cavalieri AL, Komninos Y, Mercouris T, Nicolaides CA, Pazourek R, Nagele S, Feist J, Burgdorfer J, Azzeer AM, Ernstorfer R, Kienberger R, Kleineberg U, Goulielmakis E, Krausz F, Yakovlev VS. Delay in Photoemission. Science 2010; 328:1658-62. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1189401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 772] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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41
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Baggesen JC, Madsen LB. Polarization effects in attosecond photoelectron spectroscopy. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 104:043602. [PMID: 20366710 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.104.043602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We study the influence of polarization effects in streaking by combined atto- and femtosecond pulses. The polarization-induced terms alter the streaking spectrum. The conventional streaking spectrum, which maps to the vector potential of the femtosecond pulse, is modified by a contribution following the field instead. We show that polarization effects may lead to an apparent temporal shift that needs to be properly accounted for in the analysis. The effect may be isolated and studied by angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy from oriented polar molecules. We also show that polarization effects will lead to an apparent temporal shift of 50 as between photoelectrons from a 2p and 1s state in atomic hydrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Conrad Baggesen
- Lundbeck Foundation Theoretical Center for Quantum System Research, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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42
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Ben-Moshe V, Beratan DN, Nitzan A, Skourtis SS. Chiral Control of Current Transfer in Molecules. ELECTRONIC AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF CHIRAL MOLECULES AND SUPRAMOLECULAR ARCHITECTURES 2010; 298:259-78. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2010_101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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43
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Palacios A, Rescigno TN, McCurdy CW. Two-electron time-delay interference in atomic double ionization by attosecond pulses. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 103:253001. [PMID: 20366252 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.103.253001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Revised: 10/04/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A two-color two-photon atomic double ionization experiment using subfemtosecond uv pulses can be designed such that the sequential two-color process dominates and one electron is ejected by each pulse. Nonetheless, ab initio calculations show that, for sufficiently short pulses, a prominent interference pattern in the joint energy distribution of the sequentially ejected electrons can be observed that is due to their indistinguishability and the exchange symmetry of the wave function.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Palacios
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Chemical Sciences and Ultrafast X-ray Science Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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44
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Mikkelsen A, Schwenke J, Fordell T, Luo G, Klünder K, Hilner E, Anttu N, Zakharov AA, Lundgren E, Mauritsson J, Andersen JN, Xu HQ, L'Huillier A. Photoemission electron microscopy using extreme ultraviolet attosecond pulse trains. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2009; 80:123703. [PMID: 20059146 DOI: 10.1063/1.3263759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We report the first experiments carried out on a new imaging setup, which combines the high spatial resolution of a photoemission electron microscope (PEEM) with the temporal resolution of extreme ultraviolet (XUV) attosecond pulse trains. The very short pulses were provided by high-harmonic generation and used to illuminate lithographic structures and Au nanoparticles, which, in turn, were imaged with a PEEM resolving features below 300 nm. We argue that the spatial resolution is limited by the lack of electron energy filtering in this particular demonstration experiment. Problems with extensive space charge effects, which can occur due to the low probe pulse repetition rate and extremely short duration, are solved by reducing peak intensity while maintaining a sufficient average intensity to allow imaging. Finally, a powerful femtosecond infrared (IR) beam was combined with the XUV beam in a pump-probe setup where delays could be varied from subfemtoseconds to picoseconds. The IR pump beam could induce multiphoton electron emission in resonant features on the surface. The interaction between the electrons emitted by the pump and probe pulses could be observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mikkelsen
- Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
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Gopal R, Simeonidis K, Moshammer R, Ergler T, Dürr M, Kurka M, Kühnel KU, Tschuch S, Schröter CD, Bauer D, Ullrich J, Rudenko A, Herrwerth O, Uphues T, Schultze M, Goulielmakis E, Uiberacker M, Lezius M, Kling MF. Three-dimensional momentum imaging of electron wave packet interference in few-cycle laser pulses. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 103:053001. [PMID: 19792493 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.103.053001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Using a reaction microscope, three-dimensional (3D) electron (and ion) momentum (P) spectra have been recorded for carrier-envelope-phase (CEP) stabilized few-cycle ( approximately 5 fs), intense ( approximately 4 x 10(14) W/cm2) laser pulses (740 nm) impinging on He. Preferential emission of low-energy electrons (E(e)<15 eV) to either hemisphere is observed as a function of the CEP. Clear interference patterns emerge in P space at CEPs with maximum asymmetry, interpreted as attosecond interferences of rescattered and directly emitted electron wave packets by means of a simple model.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gopal
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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Nabekawa Y, Shimizu T, Furukawa Y, Takahashi EJ, Midorikawa K. Interferometry of attosecond pulse trains in the extreme ultraviolet wavelength region. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 102:213904. [PMID: 19519109 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.102.213904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2008] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The temporal coherence of an attosecond optical field in the extreme ultraviolet wavelength region can be defined in terms of the extent of interference in time domain. We successfully measured this phenomenon both with and without spectral decomposition. We also report the results of using this approach to directly observe both symmetry and symmetry breaking of interference fringes in an attosecond pulse train.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Nabekawa
- Extreme Photonics Research Group, Advanced Science Institute, RIKEN, Wako-shi, Hirosawa 2-1, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
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Abstract
Electron disco: A "quantum stroboscope" for capturing the electron motion on a subfemtosecond timescale for a particular class of problems is highlighted. The picture shows a diffraction pattern caused by wave packets obtained by synchronizing attosecond UV pulses to a near-IR field and ionizing rare-gas atoms.
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Shuman ES, Jones RR, Gallagher TF. Multiphoton assisted recombination. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2008; 101:263001. [PMID: 19437638 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.101.263001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We have observed multiphoton assisted recombination in the presence of a 38.8 GHz microwave field. Stimulated emission of up to ten microwave photons results in energy transfer from continuum electrons, enabling recombination. The maximum electron energy loss is far greater than the 2Up predicted by the standard "simpleman's" model. The data are well reproduced by both an approximate analytic expression and numerical simulations in which the combined Coulomb and radiation fields are taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Shuman
- Department of Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4714, USA
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Lysaght MA, Burke PG, van der Hart HW. Ultrafast laser-driven excitation dynamics in ne: an ab initio time-dependent R-matrix approach. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2008; 101:253001. [PMID: 19113702 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.101.253001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
An attosecond pump-probe scheme that combines the use of a free-electron laser pulse with an ultrashort pulse is applied in order to explore the ultrafast excitation dynamics in Ne. We describe the multielectron dynamics using a new nonperturbative time-dependent R-matrix theory. This theory enables the interaction of ultrashort light fields with multielectron atoms and atomic ions to be determined from first principles. By probing the emission of an inner 2s electron from Ne we are also able to study the bound state population dynamics during the free-electron laser pulse.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Lysaght
- Centre for Theoretical Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias F. Kling
- FOM Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics, 1098 SJ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- Max-Planck Institut für Quantenoptik, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Marc J.J. Vrakking
- FOM Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics, 1098 SJ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
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