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Merici TA, De Mattos TG, Peixoto De Faria JG. Degeneracy and Photon Trapping in a Dissipationless Two-Mode Optomechanical Model. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 26:87. [PMID: 38275495 PMCID: PMC10813945 DOI: 10.3390/e26010087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
In this work, we theoretically study a finite and undamped two-mode optomechanical model consisting of a high quality optical cavity containing a thin, elastic, and dielectric membrane. The main objective is to investigate the precursors of quantum phase transition in such a model by studying the behavior of some observables in the ground state. By controlling the coupling between membrane and modes, we find that the two lowest energy eigenstates become degenerate, as is indicated by the behavior of the mean value of some operators and by other quantifiers as a function of the coupling. Such degenerate states are characterized by a coherent superposition of eigenstates describing one of the two modes preferentially populated and the membrane dislocated from its equilibrium position due the radiation pressure (Schrödinger's cat states). The delocalization of the compound system photons+membrane results in an increase in fluctuations as measured by Robertson-Schrödinger uncertainty relations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Alonso Merici
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Modelagem Matemática e Computacional, Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais (CEFET-MG), Av. Amazonas 7675, Belo Horizonte 30510-000, MG, Brazil; (T.A.M.); (T.G.D.M.)
| | - Thiago Gomes De Mattos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Modelagem Matemática e Computacional, Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais (CEFET-MG), Av. Amazonas 7675, Belo Horizonte 30510-000, MG, Brazil; (T.A.M.); (T.G.D.M.)
- Departamento de Física, Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais (CEFET-MG), Av. Amazonas 7675, Belo Horizonte 30510-000, MG, Brazil
| | - José Geraldo Peixoto De Faria
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Modelagem Matemática e Computacional, Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais (CEFET-MG), Av. Amazonas 7675, Belo Horizonte 30510-000, MG, Brazil; (T.A.M.); (T.G.D.M.)
- Departamento de Matemática, Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais (CEFET-MG), Av. Amazonas 7675, Belo Horizonte 30510-000, MG, Brazil
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2
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Gotardo F, Carey BJ, Greenall H, Harris GI, Romero E, Bulla D, Bridge EM, Bennett JS, Foster S, Bowen WP. Waveguide-integrated chip-scale optomechanical magnetometer. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:37663-37672. [PMID: 38017892 DOI: 10.1364/oe.501960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Optomechanical magnetometers enable highly sensitive magnetic field sensing. However, all such magnetometers to date have been optically excited and read-out either via free space or a tapered optical fiber. This limits their scalability and integrability, and ultimately their range of applications. Here, we present an optomechanical magnetometer that is excited and read-out via a suspended optical waveguide fabricated on the same silicon chip as the magnetometer. Moreover, we demonstrate that thermomechanical noise limited sensitivity is possible using portable electronics and laser. The magnetometer employs a silica microdisk resonator selectively sputtered with a magnetostrictive film of galfenol (FeGa) which induces a resonant frequency shift in response to an external magnetic field. Experimental results reveal the retention of high quality-factor optical whispering gallery mode resonances whilst also demonstrating high sensitivity and dynamic range in ambient conditions. The use of off-the-shelf portable electronics without compromising sensor performance demonstrates promise for applications.
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3
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Yang Z, Tang X, Zhang J. Nonlinearity in optomechanical microresonators –phenomena, applications, and future. FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2022.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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4
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Ruppert L, Rakhubovsky A, Filip R. High-precision multiparameter estimation of mechanical force by quantum optomechanics. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16022. [PMID: 36163483 PMCID: PMC9512796 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20150-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A nanomechanical oscillator can be used as a sensitive probe of a small linearized mechanical force. We propose a simple quantum optomechanical scheme using a coherent light mode in the cavity and weak short-pulsed light-matter interactions. Our main result is that if we transfer some displacement to the mechanical mode in an initialization phase, then a much weaker optomechanical interaction is enough to obtain a high-precision multiparameter estimation of the unknown force. This approach includes not only estimating the displacement caused by the force but also simultaneously observing the phase shift and squeezing of the mechanical mode. We show that the proposed scheme is robust against typical experimental imperfections and demonstrate the feasibility of our scheme using orders of magnitude weaker optomechanical interactions than in previous related works. Thus, we present a simple, robust estimation scheme requiring only very weak light-matter interactions, which could open the way to new nanomechanical sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Ruppert
- Department of Optics, Palacky University, 17. listopadu 12, 77 146, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Andrey Rakhubovsky
- Department of Optics, Palacky University, 17. listopadu 12, 77 146, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Filip
- Department of Optics, Palacky University, 17. listopadu 12, 77 146, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Meng JW, Tang SJ, Sun J, Shen K, Li C, Gong Q, Xiao YF. Dissipative Acousto-optic Interactions in Optical Microcavities. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:073901. [PMID: 36018697 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.073901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We propose and demonstrate experimentally the strong dissipative acousto-optic interaction between a suspended vibrating microfiber and a whispering-gallery microcavity. On the one hand, the dissipative response driven by an external stimulus of acoustic waves is found to be stronger than the dispersive response by 2 orders of magnitude. On the other hand, dead points emerge with the zero dissipative response at certain parameters, promising the potentials in physical sensing such as precise measurements of magnetic field and temperature. The strong dissipative acousto-optic interaction is then explored for ultrasensitive detection of broadband acoustic waves. A noise equivalent pressure as low as 0.81 Pa at 140 kHz in air is demonstrated experimentally, insensitive to cavity Q factors and does not rely on mechanical resonances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wei Meng
- Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics and State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Shui-Jing Tang
- Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics and State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jialve Sun
- College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Nantong 226010, China
| | - Ke Shen
- Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics and State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Changhui Li
- College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- National Biomedical Imaging Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qihuang Gong
- Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics and State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Yun-Feng Xiao
- Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics and State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Nantong 226010, China
- National Biomedical Imaging Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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6
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Yu C, Ma S, Ren H, Chen Z, Xiang C, Yan Y, Wang X, Jin M, Li H, Zhou T. AC field modulated DC magnetic field sensor based on optical whispering gallery mode microcapillary resonator. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:24062-24071. [PMID: 36225075 DOI: 10.1364/oe.459338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive DC magnetic field sensor is constructed by measuring the signal-to-noise ratio of an AC-modulated magnetic field at a particular frequency from an optical whispering gallery mode microcapillary resonator. The sensing element consists of an optical whispering gallery mode microcapillary resonator bonded to a magnetostrictive material that enables it to respond to external magnetic fields. A DC magnetic field sensitivity of 0.1703dB/Oe and a linear detection range from 4.8Oe to 65.7Oe are realized under an AC modulation field of 168.1kHz in the unshielded environment at room temperature. To our best knowledge, this sensitivity is about 2.3 times of the maximum sensitivity of other DC magnetic field sensors based on magnetic fluid or magnetostrictive material integrated fiber systems that use the dissipative sensing scheme. Furthermore, the sensor can operate at a stable temperature in the range of [-11∼45]°C, as long as the modulation frequency of the AC-modulation field is adjusted according to the ambient temperature. This sensor provides us with a novel DC magnetic field sensing scheme, which may play a role in industrial fields related to current and position detection in the future.
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Sheng J, Yang C, Wu H. Realization of a coupled-mode heat engine with cavity-mediated nanoresonators. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabl7740. [PMID: 34878829 PMCID: PMC8654295 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl7740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We report an experimental demonstration of a coupled-mode heat engine in a two-membrane-in-the-middle cavity optomechanical system. The normal mode of the cavity-mediated strongly coupled nanoresonators is used as the working medium, and an Otto cycle is realized by extracting work between two phononic thermal reservoirs. The heat engine performance is characterized in both normal mode and bare mode pictures, which reveals that the correlation of two membranes plays a substantial role during the thermodynamic cycle. Moreover, a straight-twin nanomechanical engine is implemented by engineering the normal modes and operating two cylinders out of phase. Our results demonstrate an essential class of heat engine in cavity optomechanical systems and provide an ideal platform platform for investigating heat engines of interacting subsystems in small scales with controllability and scalability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiteng Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Cheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Haibin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, Shanghai 201315, China
- Corresponding author.
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8
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Precision Magnetometers for Aerospace Applications: A Review. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21165568. [PMID: 34451010 PMCID: PMC8402258 DOI: 10.3390/s21165568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aerospace technologies are crucial for modern civilization; space-based infrastructure underpins weather forecasting, communications, terrestrial navigation and logistics, planetary observations, solar monitoring, and other indispensable capabilities. Extraplanetary exploration—including orbital surveys and (more recently) roving, flying, or submersible unmanned vehicles—is also a key scientific and technological frontier, believed by many to be paramount to the long-term survival and prosperity of humanity. All of these aerospace applications require reliable control of the craft and the ability to record high-precision measurements of physical quantities. Magnetometers deliver on both of these aspects and have been vital to the success of numerous missions. In this review paper, we provide an introduction to the relevant instruments and their applications. We consider past and present magnetometers, their proven aerospace applications, and emerging uses. We then look to the future, reviewing recent progress in magnetometer technology. We particularly focus on magnetometers that use optical readout, including atomic magnetometers, magnetometers based on quantum defects in diamond, and optomechanical magnetometers. These optical magnetometers offer a combination of field sensitivity, size, weight, and power consumption that allows them to reach performance regimes that are inaccessible with existing techniques. This promises to enable new applications in areas ranging from unmanned vehicles to navigation and exploration.
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9
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Allain PE, Guha B, Baker C, Parrain D, Lemaître A, Leo G, Favero I. Electro-Optomechanical Modulation Instability in a Semiconductor Resonator. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:243901. [PMID: 34213944 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.243901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In semiconductor nano-optomechanical resonators, several forms of light-matter interaction can enrich the canonical radiation pressure coupling of light and mechanical motion and give rise to new dynamical regimes. Here, we observe an electro-optomechanical modulation instability in a gallium arsenide disk resonator. The regime is evidenced by the concomitant formation of regular and dense combs in the radio-frequency and optical spectrums of the resonator associated with a permanent pulsatory dynamics of the mechanical motion and optical intensity. The mutual coupling between light, mechanical oscillations, carriers, and heat, notably through photothermal interactions, stabilizes an extended mechanical comb in the ultrahigh frequency range that can be controlled optically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Etienne Allain
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR 7162, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet 75013 Paris, France
| | - Biswarup Guha
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR 7162, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet 75013 Paris, France
| | - Christophe Baker
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR 7162, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet 75013 Paris, France
| | - David Parrain
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR 7162, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet 75013 Paris, France
| | - Aristide Lemaître
- Centre de Nanosciences et Nanotechnologies, CNRS UMR 9001, Université Paris-Saclay, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Giuseppe Leo
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR 7162, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet 75013 Paris, France
| | - Ivan Favero
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR 7162, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet 75013 Paris, France
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10
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Feng LJ, Gong SQ. Enhancement of charge sensitivity by nonlinear optomechanics. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:2489-2492. [PMID: 33988616 DOI: 10.1364/ol.424795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Quantum estimation of electrical charge is investigated by using nonlinear optomechanical interaction. Due to the light-matter decoupling at one mechanical period, we need to consider only the cavity state, meaning that no direct access to the oscillator state is required. It is shown that the charge sensitivity can be greatly improved by enhancing optomechanical coupling. Further, we find that our theoretical result can surpass the sensitivity obtained from electrical measurements.
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11
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Nair JMP, Mukhopadhyay D, Agarwal GS. Enhanced Sensing of Weak Anharmonicities through Coherences in Dissipatively Coupled Anti-PT Symmetric Systems. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:180401. [PMID: 34018771 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.180401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the last few years, the great utility of exceptional points in sensing linear perturbations has been recognized. However, physical systems are inherently anharmonic and macroscopic physics is most accurately described by nonlinear models. Considering the multitude of semiclassical and quantum effects ensuing from nonlinear interactions, the sensing of anharmonicities is a prerequisite to the primed control of these effects. Here, we propose an expedient sensing scheme relevant to dissipatively coupled anti parity-time (anti-PT) symmetric systems and customized for the fine-grained estimation of anharmonic perturbations. The sensitivity to anharmonicities is derived from the coherence between two modes induced by a common vacuum. Owing to this coherence, the linear response acquires a pole on the real axis. We demonstrate how this singularity can be exploited for the enhanced sensing of very weak anhamonicities at low pumping rates. Our results are applicable to a wide class of systems, and we specifically illustrate the remarkable sensing capabilities in the context of a weakly anharmonic yttrium iron garnet sphere interacting with a cavity via a tapered fiber waveguide. A small change in the anharmonicity leads to a substantial change in the induced spin current.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayakrishnan M P Nair
- Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Debsuvra Mukhopadhyay
- Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - G S Agarwal
- Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
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12
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Acosta LK, Law CS, Lim SY, Abell AD, Marsal LF, Santos A. Role of Spectral Resonance Features and Surface Chemistry in the Optical Sensitivity of Light-Confining Nanoporous Photonic Crystals. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:14394-14406. [PMID: 33733749 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c00914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nanoporous anodic alumina optical microcavities (NAA-μQVs) with spectrally tunable resonance band and surface chemistry are used as model light-confining photonic crystal (PC) platforms to elucidate the combined effect of spectral light confinement features and surface chemistry on optical sensitivity. These model nanoporous PCs show well-resolved, spectrally tunable resonance bands (RBs), the central wavelength of which is engineered from ∼400 to 800 nm by the period of the input anodization profile. The optical sensitivity of the as-produced (hydrophilic) and dichlorodimethylsilane-functionalized (hydrophobic) NAA-μQVs is studied by monitoring dynamic spectral shifts of their RB upon infiltration with organic- and aqueous-based analytical solutions of equally varying refractive index, from 1.333 to 1.345 RIU. Our findings demonstrate that hydrophilic NAA-μQVs show ∼81 and 35% superior sensitivity to their hydrophobic counterparts for organic- and aqueous-based analytical solutions, respectively. Interestingly, the sensitivity of hydrophilic NAA-μQVs per unit of spectral shift is more than 3-fold higher in organic than in aqueous matrices upon equal change of refractive index, with values of 0.347 ± 0.002 and 0.109 ± 0.001 (nm RIU-1) nm-1, respectively. Conversely, hydrophobic NAA-μQVs are found to be slightly more sensitive toward changes of refractive index in aqueous medium, with sensitivities of 0.072 ± 0.002 and 0.066 ± 0.006 (nm RIU-1) nm-1 in water- and organic-based analytical solutions, respectively. Our advances provide insights into critical factors determining optical sensitivity in light-confining nanoporous PC structures, with implications across optical sensing applications, and other photonic technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K Acosta
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
- Department of Electronic, Electric, and Automatics Engineering, Rovira i Virgili University, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Cheryl Suwen Law
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
- Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Siew Yee Lim
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
- Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Andrew D Abell
- Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Lluis F Marsal
- Department of Electronic, Electric, and Automatics Engineering, Rovira i Virgili University, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Abel Santos
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
- Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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13
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Du L, Wang Z, Li Y. Controllable optical response and tunable sensing based on self interference in waveguide QED systems. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:3038-3054. [PMID: 33770911 DOI: 10.1364/oe.412996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We study the self interference effect of a resonator coupled with a bent waveguide at two separated ports. Such interference effects are shown to be similar for the cases of standing-wave and traveling-wave resonators, while in the system of two separated resonators indirectly coupled via a waveguide, the coupling forms and the related interference effects depend on which kind of resonators is chosen. Due to the self interference, controllable optical responses including tunable linewidth and frequency shift, and optical dark state can be achieved. Moreover, we consider a self-interference photon-magnon hybrid model and show phase-dependent Fano-like line shapes which have potential applications in frequency sensing. The photon-magnon hybridization can not only enhance the sensitivity and provide tunable working region, but also enables optical readout of the magnetic field strength in turn. The results in this paper provide a deeper insight into the self interference effect and its potential applications.
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Wang M, Perez-Morelo DJ, Aksyuk V. Overcoming thermo-optical dynamics in broadband nanophotonic sensing. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2021; 7:52. [PMID: 34567765 PMCID: PMC8433424 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-021-00281-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Advances in integrated photonics open up exciting opportunities for batch-fabricated optical sensors using high-quality-factor nanophotonic cavities to achieve ultrahigh sensitivities and bandwidths. The sensitivity improves with increasing optical power; however, localized absorption and heating within a micrometer-scale mode volume prominently distorts the cavity resonances and strongly couples the sensor response to thermal dynamics, limiting the sensitivity and hindering the measurement of broadband time-dependent signals. Here, we derive a frequency-dependent photonic sensor transfer function that accounts for thermo-optical dynamics and quantitatively describes the measured broadband optomechanical signal from an integrated photonic atomic force microscopy nanomechanical probe. Using this transfer function, the probe can be operated in the high optical power, strongly thermo-optically nonlinear regime, accurately measuring low- and intermediate-frequency components of a dynamic signal while reaching a sensitivity of 0.7 fm/Hz1/2 at high frequencies, an improvement of ≈10× relative to the best performance in the linear regime. Counterintuitively, we discover that a higher transduction gain and sensitivity are achieved with lower quality-factor optical modes for low signal frequencies. Not limited to optomechanical transducers, the derived transfer function is generally valid for describing the small-signal dynamic responses of a broad range of technologically important photonic sensors subject to the thermo-optical effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingkang Wang
- Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Diego J. Perez-Morelo
- Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Vladimir Aksyuk
- Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA
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15
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Budich JC, Bergholtz EJ. Non-Hermitian Topological Sensors. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:180403. [PMID: 33196268 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.180403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We introduce and study a novel class of sensors whose sensitivity grows exponentially with the size of the device. Remarkably, this drastic enhancement does not rely on any fine-tuning, but is found to be a stable phenomenon immune to local perturbations. Specifically, the physical mechanism behind this striking phenomenon is intimately connected to the anomalous sensitivity to boundary conditions observed in non-Hermitian topological systems. We outline concrete platforms for the practical implementation of these non-Hermitian topological sensors ranging from classical metamaterials to synthetic quantum materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Carl Budich
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, Technische Universität Dresden and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Emil J Bergholtz
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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16
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Gao XX, Cui JM, Ai MZ, Huang YF, Li CF, Guo GC. An Acoustic Sensor Based on Active Fiber Fabry-Pérot Microcavities. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20205760. [PMID: 33050624 PMCID: PMC7599944 DOI: 10.3390/s20205760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate an active acoustic sensor based on a high-finesse fiber Fabry–Pérot micro-cavity with a gain medium. The sensor is a compacted device lasing around 1535 nm by external optical pumping. The acoustic pressure acting on the sensor disturbs the emitted laser frequency, which is subsequently transformed to beat signals through a delay-arm interferometer, and directly detected by a photo-detector. In this configuration, the sensing device exhibits a high sensitivity of 2.6 V/Pa and a noise equivalent acoustic signal level of 230 μPa/Hz1/2 at a frequency of 4 kHz. Experimental results provide a wide frequency response from 100 Hz to 18 kHz. As the sensor works at communication wavelength and the output laser can be electrically tuned in the 10 nm range, a multi-sensor network can be easily constructed with the dense wavelength division multiplexing devices. Extra lasers or demodulators are unnecessary thus the proposed sensor is low cost and easy fabrication. The proposed sensor shows broad applications prospect in remote oil and gas leakage exploration, photo-acoustic spectrum detection, and sound source location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Xia Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; (X.-X.G.); (M.-Z.A.); (Y.-F.H.); (C.-F.L.); (G.-C.G)
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jin-Ming Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; (X.-X.G.); (M.-Z.A.); (Y.-F.H.); (C.-F.L.); (G.-C.G)
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-132-2575-7309
| | - Ming-Zhong Ai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; (X.-X.G.); (M.-Z.A.); (Y.-F.H.); (C.-F.L.); (G.-C.G)
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yun-Feng Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; (X.-X.G.); (M.-Z.A.); (Y.-F.H.); (C.-F.L.); (G.-C.G)
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Chuan-Feng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; (X.-X.G.); (M.-Z.A.); (Y.-F.H.); (C.-F.L.); (G.-C.G)
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Guang-Can Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; (X.-X.G.); (M.-Z.A.); (Y.-F.H.); (C.-F.L.); (G.-C.G)
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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17
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Colombano MF, Arregui G, Bonell F, Capuj NE, Chavez-Angel E, Pitanti A, Valenzuela SO, Sotomayor-Torres CM, Navarro-Urrios D, Costache MV. Ferromagnetic Resonance Assisted Optomechanical Magnetometer. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:147201. [PMID: 33064528 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.147201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The resonant enhancement of mechanical and optical interaction in optomechanical cavities enables their use as extremely sensitive displacement and force detectors. In this Letter, we demonstrate a hybrid magnetometer that exploits the coupling between the resonant excitation of spin waves in a ferromagnetic insulator and the resonant excitation of the breathing mechanical modes of a glass microsphere deposited on top. The interaction is mediated by magnetostriction in the ferromagnetic material and the consequent mechanical driving of the microsphere. The magnetometer response thus relies on the spectral overlap between the ferromagnetic resonance and the mechanical modes of the sphere, leading to a peak sensitivity of 850 pT Hz^{-1/2} at 206 MHz when the overlap is maximized. By externally tuning the ferromagnetic resonance frequency with a static magnetic field, we demonstrate sensitivity values at resonance around a few nT Hz^{-1/2} up to the gigahertz range. Our results show that our hybrid system can be used to build a high-speed sensor of oscillating magnetic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Colombano
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Departamento de Física, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - G Arregui
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Departamento de Física, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - F Bonell
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - N E Capuj
- Departamento Física, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Materiales y Nanotecnología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - E Chavez-Angel
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Pitanti
- NEST, CNR-Istituto Nanoscienze and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - S O Valenzuela
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA-Instituciò Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - C M Sotomayor-Torres
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA-Instituciò Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - D Navarro-Urrios
- MIND-IN2UB, Departament d'Enginyerìa Electrònica i Biomèdica, Facultat de Física, Universitat de Barcelona, Martì i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M V Costache
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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18
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Zhou YH, Tan QS, Fang XM, Huang JF, Liao JQ. Spectrometric detection of weak forces in cavity optomechanics. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:28620-28634. [PMID: 32988129 DOI: 10.1364/oe.398161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We propose a spectrometric method to detect a classical weak force acting upon the moving end mirror in a cavity optomechanical system. The force changes the equilibrium position of the end mirror, and thus the resonance frequency of the cavity field depends on the force to be detected. As a result, the magnitude of the force can be inferred by analyzing the single-photon emission and scattering spectra of the optomechanical cavity. Since the emission and scattering processes are much faster than the characteristic mechanical dissipation, the influence of the mechanical thermal noise is negligible in this spectrometric detection scheme. We also extent this spectrometric method to detect a monochromatic oscillating force by utilizing an optomechanical coupling modulated at the same frequency as the force.
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19
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Buks E, Martin I. Self-excited oscillation and synchronization of an on-fiber optomechanical cavity. Phys Rev E 2019; 100:032202. [PMID: 31640043 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.100.032202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We study a fully on-fiber optomechanical cavity and characterize its performance as a sensor. The cavity is formed by patterning a suspended metallic mirror near the tip of an optical fiber and by introducing a static reflector inside the fiber. Optically induced self-excited oscillation (SEO) is observed above a threshold value of the injected laser power. The SEO phase can be synchronized by periodically modulating the optical power that is injected into the cavity. Noise properties of the system in the region of synchronization are investigated. Moreover, the spectrum is measured near different values of the modulation frequency, at which phase locking occurs. A universal behavior is revealed in the transition between the regions of phase locked and free running SEO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyal Buks
- Andrew and Erna Viterbi Department of Electrical Engineering, Technion, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Ivar Martin
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
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20
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Chen Z, Wan L, Song J, Pan J, Zhu Y, Yang Z, Liu W, Li J, Gao S, Lin YS, Zhang B, Li Z. Optical, mechanical and thermal characterizations of suspended chalcogenide glass microdisk membrane. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:15918-15925. [PMID: 31163781 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.015918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
As a promising infrared optical material, the physical characteristics of patterned chalcogenide glass (ChG) membranes are of great importance for the improvement of device performances. In this work, based on the suspended membrane configuration, we have demonstrated the mechanical and thermal characterizations of the Ge11.5As24Se64.5 ChG optical microdisk resonator. By approximation of ChG cantilever configuration, the out-of-plane minimum mechanical strength of the microdisk membrane was measured to be 150 MPa by exploiting atom force microscope (AFM). This value is two orders of magnitude smaller than that of the bulk material, which is beneficial to achieve better mechanical compliance in terms of the ChG membrane sensors. To illustrate the effect of environmental temperature variation on the optical response of the ChG microdisk membrane with quality factor (Q-factor) of 2.87 × 104, the thermal drift was characterized to be 90.2 pm/°C by changing the substrate temperature from 30 °C to 44 °C. The characterization of multi-parameters in combination with the ChG free-standing microdisk prototype is conducive to further expand the potentials of ChG membrane in the ultrasound and other cavity optomechanical sensing.
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21
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Cui J, Qi D, Tian H, Li H. Vector optical fiber magnetometer based on capillaries filled with magnetic fluid. APPLIED OPTICS 2019; 58:2754-2760. [PMID: 31045079 DOI: 10.1364/ao.58.002754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A novel and practical magnetic field sensor based on optical fiber optics is proposed in our work. We first demonstrate magnetic sensing with the structure that single-mode optical fibers are fused with capillaries in parallel in an experiment. We clearly show the aggregation and arrangement variation with the magnetic field of magnetic nanoparticles in capillaries. Based on the tunable effective refractive index of optical modes in a waveguide structure of a sensor, the optical properties and sensing mechanism in the sensing structure were simulated and further analyzed. We achieved the detection of a space magnetic field, including intensity and its direction. We obtained that the sensitivity of a sensor is 112 pm/mT, presenting good performance in the same kind of optical fiber magnetic field sensor.
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22
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Shandilya PK, Fröch JE, Mitchell M, Lake DP, Kim S, Toth M, Behera B, Healey C, Aharonovich I, Barclay PE. Hexagonal Boron Nitride Cavity Optomechanics. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:1343-1350. [PMID: 30676758 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b04956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) is an emerging layered material that plays a key role in a variety of two-dimensional devices, and has potential applications in nanophotonics and nanomechanics. Here, we demonstrate the first cavity optomechanical system incorporating hBN. Nanomechanical resonators consisting of hBN beams with average dimensions of 12 μm × 1.2 μm × 28 nm and minimum predicted thickness of 8 nm were fabricated using electron beam induced etching and positioned in the optical near-field of silicon microdisk cavities. Of the multiple devices studied here a maximum 0.16 pm/[Formula: see text] sensitivity to the hBN nanobeam motion is demonstrated, allowing observation of thermally driven mechanical resonances with frequencies between 1 and 23 MHz, and largest mechanical quality factor of 1100 for a 23 MHz mode, at room temperature in high vacuum. In addition, the role of air damping is studied via pressure dependent measurements. Our results constitute an important step toward realizing integrated optomechanical circuits employing hBN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasoon K Shandilya
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta T2N 1N4 , Canada
| | - Johannes E Fröch
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Devices , University of Technology Sydney , Ultimo , New South Wales 2007 , Australia
| | - Matthew Mitchell
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta T2N 1N4 , Canada
| | - David P Lake
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta T2N 1N4 , Canada
| | - Sejeong Kim
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Devices , University of Technology Sydney , Ultimo , New South Wales 2007 , Australia
| | - Milos Toth
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Devices , University of Technology Sydney , Ultimo , New South Wales 2007 , Australia
| | - Bishnupada Behera
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta T2N 1N4 , Canada
| | - Chris Healey
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta T2N 1N4 , Canada
| | - Igor Aharonovich
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Devices , University of Technology Sydney , Ultimo , New South Wales 2007 , Australia
| | - Paul E Barclay
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta T2N 1N4 , Canada
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23
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Rao S, Huang Y. Wide-range precision temperature measurement with optomechanically induced transparency in a double-cavity optomechanical system. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:2949-2961. [PMID: 30732324 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.002949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This paper proposes a scheme for wide-range precision measurement of the environmental temperature in a double-cavity optomechanical system. This system consists of an optomechanical cavity coupling to the other cavity via photon tunneling interaction. Bycontrolling the tunnelling strength between the two cavities, double optomechanically induced transparency (double OMIT) effect is observed in the homodyne spetra of the outfield. It is shown that the central peak value depends linearly on the environmental temperature. Based on this linear relationship, the environmental temperature can be inferred from the central peak value of the output homodyne spectrum. This scheme is robust against mechanical decay and it shows high sensivity over a wide temperature range.
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24
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Basiri-Esfahani S, Armin A, Forstner S, Bowen WP. Precision ultrasound sensing on a chip. Nat Commun 2019; 10:132. [PMID: 30631070 PMCID: PMC6328601 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-08038-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrasound sensors have wide applications across science and technology. However, improved sensitivity is required for both miniaturisation and increased spatial resolution. Here, we introduce cavity optomechanical ultrasound sensing, where dual optical and mechanical resonances enhance the ultrasound signal. We achieve noise equivalent pressures of 8-300 μPa Hz-1/2 at kilohertz to megahertz frequencies in a microscale silicon-chip-based sensor with >120 dB dynamic range. The sensitivity far exceeds similar sensors that use an optical resonance alone and, normalised to the sensing area, surpasses previous air-coupled ultrasound sensors by several orders of magnitude. The noise floor is dominated by collisions from molecules in the gas within which the acoustic wave propagates. This approach to acoustic sensing could find applications ranging from biomedical diagnostics, to autonomous navigation, trace gas sensing, and scientific exploration of the metabolism-induced-vibrations of single cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Basiri-Esfahani
- ARC Centre for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Department of Physics, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Ardalan Armin
- ARC Centre for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Department of Physics, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Stefan Forstner
- ARC Centre for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Warwick P Bowen
- ARC Centre for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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25
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Schmidt MK, Helt LG, Poulton CG, Steel MJ. Elastic Purcell Effect. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:064301. [PMID: 30141687 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.064301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we introduce an elastic analog of the Purcell effect and show theoretically that spherical nanoparticles can serve as tunable and robust antennas for modifying the emission from localized elastic sources. This effect can be qualitatively described by introducing elastic counterparts of the familiar electromagnetic parameters: local density of elastic states, elastic Purcell factor, and effective volume of elastic modes. To illustrate our framework, we consider the example of a submicron gold sphere as a generic elastic GHz antenna and find that shear and mixed modes of low orders in such systems offer considerable elastic Purcell factors. This formalism opens pathways towards extended control over dissipation of vibrations in various optomechanical systems and contributes to closing the gap between classical and quantum-mechanical treatments of phonons localized in elastic nanoresonators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikołaj K Schmidt
- Centre for Ultrahigh bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems (CUDOS), Australia
- Macquarie University Research Centre in Quantum Science and Technology (QSciTech), MQ Photonics Research Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - L G Helt
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics & Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Christopher G Poulton
- Centre for Ultrahigh bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems (CUDOS), Australia
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - M J Steel
- Centre for Ultrahigh bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems (CUDOS), Australia
- Macquarie University Research Centre in Quantum Science and Technology (QSciTech), MQ Photonics Research Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, New South Wales 2109, Australia
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26
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Freeman E, Wang CY, Sumaria V, Schiff SJ, Liu Z, Tadigadapa S. Chip-scale high Q-factor glassblown microspherical shells for magnetic sensing. AIP ADVANCES 2018; 8:065214. [PMID: 29938122 PMCID: PMC6002270 DOI: 10.1063/1.5030460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A whispering gallery mode resonator based magnetometer using chip-scale glass microspherical shells is described. A neodynium micro-magnet is elastically coupled and integrated on top of the microspherical shell structure that enables transduction of the magnetic force experienced by the magnet in external magnetic fields into an optical resonance frequency shift. High quality factor optical microspherical shell resonators with ultra-smooth surfaces have been successfully fabricated and integrated with magnets to achieve Q-factors of greater than 1.1 × 107 and have shown a resonance shift of 1.43 GHz/mT (or 4.0 pm/mT) at 760 nm wavelength. The main mode of action is mechanical deformation of the microbubble with a minor contribution from the photoelastic effect. An experimental limit of detection of 60 nT Hz-1/2 at 100 Hz is demonstrated. A theoretical thermorefractive limited detection limit of 52 pT Hz-1/2 at 100 Hz is calculated from the experimentally derived sensitivity. The paper describes the mode of action, sensitivity and limit of detection is evaluated for the chip-scale whispering gallery mode magnetometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Freeman
- Honeywell International, Aerospace Advanced Technology, Plymouth, MN 55441, USA
| | - Cheng-Yu Wang
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Vedant Sumaria
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Zhiwen Liu
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Srinivas Tadigadapa
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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27
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Modelling of Cavity Optomechanical Magnetometers. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18051558. [PMID: 29758002 PMCID: PMC5982706 DOI: 10.3390/s18051558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Cavity optomechanical magnetic field sensors, constructed by coupling a magnetostrictive material to a micro-toroidal optical cavity, act as ultra-sensitive room temperature magnetometers with tens of micrometre size and broad bandwidth, combined with a simple operating scheme. Here, we develop a general recipe for predicting the field sensitivity of these devices. Several geometries are analysed, with a highest predicted sensitivity of 180 pT/Hz at 28 μm resolution limited by thermal noise in good agreement with previous experimental observations. Furthermore, by adjusting the composition of the magnetostrictive material and its annealing process, a sensitivity as good as 20 pT/Hz may be possible at the same resolution. This method paves a way for future design of magnetostrictive material based optomechanical magnetometers, possibly allowing both scalar and vectorial magnetometers.
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28
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Abstract
Abstract
The establishment of non-Hermitian quantum mechanics (such as parity–time (PT) symmetry) stimulates a paradigmatic shift for studying symmetries of complex potentials. Owing to the convenient manipulation of optical gain and loss in analogy to complex quantum potentials, photonics provides an ideal platform for the visualization of many conceptually striking predictions from non-Hermitian quantum theory. A rapidly developing field has emerged, namely, PT-symmetric photonics, demonstrating intriguing optical phenomena including eigenstate coalescence and spontaneous PT-symmetry breaking. The advance of quantum physics, as the feedback, provides photonics with brand-new paradigms to explore the entire complex permittivity plane for novel optical functionalities. Here, we review recent exciting breakthroughs in PT-symmetric photonics while systematically presenting their underlying principles guided by non-Hermitian symmetries. The potential device applications for optical communication and computing, biochemical sensing and healthcare are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhao
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Liang Feng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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29
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Exceptional points enhance sensing in an optical microcavity. Nature 2017; 548:192-196. [PMID: 28796206 DOI: 10.1038/nature23281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Sensors play an important part in many aspects of daily life such as infrared sensors in home security systems, particle sensors for environmental monitoring and motion sensors in mobile phones. High-quality optical microcavities are prime candidates for sensing applications because of their ability to enhance light-matter interactions in a very confined volume. Examples of such devices include mechanical transducers, magnetometers, single-particle absorption spectrometers, and microcavity sensors for sizing single particles and detecting nanometre-scale objects such as single nanoparticles and atomic ions. Traditionally, a very small perturbation near an optical microcavity introduces either a change in the linewidth or a frequency shift or splitting of a resonance that is proportional to the strength of the perturbation. Here we demonstrate an alternative sensing scheme, by which the sensitivity of microcavities can be enhanced when operated at non-Hermitian spectral degeneracies known as exceptional points. In our experiments, we use two nanoscale scatterers to tune a whispering-gallery-mode micro-toroid cavity, in which light propagates along a concave surface by continuous total internal reflection, in a precise and controlled manner to exceptional points. A target nanoscale object that subsequently enters the evanescent field of the cavity perturbs the system from its exceptional point, leading to frequency splitting. Owing to the complex-square-root topology near an exceptional point, this frequency splitting scales as the square root of the perturbation strength and is therefore larger (for sufficiently small perturbations) than the splitting observed in traditional non-exceptional-point sensing schemes. Our demonstration of exceptional-point-enhanced sensitivity paves the way for sensors with unprecedented sensitivity.
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30
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Kim PH, Hauer BD, Clark TJ, Fani Sani F, Freeman MR, Davis JP. Magnetic actuation and feedback cooling of a cavity optomechanical torque sensor. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1355. [PMID: 29116095 PMCID: PMC5677085 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01380-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Cavity optomechanics has demonstrated remarkable capabilities, such as measurement and control of mechanical motion at the quantum level. Yet many compelling applications of optomechanics—such as microwave-to-telecom wavelength conversion, quantum memories, materials studies, and sensing applications—require hybrid devices, where the optomechanical system is coupled to a separate, typically condensed matter, system. Here, we demonstrate such a hybrid optomechanical system, in which a mesoscopic ferromagnetic needle is integrated with an optomechanical torsional resonator. Using this system we quantitatively extract the magnetization of the needle, not known a priori, demonstrating the potential of this system for studies of nanomagnetism. Furthermore, we show that we can magnetically dampen its torsional mode from room-temperature to 11.6 K—improving its mechanical response time without sacrificing torque sensitivity. Future extensions will enable studies of high-frequency spin dynamics and broadband wavelength conversion via torque mixing. Although optomechanics enables precision metrology, measurements beyond mechanical properties often require hybrid devices. Here, Kim et al. demonstrate that a ferromagnetic needle integrated with a torsional resonator can determine the magnetic properties and amplify or cool the resonator motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Kim
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2E9
| | - B D Hauer
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2E9
| | - T J Clark
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2E9
| | - F Fani Sani
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2E9
| | - M R Freeman
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2E9
| | - J P Davis
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2E9.
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31
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Zhu J, Zhao G, Savukov I, Yang L. Polymer encapsulated microcavity optomechanical magnetometer. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8896. [PMID: 28827679 PMCID: PMC5566442 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08875-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate a magnetometer using polymer encapsulated whispering-gallery-mode microcavity actuated by a micro-magnet. The magnetic field induces force on the micro-magnet causing deformation in the polymer around the microcavity. Subsequently the microcavity detects the change in the refractive index of the polymer resulted from the deformation. This magnetometer works in the frequency range of hertz-to-kilohertz range and achieves a sensitivity of 880 pT/Hz1/2 at 200 Hz in a micro-scale sensor volume. Polymer encapsulation of the magnetometer and fiber optical connection ensures environmental robustness and practicality of the sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangang Zhu
- Los Alamos National Lab, Los Alamos, NM, 87544, USA.
| | - Guangming Zhao
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Igor Savukov
- Los Alamos National Lab, Los Alamos, NM, 87544, USA.
| | - Lan Yang
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA.
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Kumar P, Bhattacharya M. Magnetometry via spin-mechanical coupling in levitated optomechanics. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:19568-19582. [PMID: 29041150 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.019568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We analyze magnetometry using an optically levitated nanodiamond. We consider a configuration where a magnetic field gradient couples the mechanical oscillation of the diamond with its spin degree of freedom provided by a nitrogen vacancy center. First, we investigate the measurement of the position spectrum of the mechanical oscillator. We find that conditions of ultrahigh vacuum and feedback cooling allow a magnetic field gradient sensitivity of 1μTm-1/Hz. At high pressure and room temperature, this sensitivity degrades and can attain a value of the order of 100mTm-1/Hz. Subsequently, we characterize the magnetic field gradient sensitivity obtainable by maneuvering the spin degrees of freedom using Ramsey interferometry. We find that this technique can offer photon-shot noise and spin-projection noise limited magnetic field gradient sensitivity of 100μTm-1/Hz. We conclude that this hybrid levitated nanomechanical magnetometer provides a favorable and versatile platform for sensing applications.
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Li Y, Huang YY, Zhang XZ, Tian L. Optical directional amplification in a three-mode optomechanical system. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:18907-18916. [PMID: 29041082 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.018907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We study the directional amplification of an optical probe field in a three-mode optomechanical system, where the mechanical resonator interacts with two linearly-coupled optical cavities and the cavities are driven by strong optical pump fields. The optical probe field is injected into one of the cavity modes, and at the same time, the mechanical resonator is subject to a mechanical drive with the driving frequency equal to the frequency difference between the optical probe and pump fields. We show that the transmission of the probe field can be amplified in one direction and de-amplified in the opposite direction. This directional amplification or de-amplification results from the constructive or destruction interference between different transmission paths in this three-mode optomechanical system.
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Heylman KD, Knapper KA, Horak EH, Rea MT, Vanga SK, Goldsmith RH. Optical Microresonators for Sensing and Transduction: A Materials Perspective. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1700037. [PMID: 28627118 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201700037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Optical microresonators confine light to a particular microscale trajectory, are exquisitely sensitive to their microenvironment, and offer convenient readout of their optical properties. Taken together, this is an immensely attractive combination that makes optical microresonators highly effective as sensors and transducers. Meanwhile, advances in material science, fabrication techniques, and photonic sensing strategies endow optical microresonators with new functionalities, unique transduction mechanisms, and in some cases, unparalleled sensitivities. In this progress report, the operating principles of these sensors are reviewed, and different methods of signal transduction are evaluated. Examples are shown of how choice of materials must be suited to the analyte, and how innovations in fabrication and sensing are coupled together in a mutually reinforcing cycle. A tremendously broad range of capabilities of microresonator sensors is described, from electric and magnetic field sensing to mechanical sensing, from single-molecule detection to imaging and spectroscopy, from operation at high vacuum to in live cells. Emerging sensing capabilities are highlighted and put into context in the field. Future directions are imagined, where the diverse capabilities laid out are combined and advances in scalability and integration are implemented, leading to the creation of a sensor unparalleled in sensitivity and information content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Heylman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Kassandra A Knapper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Erik H Horak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Morgan T Rea
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Sudheer K Vanga
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Randall H Goldsmith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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Huang Y, Flores JGF, Cai Z, Yu M, Kwong DL, Wen G, Churchill L, Wong CW. A low-frequency chip-scale optomechanical oscillator with 58 kHz mechanical stiffening and more than 100 th-order stable harmonics. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4383. [PMID: 28663563 PMCID: PMC5491504 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04882-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
For the sensitive high-resolution force- and field-sensing applications, the large-mass microelectromechanical system (MEMS) and optomechanical cavity have been proposed to realize the sub-aN/Hz1/2 resolution levels. In view of the optomechanical cavity-based force- and field-sensors, the optomechanical coupling is the key parameter for achieving high sensitivity and resolution. Here we demonstrate a chip-scale optomechanical cavity with large mass which operates at ≈77.7 kHz fundamental mode and intrinsically exhibiting large optomechanical coupling of 44 GHz/nm or more, for both optical resonance modes. The mechanical stiffening range of ≈58 kHz and a more than 100th-order harmonics are obtained, with which the free-running frequency instability is lower than 10−6 at 100 ms integration time. Such results can be applied to further improve the sensing performance of the optomechanical inspired chip-scale sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Huang
- School of Communication and Information Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China. .,Fang Lu Mesoscopic Optics and Quantum Electronics Laboratory, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Jaime Gonzalo Flor Flores
- Fang Lu Mesoscopic Optics and Quantum Electronics Laboratory, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Ziqiang Cai
- Fang Lu Mesoscopic Optics and Quantum Electronics Laboratory, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Mingbin Yu
- Institute of Microelectronics, A*STAR, Singapore, 117865, Singapore
| | - Dim-Lee Kwong
- Institute of Microelectronics, A*STAR, Singapore, 117865, Singapore
| | - Guangjun Wen
- School of Communication and Information Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | | | - Chee Wei Wong
- Fang Lu Mesoscopic Optics and Quantum Electronics Laboratory, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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Santos FGS, Espinel YAV, Luiz GO, Benevides RS, Wiederhecker GS, Mayer Alegre TP. Hybrid confinement of optical and mechanical modes in a bullseye optomechanical resonator. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:508-529. [PMID: 28157943 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.000508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Optomechanical cavities have proven to be an exceptional tool to explore fundamental and applied aspects of the interaction between mechanical and optical waves. Here we demonstrate a novel optomechanical cavity based on a disk with a radial mechanical bandgap. This design confines light and mechanical waves through distinct physical mechanisms which allows for independent control of the mechanical and optical properties. Simulations foresee an optomechanical coupling rate g0 reaching 2π × 100 kHz for mechanical frequencies around 5 GHz as well as anchor loss suppression of 60 dB. Our device design is not limited by unique material properties and could be easily adapted to allow for large optomechanical coupling and high mechanical quality factors with other promising materials. Finally, our devices were fabricated in a commercial silicon photonics facility, demonstrating g0/2π = 23 kHz for mechanical modes with frequencies around 2 GHz and mechanical Q-factors as high as 2300 at room temperature, also showing that our approach can be easily scalable and useful as a new platform for multimode optomechanics.
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Michels T, Rangelow IW, Aksyuk V. Fabrication Process for an Optomechanical Transducer Platform with Integrated Actuation. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY 2016; 121:507-536. [PMID: 34434639 PMCID: PMC7340551 DOI: 10.6028/jres.121.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This article reports a process for batch fabrication of a fiber pigtailed optomechanical transducer platform with overhanging. The platform enables a new class of high bandwidth, high sensitivity, and highly integrated sensors that are, compact, robust, and small, with the potential potential for low cost batch fabrication inherent in Micro-Opto-Electro-Mechanical-Systems technology. This article provides a guide to the whole fabrication process and explains critical steps and process choices in detail. Possible alternative fabrication techniques and problems are discussed. The fabrication process consists of electron beam lithography, i-line stepper lithography, and back- and frontside mask aligner lithography. The goal of this article is to provide a comprehensive description of the fabrication process, presenting context and details which are highly relevant to the rational implementation and reliable repetition of the process. Moreover, this process makes use of equipment commonly found in nanofabrication facilities and research laboratories, facilitating the broad adaptation and application of the process. Therefore, while this article specifically informs users of the Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology (CNST) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), we anticipate that this information will be generally useful for the nano- and microfabrication research communities at large.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Michels
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
- Ilmenau University of Technology, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany
| | - Ivo W Rangelow
- Ilmenau University of Technology, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany
| | - Vladimir Aksyuk
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
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38
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Schäfermeier C, Kerdoncuff H, Hoff UB, Fu H, Huck A, Bilek J, Harris GI, Bowen WP, Gehring T, Andersen UL. Quantum enhanced feedback cooling of a mechanical oscillator using nonclassical light. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13628. [PMID: 27897181 PMCID: PMC5141296 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Laser cooling is a fundamental technique used in primary atomic frequency standards, quantum computers, quantum condensed matter physics and tests of fundamental physics, among other areas. It has been known since the early 1990s that laser cooling can, in principle, be improved by using squeezed light as an electromagnetic reservoir; while quantum feedback control using a squeezed light probe is also predicted to allow improved cooling. Here we show the implementation of quantum feedback control of a micro-mechanical oscillator using squeezed probe light. This allows quantum-enhanced feedback cooling with a measurement rate greater than it is possible with classical light, and a consequent reduction in the final oscillator temperature. Our results have significance for future applications in areas ranging from quantum information networks, to quantum-enhanced force and displacement measurements and fundamental tests of macroscopic quantum mechanics. Real-time quantum feedback control can be used to cool quantum systems to their motional ground states, but this has been so far achieved via classical probe fields. Here the authors report feedback cooling of a mechanical oscillator using a squeezed field, reporting higher cooling rate over classical light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Schäfermeier
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej 309, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Hugo Kerdoncuff
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej 309, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ulrich B Hoff
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej 309, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Hao Fu
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej 309, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Alexander Huck
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej 309, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jan Bilek
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej 309, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Glen I Harris
- Australian Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Warwick P Bowen
- Australian Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Tobias Gehring
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej 309, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ulrik L Andersen
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej 309, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
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39
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External Control of Dissipative Coupling in a Heterogeneously Integrated Photonic Crystal—SOI Waveguide Optomechanical System. PHOTONICS 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics3040052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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40
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Wang H, Dhayalan Y, Buks E. Devil's staircase in an optomechanical cavity. Phys Rev E 2016; 93:023007. [PMID: 26986405 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.93.023007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We study self-excited oscillations (SEOs) in an on-fiber optomechanical cavity. While the phase of SEOs randomly diffuses in time when the laser power injected into the cavity is kept constant, phase locking may occur when the laser power is periodically modulated in time. We investigate the dependence of phase locking on the amplitude and frequency of the laser-power modulation. We find that phase locking can be induced with a relatively low modulation amplitude provided that the ratio between the modulation frequency and the frequency of SEOs is tuned close to a rational number of relatively low hierarchy in the Farey tree. To account for the experimental results, a one-dimensional map, which allows evaluating the time evolution of the phase of SEOs, is theoretically derived. By calculating the winding number of the one-dimensional map, the regions of phase locking can be mapped in the plane of modulation amplitude and modulation frequency. Comparison between the theoretical predictions and the experimental findings yields a partial agreement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Technion, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Yuvaraj Dhayalan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Technion, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Eyal Buks
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Technion, Haifa 32000, Israel
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41
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Peano V, Schwefel HGL, Marquardt C, Marquardt F. Intracavity Squeezing Can Enhance Quantum-Limited Optomechanical Position Detection through Deamplification. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 115:243603. [PMID: 26705633 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.243603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
It has been predicted and experimentally demonstrated that by injecting squeezed light into an optomechanical device, it is possible to enhance the precision of a position measurement. Here, we present a fundamentally different approach where the squeezing is created directly inside the cavity by a nonlinear medium. Counterintuitively, the enhancement of the signal-to-noise ratio works by deamplifying precisely the quadrature that is sensitive to the mechanical motion without losing quantum information. This enhancement works for systems with a weak optomechanical coupling and/or strong mechanical damping. This can allow for larger mechanical bandwidth of quantum-limited detectors based on optomechanical devices. Our approach can be straightforwardly extended to quantum nondemolition qubit detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Peano
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstrasse 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - H G L Schwefel
- Institute of Optics, Information and Photonics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstrasse 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Günther-Scharowsky-Straße 1 Bau 24, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Otago, 730 Cumberland Street, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Ch Marquardt
- Institute of Optics, Information and Photonics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstrasse 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Günther-Scharowsky-Straße 1 Bau 24, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - F Marquardt
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstrasse 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Günther-Scharowsky-Straße 1 Bau 24, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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42
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Chen Z, Li M, Wu X, Liu L, Xu L. 2-D optical/opto-mechanical microfluidic sensing with micro-bubble resonators. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:17659-17664. [PMID: 26191827 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.017659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this paper a new sensing scheme by simultaneously measuring optical refractive index change and sound speed change in an optofluidic thin wall micro-bubble resonator is reported. Sensitivity of sound speed is 4.2-6.8 MHz/ (km/s) for 3 types of mechanical modes. A 2-D optical/opto-mechanical sensing map is plotted by detecting both the whispering gallery mode resonance shift and the optomechanical resonance shift. This novel scheme provides a supplementary support to optical sensing when analytes do not respond to refractive index (RI) change.
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43
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Foreman MR, Swaim JD, Vollmer F. Whispering gallery mode sensors. ADVANCES IN OPTICS AND PHOTONICS 2015; 7:168-240. [PMID: 26973759 PMCID: PMC4786191 DOI: 10.1364/aop.7.000168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We present a comprehensive overview of sensor technology exploiting optical whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonances. After a short introduction we begin by detailing the fundamental principles and theory of WGMs in optical microcavities and the transduction mechanisms frequently employed for sensing purposes. Key recent theoretical contributions to the modeling and analysis of WGM systems are highlighted. Subsequently we review the state of the art of WGM sensors by outlining efforts made to date to improve current detection limits. Proposals in this vein are numerous and range, for example, from plasmonic enhancements and active cavities to hybrid optomechanical sensors, which are already working in the shot noise limited regime. In parallel to furthering WGM sensitivity, efforts to improve the time resolution are beginning to emerge. We therefore summarize the techniques being pursued in this vein. Ultimately WGM sensors aim for real-world applications, such as measurements of force and temperature, or alternatively gas and biosensing. Each such application is thus reviewed in turn, and important achievements are discussed. Finally, we adopt a more forward-looking perspective and discuss the outlook of WGM sensors within both a physical and biological context and consider how they may yet push the detection envelope further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Foreman
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Biosensing, Günther-Scharowsky-Straße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jon D. Swaim
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Biosensing, Günther-Scharowsky-Straße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Vollmer
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Biosensing, Günther-Scharowsky-Straße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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44
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Shlomi K, Yuvaraj D, Baskin I, Suchoi O, Winik R, Buks E. Synchronization in an optomechanical cavity. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015; 91:032910. [PMID: 25871175 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.91.032910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We study self-excited oscillations (SEO) in an on-fiber optomechanical cavity. Synchronization is observed when the optical power that is injected into the cavity is periodically modulated. A theoretical analysis based on the Fokker-Planck equation evaluates the expected phase space distribution (PSD) of the self-oscillating mechanical resonator. A tomography technique is employed for extracting PSD from the measured reflected optical power. Time-resolved state tomography measurements are performed to study phase diffusion and phase locking of the SEO. The detuning region inside which synchronization occurs is experimentally determined and the results are compared with the theoretical prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren Shlomi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Technion, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - D Yuvaraj
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Technion, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Ilya Baskin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Technion, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Oren Suchoi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Technion, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Roni Winik
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Technion, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Eyal Buks
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Technion, Haifa 32000, Israel
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45
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Zhang S, Zhang JQ, Zhang J, Wu CW, Wu W, Chen PX. Ground state cooling of an optomechanical resonator assisted by a Λ-type atom. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:28118-28131. [PMID: 25402052 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.028118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We propose a ground state cooling scheme for an optomechanical resonator based on the system of one Λ-type three-level atom trapped in an optomechanical cavity. This cooling scheme works in a single-photon coupling, and strong atom-cavity coupling regimes. By investigating the cooling dynamics, we find that there is an EIT-like quantum coherent effect in this system which can suppress the undesired transitions for heating. Moreover, our study shows that the final average phonon number of the optomechanical resonator can be smaller than the one based on the sideband cooling. Furthermore, the ground state cooling of the resonator can still be achieved after thermal fluctuations included. In addition, in comparison with previous cooling methods, there are fewer limitations on the decay rates of both the cavity and the atom in this scheme. As a result, this scheme is very suitable to realize the ground cooling of an optomechanical resonator in the experiment.
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46
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Yu W, Jiang WC, Lin Q, Lu T. Coherent optomechanical oscillation of a silica microsphere in an aqueous environment. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:21421-21426. [PMID: 25321520 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.021421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report the observation of optomechanical oscillation by immersing a silica microsphere in liquid. Due to the ultra high quality factor of the microsphere in the aqueous environment, sufficient optical force was established to quiver the microsphere at a pump laser power around 1 mW.
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47
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Forstner S, Sheridan E, Knittel J, Humphreys CL, Brawley GA, Rubinsztein-Dunlop H, Bowen WP. Ultrasensitive optomechanical magnetometry. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:6348-6353. [PMID: 24889714 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201401144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A cavity optomechanical magneto-meter operating in the 100 pT range is reported. The device operates at earth field, achieves tens of megahertz bandwidth with 60 μm spatial resolution and microwatt optical-power requirements. These unique capabilities may have a broad range of applications including cryogen-free and microfluidic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and investigation of spin-physics in condensed matter systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Forstner
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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49
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An opto-magneto-mechanical quantum interface between distant superconducting qubits. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5571. [PMID: 24994063 PMCID: PMC4081873 DOI: 10.1038/srep05571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A quantum internet, where widely separated quantum devices are coherently connected, is a fundamental vision for local and global quantum information networks and processing. Superconducting quantum devices can now perform sophisticated quantum engineering locally on chip and a detailed method to achieve coherent optical quantum interconnection between distant superconducting devices is a vital, but highly challenging, goal. We describe a concrete opto-magneto-mechanical system that can interconvert microwave-to-optical quantum information with high fidelity. In one such node we utilise the magnetic fields generated by the supercurrent of a flux qubit to coherently modulate a mechanical oscillator that is part of a high-Q optical cavity to achieve high fidelity microwave-to-optical quantum information exchange. We analyze the transfer between two spatially distant nodes connected by an optical fibre and using currently accessible parameters we predict that the fidelity of transfer could be as high as ~80%, even with significant loss.
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50
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Baker C, Hease W, Nguyen DT, Andronico A, Ducci S, Leo G, Favero I. Photoelastic coupling in gallium arsenide optomechanical disk resonators. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:14072-14086. [PMID: 24977505 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.014072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We analyze the magnitude of the radiation pressure and electrostrictive stresses exerted by light confined inside GaAs semiconductor WGM optomechanical disk resonators, through analytical and numerical means, and find the electrostrictive stress to be of prime importance. We investigate the geometric and photoelastic optomechanical coupling resulting respectively from the deformation of the disk boundary and from the strain-induced refractive index changes in the material, for various mechanical modes of the disks. Photoelastic optomechanical coupling is shown to be a predominant coupling mechanism for certain disk dimensions and mechanical modes, leading to total coupling gom and g(0) reaching respectively 3 THz/nm and 4 MHz. Finally, we point towards ways to maximize the photoelastic coupling in GaAs disk resonators, and we provide some upper bounds for its value in various geometries.
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