1
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Goodarzi S, Levesque JM, Merritt EC, Sauppe JP, Montgomery DS, Loomis EN, Dunkley NK, Keiter PA. A comparison of past and present computational methods for shape analysis of double-shell x-ray radiographs. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:2887930. [PMID: 37133345 DOI: 10.1063/5.0123931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Implosion symmetry is a key requirement in achieving a robust burning plasma in inertial confinement fusion experiments. In double-shell capsule implosions, we are interested in the shape of the inner shell as it pushes on the fuel. Shape analysis is a popular technique for studying said symmetry during implosion. Combinations of filtering and contour-finding algorithms are studied for their promise in reliably recovering Legendre shape coefficients from synthetic radiographs of double-shell capsules with applied levels of noise. A radial lineout max(slope) method when used on an image pre-filtered with non-local means and a variant of the marching squares algorithm are able to recover p0, p2, and p4 maxslope Legendre shape coefficients with mean pixel discrepancy errors of 2.81 and 3.06, respectively, for the noisy synthetic radiographs we consider. This improves upon prior radial lineout methods paired with Gaussian filtering, which we show to be unreliable and whose performance is dependent on input parameters that are difficult to estimate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Goodarzi
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | | | | | - Joshua P Sauppe
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | | | - Eric N Loomis
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Noah K Dunkley
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Paul A Keiter
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
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2
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Davidovits S, Kroupp E, Stambulchik E, Maron Y. Hydrodynamic-dissipation relation for characterizing flow stagnation. Phys Rev E 2021; 103:063204. [PMID: 34271710 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.103.063204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Hydrodynamic stagnation converts flow energy into internal energy. Here we develop a technique to directly analyze this hydrodynamic-dissipation process, which also yields a lengthscale associated with the conversion of flow energy to internal energy. We demonstrate the usefulness of this analysis for finding and comparing the hydrodynamic-stagnation dynamics of implosions theoretically, and in a test application to Z-pinch implosion data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth Davidovits
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - E Kroupp
- Faculty of Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - E Stambulchik
- Faculty of Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Y Maron
- Faculty of Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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3
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Li Q, Guo L, Gong T, Li Z, Yang D, Li S, Yang J. Measurement of P2 M-band flux asymmetry in indirect-drive hohlraum on Shenguang-III prototype laser facility. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:043505. [PMID: 31042996 DOI: 10.1063/1.5063306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
M-band flux asymmetry (MFA) may be another critical factor which can lead to low-mode distortion of implosion. We describe an experimental technique employing the x-ray fluorescence signature of material to investigate the MFA onto the capsule. Si was chosen to be the tracer layer since the inducing threshold for the K-shell fluorescence is much higher than soft x-ray but a little lower than M-band x-ray. The fluorescence images were recorded from a surrogate Si-coated ball, and thus, the P2 MFA was deduced from the fluorescence images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, China
| | - Liang Guo
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, China
| | - Tao Gong
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, China
| | - Zhichao Li
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, China
| | - Dong Yang
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, China
| | - Sanwei Li
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, China
| | - Jiamin Yang
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, China
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4
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Ren G, Yan J, Liu J, Lan K, Chen YH, Huo WY, Fan Z, Zhang X, Zheng J, Chen Z, Jiang W, Chen L, Tang Q, Yuan Z, Wang F, Jiang S, Ding Y, Zhang W, He XT. Neutron Generation by Laser-Driven Spherically Convergent Plasma Fusion. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 118:165001. [PMID: 28474938 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.165001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigate a new laser-driven spherically convergent plasma fusion scheme (SCPF) that can produce thermonuclear neutrons stably and efficiently. In the SCPF scheme, laser beams of nanosecond pulse duration and 10^{14}-10^{15} W/cm^{2} intensity uniformly irradiate the fuel layer lined inside a spherical hohlraum. The fuel layer is ablated and heated to expand inwards. Eventually, the hot fuel plasmas converge, collide, merge, and stagnate at the central region, converting most of their kinetic energy to internal energy, forming a thermonuclear fusion fireball. With the assumptions of steady ablation and adiabatic expansion, we theoretically predict the neutron yield Y_{n} to be related to the laser energy E_{L}, the hohlraum radius R_{h}, and the pulse duration τ through a scaling law of Y_{n}∝(E_{L}/R_{h}^{1.2}τ^{0.2})^{2.5}. We have done experiments at the ShengGuangIII-prototype facility to demonstrate the principle of the SCPF scheme. Some important implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ren
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China
| | - J Yan
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, Chinese Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - J Liu
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China
- Center for Applied Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of IFSA, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - K Lan
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Y H Chen
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China
| | - W Y Huo
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Z Fan
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China
| | - X Zhang
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, Chinese Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - J Zheng
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, Chinese Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Z Chen
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, Chinese Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - W Jiang
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, Chinese Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - L Chen
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, Chinese Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Q Tang
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, Chinese Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Z Yuan
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, Chinese Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - F Wang
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, Chinese Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - S Jiang
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, Chinese Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Y Ding
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, Chinese Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - W Zhang
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China
- Center for Applied Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - X T He
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China
- Center for Applied Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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5
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Rygg JR, Jones OS, Field JE, Barrios MA, Benedetti LR, Collins GW, Eder DC, Edwards MJ, Kline JL, Kroll JJ, Landen OL, Ma T, Pak A, Peterson JL, Raman K, Town RPJ, Bradley DK. 2D X-ray radiography of imploding capsules at the national ignition facility. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 112:195001. [PMID: 24877944 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.195001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
First measurements of the in-flight shape of imploding inertial confinement fusion (ICF) capsules at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) were obtained by using two-dimensional x-ray radiography. The sequence of area-backlit, time-gated pinhole images is analyzed for implosion velocity, low-mode shape and density asymmetries, and the absolute offset and center-of-mass velocity of the capsule shell. The in-flight shell is often observed to be asymmetric even when the concomitant core self-emission is round. A ∼ 15 μm shell asymmetry amplitude of the Y(40) spherical harmonic mode was observed for standard NIF ICF hohlraums at a shell radius of ∼ 200 μm (capsule at ∼ 5× radial compression). This asymmetry is mitigated by a ∼ 10% increase in the hohlraum length.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Rygg
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - O S Jones
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - J E Field
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - M A Barrios
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - L R Benedetti
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - G W Collins
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - D C Eder
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - M J Edwards
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - J L Kline
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - J J Kroll
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - O L Landen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - T Ma
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - A Pak
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - J L Peterson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - K Raman
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - R P J Town
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - D K Bradley
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
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6
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Smalyuk VA, Casey DT, Clark DS, Edwards MJ, Haan SW, Hamza A, Hoover DE, Hsing WW, Hurricane O, Kilkenny JD, Kroll J, Landen OL, Moore A, Nikroo A, Peterson L, Raman K, Remington BA, Robey HF, Weber SV, Widmann K. First measurements of hydrodynamic instability growth in indirectly driven implosions at ignition-relevant conditions on the National Ignition Facility. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 112:185003. [PMID: 24856703 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.185003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ignition experiments have shown an anomalous susceptibility to hydrodynamic instability growth. To help understand these results, the first hydrodynamic instability growth measurements in indirectly driven implosions on the National Ignition Facility were performed at ignition conditions with peak radiation temperatures up to ∼300 eV. Plastic capsules with two-dimensional preimposed, sinusoidal outer surface modulations of initial wavelengths of 240 (corresponding to a Legendre mode number of 30), 120 (mode 60), and 80 μm (mode 90) were imploded by using actual low-adiabat ignition laser pulses. The measured growth was in excellent agreement, validating 2D hydra simulations for the most dangerous modes in the acceleration phase. These results reinforce confidence in the predictive capability of calculations that are paramount to illuminating the path toward ignition.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Smalyuk
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D T Casey
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D S Clark
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M J Edwards
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S W Haan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A Hamza
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D E Hoover
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - W W Hsing
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - O Hurricane
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J D Kilkenny
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - J Kroll
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - O L Landen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A Moore
- AWE Aldermaston, Reading, Berkshire RG7 4PR, United Kingdom
| | - A Nikroo
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - L Peterson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - K Raman
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - B A Remington
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - H F Robey
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S V Weber
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - K Widmann
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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7
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Weber CR, Clark DS, Cook AW, Busby LE, Robey HF. Inhibition of turbulence in inertial-confinement-fusion hot spots by viscous dissipation. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2014; 89:053106. [PMID: 25353903 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.89.053106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Achieving ignition in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) requires the formation of a high-temperature (>10 keV) central hot spot. Turbulence has been suggested as a mechanism for degrading the hot-spot conditions by altering transport properties, introducing colder, mixed material, or reducing the conversion of radially directed kinetic energy to hot-spot heating. We show, however, that the hot spot is very viscous, and the assumption of turbulent conditions in the hot spot is incorrect. This work presents the first high-resolution, three-dimensional simulations of National Ignition Facility (NIF) implosion experiments using detailed knowledge of implosion dynamics and instability seeds and including an accurate model of physical viscosity. We find that when viscous effects are neglected, the hot spot can exhibit a turbulent kinetic energy cascade. Viscous effects, however, are significant and strongly damp small-scale velocity structures, with a hot-spot Reynolds number in the range of only 10-100.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Weber
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D S Clark
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A W Cook
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - L E Busby
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - H F Robey
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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8
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Haines BM, Grinstein FF, Fincke JR. Three-dimensional simulation strategy to determine the effects of turbulent mixing on inertial-confinement-fusion capsule performance. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2014; 89:053302. [PMID: 25353910 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.89.053302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we present and justify an effective strategy for performing three-dimensional (3D) inertial-confinement-fusion (ICF) capsule simulations. We have evaluated a frequently used strategy in which two-dimensional (2D) simulations are rotated to 3D once sufficient relevant 2D flow physics has been captured and fine resolution requirements can be restricted to relatively small regions. This addresses situations typical of ICF capsules which are otherwise prohibitively intensive computationally. We tested this approach for our previously reported fully 3D simulations of laser-driven reshock experiments where we can use the available 3D data as reference. Our studies indicate that simulations that begin as purely 2D lead to significant underprediction of mixing and turbulent kinetic energy production at later time when compared to the fully 3D simulations. If, however, additional suitable nonuniform perturbations are applied at the time of rotation to 3D, we show that one can obtain good agreement with the purely 3D simulation data, as measured by vorticity distributions as well as integrated mixing and turbulent kinetic energy measurements. Next, we present results of simulations of a simple OMEGA-type ICF capsule using the developed strategy. These simulations are in good agreement with available experimental data and suggest that the dominant mechanism for yield degradation in ICF implosions is hydrodynamic instability growth seeded by long-wavelength surface defects. This effect is compounded by drive asymmetries and amplified by repeated shock interactions with an increasingly distorted shell, which results in further yield reduction. Our simulations are performed with and without drive asymmetries in order to compare the importance of these effects to those of surface defects; our simulations indicate that long-wavelength surface defects degrade yield by approximately 60% and short-wavelength drive asymmetry degrades yield by a further 30%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Haines
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, MS T087, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | | | - James R Fincke
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, MS T087, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
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9
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Smalyuk VA, Atherton LJ, Benedetti LR, Bionta R, Bleuel D, Bond E, Bradley DK, Caggiano J, Callahan DA, Casey DT, Celliers PM, Cerjan CJ, Clark D, Dewald EL, Dixit SN, Döppner T, Edgell DH, Edwards MJ, Frenje J, Gatu-Johnson M, Glebov VY, Glenn S, Glenzer SH, Grim G, Haan SW, Hammel BA, Hartouni EP, Hatarik R, Hatchett S, Hicks DG, Hsing WW, Izumi N, Jones OS, Key MH, Khan SF, Kilkenny JD, Kline JL, Knauer J, Kyrala GA, Landen OL, Le Pape S, Lindl JD, Ma T, MacGowan BJ, Mackinnon AJ, MacPhee AG, McNaney J, Meezan NB, Moody JD, Moore A, Moran M, Moses EI, Pak A, Parham T, Park HS, Patel PK, Petrasso R, Ralph JE, Regan SP, Remington BA, Robey HF, Ross JS, Spears BK, Springer PT, Suter LJ, Tommasini R, Town RP, Weber SV, Widmann K. Performance of high-convergence, layered DT implosions with extended-duration pulses at the National Ignition Facility. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 111:215001. [PMID: 24313493 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.215001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Radiation-driven, low-adiabat, cryogenic DT layered plastic capsule implosions were carried out on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) to study the sensitivity of performance to peak power and drive duration. An implosion with extended drive and at reduced peak power of 350 TW achieved the highest compression with fuel areal density of ~1.3±0.1 g/cm2, representing a significant step from previously measured ~1.0 g/cm2 toward a goal of 1.5 g/cm2. Future experiments will focus on understanding and mitigating hydrodynamic instabilities and mix, and improving symmetry required to reach the threshold for thermonuclear ignition on NIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Smalyuk
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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10
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Cheng B, Kwan TJT, Wang YM, Batha SH. Scaling laws for ignition at the National Ignition Facility from first principles. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2013; 88:041101. [PMID: 24229109 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.88.041101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We have developed an analytical physics model from fundamental physics principles and used the reduced one-dimensional model to derive a thermonuclear ignition criterion and implosion energy scaling laws applicable to inertial confinement fusion capsules. The scaling laws relate the fuel pressure and the minimum implosion energy required for ignition to the peak implosion velocity and the equation of state of the pusher and the hot fuel. When a specific low-entropy adiabat path is used for the cold fuel, our scaling laws recover the ignition threshold factor dependence on the implosion velocity, but when a high-entropy adiabat path is chosen, the model agrees with recent measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baolian Cheng
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
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