1
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Nilsson R, Choupanian S, Ronning C, Nordlund K, Granberg F. Investigation of surface orientation dependent sputtering of Ag. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2023; 36:065002. [PMID: 37871597 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ad05fd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Sputtering of metal surfaces can be both a beneficial phenomenon, for instance in the coating industry, or an undesired side-effect, for instant materials subjected to irradiation. While the average sputtering yields are well known in common metals, recent studies have shown that the yields can depend on the crystallographic orientation of the surface much stronger than commonly appreciated. In this study, we investigate by computational means, molecular dynamics, the sputtering of single crystalline Ag surfaces under various incoming energies. The results at low and high energy are compared to experimental results for single crystalline Ag nanocubes of different orientations. We observe strong differences between the sputtering yields of different surface directions and ion energies. We analyze the results in terms of the atom cluster size of the sputtered materials, and show that the cluster size distribution is a key factor to understand the correspondence between simulations and experiments. At low energies mainly single atoms are sputtered, whereas at higher energies the sputtered material is mainly in atom clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Nilsson
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Post-office box 43, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Shiva Choupanian
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Carsten Ronning
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Kai Nordlund
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Post-office box 43, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Fredric Granberg
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Post-office box 43, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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2
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Tunes MA, Greaves G, Rack PD, Boldman WL, Schön CG, Pogatscher S, Maloy SA, Zhang Y, El-Atwani O. Irradiation stability and induced ferromagnetism in a nanocrystalline CoCrCuFeNi highly-concentrated alloy. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:20437-20450. [PMID: 34859248 PMCID: PMC8675024 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr04915a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In the field of radiation damage of crystalline solids, new highly-concentrated alloys (HCAs) are now considered to be suitable candidate materials for next generation fission/fusion reactors due to recently recorded outstanding radiation tolerance. Despite the preliminarily reported extraordinary properties, the mechanisms of degradation, phase instabilities and decomposition of HCAs are still largely unexplored fields of research. Herein, we investigate the response of a nanocrystalline CoCrCuFeNi HCA to thermal annealing and heavy ion irradiation in the temperature range from 293 to 773 K with the objective to analyze the stability of the nanocrystalline HCA in extreme conditions. The results led to the identification of two regimes of response to irradiation: (i) in which the alloy was observed to be tolerant under extreme irradiation conditions and (ii) in which the alloy is subject to matrix phase instabilities. The formation of FeCo monodomain nanoparticles under these conditions is also reported and a differential phase contrast study in the analytical electron-microscope is carried out to qualitatively probe its magnetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus A Tunes
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, USA.
| | - Graeme Greaves
- School of Computing and Engineering, University of Huddersfield, UK
| | - Philip D Rack
- Joint Staff Center of Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Tennessee, USA.
| | - Walker L Boldman
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Tennessee, USA.
| | - Cláudio G Schön
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Escola Politécnica, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Stuart A Maloy
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, USA.
| | - Yanwen Zhang
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Tennessee, USA.
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA
| | - Osman El-Atwani
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, USA.
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3
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Choupanian S, Nagel A, Möller W, Pacholski C, Ronning C. The disappearance and return of nanoparticles upon low energy ion irradiation. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 33:035703. [PMID: 34619667 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac2dc3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ion irradiation of bulk and thin film materials is tightly connected to well described effects such as sputtering or/and ion beam mixing. However, when a nanoparticle is ion irradiated and the ion range is comparable to the nanoparticle size, these effects are to be reconsidered essentially. This study investigates the morphology changes of silver nanoparticles on top of silicon substrates, being irradiated with Ga+ions in an energy range from 1 to 30 keV. The hemispherical shaped nanoparticles become conical due to an enhanced and curvature-dependent sputtering, before they finally disappear. The sputter yield and morphology changes can be well described by 3D Monte Carlo TRI3DYN simulations. However, the combination of sputtering, ion beam mixing, ion beam induced diffusion, and Ostwald ripening at ion energies lower than 8 keV results in the reappearance of new particles. These newly formed nanoparticles appear in various structures depending on the material and ion energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Choupanian
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Alessandro Nagel
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Wolfhard Möller
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, D-01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Claudia Pacholski
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Carsten Ronning
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, D-07743 Jena, Germany
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4
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Majima T, Mizutani S, Mizunami Y, Kitajima K, Tsuchida H, Saito M. Fast-ion-induced secondary ion emission from submicron droplet surfaces studied using a new coincidence technique with forward-scattered projectiles. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:224201. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0032301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T. Majima
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan
| | - S. Mizutani
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan
| | - Y. Mizunami
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan
| | - K. Kitajima
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan
| | - H. Tsuchida
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan
- Quantum Science and Engineering Center, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - M. Saito
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan
- Quantum Science and Engineering Center, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan
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5
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Schlueter K, Nordlund K, Hobler G, Balden M, Granberg F, Flinck O, da Silva TF, Neu R. Absence of a Crystal Direction Regime in which Sputtering Corresponds to Amorphous Material. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:225502. [PMID: 33315424 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.225502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Erosion of material by energetic ions, i.e., sputtering, is widely used in industry and research. Using experiments and simulations that, independently of each other, obtain the sputter yield of thousands of individual grains, we demonstrate here that the sputter yield for heavy keV ions on metals changes as a continuous function of the crystal direction. Moreover, we show that polycrystalline metals with randomly oriented grains do not sputter with the same yield as the amorphous material. The key reason for this is attributed to linear collision sequences rather than channeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Schlueter
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Boltzmannstrasse 2, D-85748 Garching, Germany and Fakultät für Maschinenwesen, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - K Nordlund
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 43, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - G Hobler
- Institute of Solid-State Electronics, TU Wien, Gußhausstraße 25-25a, A-1040 Wien, Austria
| | - M Balden
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Boltzmannstrasse 2, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - F Granberg
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 43, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - O Flinck
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 43, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - T F da Silva
- Physics Institute of University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão 1371, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R Neu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Boltzmannstrasse 2, D-85748 Garching, Germany and Fakultät für Maschinenwesen, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
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6
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Tunes MA, Stemper L, Greaves G, Uggowitzer PJ, Pogatscher S. Prototypic Lightweight Alloy Design for Stellar-Radiation Environments. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2002397. [PMID: 33240778 PMCID: PMC7675061 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The existing literature data shows that conventional aluminium alloys may not be suitable for use in stellar-radiation environments as their hardening phases are prone to dissolve upon exposure to energetic irradiation, resulting in alloy softening which may reduce the lifetime of such materials impairing future human-based space missions. The innovative methodology of crossover alloying is herein used to synthesize an aluminium alloy with a radiation resistant hardening phase. This alloy-a crossover of 5xxx and 7xxx series Al-alloys-is subjected to extreme heavy ion irradiations in situ within a TEM up to a dose of 1 dpa and major experimental observations are made: the Mg32(Zn,Al)49 hardening precipitates (denoted as T-phase) for this alloy system surprisingly survive the extreme irradiation conditions, no cavities are found to nucleate and displacement damage is observed to develop in the form of black-spots. This discovery indicates that a high phase fraction of hardening precipitates is a crucial parameter for achieving superior radiation tolerance. Based on such observations, this current work sets new guidelines for the design of metallic alloys for space exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus A. Tunes
- Chair of Nonferrous MetallurgyMontanuniversitaet LeobenLeobenA‐8700Austria
| | - Lukas Stemper
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Advanced Aluminium AlloysChair of Nonferrous MetallurgyMontanuniversitaet LeobenLeobenA‐8700Austria
| | - Graeme Greaves
- School of Computing and EngineeringUniversity of HuddersfieldHuddersfieldHD1 3DHUnited Kingdom
| | - Peter J. Uggowitzer
- Chair of Nonferrous MetallurgyMontanuniversitaet LeobenLeobenA‐8700Austria
- Laboratory of Metal Physics and TechnologyDepartment of MaterialsETH ZürichZürich8093Switzerland
| | - Stefan Pogatscher
- Chair of Nonferrous MetallurgyMontanuniversitaet LeobenLeobenA‐8700Austria
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7
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Kiani MT, Hattar K, Gu XW. In Situ TEM Study of Radiation Resistance of Metallic Glass-Metal Core-Shell Nanocubes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:40910-40916. [PMID: 32805810 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c10664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Radiation damage can cause significantly more surface damage in metallic nanostructures than bulk materials. Structural changes from displacement damage compromise the performance of nanostructures in radiation environments such as nuclear reactors and outer space, or used in radiation therapy for biomedical treatments. As such, it is important to develop strategies to prevent this from occurring if nanostructures are to be incorporated into these applications. Here, in situ transmission electron microscope ion irradiation was used to investigate whether a metallic glass (MG) coating mitigates sputtering and morphological changes in metallic nanostructures. Dislocation-free Au nanocubes and Au nanocubes coated with a Ni-B MG were bombarded with 2.8 MeV Au4+ ions. The formation of internal defects in bare Au nanocubes was observed at a fluence of 7.5 × 1011 ions/cm2 (0.008 dpa), and morphological changes such as surface roughening, rounding of corners, and formation of nanofilaments began at 4 × 1012 ions/cm2 (0.04 dpa). In contrast, the Ni-B MG-coated Au nanocubes (Au@NiB) showed minimal morphological changes at a fluence of 1.9 × 1013 ions/cm2 (0.2 dpa). The MG coating maintains its amorphous nature under all irradiation conditions investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad T Kiani
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford 94305, California, United States
| | - Khalid Hattar
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque 87123, New Mexico, United States
| | - X Wendy Gu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford 94305, California, United States
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8
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Armon E, Zemel E, Bekkerman A, Bernstein V, Tsipinyuk B, Kolodney E. Emission of velocity-correlated clusters in fullerene-solid single collision and diagnostics of the impact energized subsurface nanovolume. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:204705. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5089874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- E. Armon
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - E. Zemel
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - A. Bekkerman
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - V. Bernstein
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - B. Tsipinyuk
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - E. Kolodney
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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9
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Zeng X, Pelenovich V, Wang Z, Zuo W, Belykh S, Tolstogouzov A, Fu D, Xiao X. Sputtering of silicon nanopowders by an argon cluster ion beam. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 10:135-143. [PMID: 30680286 PMCID: PMC6334788 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.10.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this work an Ar+ cluster ion beam with energy in the range of 10-70 keV and dose of 7.2 × 1014-2.3 × 1016 cluster/cm2 was used to irradiate pressed Si nanopowder targets consisting of particles with a mean diameter of 60 nm. The influence of the target density and the cluster ion beam parameters (energy and dose) on the sputtering depth and sputtering yield was studied. The sputtering yield was found to decrease with increasing dose and target density. The energy dependence demonstrated an unusual non-monotonic behavior. At 17.3 keV a maximum of the sputtering yield was observed, which was more than forty times higher than that of the bulk Si. The surface roughness at low energy demonstrates a similar energy dependence with a maximum near 17 keV. The dose and energy dependence of the sputtering yield was explained by the competition of the finite size effect and the effect of debris formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Zeng
- Department of Physics and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, Hubei Nuclear Solid Physics Key Laboratory and Center for Ion Beam Application, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Vasiliy Pelenovich
- School of Power & Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Zhenguo Wang
- Department of Physics and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, Hubei Nuclear Solid Physics Key Laboratory and Center for Ion Beam Application, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Wenbin Zuo
- Department of Physics and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, Hubei Nuclear Solid Physics Key Laboratory and Center for Ion Beam Application, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Sergey Belykh
- Department of Physics and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, Hubei Nuclear Solid Physics Key Laboratory and Center for Ion Beam Application, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Alexander Tolstogouzov
- Department of Physics and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, Hubei Nuclear Solid Physics Key Laboratory and Center for Ion Beam Application, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Ryazan State Radio Engineering University, Gagarin Str. 59/1, Ryazan, 390005, Russian Federation
- Centre for Physics and Technological Research (CeFITec), Dept. de Física da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia (FCT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, 2829-516, Portugal
| | - Dejun Fu
- Department of Physics and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, Hubei Nuclear Solid Physics Key Laboratory and Center for Ion Beam Application, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xiangheng Xiao
- Department of Physics and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, Hubei Nuclear Solid Physics Key Laboratory and Center for Ion Beam Application, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
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10
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Saravanan K, Panigrahi BK, Suresh K, Sundaravel B, Magudapathy P, Gupta M. A novel green approach for reduction of free standing graphene oxide: electrical and electronic structural investigations. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 29:345204. [PMID: 29856728 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aac9b4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ion beam irradiation technique has been proposed, for efficient, fast and eco-friendly reduction of graphene oxide (GO), as an alternative to the conventional methods. 5 MeV, Au+ ion beam has been used to reduce the free standing GO flake. Both electronic and nuclear energy loss mechanisms of the irradiation process play a major role in removal of oxygen moieties and recovery of graphene network. Atomic resolution scanning tunnelling microscopy analysis of the irradiated GO flake shows the characteristic honeycomb structure of graphene. X-ray absorption near edge structure analysis at C K-edge reveals that the features of the irradiated GO flake resemble the few layer graphene. Resonant Rutherford backscattering spectrometry analysis evidenced an enhanced C/O ratio of ∼23 in the irradiated GO. In situ sheet resistance measurements exhibit a sharp decrease of resistance (few 100 s of Ω) at a fluence of 6.5 × 1014 ions cm-2. Photoluminescence spectroscopic analysis of irradiated GO shows a sharp blue emission, while pristine GO exhibits a broad emission in the visible-near IR region. Region selective reduction, tunable electrical and optical properties by controlling C/O ratio makes ion irradiation as a versatile tool for the green reduction of GO for diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Saravanan
- Materials Science Group, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, HBNI, Kalpakkam-603102, Tamilnadu, India
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11
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Holland-Moritz H, Graupner J, Möller W, Pacholski C, Ronning C. Dynamics of nanoparticle morphology under low energy ion irradiation. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 29:314002. [PMID: 29741493 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aac36c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
If nanostructures are irradiated with energetic ions, the mechanism of sputtering becomes important when the ion range matches about the size of the nanoparticle. Gold nanoparticles with diameters of ∼50 nm on top of silicon substrates with a native oxide layer were irradiated by gallium ions with energies ranging from 1 to 30 keV in a focused ion beam system. High resolution in situ scanning electron microscopy imaging permits detailed insights in the dynamics of the morphology change and sputter yield. Compared to bulk-like structures or thin films, a pronounced shaping and enhanced sputtering in the nanostructures occurs, which enables a specific shaping of these structures using ion beams. This effect depends on the ratio of nanoparticle size and ion energy. In the investigated energy regime, the sputter yield increases at increasing ion energy and shows a distinct dependence on the nanoparticle size. The experimental findings are directly compared to Monte Carlo simulations obtained from iradina and TRI3DYN, where the latter takes into account dynamic morphological and compositional changes of the target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Holland-Moritz
- Institute for Solid State Physics, Friedrich-Schiller-University of Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, D-07743 Jena, Germany. Ernst-Abbe-Hochschule Jena, Carl-Zeiss-Promenade 2, D-07745 Jena, Germany
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12
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Holzwarth U, Ojea Jimenez I, Calzolai L. A random walk approach to estimate the confinement of α-particle emitters in nanoparticles for targeted radionuclide therapy. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2018; 3:9. [PMID: 29888318 PMCID: PMC5976682 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-018-0042-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Targeted radionuclide therapy is a highly efficient but still underused treatment modality for various types of cancers that uses so far mainly readily available β-emitting radionuclides. By using α-particle emitters several shortcomings due to hypoxia, cell proliferation and in the selected treatment of small volumes such as micrometastasis could be overcome. To enable efficient targeting longer-lived α-particle emitters are required. These are the starting point of decay chains emitting several α-particles delivering extremely high radiation doses into small treatment volumes. However, as a consequence of the α-decay the daughter nuclides receive high recoil energies that cannot be managed by chemical radiolabelling techniques. By safe encapsulation of all α-emitters in the decay chain in properly sized nanocarriers their release may be avoided. RESULTS The encapsulation of small core nanoparticles loaded with the radionuclide in a shell structure that safely confines the recoiling daughter nuclides promises good tumour targeting, penetration and uptake, provided these nanostructures can be kept small enough. A model for spherical nanoparticles is proposed that allows an estimate of the fraction of recoiling α-particle emitters that may escape from the nanoparticles as a function of their size. The model treats the recoil ranges of the daughter nuclides as approximately equidistant steps with arbitrary orientation in a three-dimensional random walk model. CONCLUSIONS The presented model allows an estimate of the fraction of α-particles that are emitted from outside the nanoparticle when its size is reduced below the radius that guarantees complete confinement of all radioactive daughter nuclides. Smaller nanoparticle size with reduced retention of daughter radionuclides might be tolerated when the effects can be compensated by fast internalisation of the nanoparticles by the target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Holzwarth
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Via Enrico Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, VA Italy
| | - Isaac Ojea Jimenez
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Via Enrico Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, VA Italy
| | - Luigi Calzolai
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Via Enrico Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, VA Italy
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13
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Shiryaev AA, Hinks JA, Marks NA, Greaves G, Valencia FJ, Donnelly SE, González RI, Kiwi M, Trigub AL, Bringa EM, Fogg JL, Vlasov II. Ion implantation in nanodiamonds: size effect and energy dependence. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5099. [PMID: 29572465 PMCID: PMC5865192 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23434-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles are ubiquitous in nature and are increasingly important for technology. They are subject to bombardment by ionizing radiation in a diverse range of environments. In particular, nanodiamonds represent a variety of nanoparticles of significant fundamental and applied interest. Here we present a combined experimental and computational study of the behaviour of nanodiamonds under irradiation by xenon ions. Unexpectedly, we observed a pronounced size effect on the radiation resistance of the nanodiamonds: particles larger than 8 nm behave similarly to macroscopic diamond (i.e. characterized by high radiation resistance) whereas smaller particles can be completely destroyed by a single impact from an ion in a defined energy range. This latter observation is explained by extreme heating of the nanodiamonds by the penetrating ion. The obtained results are not limited to nanodiamonds, making them of interest for several fields, putting constraints on processes for the controlled modification of nanodiamonds, on the survival of dust in astrophysical environments, and on the behaviour of actinides released from nuclear waste into the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A Shiryaev
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry RAS, Leninsky pr .31 korp. 4, Moscow, 119071, Russia. .,Chemistry Dept., Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Jonathan A Hinks
- University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel A Marks
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Graeme Greaves
- University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, United Kingdom
| | - Felipe J Valencia
- Núcleo de Matemáticas, Física y Estadística, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Chile.,Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile.,Centro para el Desarrollo de la Nanociencia y la Nanotecnología, CEDENNA, Avda. Ecuador 3493, Santiago, 9170124, Chile
| | - Stephen E Donnelly
- University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, United Kingdom
| | - Rafael I González
- Centro para el Desarrollo de la Nanociencia y la Nanotecnología, CEDENNA, Avda. Ecuador 3493, Santiago, 9170124, Chile.,Centro de Nanotecnología Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pirámide, 5750, Huechuraba, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel Kiwi
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile.,Centro para el Desarrollo de la Nanociencia y la Nanotecnología, CEDENNA, Avda. Ecuador 3493, Santiago, 9170124, Chile
| | | | - Eduardo M Bringa
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, 5500, Argentina.,CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Jason L Fogg
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Igor I Vlasov
- General Physics Institute RAS, Vavilova St. 38, Moscow, Russia.,National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow, 115409, Russia
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Effects of crystallographic and geometric orientation on ion beam sputtering of gold nanorods. Sci Rep 2018; 8:512. [PMID: 29323118 PMCID: PMC5765137 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17424-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanostructures may be exposed to irradiation during their manufacture, their engineering and whilst in-service. The consequences of such bombardment can be vastly different from those seen in the bulk. In this paper, we combine transmission electron microscopy with in situ ion irradiation with complementary computer modelling techniques to explore the physics governing the effects of 1.7 MeV Au ions on gold nanorods. Phenomena surrounding the sputtering and associated morphological changes caused by the ion irradiation have been explored. In both the experiments and the simulations, large variations in the sputter yields from individual nanorods were observed. These sputter yields have been shown to correlate with the strength of channelling directions close to the direction in which the ion beam was incident. Craters decorated by ejecta blankets were found to form due to cluster emission thus explaining the high sputter yields.
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15
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Surface Modification and Damage of MeV-Energy Heavy Ion Irradiation on Gold Nanowires. NANOMATERIALS 2017; 7:nano7050108. [PMID: 28505116 PMCID: PMC5449989 DOI: 10.3390/nano7050108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Gold nanowires with diameters ranging from 20 to 90 nm were fabricated by the electrochemical deposition technique in etched ion track polycarbonate templates and were then irradiated by Xe and Kr ions with the energy in MeV range. The surface modification of nanowires was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) characterizations. Different craters with and without protrusion on the gold nanowires were analyzed, and the two corresponding formation mechanisms, i.e., plastic flow and micro-explosion, were investigated. In addition, the sputtered gold nanoparticles caused by ion irradiation were studied and it was confirmed that the surface damage produced in gold nanowires was increased as the diameter of the nanowires decreased. It was also found that heavy ion irradiation can also create stacking fault tetrahedrons (SFTs) in gold nanowires and three different SFTs were confirmed in irradiated nanowires. A statistical analysis of the size distribution of SFTs in gold nanowires proved that the average size distribution of SFT was positively related to the nuclear stopping power of incident ions, i.e., the higher nuclear stopping power of incident ions could generate SFT with a larger average size in gold nanowires.
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16
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Möller W, Johannes A, Ronning C. Shaping and compositional modification of zinc oxide nanowires under energetic manganese ion irradiation. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:175301. [PMID: 26978260 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/17/175301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
For ZnO nanowires of 150 to 200 nm diameter standing on a flat substrate, the development of the surface contour/morphology and the local elemental composition under 175 keV Mn irradiation has been investigated both experimentally and by means of three-dimensional dynamic Monte Carlo computer simulation. The simulation results reveal a complex interplay of sputter erosion, implant incorporation, resputtering and atomic mixing, which is discussed in detail. The sputter-induced thinning of the wire is in good quantitative agreement with the experimental results obtained from pre- and post-irradiation scanning electron microscopy. The experiments also confirm the predicted sharpening of the tip, neck formation at the bottom interface, and ultimately the detachment of the nanowires from the substrate at high ion fluence. Additional good agreement with experimental results from nano-x-ray fluorescence is also obtained for the continuously increasing Mn/Zn atomic ratio within the nanowires as a function of ion fluence. The simulation yields a great deal of additional information that has not been accessible in the experiments. From this, preferential sputtering of O compared with Zn is deduced. A significant contamination of the wires with substrate material arises from ion mixing at the wire/substrate interface, rather than from redeposition of sputtered substrate atoms. Surprising hollow profiles are observed. Their formation is attributed to a special mechanism of collisional transport which is characteristic of the irradiation of nanowires at a suitable combination of wire diameter and ion energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfhard Möller
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
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Sandoval L, Urbassek HM. Collision-spike Sputtering of Au Nanoparticles. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2015; 10:1009. [PMID: 26245857 PMCID: PMC4526510 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-015-1009-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ion irradiation of nanoparticles leads to enhanced sputter yields if the nanoparticle size is of the order of the ion penetration depth. While this feature is reasonably well understood for collision-cascade sputtering, we explore it in the regime of collision-spike sputtering using molecular-dynamics simulation. For the particular case of 200-keV Xe bombardment of Au particles, we show that collision spikes lead to abundant sputtering with an average yield of 397 ± 121 atoms compared to only 116 ± 48 atoms for a bulk Au target. Only around 31 % of the impact energy remains in the nanoparticles after impact; the remainder is transported away by the transmitted projectile and the ejecta. The sputter yield of supported nanoparticles is estimated to be around 80 % of that of free nanoparticles due to the suppression of forward sputtering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Sandoval
- />Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87545 USA
| | - Herbert M Urbassek
- />Physics Department and Research Center OPTIMAS, University Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße, Kaiserslautern, D-67663 Germany
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18
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Armon E, Bekkerman A, Cohen Y, Bernstein J, Tsipinyuk B, Kolodney E. Direct experimental observation of a new mechanism for sputtering of solids by a large polyatomic projectile: velocity-correlated cluster emission. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:027604. [PMID: 25062236 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.027604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We have measured kinetic energy distributions of Ta(n)C(n)(+) (n=1-10) and Ag(n)(+) (n=1-9) cluster ions sputtered off Ta and Ag targets, following impact of C(60)(-) at 14 keV kinetic energy. A gradual increase of the most probable kinetic energies with increased size of the emitted cluster was observed (nearly the same velocity for all n values). This behavior is in sharp contrast to that reported for cluster emission induced by the impact of a monoatomic projectile. Our observation is in good agreement with a mechanism based on the new concept of a superhot moving precursor as the source of the emitted clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Armon
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - A Bekkerman
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Y Cohen
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - J Bernstein
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - B Tsipinyuk
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - E Kolodney
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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19
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Bufford D, Pratt SH, Boyle TJ, Hattar K. In situ TEM ion irradiation and implantation effects on Au nanoparticle morphologies. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:7593-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc49479a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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