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Lobet M, Kinsey N, Liberal I, Caglayan H, Huidobro PA, Galiffi E, Mejía-Salazar JR, Palermo G, Jacob Z, Maccaferri N. New Horizons in Near-Zero Refractive Index Photonics and Hyperbolic Metamaterials. ACS PHOTONICS 2023; 10:3805-3820. [PMID: 38027250 PMCID: PMC10655250 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.3c00747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The engineering of the spatial and temporal properties of both the electric permittivity and the refractive index of materials is at the core of photonics. When vanishing to zero, those two variables provide efficient knobs to control light-matter interactions. This Perspective aims at providing an overview of the state of the art and the challenges in emerging research areas where the use of near-zero refractive index and hyperbolic metamaterials is pivotal, in particular, light and thermal emission, nonlinear optics, sensing applications, and time-varying photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaël Lobet
- Department
of Physics and Namur Institute of Structured Materials, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium
- John
A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 9 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Nathaniel Kinsey
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Iñigo Liberal
- Department
of Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering, Institute
of Smart Cities (ISC), Public University
of Navarre (UPNA), Pamplona 31006, Spain
| | - Humeyra Caglayan
- Faculty
of Engineering and Natural Science, Photonics, Tampere University, 33720 Tampere, Finland
| | - Paloma A. Huidobro
- Departamento
de Física Téorica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed
Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad
Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto
de Telecomunicações, Instituto
Superior Técnico-University of Lisbon, Avenida Rovisco Pais 1, Lisboa, 1049-001, Portugal
| | - Emanuele Galiffi
- Photonics
Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New
York, New York 10027, United States
| | | | - Giovanna Palermo
- Department
of Physics, NLHT Lab, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
- CNR NANOTEC-Institute
of Nanotechnology, Rende (CS), 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Zubin Jacob
- Elmore
Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Birck
Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Nicolò Maccaferri
- Department
of Physics, Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 24, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
- Department
of Physics and Materials Science, University
of Luxembourg, 162a avenue
de la Faïencerie, L-1511 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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Ford LH. Cosmological particle production: a review. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2021; 84:116901. [PMID: 34352740 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ac1b23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This article will review quantum particle creation in expanding universes. The emphasis will be on the basic physical principles and on selected applications to cosmological models. The needed formalism of quantum field theory in curved spacetime will be summarized, and applied to the example of scalar particle creation in a spatially flat Universe. Estimates for the creation rate will be given and applied to inflationary cosmology models. Analog models which illustrate the same physical principles and may be experimentally realizable are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Ford
- Institute of Cosmology, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, United States of America
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3
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Broad Frequency Shift of Parametric Processes in Epsilon-Near-Zero Time-Varying Media. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10041318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The ultrafast changes of material properties induced by short laser pulses can lead to a frequency shift of reflected and transmitted radiation. Recent reports highlight how such a frequency shift is enhanced in spectral regions where the material features a near-zero real part of the permittivity. Here, we investigate the frequency shift for fields generated by four-wave mixing. In our experiment, we observed a frequency shift of more than 60 nm (compared to the pulse width of ∼40 nm) in the phase conjugated radiation generated by a 500 nm aluminium-doped zinc oxide (AZO) film pumped close to the epsilon-near-zero wavelength. Our results indicate applications of time-varying media for nonlinear optics and frequency conversion.
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Bruno V, DeVault C, Vezzoli S, Kudyshev Z, Huq T, Mignuzzi S, Jacassi A, Saha S, Shah YD, Maier SA, Cumming DRS, Boltasseva A, Ferrera M, Clerici M, Faccio D, Sapienza R, Shalaev VM. Negative Refraction in Time-Varying Strongly Coupled Plasmonic-Antenna-Epsilon-Near-Zero Systems. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:043902. [PMID: 32058792 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.043902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Time-varying metasurfaces are emerging as a powerful instrument for the dynamical control of the electromagnetic properties of a propagating wave. Here we demonstrate an efficient time-varying metasurface based on plasmonic nano-antennas strongly coupled to an epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) deeply subwavelength film. The plasmonic resonance of the metal resonators strongly interacts with the optical ENZ modes, providing a Rabi level spitting of ∼30%. Optical pumping at frequency ω induces a nonlinear polarization oscillating at 2ω responsible for an efficient generation of a phase conjugate and a negative refracted beam with a conversion efficiency that is more than 4 orders of magnitude greater compared to the bare ENZ film. The introduction of a strongly coupled plasmonic system therefore provides a simple and effective route towards the implementation of ENZ physics at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Bruno
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - C DeVault
- Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University 1205 West State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, 1205 West State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - S Vezzoli
- The Blackett Laboratory, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BW, United Kingdom
| | - Z Kudyshev
- Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University 1205 West State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, 1205 West State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - T Huq
- The Blackett Laboratory, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BW, United Kingdom
| | - S Mignuzzi
- The Blackett Laboratory, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BW, United Kingdom
| | - A Jacassi
- The Blackett Laboratory, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BW, United Kingdom
| | - S Saha
- Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University 1205 West State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, 1205 West State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Y D Shah
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - S A Maier
- The Blackett Laboratory, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BW, United Kingdom
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maxilimians-Universitat München, 80539 München, Germany
| | - D R S Cumming
- School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, G12 8LT Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - A Boltasseva
- Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University 1205 West State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, 1205 West State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - M Ferrera
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, EH14 4AS Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - M Clerici
- School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, G12 8LT Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - D Faccio
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - R Sapienza
- The Blackett Laboratory, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BW, United Kingdom
| | - V M Shalaev
- Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University 1205 West State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, 1205 West State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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Abstract
Realization of an on-chip quantum network is a major goal in the field of integrated quantum photonics. A typical network scalable on-chip demands optical integration of single photon sources, optical circuitry and detectors for routing and processing of quantum information. Current solutions either notoriously experience considerable decoherence or suffer from extended footprint dimensions limiting their on-chip scaling. Here we propose and numerically demonstrate a robust on-chip network based on an epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) material, whose dielectric function has the real part close to zero. We show that ENZ materials strongly protect quantum information against decoherence and losses during its propagation in the dense network. As an example, we model a feasible implementation of an ENZ network and demonstrate that information can be reliably sent across a titanium nitride grid with a coherence length of 434 nm, operating at room temperature, which is more than 40 times larger than state-of-the-art plasmonic analogs. Our results facilitate practical realization of large multi-node quantum photonic networks and circuits on-a-chip.
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Manipulating thermal emission with spatially static fluctuating fields in arbitrarily shaped epsilon-near-zero bodies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:2878-2883. [PMID: 29507219 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1718264115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The control and manipulation of thermal fields is a key scientific and technological challenge, usually addressed with nanophotonic structures with a carefully designed geometry. Here, we theoretically investigate a different strategy based on epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) media. We demonstrate that thermal emission from ENZ bodies is characterized by the excitation of spatially static fluctuating fields, which can be resonantly enhanced with the addition of dielectric particles. The "spatially static" character of these temporally dynamic fields leads to enhanced spatial coherence on the surface of the body, resulting in directive thermal emission. By contrast with other approaches, this property is intrinsic to ENZ media and it is not tied to its geometry. This point is illustrated with effects such as geometry-invariant resonant emission, beamforming by boundary deformation, and independence with respect to the position of internal particles. We numerically investigate a practical implementation based on a silicon carbide body containing a germanium rod.
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7
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Vezzoli S, Bruno V, DeVault C, Roger T, Shalaev VM, Boltasseva A, Ferrera M, Clerici M, Dubietis A, Faccio D. Optical Time Reversal from Time-Dependent Epsilon-Near-Zero Media. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:043902. [PMID: 29437435 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.043902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Materials with a spatially uniform but temporally varying optical response have applications ranging from magnetic field-free optical isolators to fundamental studies of quantum field theories. However, these effects typically become relevant only for time variations oscillating at optical frequencies, thus presenting a significant hurdle that severely limits the realization of such conditions. Here we present a thin-film material with a permittivity that pulsates (uniformly in space) at optical frequencies and realizes a time-reversing medium of the form originally proposed by Pendry [Science 322, 71 (2008)SCIEAS0036-807510.1126/science.1162087]. We use an optically pumped, 500 nm thick film of epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) material based on Al-doped zinc oxide. An incident probe beam is both negatively refracted and time reversed through a reflected phase-conjugated beam. As a result of the high nonlinearity and the refractive index that is close to zero, the ENZ film leads to time reversed beams (simultaneous negative refraction and phase conjugation) with near-unit efficiency and greater-than-unit internal conversion efficiency. The ENZ platform therefore presents the time-reversal features required, e.g., for efficient subwavelength imaging, all-optical isolators and fundamental quantum field theory studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Vezzoli
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, SUPA, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Vincenzo Bruno
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, SUPA, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Clayton DeVault
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, 1205 West State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2057, USA
| | - Thomas Roger
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, SUPA, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Vladimir M Shalaev
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, 1205 West State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2057, USA
| | - Alexandra Boltasseva
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, 1205 West State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2057, USA
| | - Marcello Ferrera
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, SUPA, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Matteo Clerici
- School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, G12 8LT Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Audrius Dubietis
- Laser Research Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio Avenue 10, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Daniele Faccio
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, SUPA, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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