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Zeng X, Bo Z, Chen W, Chen X, Chen Y, Cheng Z, Cui X, Fan Y, Fang D, Gao Z, Geng L, Giboni K, Guo X, Guo X, Guo Z, Han C, Han K, He C, He J, Huang D, Huang H, Huang J, Hou R, Hou Y, Ji X, Ji X, Ju Y, Li C, Li J, Li M, Li S, Li T, Li Z, Lin Q, Liu J, Lu C, Lu X, Luo L, Luo Y, Ma W, Ma Y, Mao Y, Meng Y, Ning X, Pang B, Qi N, Qian Z, Ren X, Shan D, Shang X, Shao X, Shen G, Shen M, Sun W, Tao Y, Wang A, Wang G, Wang H, Wang J, Wang L, Wang M, Wang Q, Wang S, Wang S, Wang W, Wang X, Wang X, Wang Z, Wei Y, Wu W, Wu Y, Xiao M, Xiao X, Xiong K, Xu Y, Yao S, Yan B, Yan X, Yang Y, Ye P, Yu C, Yuan Y, Yuan Z, Yun Y, Zhang M, Zhang P, Zhang S, Zhang S, Zhang T, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhao L, Zhou J, Zhou J, Zhou J, Zhou N, Zhou X, Zhou Y, et alZeng X, Bo Z, Chen W, Chen X, Chen Y, Cheng Z, Cui X, Fan Y, Fang D, Gao Z, Geng L, Giboni K, Guo X, Guo X, Guo Z, Han C, Han K, He C, He J, Huang D, Huang H, Huang J, Hou R, Hou Y, Ji X, Ji X, Ju Y, Li C, Li J, Li M, Li S, Li T, Li Z, Lin Q, Liu J, Lu C, Lu X, Luo L, Luo Y, Ma W, Ma Y, Mao Y, Meng Y, Ning X, Pang B, Qi N, Qian Z, Ren X, Shan D, Shang X, Shao X, Shen G, Shen M, Sun W, Tao Y, Wang A, Wang G, Wang H, Wang J, Wang L, Wang M, Wang Q, Wang S, Wang S, Wang W, Wang X, Wang X, Wang Z, Wei Y, Wu W, Wu Y, Xiao M, Xiao X, Xiong K, Xu Y, Yao S, Yan B, Yan X, Yang Y, Ye P, Yu C, Yuan Y, Yuan Z, Yun Y, Zhang M, Zhang P, Zhang S, Zhang S, Zhang T, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhao L, Zhou J, Zhou J, Zhou J, Zhou N, Zhou X, Zhou Y, Zhou Z. Exploring New Physics with PandaX-4T Low Energy Electronic Recoil Data. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2025; 134:041001. [PMID: 39951566 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.134.041001] [Show More Authors] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2024] [Revised: 11/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/02/2025] [Indexed: 02/16/2025]
Abstract
New particles beyond the standard model of particle physics, such as axions, can be effectively searched through their interactions with electrons. We use the large liquid xenon detector PandaX-4T to search for novel electronic recoil signals induced by solar axions, neutrinos with anomalous magnetic moment, axionlike particles, dark photons, and light fermionic dark matter. A detailed background model is established using the latest datasets with 1.54 ton yr exposure. No significant excess above the background has been observed, and we have obtained competitive constraints for axion couplings, neutrino magnetic moment, and fermionic dark matter interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinning Zeng
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Physics and Astronomy, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zihao Bo
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Physics and Astronomy, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Physics and Astronomy, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xun Chen
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Physics and Astronomy, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201210, China
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Sichuan Research Institute, Chengdu 610213, China
- Jinping Deep Underground Frontier Science and Dark Matter Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province
| | - Yunhua Chen
- Jinping Deep Underground Frontier Science and Dark Matter Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province
- Yalong River Hydropower Development Company, Ltd., 288 Shuanglin Road, Chengdu 610051, China
| | - Zhaokan Cheng
- Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519082, China
| | - Xiangyi Cui
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yingjie Fan
- Department of Physics, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Deqing Fang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Ion-beam Application (MOE), Institute of Modern Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhixing Gao
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Physics and Astronomy, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lisheng Geng
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 102206, China
- Peng Huanwu Collaborative Center for Research and Education, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- International Research Center for Nuclei and Particles in the Cosmos and Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Nuclear Materials and Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Southern Center for Nuclear-Science Theory (SCNT), Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huizhou 516000, China
| | - Karl Giboni
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Physics and Astronomy, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
- Jinping Deep Underground Frontier Science and Dark Matter Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province
| | - Xunan Guo
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xuyuan Guo
- Jinping Deep Underground Frontier Science and Dark Matter Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province
- Yalong River Hydropower Development Company, Ltd., 288 Shuanglin Road, Chengdu 610051, China
| | - Zichao Guo
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Chencheng Han
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Ke Han
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Physics and Astronomy, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
- Jinping Deep Underground Frontier Science and Dark Matter Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province
| | - Changda He
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Physics and Astronomy, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jinrong He
- Yalong River Hydropower Development Company, Ltd., 288 Shuanglin Road, Chengdu 610051, China
| | - Di Huang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Physics and Astronomy, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Houqi Huang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, SJTU Paris Elite Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Junting Huang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Physics and Astronomy, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
- Jinping Deep Underground Frontier Science and Dark Matter Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province
| | - Ruquan Hou
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Sichuan Research Institute, Chengdu 610213, China
- Jinping Deep Underground Frontier Science and Dark Matter Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province
| | - Yu Hou
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiangdong Ji
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Xiangpan Ji
- School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yonglin Ju
- Jinping Deep Underground Frontier Science and Dark Matter Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chenxiang Li
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Physics and Astronomy, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jiafu Li
- School of Physics, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Mingchuan Li
- Jinping Deep Underground Frontier Science and Dark Matter Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province
- Yalong River Hydropower Development Company, Ltd., 288 Shuanglin Road, Chengdu 610051, China
| | - Shuaijie Li
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Physics and Astronomy, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
- Jinping Deep Underground Frontier Science and Dark Matter Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province
- Yalong River Hydropower Development Company, Ltd., 288 Shuanglin Road, Chengdu 610051, China
| | - Tao Li
- Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519082, China
| | - Zhiyuan Li
- Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519082, China
| | - Qing Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jianglai Liu
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Physics and Astronomy, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201210, China
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Sichuan Research Institute, Chengdu 610213, China
- Jinping Deep Underground Frontier Science and Dark Matter Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province
| | - Congcong Lu
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaoying Lu
- Research Center for Particle Science and Technology, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Lingyin Luo
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yunyang Luo
- Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wenbo Ma
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Physics and Astronomy, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yugang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Ion-beam Application (MOE), Institute of Modern Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yajun Mao
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yue Meng
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Physics and Astronomy, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Sichuan Research Institute, Chengdu 610213, China
- Jinping Deep Underground Frontier Science and Dark Matter Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province
| | - Xuyang Ning
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Physics and Astronomy, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Binyu Pang
- Research Center for Particle Science and Technology, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Ningchun Qi
- Jinping Deep Underground Frontier Science and Dark Matter Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province
- Yalong River Hydropower Development Company, Ltd., 288 Shuanglin Road, Chengdu 610051, China
| | - Zhicheng Qian
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Physics and Astronomy, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiangxiang Ren
- Research Center for Particle Science and Technology, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Dong Shan
- School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiaofeng Shang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Physics and Astronomy, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiyuan Shao
- School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Guofang Shen
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Manbin Shen
- Jinping Deep Underground Frontier Science and Dark Matter Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province
- Yalong River Hydropower Development Company, Ltd., 288 Shuanglin Road, Chengdu 610051, China
| | - Wenliang Sun
- Jinping Deep Underground Frontier Science and Dark Matter Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province
- Yalong River Hydropower Development Company, Ltd., 288 Shuanglin Road, Chengdu 610051, China
| | - Yi Tao
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Physics and Astronomy, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Sichuan Research Institute, Chengdu 610213, China
| | - Anqing Wang
- Research Center for Particle Science and Technology, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Guanbo Wang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Physics and Astronomy, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Physics and Astronomy, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jiamin Wang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Nuclear Technology and Automation Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Research Center for Particle Science and Technology, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Qiuhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Ion-beam Application (MOE), Institute of Modern Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shaobo Wang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Physics and Astronomy, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
- Jinping Deep Underground Frontier Science and Dark Matter Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, SJTU Paris Elite Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Siguang Wang
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519082, China
- School of Physics, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xiuli Wang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xu Wang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Zhou Wang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Physics and Astronomy, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201210, China
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Sichuan Research Institute, Chengdu 610213, China
- Jinping Deep Underground Frontier Science and Dark Matter Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province
| | - Yuehuan Wei
- Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519082, China
| | - Weihao Wu
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Physics and Astronomy, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
- Jinping Deep Underground Frontier Science and Dark Matter Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province
| | - Yuan Wu
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Physics and Astronomy, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Mengjiao Xiao
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Physics and Astronomy, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiang Xiao
- School of Physics, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Kaizhi Xiong
- Jinping Deep Underground Frontier Science and Dark Matter Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province
- Yalong River Hydropower Development Company, Ltd., 288 Shuanglin Road, Chengdu 610051, China
| | - Yifan Xu
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shunyu Yao
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, SJTU Paris Elite Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Binbin Yan
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xiyu Yan
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Physics and Astronomy, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
- Jinping Deep Underground Frontier Science and Dark Matter Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province
| | - Peihua Ye
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Physics and Astronomy, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chunxu Yu
- School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ying Yuan
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Physics and Astronomy, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhe Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Ion-beam Application (MOE), Institute of Modern Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Youhui Yun
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Physics and Astronomy, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Minzhen Zhang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Jinping Deep Underground Frontier Science and Dark Matter Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province
- Yalong River Hydropower Development Company, Ltd., 288 Shuanglin Road, Chengdu 610051, China
| | - Shibo Zhang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- School of Physics, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Physics and Astronomy, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201210, China
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Sichuan Research Institute, Chengdu 610213, China
- Jinping Deep Underground Frontier Science and Dark Matter Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province
| | - Wei Zhang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Research Center for Particle Science and Technology, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Yingxin Zhang
- Research Center for Particle Science and Technology, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Physics and Astronomy, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201210, China
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Sichuan Research Institute, Chengdu 610213, China
- Jinping Deep Underground Frontier Science and Dark Matter Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province
| | - Jifang Zhou
- Jinping Deep Underground Frontier Science and Dark Matter Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province
- Yalong River Hydropower Development Company, Ltd., 288 Shuanglin Road, Chengdu 610051, China
| | - Jiaxu Zhou
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, SJTU Paris Elite Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jiayi Zhou
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Ning Zhou
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Physics and Astronomy, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201210, China
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Sichuan Research Institute, Chengdu 610213, China
- Jinping Deep Underground Frontier Science and Dark Matter Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province
| | - Xiaopeng Zhou
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yubo Zhou
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Physics and Astronomy, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhizhen Zhou
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Physics and Astronomy, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
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Shang X, Abdukerim A, Bo Z, Chen W, Chen X, Chen Y, Cheng C, Cheng Z, Cui X, Fan Y, Fang D, Geng L, Giboni K, Guo X, Han C, Han K, He C, He J, Huang D, Huang J, Huang Z, Hou R, Hou Y, Ji X, Ji X, Ju Y, Li C, Li J, Li M, Li S, Li T, Lin Q, Liu J, Lu C, Lu X, Luo L, Luo Y, Ma W, Ma Y, Mao Y, Meng Y, Ning X, Pang B, Qi N, Qian Z, Ren X, Shaheed N, Shao X, Shen G, Shen M, Si L, Sun W, Tao Y, Wang A, Wang M, Wang Q, Wang S, Wang S, Wang W, Wang X, Wang X, Wang Z, Wei Y, Wu M, Wu W, Wu Y, Xiao M, Xiao X, Xiong K, Yan B, Yan X, Yang Y, Yu C, Yuan Y, Yuan Z, Yun Y, Zeng X, Zhang M, Zhang P, Zhang S, Zhang S, Zhang T, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhao L, Zhou J, Zhou N, Zhou X, Zhou Y, Zhou Z, Ge SF, Xia C. Search for Cosmic-Ray Boosted Sub-MeV Dark-Matter-Electron Scattering in PandaX-4T. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 133:101805. [PMID: 39303260 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.133.101805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
We report the first search for the elastic scatterings between cosmic-ray boosted sub-MeV dark matter (DM) and electrons in the PandaX-4T liquid xenon experiment. Sub-MeV DM particles can be accelerated by scattering with electrons in the cosmic rays and produce detectable electron recoil signals in the detector. Using the commissioning data from PandaX-4T of 0.63 tonne·year exposure, we set new constraints on DM-electron scattering cross sections for DM masses ranging from 10 eV/c^{2} to 3 keV/c^{2}.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Shang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | | | - Zihao Bo
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wei Chen
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xun Chen
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Sichuan Research Institute, Chengdu 610213, China
- Jinping Deep Underground Frontier Science and Dark Matter Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Liangshan 615000, China
| | - Yunhua Chen
- Jinping Deep Underground Frontier Science and Dark Matter Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Liangshan 615000, China
- Yalong River Hydropower Development Company, Ltd., 288 Shuanglin Road, Chengdu 610051, China
| | - Chen Cheng
- School of Physics, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zhaokan Cheng
- Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519082, China
| | | | - Yingjie Fan
- Department of Physics,Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Deqing Fang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Ion-beam Application (MOE), Institute of Modern Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lisheng Geng
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 102206, China
- Peng Huanwu Collaborative Center for Research and Education, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- International Research Center for Nuclei and Particles in the Cosmos and Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Nuclear Materials and Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Southern Center for Nuclear-Science Theory (SCNT), Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huizhou 516000, China
| | - Karl Giboni
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
- Jinping Deep Underground Frontier Science and Dark Matter Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Liangshan 615000, China
| | - Xuyuan Guo
- Jinping Deep Underground Frontier Science and Dark Matter Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Liangshan 615000, China
- Yalong River Hydropower Development Company, Ltd., 288 Shuanglin Road, Chengdu 610051, China
| | | | - Ke Han
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
- Jinping Deep Underground Frontier Science and Dark Matter Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Liangshan 615000, China
| | - Changda He
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jinrong He
- Yalong River Hydropower Development Company, Ltd., 288 Shuanglin Road, Chengdu 610051, China
| | - Di Huang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Junting Huang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
- Jinping Deep Underground Frontier Science and Dark Matter Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Liangshan 615000, China
| | - Zhou Huang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ruquan Hou
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Sichuan Research Institute, Chengdu 610213, China
- Jinping Deep Underground Frontier Science and Dark Matter Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Liangshan 615000, China
| | | | - Xiangdong Ji
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Xiangpan Ji
- School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yonglin Ju
- Jinping Deep Underground Frontier Science and Dark Matter Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Liangshan 615000, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chenxiang Li
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jiafu Li
- School of Physics, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Mingchuan Li
- Jinping Deep Underground Frontier Science and Dark Matter Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Liangshan 615000, China
- Yalong River Hydropower Development Company, Ltd., 288 Shuanglin Road, Chengdu 610051, China
| | - Shuaijie Li
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
- Jinping Deep Underground Frontier Science and Dark Matter Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Liangshan 615000, China
- Yalong River Hydropower Development Company, Ltd., 288 Shuanglin Road, Chengdu 610051, China
| | - Tao Li
- Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519082, China
| | - Qing Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jianglai Liu
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Sichuan Research Institute, Chengdu 610213, China
- Jinping Deep Underground Frontier Science and Dark Matter Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Liangshan 615000, China
| | | | - Xiaoying Lu
- Research Center for Particle Science and Technology, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Lingyin Luo
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yunyang Luo
- Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wenbo Ma
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yugang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Ion-beam Application (MOE), Institute of Modern Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yajun Mao
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yue Meng
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Sichuan Research Institute, Chengdu 610213, China
- Jinping Deep Underground Frontier Science and Dark Matter Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Liangshan 615000, China
| | - Xuyang Ning
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Binyu Pang
- Research Center for Particle Science and Technology, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Ningchun Qi
- Jinping Deep Underground Frontier Science and Dark Matter Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Liangshan 615000, China
- Yalong River Hydropower Development Company, Ltd., 288 Shuanglin Road, Chengdu 610051, China
| | - Zhicheng Qian
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiangxiang Ren
- Research Center for Particle Science and Technology, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Nasir Shaheed
- Research Center for Particle Science and Technology, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Xiyuan Shao
- School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Guofang Shen
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Manbin Shen
- Jinping Deep Underground Frontier Science and Dark Matter Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Liangshan 615000, China
- Yalong River Hydropower Development Company, Ltd., 288 Shuanglin Road, Chengdu 610051, China
| | - Lin Si
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wenliang Sun
- Jinping Deep Underground Frontier Science and Dark Matter Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Liangshan 615000, China
- Yalong River Hydropower Development Company, Ltd., 288 Shuanglin Road, Chengdu 610051, China
| | - Yi Tao
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Sichuan Research Institute, Chengdu 610213, China
| | - Anqing Wang
- Research Center for Particle Science and Technology, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Research Center for Particle Science and Technology, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Qiuhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Ion-beam Application (MOE), Institute of Modern Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shaobo Wang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
- Jinping Deep Underground Frontier Science and Dark Matter Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Liangshan 615000, China
- SJTU Paris Elite Institute of Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Siguang Wang
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Physics, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519082, China
| | | | | | - Zhou Wang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Sichuan Research Institute, Chengdu 610213, China
- Jinping Deep Underground Frontier Science and Dark Matter Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Liangshan 615000, China
| | - Yuehuan Wei
- Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519082, China
| | - Mengmeng Wu
- School of Physics, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Weihao Wu
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
- Jinping Deep Underground Frontier Science and Dark Matter Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Liangshan 615000, China
| | - Yuan Wu
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Mengjiao Xiao
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiang Xiao
- School of Physics, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Kaizhi Xiong
- Jinping Deep Underground Frontier Science and Dark Matter Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Liangshan 615000, China
- Yalong River Hydropower Development Company, Ltd., 288 Shuanglin Road, Chengdu 610051, China
| | | | - Xiyu Yan
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519082, China
| | - Yong Yang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chunxu Yu
- School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ying Yuan
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhe Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Ion-beam Application (MOE), Institute of Modern Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Youhui Yun
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xinning Zeng
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | | | - Peng Zhang
- Jinping Deep Underground Frontier Science and Dark Matter Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Liangshan 615000, China
- Yalong River Hydropower Development Company, Ltd., 288 Shuanglin Road, Chengdu 610051, China
| | | | - Shu Zhang
- School of Physics, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Sichuan Research Institute, Chengdu 610213, China
- Jinping Deep Underground Frontier Science and Dark Matter Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Liangshan 615000, China
| | | | - Yang Zhang
- Research Center for Particle Science and Technology, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Yingxin Zhang
- Research Center for Particle Science and Technology, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
| | | | - Li Zhao
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
- Jinping Deep Underground Frontier Science and Dark Matter Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Liangshan 615000, China
| | - Jifang Zhou
- Jinping Deep Underground Frontier Science and Dark Matter Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Liangshan 615000, China
- Yalong River Hydropower Development Company, Ltd., 288 Shuanglin Road, Chengdu 610051, China
| | - Ning Zhou
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Sichuan Research Institute, Chengdu 610213, China
- Jinping Deep Underground Frontier Science and Dark Matter Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Liangshan 615000, China
| | - Xiaopeng Zhou
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yubo Zhou
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhizhen Zhou
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shao-Feng Ge
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chen Xia
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
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Aprile E, Aalbers J, Abe K, Ahmed Maouloud S, Althueser L, Andrieu B, Angelino E, Angevaare JR, Antochi VC, Antón Martin D, Arneodo F, Balata M, Baudis L, Baxter AL, Bazyk M, Bellagamba L, Biondi R, Bismark A, Brookes EJ, Brown A, Bruenner S, Bruno G, Budnik R, Bui TK, Cai C, Cardoso JMR, Cassese F, Chiarini A, Cichon D, Cimental Chavez AP, Colijn AP, Conrad J, Corrieri R, Cuenca-García JJ, Cussonneau JP, Dadoun O, D’Andrea V, Decowski MP, De Fazio B, Gangi PD, Diglio S, Disdier JM, Douillet D, Eitel K, Elykov A, Farrell S, Ferella AD, Ferrari C, Fischer H, Flierman M, Form S, Front D, Fulgione W, Fuselli C, Gaemers P, Gaior R, Rosso AG, Galloway M, Gao F, Gardner R, Garroum N, Glade-Beucke R, Grandi L, Grigat J, Guan H, Guerzoni M, Guida M, Hammann R, Higuera A, Hils C, Hoetzsch L, Hood NF, Howlett J, Huhmann C, Iacovacci M, Iaquaniello G, Iven L, Itow Y, Jakob J, Joerg F, Joy A, Kara M, Kavrigin P, Kazama S, Kobayashi M, Koltman G, Kopec A, Kuger F, Landsman H, Lang RF, Levinson L, Li I, Li S, Liang S, Lindemann S, Lindner M, Liu K, Loizeau J, Lombardi F, Long J, et alAprile E, Aalbers J, Abe K, Ahmed Maouloud S, Althueser L, Andrieu B, Angelino E, Angevaare JR, Antochi VC, Antón Martin D, Arneodo F, Balata M, Baudis L, Baxter AL, Bazyk M, Bellagamba L, Biondi R, Bismark A, Brookes EJ, Brown A, Bruenner S, Bruno G, Budnik R, Bui TK, Cai C, Cardoso JMR, Cassese F, Chiarini A, Cichon D, Cimental Chavez AP, Colijn AP, Conrad J, Corrieri R, Cuenca-García JJ, Cussonneau JP, Dadoun O, D’Andrea V, Decowski MP, De Fazio B, Gangi PD, Diglio S, Disdier JM, Douillet D, Eitel K, Elykov A, Farrell S, Ferella AD, Ferrari C, Fischer H, Flierman M, Form S, Front D, Fulgione W, Fuselli C, Gaemers P, Gaior R, Rosso AG, Galloway M, Gao F, Gardner R, Garroum N, Glade-Beucke R, Grandi L, Grigat J, Guan H, Guerzoni M, Guida M, Hammann R, Higuera A, Hils C, Hoetzsch L, Hood NF, Howlett J, Huhmann C, Iacovacci M, Iaquaniello G, Iven L, Itow Y, Jakob J, Joerg F, Joy A, Kara M, Kavrigin P, Kazama S, Kobayashi M, Koltman G, Kopec A, Kuger F, Landsman H, Lang RF, Levinson L, Li I, Li S, Liang S, Lindemann S, Lindner M, Liu K, Loizeau J, Lombardi F, Long J, Lopes JAM, Ma Y, Macolino C, Mahlstedt J, Mancuso A, Manenti L, Marignetti F, Marrodán Undagoitia T, Martella P, Martens K, Masbou J, Masson D, Masson E, Mastroianni S, Mele E, Messina M, Michinelli R, Miuchi K, Molinario A, Moriyama S, Morå K, Mosbacher Y, Murra M, Müller J, Ni K, Nisi S, Oberlack U, Orlandi D, Othegraven R, Paetsch B, Palacio J, Parlati S, Paschos P, Pellegrini Q, Peres R, Peters C, Pienaar J, Pierre M, Plante G, Pollmann TR, Qi J, Qin J, García DR, Rynge M, Shi J, Singh R, Sanchez L, Santos JMFD, Sarnoff I, Sartorelli G, Schreiner J, Schulte D, Schulte P, Schulze Eißing H, Schumann M, Scotto Lavina L, Selvi M, Semeria F, Shagin P, Shi S, Shockley E, Silva M, Simgen H, Stephen J, Stern M, Stillwell BK, Takeda A, Tan PL, Tatananni D, Terliuk A, Thers D, Toschi F, Trinchero G, Tunnell C, Tönnies F, Valerius K, Volta G, Weinheimer C, Weiss M, Wenz D, Westermann J, Wittweg C, Wolf T, Wu VHS, Xing Y, Xu D, Xu Z, Yamashita M, Yang L, Ye J, Yuan L, Zavattini G, Zhong M, Zhu T. The XENONnT dark matter experiment. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. C, PARTICLES AND FIELDS 2024; 84:784. [PMID: 39130092 PMCID: PMC11306575 DOI: 10.1140/epjc/s10052-024-12982-5] [Show More Authors] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
The multi-staged XENON program at INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso aims to detect dark matter with two-phase liquid xenon time projection chambers of increasing size and sensitivity. The XENONnT experiment is the latest detector in the program, planned to be an upgrade of its predecessor XENON1T. It features an active target of 5.9 tonnes of cryogenic liquid xenon (8.5 tonnes total mass in cryostat). The experiment is expected to extend the sensitivity to WIMP dark matter by more than an order of magnitude compared to XENON1T, thanks to the larger active mass and the significantly reduced background, improved by novel systems such as a radon removal plant and a neutron veto. This article describes the XENONnT experiment and its sub-systems in detail and reports on the detector performance during the first science run.
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Affiliation(s)
- XENON Collaboration
- Physics Department, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027 USA
- Nikhef and the University of Amsterdam, Science Park, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, and Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), University of Tokyo, Higashi-Mozumi, Kamioka, Hida, Gifu, 506-1205 Japan
- LPNHE, Sorbonne Université, CNRS/IN2P3, 75005 Paris, France
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
- INAF-Astrophysical Observatory of Torino, Department of Physics, University of Torino and INFN-Torino, 10125 Turin, Italy
- Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, Stockholm, 10691 Sweden
- Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
- New York University Abu Dhabi-Center for Astro, Particle and Planetary Physics, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- INFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso and Gran Sasso Science Institute, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
- Physik-Institut, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
- SUBATECH, IMT Atlantique, CNRS/IN2P3, Université de Nantes, 44307 Nantes, France
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna and INFN-Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001 Israel
- Department of Physics and Center for High Energy Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
- LIBPhys, Department of Physics, University of Coimbra, 3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Physics “Ettore Pancini”, University of Napoli and INFN-Napoli, 80126 Naples, Italy
- IJCLab, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Saclay, Universit é de Paris, 15 rue Georges Clémenceau, 91400 Orsay, France
- Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005 USA
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
- Institut für Physik and Exzellenzcluster PRISMA+, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
- Kobayashi-Maskawa Institute for the Origin of Particles and the Universe, and Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602 Japan
- Department of Physics, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501 Japan
- INFN-Ferrara and Dip. di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università di Ferrara, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
- Coimbra Polytechnic-ISEC, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- INFN-Roma Tre, 00146 Rome, Italy
- Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA 90292 USA
- Department of Physics, School of Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310030 China
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172 China
| | - E. Aprile
- Physics Department, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027 USA
| | - J. Aalbers
- Nikhef and the University of Amsterdam, Science Park, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K. Abe
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, and Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), University of Tokyo, Higashi-Mozumi, Kamioka, Hida, Gifu, 506-1205 Japan
| | | | - L. Althueser
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - B. Andrieu
- LPNHE, Sorbonne Université, CNRS/IN2P3, 75005 Paris, France
| | - E. Angelino
- INAF-Astrophysical Observatory of Torino, Department of Physics, University of Torino and INFN-Torino, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - J. R. Angevaare
- Nikhef and the University of Amsterdam, Science Park, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - V. C. Antochi
- Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, Stockholm, 10691 Sweden
| | - D. Antón Martin
- Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - F. Arneodo
- New York University Abu Dhabi-Center for Astro, Particle and Planetary Physics, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - M. Balata
- INFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso and Gran Sasso Science Institute, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - L. Baudis
- Physik-Institut, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - A. L. Baxter
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - M. Bazyk
- SUBATECH, IMT Atlantique, CNRS/IN2P3, Université de Nantes, 44307 Nantes, France
| | - L. Bellagamba
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna and INFN-Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - R. Biondi
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A. Bismark
- Physik-Institut, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - E. J. Brookes
- Nikhef and the University of Amsterdam, Science Park, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A. Brown
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - S. Bruenner
- Nikhef and the University of Amsterdam, Science Park, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G. Bruno
- SUBATECH, IMT Atlantique, CNRS/IN2P3, Université de Nantes, 44307 Nantes, France
| | - R. Budnik
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001 Israel
| | - T. K. Bui
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, and Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), University of Tokyo, Higashi-Mozumi, Kamioka, Hida, Gifu, 506-1205 Japan
| | - C. Cai
- Department of Physics and Center for High Energy Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - J. M. R. Cardoso
- LIBPhys, Department of Physics, University of Coimbra, 3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - F. Cassese
- Department of Physics “Ettore Pancini”, University of Napoli and INFN-Napoli, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - A. Chiarini
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna and INFN-Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - D. Cichon
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - A. P. Colijn
- Nikhef and the University of Amsterdam, Science Park, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J. Conrad
- Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, Stockholm, 10691 Sweden
| | - R. Corrieri
- INFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso and Gran Sasso Science Institute, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | | | - J. P. Cussonneau
- SUBATECH, IMT Atlantique, CNRS/IN2P3, Université de Nantes, 44307 Nantes, France
| | - O. Dadoun
- LPNHE, Sorbonne Université, CNRS/IN2P3, 75005 Paris, France
| | - V. D’Andrea
- INFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso and Gran Sasso Science Institute, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
- INFN-Roma Tre, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - M. P. Decowski
- Nikhef and the University of Amsterdam, Science Park, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B. De Fazio
- Department of Physics “Ettore Pancini”, University of Napoli and INFN-Napoli, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - P. Di Gangi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna and INFN-Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - S. Diglio
- SUBATECH, IMT Atlantique, CNRS/IN2P3, Université de Nantes, 44307 Nantes, France
| | - J. M. Disdier
- INFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso and Gran Sasso Science Institute, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - D. Douillet
- IJCLab, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Saclay, Universit é de Paris, 15 rue Georges Clémenceau, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - K. Eitel
- Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A. Elykov
- Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - S. Farrell
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005 USA
| | - A. D. Ferella
- INFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso and Gran Sasso Science Institute, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - C. Ferrari
- INFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso and Gran Sasso Science Institute, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - H. Fischer
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - M. Flierman
- Nikhef and the University of Amsterdam, Science Park, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S. Form
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - D. Front
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001 Israel
| | - W. Fulgione
- INAF-Astrophysical Observatory of Torino, Department of Physics, University of Torino and INFN-Torino, 10125 Turin, Italy
- INFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso and Gran Sasso Science Institute, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - C. Fuselli
- Nikhef and the University of Amsterdam, Science Park, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P. Gaemers
- Nikhef and the University of Amsterdam, Science Park, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R. Gaior
- LPNHE, Sorbonne Université, CNRS/IN2P3, 75005 Paris, France
| | - A. Gallo Rosso
- Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, Stockholm, 10691 Sweden
| | - M. Galloway
- Physik-Institut, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - F. Gao
- Department of Physics and Center for High Energy Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - R. Gardner
- Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - N. Garroum
- LPNHE, Sorbonne Université, CNRS/IN2P3, 75005 Paris, France
| | - R. Glade-Beucke
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - L. Grandi
- Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - J. Grigat
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - H. Guan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - M. Guerzoni
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna and INFN-Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - M. Guida
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - R. Hammann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A. Higuera
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005 USA
| | - C. Hils
- Institut für Physik and Exzellenzcluster PRISMA+, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - L. Hoetzsch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - N. F. Hood
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - J. Howlett
- Physics Department, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027 USA
| | - C. Huhmann
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - M. Iacovacci
- Department of Physics “Ettore Pancini”, University of Napoli and INFN-Napoli, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - G. Iaquaniello
- IJCLab, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Saclay, Universit é de Paris, 15 rue Georges Clémenceau, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - L. Iven
- Physik-Institut, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Y. Itow
- Kobayashi-Maskawa Institute for the Origin of Particles and the Universe, and Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602 Japan
| | - J. Jakob
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - F. Joerg
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A. Joy
- Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, Stockholm, 10691 Sweden
| | - M. Kara
- Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - P. Kavrigin
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001 Israel
| | - S. Kazama
- Kobayashi-Maskawa Institute for the Origin of Particles and the Universe, and Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602 Japan
| | - M. Kobayashi
- Kobayashi-Maskawa Institute for the Origin of Particles and the Universe, and Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602 Japan
| | - G. Koltman
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001 Israel
| | - A. Kopec
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - F. Kuger
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - H. Landsman
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001 Israel
| | - R. F. Lang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - L. Levinson
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001 Israel
| | - I. Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005 USA
| | - S. Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
- Department of Physics, School of Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310030 China
| | - S. Liang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005 USA
| | - S. Lindemann
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - M. Lindner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - K. Liu
- Department of Physics and Center for High Energy Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - J. Loizeau
- SUBATECH, IMT Atlantique, CNRS/IN2P3, Université de Nantes, 44307 Nantes, France
| | - F. Lombardi
- Institut für Physik and Exzellenzcluster PRISMA+, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - J. Long
- Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - J. A. M. Lopes
- LIBPhys, Department of Physics, University of Coimbra, 3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Polytechnic-ISEC, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Y. Ma
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - C. Macolino
- INFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso and Gran Sasso Science Institute, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - J. Mahlstedt
- Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, Stockholm, 10691 Sweden
| | - A. Mancuso
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna and INFN-Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - L. Manenti
- New York University Abu Dhabi-Center for Astro, Particle and Planetary Physics, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - F. Marignetti
- Department of Physics “Ettore Pancini”, University of Napoli and INFN-Napoli, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | | | - P. Martella
- INFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso and Gran Sasso Science Institute, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - K. Martens
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, and Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), University of Tokyo, Higashi-Mozumi, Kamioka, Hida, Gifu, 506-1205 Japan
| | - J. Masbou
- SUBATECH, IMT Atlantique, CNRS/IN2P3, Université de Nantes, 44307 Nantes, France
| | - D. Masson
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - E. Masson
- LPNHE, Sorbonne Université, CNRS/IN2P3, 75005 Paris, France
| | - S. Mastroianni
- Department of Physics “Ettore Pancini”, University of Napoli and INFN-Napoli, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - E. Mele
- Department of Physics “Ettore Pancini”, University of Napoli and INFN-Napoli, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - M. Messina
- INFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso and Gran Sasso Science Institute, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - R. Michinelli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna and INFN-Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - K. Miuchi
- Department of Physics, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501 Japan
| | - A. Molinario
- INAF-Astrophysical Observatory of Torino, Department of Physics, University of Torino and INFN-Torino, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - S. Moriyama
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, and Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), University of Tokyo, Higashi-Mozumi, Kamioka, Hida, Gifu, 506-1205 Japan
| | - K. Morå
- Physics Department, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027 USA
| | - Y. Mosbacher
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001 Israel
| | - M. Murra
- Physics Department, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027 USA
| | - J. Müller
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - K. Ni
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - S. Nisi
- INFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso and Gran Sasso Science Institute, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - U. Oberlack
- Institut für Physik and Exzellenzcluster PRISMA+, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - D. Orlandi
- INFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso and Gran Sasso Science Institute, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - R. Othegraven
- Institut für Physik and Exzellenzcluster PRISMA+, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - B. Paetsch
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001 Israel
| | - J. Palacio
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S. Parlati
- INFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso and Gran Sasso Science Institute, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - P. Paschos
- Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Q. Pellegrini
- LPNHE, Sorbonne Université, CNRS/IN2P3, 75005 Paris, France
| | - R. Peres
- Physik-Institut, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - C. Peters
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005 USA
| | - J. Pienaar
- Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - M. Pierre
- Nikhef and the University of Amsterdam, Science Park, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G. Plante
- Physics Department, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027 USA
| | - T. R. Pollmann
- Nikhef and the University of Amsterdam, Science Park, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J. Qi
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - J. Qin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | | | - M. Rynge
- Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
- Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA 90292 USA
| | - J. Shi
- Department of Physics and Center for High Energy Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - R. Singh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - L. Sanchez
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005 USA
| | - J. M. F. dos Santos
- LIBPhys, Department of Physics, University of Coimbra, 3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - I. Sarnoff
- New York University Abu Dhabi-Center for Astro, Particle and Planetary Physics, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - G. Sartorelli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna and INFN-Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - J. Schreiner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - D. Schulte
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - P. Schulte
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - H. Schulze Eißing
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - M. Schumann
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - M. Selvi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna and INFN-Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - F. Semeria
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna and INFN-Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - P. Shagin
- Institut für Physik and Exzellenzcluster PRISMA+, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - S. Shi
- Physics Department, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027 USA
| | - E. Shockley
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - M. Silva
- LIBPhys, Department of Physics, University of Coimbra, 3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - H. Simgen
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J. Stephen
- Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - M. Stern
- Physics Department, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027 USA
| | - B. K. Stillwell
- Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - A. Takeda
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, and Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), University of Tokyo, Higashi-Mozumi, Kamioka, Hida, Gifu, 506-1205 Japan
| | - P.-L. Tan
- Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, Stockholm, 10691 Sweden
| | - D. Tatananni
- INFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso and Gran Sasso Science Institute, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - A. Terliuk
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - D. Thers
- SUBATECH, IMT Atlantique, CNRS/IN2P3, Université de Nantes, 44307 Nantes, France
| | - F. Toschi
- Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - G. Trinchero
- INAF-Astrophysical Observatory of Torino, Department of Physics, University of Torino and INFN-Torino, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - C. Tunnell
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005 USA
| | - F. Tönnies
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - K. Valerius
- Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - G. Volta
- Physik-Institut, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - C. Weinheimer
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - M. Weiss
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001 Israel
| | - D. Wenz
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Institut für Physik and Exzellenzcluster PRISMA+, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - J. Westermann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C. Wittweg
- Physik-Institut, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - T. Wolf
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - V. H. S. Wu
- Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Y. Xing
- SUBATECH, IMT Atlantique, CNRS/IN2P3, Université de Nantes, 44307 Nantes, France
| | - D. Xu
- Physics Department, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027 USA
| | - Z. Xu
- Physics Department, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027 USA
| | - M. Yamashita
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, and Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), University of Tokyo, Higashi-Mozumi, Kamioka, Hida, Gifu, 506-1205 Japan
| | - L. Yang
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - J. Ye
- Physics Department, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027 USA
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172 China
| | - L. Yuan
- Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - G. Zavattini
- INFN-Ferrara and Dip. di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università di Ferrara, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
| | - M. Zhong
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - T. Zhu
- Physics Department, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027 USA
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Arnquist IJ, Avignone FT, Barabash AS, Barton CJ, Bhimani KH, Blalock E, Bos B, Busch M, Buuck M, Caldwell TS, Chan YD, Christofferson CD, Chu PH, Clark ML, Cuesta C, Detwiler JA, Efremenko Y, Ejiri H, Elliott SR, Giovanetti GK, Green MP, Gruszko J, Guinn IS, Guiseppe VE, Haufe CR, Henning R, Hervas Aguilar D, Hoppe EW, Hostiuc A, Kidd MF, Kim I, Kouzes RT, Lannen V TE, Li A, Lopez AM, López-Castaño JM, Martin EL, Martin RD, Massarczyk R, Meijer SJ, Mertens S, Oli TK, Othman G, Paudel LS, Pettus W, Poon AWP, Radford DC, Rager J, Reine AL, Rielage K, Ruof NW, Schaper DC, Tedeschi D, Varner RL, Vasilyev S, Wilkerson JF, Wiseman C, Xu W, Yu CH, Zhu BX. Exotic Dark Matter Search with the Majorana Demonstrator. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:041001. [PMID: 38335333 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.041001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
With excellent energy resolution and ultralow-level radiogenic backgrounds, the high-purity germanium detectors in the Majorana Demonstrator enable searches for several classes of exotic dark matter (DM) models. In this work, we report new experimental limits on keV-scale sterile neutrino DM via the transition magnetic moment from conversion to active neutrinos ν_{s}→ν_{a}. We report new limits on fermionic dark matter absorption (χ+A→ν+A) and sub-GeV DM-nucleus 3→2 scattering (χ+χ+A→ϕ+A), and new exclusion limits for bosonic dark matter (axionlike particles and dark photons). These searches utilize the (1-100)-keV low-energy region of a 37.5-kg y exposure collected by the Demonstrator between May 2016 and November 2019 using a set of ^{76}Ge-enriched detectors whose surface exposure time was carefully controlled, resulting in extremely low levels of cosmogenic activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I J Arnquist
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
| | - F T Avignone
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
| | - A S Barabash
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute" Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Moscow 117218, Russia
| | - C J Barton
- Department of Physics, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota 57069, USA
| | - K H Bhimani
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, USA
- Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - E Blalock
- Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
- Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - B Bos
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, USA
- Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - M Busch
- Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
- Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - M Buuck
- Center for Experimental Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics, and Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - T S Caldwell
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, USA
| | - Y-D Chan
- Nuclear Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | | | - P-H Chu
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - M L Clark
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, USA
- Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - C Cuesta
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, CIEMAT 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - J A Detwiler
- Center for Experimental Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics, and Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Yu Efremenko
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37916, USA
| | - H Ejiri
- Research Center for Nuclear Physics, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - S R Elliott
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - G K Giovanetti
- Physics Department, Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts 01267, USA
| | - M P Green
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
- Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
- Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - J Gruszko
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, USA
- Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - I S Guinn
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
| | - V E Guiseppe
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
| | - C R Haufe
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, USA
- Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - R Henning
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, USA
- Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - D Hervas Aguilar
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, USA
- Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - E W Hoppe
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
| | - A Hostiuc
- Center for Experimental Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics, and Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - M F Kidd
- Tennessee Tech University, Cookeville, Tennessee 38505, USA
| | - I Kim
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - R T Kouzes
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
| | - T E Lannen V
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA
| | - A Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, USA
- Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - A M Lopez
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37916, USA
| | | | - E L Martin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, USA
- Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - R D Martin
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - R Massarczyk
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - S J Meijer
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - S Mertens
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, München 80805, Germany
- Physik Department and Excellence Cluster Universe, Technische Universität, München 85748, Germany
| | - T K Oli
- Department of Physics, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota 57069, USA
| | - G Othman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, USA
- Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - L S Paudel
- Department of Physics, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota 57069, USA
| | - W Pettus
- IU Center for Exploration of Energy and Matter, and Department of Physics, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - A W P Poon
- Nuclear Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - D C Radford
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
| | - J Rager
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, USA
| | - A L Reine
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, USA
- Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - K Rielage
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - N W Ruof
- Center for Experimental Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics, and Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - D C Schaper
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - D Tedeschi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA
| | - R L Varner
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
| | - S Vasilyev
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141980, Russia
| | - J F Wilkerson
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, USA
- Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - C Wiseman
- Center for Experimental Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics, and Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - W Xu
- Department of Physics, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota 57069, USA
| | - C-H Yu
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
| | - B X Zhu
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
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5
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Rebeiro BM, Triambak S, Garrett PE, Ball GC, Brown BA, Menéndez J, Romeo B, Adsley P, Lenardo BG, Lindsay R, Bildstein V, Burbadge C, Coleman R, Diaz Varela A, Dubey R, Faestermann T, Hertenberger R, Kamil M, Leach KG, Natzke C, Nzobadila Ondze JC, Radich A, Rand E, Wirth HF. ^{138}Ba(d,α) Study of States in ^{136}Cs: Implications for New Physics Searches with Xenon Detectors. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:052501. [PMID: 37595245 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.052501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
We used the ^{138}Ba(d,α) reaction to carry out an in-depth study of states in ^{136}Cs, up to around 2.5 MeV. In this Letter, we place emphasis on hitherto unobserved states below the first 1^{+} level, which are important in the context of solar neutrino and fermionic dark matter (FDM) detection in large-scale xenon-based experiments. We identify for the first time candidate metastable states in ^{136}Cs, which would allow a real-time detection of solar neutrino and FDM events in xenon detectors, with high background suppression. Our results are also compared with shell-model calculations performed with three Hamiltonians that were previously used to evaluate the nuclear matrix element (NME) for ^{136}Xe neutrinoless double beta decay. We find that one of these Hamiltonians, which also systematically underestimates the NME compared with the others, dramatically fails to describe the observed low-energy ^{136}Cs spectrum, while the other two show reasonably good agreement.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Rebeiro
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of the Western Cape, P/B X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa
- Department of Physics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 2T8, Canada
| | - S Triambak
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of the Western Cape, P/B X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - P E Garrett
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of the Western Cape, P/B X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa
- Department of Physics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - G C Ball
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - B A Brown
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1321, USA
| | - J Menéndez
- Department of Quantum Physics and Astrophysics and Institute of Cosmos Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - B Romeo
- Donostia International Physics Center, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - P Adsley
- Cyclotron Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - B G Lenardo
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - R Lindsay
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of the Western Cape, P/B X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - V Bildstein
- Department of Physics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - C Burbadge
- Department of Physics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - R Coleman
- Department of Physics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - A Diaz Varela
- Department of Physics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - R Dubey
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of the Western Cape, P/B X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa
- Institute of Physics, University of Szczecin, 70-451 Szczecin, Poland
| | - T Faestermann
- Physik Department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - R Hertenberger
- Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - M Kamil
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of the Western Cape, P/B X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - K G Leach
- Department of Physics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA
| | - C Natzke
- Department of Physics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA
| | - J C Nzobadila Ondze
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of the Western Cape, P/B X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - A Radich
- Department of Physics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - E Rand
- Department of Physics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - H-F Wirth
- Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
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6
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Ning X, Abdukerim A, Bo Z, Cui X, Chen W, Chen X, Cheng C, Cheng Z, Fan Y, Fang D, Fu C, Fu M, Geng L, Giboni K, Gu L, Guo X, Han C, Han K, He C, He J, Huang D, Huang Y, Huang J, Huang Z, Hou R, Hou Y, Ji X, Ju Y, Li C, Li J, Li M, Li S, Li T, Lin Q, Liu J, Lu C, Lu X, Luo L, Luo Y, Ma W, Ma Y, Mao Y, Meng Y, Qi N, Qian Z, Ren X, Shaheed N, Shang X, Shao X, Shen G, Si L, Sun W, Tan A, Tao Y, Wang A, Wang M, Wang Q, Wang S, Wang S, Wang W, Wang X, Wang Z, Wei Y, Wu M, Wu W, Xia J, Xiao M, Xiao X, Xie P, Yan B, Yan X, Yang J, Yang Y, Yao Y, Yu C, Yuan Y, Yuan Z, Zeng X, Zhang D, Zhang M, Zhang P, Zhang S, Zhang S, Zhang T, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhao L, Zheng Q, Zhou J, Zhou N, Zhou X, Zhou Y, Zhou Y. Limits on the luminance of dark matter from xenon recoil data. Nature 2023:10.1038/s41586-023-05982-0. [PMID: 37198483 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05982-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
It is commonly conjectured that dark matter is a charge neutral fundamental particle. However, it may still have minute photon-mediated interactions through millicharge1,2 or higher-order multipole interactions3-10, resulting from new physics at a high energy scale. Here we report a direct search for effective electromagnetic interactions between dark matter and xenon nuclei that produce a recoil of the latter from the PandaX-4T xenon-based detector11,12. Using this technique, the first constraint on the charge radius of dark matter is derived with the lowest excluded value of 1.9 × 10-10 fm2 for a dark matter mass of 40 giga electron volts per speed of light in a vaccum (GeV/c2) more stringent than that for neutrinos by four orders of magnitude. Constraints on the magnitudes of millicharge, magnetic dipole moment, electric dipole moment and anapole moment are also improved substantially from previous searches13,14, with corresponding tightest upper limits of 2.6 × 10-11 e, 4.8 × 10-10 Bohr magnetons, 1.2 × 10-23 ecm and 1.6 × 10-33 cm2, respectively, for a dark matter mass of 20-40 GeV/c2.
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7
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Gu L, Abdukerim A, Bo Z, Chen W, Chen X, Chen Y, Cheng C, Cheng Y, Cheng Z, Cui X, Fan Y, Fang D, Fu C, Fu M, Geng L, Giboni K, Guo X, Han K, He C, He J, Huang D, Huang Y, Huang Z, Hou R, Ji X, Ju Y, Li C, Li J, Li M, Li S, Li S, Lin Q, Liu J, Lu X, Luo L, Luo Y, Ma W, Ma Y, Mao Y, Shaheed N, Meng Y, Ning X, Qi N, Qian Z, Ren X, Shang C, Shang X, Shen G, Si L, Sun W, Tan A, Tao Y, Wang A, Wang M, Wang Q, Wang S, Wang S, Wang W, Wang X, Wang Z, Wei Y, Wu M, Wu W, Xia J, Xiao M, Xiao X, Xie P, Yan B, Yan X, Yang J, Yang Y, Yao Y, Yu C, Yuan J, Yuan Y, Zeng X, Zhang D, Zhang M, Zhang P, Zhang S, Zhang S, Zhang T, Zhang Y, Zhao L, Zheng Q, Zhou J, Zhou N, Zhou X, Zhou Y, Zhou Y. First Search for the Absorption of Fermionic Dark Matter with the PandaX-4T Experiment. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:161803. [PMID: 36306747 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.161803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Compared with the signature of dark matter elastic scattering off nuclei, the absorption of fermionic dark matter by nuclei opens up a new searching channel for light dark matter with a characteristic monoenergetic signal. In this Letter, we explore the 95.0-day data from the PandaX-4T commissioning run and report the first dedicated searching results of the fermionic dark matter absorption signal through a neutral current process. No significant signal was found, and the lowest limit on the dark matter-nucleon interaction cross section is set to be 1.5×10^{-50} cm^{2} for a fermionic dark matter mass of 40 MeV/c^{2} with 90% confidence level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhui Gu
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Abdusalam Abdukerim
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zihao Bo
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wei Chen
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xun Chen
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Sichuan Research Institute, Chengdu 610213, China
| | - Yunhua Chen
- Yalong River Hydropower Development Company, Ltd., 288 Shuanglin Road, Chengdu 610051, China
| | - Chen Cheng
- School of Physics, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yunshan Cheng
- Research Center for Particle Science and Technology, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Zhaokan Cheng
- Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Xiangyi Cui
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yingjie Fan
- School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Deqing Fang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Ion-beam Application (MOE), Institute of Modern Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Changbo Fu
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Ion-beam Application (MOE), Institute of Modern Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Mengting Fu
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lisheng Geng
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 102206, China
- International Research Center for Nuclei and Particles in the Cosmos and Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Nuclear Materials and Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Karl Giboni
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xuyuan Guo
- Yalong River Hydropower Development Company, Ltd., 288 Shuanglin Road, Chengdu 610051, China
| | - Ke Han
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Changda He
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jinrong He
- Yalong River Hydropower Development Company, Ltd., 288 Shuanglin Road, Chengdu 610051, China
| | - Di Huang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yanlin Huang
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Zhou Huang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ruquan Hou
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Sichuan Research Institute, Chengdu 610213, China
| | - Xiangdong Ji
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Yonglin Ju
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chenxiang Li
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jiafu Li
- School of Physics, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Mingchuan Li
- Yalong River Hydropower Development Company, Ltd., 288 Shuanglin Road, Chengdu 610051, China
| | - Shu Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shuaijie Li
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qing Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jianglai Liu
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Sichuan Research Institute, Chengdu 610213, China
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaoying Lu
- Research Center for Particle Science and Technology, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Lingyin Luo
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yunyang Luo
- Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wenbo Ma
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yugang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Ion-beam Application (MOE), Institute of Modern Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yajun Mao
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Nasir Shaheed
- Research Center for Particle Science and Technology, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Yue Meng
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Sichuan Research Institute, Chengdu 610213, China
| | - Xuyang Ning
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ningchun Qi
- Yalong River Hydropower Development Company, Ltd., 288 Shuanglin Road, Chengdu 610051, China
| | - Zhicheng Qian
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiangxiang Ren
- Research Center for Particle Science and Technology, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Changsong Shang
- Yalong River Hydropower Development Company, Ltd., 288 Shuanglin Road, Chengdu 610051, China
| | - Xiaofeng Shang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Guofang Shen
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Lin Si
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wenliang Sun
- Yalong River Hydropower Development Company, Ltd., 288 Shuanglin Road, Chengdu 610051, China
| | - Andi Tan
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Yi Tao
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Sichuan Research Institute, Chengdu 610213, China
| | - Anqing Wang
- Research Center for Particle Science and Technology, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Research Center for Particle Science and Technology, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Qiuhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Ion-beam Application (MOE), Institute of Modern Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shaobo Wang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
- SJTU Paris Elite Institute of Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Siguang Wang
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Physics, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Xiuli Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhou Wang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Sichuan Research Institute, Chengdu 610213, China
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yuehuan Wei
- Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Mengmeng Wu
- School of Physics, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Weihao Wu
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jingkai Xia
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Mengjiao Xiao
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Xiang Xiao
- School of Physics, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Pengwei Xie
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Binbin Yan
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiyu Yan
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Jijun Yang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yong Yang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yukun Yao
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chunxu Yu
- School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jumin Yuan
- Research Center for Particle Science and Technology, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Ying Yuan
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xinning Zeng
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Minzhen Zhang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Yalong River Hydropower Development Company, Ltd., 288 Shuanglin Road, Chengdu 610051, China
| | - Shibo Zhang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- School of Physics, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Li Zhao
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qibin Zheng
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Jifang Zhou
- Yalong River Hydropower Development Company, Ltd., 288 Shuanglin Road, Chengdu 610051, China
| | - Ning Zhou
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Sichuan Research Institute, Chengdu 610213, China
| | - Xiaopeng Zhou
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Yalong River Hydropower Development Company, Ltd., 288 Shuanglin Road, Chengdu 610051, China
| | - Yubo Zhou
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
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Aprile E, Abe K, Agostini F, Ahmed Maouloud S, Althueser L, Andrieu B, Angelino E, Angevaare JR, Antochi VC, Antón Martin D, Arneodo F, Baudis L, Baxter AL, Bellagamba L, Biondi R, Bismark A, Brown A, Bruenner S, Bruno G, Budnik R, Bui TK, Cai C, Capelli C, Cardoso JMR, Cichon D, Clark M, Colijn AP, Conrad J, Cuenca-García JJ, Cussonneau JP, D'Andrea V, Decowski MP, Di Gangi P, Di Pede S, Di Giovanni A, Di Stefano R, Diglio S, Eitel K, Elykov A, Farrell S, Ferella AD, Ferrari C, Fischer H, Fulgione W, Gaemers P, Gaior R, Gallo Rosso A, Galloway M, Gao F, Gardner R, Glade-Beucke R, Grandi L, Grigat J, Guida M, Hammann R, Higuera A, Hils C, Hoetzsch L, Howlett J, Iacovacci M, Itow Y, Jakob J, Joerg F, Joy A, Kato N, Kara M, Kavrigin P, Kazama S, Kobayashi M, Koltman G, Kopec A, Kuger F, Landsman H, Lang RF, Levinson L, Li I, Li S, Liang S, Lindemann S, Lindner M, Liu K, Loizeau J, Lombardi F, Long J, Lopes JAM, Ma Y, Macolino C, Mahlstedt J, Mancuso A, Manenti L, Marignetti F, Marrodán Undagoitia T, Martens K, Masbou J, Masson D, Masson E, Mastroianni S, Messina M, Miuchi K, Mizukoshi K, et alAprile E, Abe K, Agostini F, Ahmed Maouloud S, Althueser L, Andrieu B, Angelino E, Angevaare JR, Antochi VC, Antón Martin D, Arneodo F, Baudis L, Baxter AL, Bellagamba L, Biondi R, Bismark A, Brown A, Bruenner S, Bruno G, Budnik R, Bui TK, Cai C, Capelli C, Cardoso JMR, Cichon D, Clark M, Colijn AP, Conrad J, Cuenca-García JJ, Cussonneau JP, D'Andrea V, Decowski MP, Di Gangi P, Di Pede S, Di Giovanni A, Di Stefano R, Diglio S, Eitel K, Elykov A, Farrell S, Ferella AD, Ferrari C, Fischer H, Fulgione W, Gaemers P, Gaior R, Gallo Rosso A, Galloway M, Gao F, Gardner R, Glade-Beucke R, Grandi L, Grigat J, Guida M, Hammann R, Higuera A, Hils C, Hoetzsch L, Howlett J, Iacovacci M, Itow Y, Jakob J, Joerg F, Joy A, Kato N, Kara M, Kavrigin P, Kazama S, Kobayashi M, Koltman G, Kopec A, Kuger F, Landsman H, Lang RF, Levinson L, Li I, Li S, Liang S, Lindemann S, Lindner M, Liu K, Loizeau J, Lombardi F, Long J, Lopes JAM, Ma Y, Macolino C, Mahlstedt J, Mancuso A, Manenti L, Marignetti F, Marrodán Undagoitia T, Martens K, Masbou J, Masson D, Masson E, Mastroianni S, Messina M, Miuchi K, Mizukoshi K, Molinario A, Moriyama S, Morå K, Mosbacher Y, Murra M, Müller J, Ni K, Oberlack U, Paetsch B, Palacio J, Paschos P, Peres R, Peters C, Pienaar J, Pierre M, Pizzella V, Plante G, Qi J, Qin J, Ramírez García D, Reichard S, Rocchetti A, Rupp N, Sanchez L, Dos Santos JMF, Sarnoff I, Sartorelli G, Schreiner J, Schulte D, Schulte P, Schulze Eißing H, Schumann M, Scotto Lavina L, Selvi M, Semeria F, Shagin P, Shi S, Shockley E, Silva M, Simgen H, Stephen J, Takeda A, Tan PL, Terliuk A, Thers D, Toschi F, Trinchero G, Tunnell C, Tönnies F, Valerius K, Volta G, Wei Y, Weinheimer C, Weiss M, Wenz D, Wittweg C, Wolf T, Xu D, Xu Z, Yamashita M, Yang L, Ye J, Yuan L, Zavattini G, Zhong M, Zhu T. Search for New Physics in Electronic Recoil Data from XENONnT. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:161805. [PMID: 36306777 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.161805] [Show More Authors] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We report on a blinded analysis of low-energy electronic recoil data from the first science run of the XENONnT dark matter experiment. Novel subsystems and the increased 5.9 ton liquid xenon target reduced the background in the (1, 30) keV search region to (15.8±1.3) events/(ton×year×keV), the lowest ever achieved in a dark matter detector and ∼5 times lower than in XENON1T. With an exposure of 1.16 ton-years, we observe no excess above background and set stringent new limits on solar axions, an enhanced neutrino magnetic moment, and bosonic dark matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Aprile
- Physics Department, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - K Abe
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, and Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), University of Tokyo, Higashi-Mozumi, Kamioka, Hida, Gifu 506-1205, Japan
| | - F Agostini
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna and INFN-Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | | | - L Althueser
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - B Andrieu
- LPNHE, Sorbonne Université, CNRS/IN2P3, 75005 Paris, France
| | - E Angelino
- INAF-Astrophysical Observatory of Torino, Department of Physics, University of Torino and INFN-Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - J R Angevaare
- Nikhef and the University of Amsterdam, Science Park, 1098XG Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - V C Antochi
- Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
| | - D Antón Martin
- Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - F Arneodo
- New York University Abu Dhabi-Center for Astro, Particle and Planetary Physics, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - L Baudis
- Physik-Institut, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - A L Baxter
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - L Bellagamba
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna and INFN-Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - R Biondi
- INFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso and Gran Sasso Science Institute, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - A Bismark
- Physik-Institut, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - A Brown
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - S Bruenner
- Nikhef and the University of Amsterdam, Science Park, 1098XG Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - G Bruno
- SUBATECH, IMT Atlantique, CNRS/IN2P3, Nantes Université, Nantes 44307, France
| | - R Budnik
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - T K Bui
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, and Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), University of Tokyo, Higashi-Mozumi, Kamioka, Hida, Gifu 506-1205, Japan
| | - C Cai
- Department of Physics and Center for High Energy Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - C Capelli
- Physik-Institut, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - J M R Cardoso
- LIBPhys, Department of Physics, University of Coimbra, 3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - D Cichon
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Clark
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - A P Colijn
- Nikhef and the University of Amsterdam, Science Park, 1098XG Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - J Conrad
- Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
| | - J J Cuenca-García
- Physik-Institut, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - J P Cussonneau
- SUBATECH, IMT Atlantique, CNRS/IN2P3, Nantes Université, Nantes 44307, France
| | - V D'Andrea
- INFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso and Gran Sasso Science Institute, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - M P Decowski
- Nikhef and the University of Amsterdam, Science Park, 1098XG Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - P Di Gangi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna and INFN-Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - S Di Pede
- Nikhef and the University of Amsterdam, Science Park, 1098XG Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - A Di Giovanni
- New York University Abu Dhabi-Center for Astro, Particle and Planetary Physics, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - R Di Stefano
- Department of Physics "Ettore Pancini," University of Napoli and INFN-Napoli, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - S Diglio
- SUBATECH, IMT Atlantique, CNRS/IN2P3, Nantes Université, Nantes 44307, France
| | - K Eitel
- Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A Elykov
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - S Farrell
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - A D Ferella
- INFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso and Gran Sasso Science Institute, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - C Ferrari
- INFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso and Gran Sasso Science Institute, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - H Fischer
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - W Fulgione
- INAF-Astrophysical Observatory of Torino, Department of Physics, University of Torino and INFN-Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
- INFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso and Gran Sasso Science Institute, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - P Gaemers
- Nikhef and the University of Amsterdam, Science Park, 1098XG Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - R Gaior
- LPNHE, Sorbonne Université, CNRS/IN2P3, 75005 Paris, France
| | - A Gallo Rosso
- Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
| | - M Galloway
- Physik-Institut, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - F Gao
- Department of Physics and Center for High Energy Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - R Gardner
- Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - R Glade-Beucke
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - L Grandi
- Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - J Grigat
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - M Guida
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - R Hammann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A Higuera
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - C Hils
- Institut für Physik & Exzellenzcluster PRISMA+, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - L Hoetzsch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J Howlett
- Physics Department, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - M Iacovacci
- Department of Physics "Ettore Pancini," University of Napoli and INFN-Napoli, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Y Itow
- Kobayashi-Maskawa Institute for the Origin of Particles and the Universe, and Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - J Jakob
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - F Joerg
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A Joy
- Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
| | - N Kato
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, and Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), University of Tokyo, Higashi-Mozumi, Kamioka, Hida, Gifu 506-1205, Japan
| | - M Kara
- Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - P Kavrigin
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - S Kazama
- Kobayashi-Maskawa Institute for the Origin of Particles and the Universe, and Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - M Kobayashi
- Kobayashi-Maskawa Institute for the Origin of Particles and the Universe, and Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - G Koltman
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - A Kopec
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - F Kuger
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - H Landsman
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - R F Lang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - L Levinson
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - I Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - S Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - S Liang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - S Lindemann
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - M Lindner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - K Liu
- Department of Physics and Center for High Energy Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - J Loizeau
- SUBATECH, IMT Atlantique, CNRS/IN2P3, Nantes Université, Nantes 44307, France
| | - F Lombardi
- Institut für Physik & Exzellenzcluster PRISMA+, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - J Long
- Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - J A M Lopes
- LIBPhys, Department of Physics, University of Coimbra, 3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Y Ma
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - C Macolino
- INFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso and Gran Sasso Science Institute, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - J Mahlstedt
- Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
| | - A Mancuso
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna and INFN-Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - L Manenti
- New York University Abu Dhabi-Center for Astro, Particle and Planetary Physics, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - F Marignetti
- Department of Physics "Ettore Pancini," University of Napoli and INFN-Napoli, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | | | - K Martens
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, and Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), University of Tokyo, Higashi-Mozumi, Kamioka, Hida, Gifu 506-1205, Japan
| | - J Masbou
- SUBATECH, IMT Atlantique, CNRS/IN2P3, Nantes Université, Nantes 44307, France
| | - D Masson
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - E Masson
- LPNHE, Sorbonne Université, CNRS/IN2P3, 75005 Paris, France
| | - S Mastroianni
- Department of Physics "Ettore Pancini," University of Napoli and INFN-Napoli, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - M Messina
- INFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso and Gran Sasso Science Institute, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - K Miuchi
- Department of Physics, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - K Mizukoshi
- Department of Physics, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - A Molinario
- INAF-Astrophysical Observatory of Torino, Department of Physics, University of Torino and INFN-Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - S Moriyama
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, and Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), University of Tokyo, Higashi-Mozumi, Kamioka, Hida, Gifu 506-1205, Japan
| | - K Morå
- Physics Department, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Y Mosbacher
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - M Murra
- Physics Department, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - J Müller
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - K Ni
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - U Oberlack
- Institut für Physik & Exzellenzcluster PRISMA+, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - B Paetsch
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - J Palacio
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - P Paschos
- Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - R Peres
- Physik-Institut, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - C Peters
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - J Pienaar
- Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - M Pierre
- SUBATECH, IMT Atlantique, CNRS/IN2P3, Nantes Université, Nantes 44307, France
| | - V Pizzella
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - G Plante
- Physics Department, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - J Qi
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - J Qin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | | | - S Reichard
- Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A Rocchetti
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - N Rupp
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - L Sanchez
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - J M F Dos Santos
- LIBPhys, Department of Physics, University of Coimbra, 3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - I Sarnoff
- New York University Abu Dhabi-Center for Astro, Particle and Planetary Physics, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - G Sartorelli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna and INFN-Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - J Schreiner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - D Schulte
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - P Schulte
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - H Schulze Eißing
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - M Schumann
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - M Selvi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna and INFN-Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - F Semeria
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna and INFN-Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - P Shagin
- Institut für Physik & Exzellenzcluster PRISMA+, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - S Shi
- Physics Department, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - E Shockley
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - M Silva
- LIBPhys, Department of Physics, University of Coimbra, 3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - H Simgen
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J Stephen
- Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - A Takeda
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, and Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), University of Tokyo, Higashi-Mozumi, Kamioka, Hida, Gifu 506-1205, Japan
| | - P-L Tan
- Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
| | - A Terliuk
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - D Thers
- SUBATECH, IMT Atlantique, CNRS/IN2P3, Nantes Université, Nantes 44307, France
| | - F Toschi
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - G Trinchero
- INAF-Astrophysical Observatory of Torino, Department of Physics, University of Torino and INFN-Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - C Tunnell
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - F Tönnies
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - K Valerius
- Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - G Volta
- Physik-Institut, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Y Wei
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - C Weinheimer
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - M Weiss
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - D Wenz
- Institut für Physik & Exzellenzcluster PRISMA+, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C Wittweg
- Physik-Institut, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - T Wolf
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - D Xu
- Department of Physics and Center for High Energy Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Z Xu
- Physics Department, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - M Yamashita
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, and Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), University of Tokyo, Higashi-Mozumi, Kamioka, Hida, Gifu 506-1205, Japan
| | - L Yang
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - J Ye
- Physics Department, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - L Yuan
- Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - G Zavattini
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna and INFN-Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - M Zhong
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - T Zhu
- Physics Department, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
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