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Plummer JW, Emami K, Dummer A, Woods JC, Walkup LL, Cleveland ZI. A semi-empirical model to optimize continuous-flow hyperpolarized 129Xe production under practical cryogenic-accumulation conditions. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2020; 320:106845. [PMID: 33070086 PMCID: PMC7655637 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2020.106845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Continuous-flow spin exchange optical pumping (SEOP) with cryogenic accumulation is a powerful technique to generate multiple, large volumes of hyperpolarized (HP) 129Xe in rapid succession. It enables a range of studies, from dark matter tracking to preclinical and clinical MRI. Multiple analytical models based on first principles atomic physics and device-specific design features have been proposed for individual processes within HP 129Xe production. However, the modeling efforts have not yet integrated all the steps involved in practical, large volume HP 129Xe production process (e.g., alkali vapor generation, continuous-flow SEOP, and cryogenic accumulation). Here, we use a simplified analytical model that couples both SEOP and cryogenic accumulation, incorporating only two system-specific empirical parameters: the longitudinal relaxation time of the polycrystalline 129Xe "snow', T1snow, generated during cryogenic accumulation, and 2) the average Rb density during active, continuous-flow polarization. By fitting the model to polarization data collected from >140 L of 129Xe polarized across a range of flow and volume conditions, the estimates for Rb density and T1snow were 1.6 ± 0.1 × 1013 cm-3 and 84 ± 5 min, respectively - each notably less than expected based on previous literature. Together, these findings indicate that 1) earlier polarization predictions were hindered by miscalculated Rb densities, and 2) polarization is not optimized by maximizing SEOP efficiency with a low concentration 129Xe, but rather by using richer 129Xe-buffer gas blends that enable faster accumulation. Accordingly, modeling and experimentation revealed the optimal fraction of 129Xe, f, in the 129Xe-buffer gas blend was ~2%. Further, if coupled with modest increases in laser power, the model predicts liter volumes of HP 129Xe with polarizations exceeding 60% could be generated routinely in only tens of minutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W Plummer
- Center for Pulmonary Imaging Research, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | | | | | - Jason C Woods
- Center for Pulmonary Imaging Research, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Laura L Walkup
- Center for Pulmonary Imaging Research, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Zackary I Cleveland
- Center for Pulmonary Imaging Research, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States.
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Birchall JR, Nikolaou P, Coffey AM, Kidd BE, Murphy M, Molway M, Bales LB, Goodson BM, Irwin RK, Barlow MJ, Chekmenev EY. Batch-Mode Clinical-Scale Optical Hyperpolarization of Xenon-129 Using an Aluminum Jacket with Rapid Temperature Ramping. Anal Chem 2020; 92:4309-4316. [PMID: 32073251 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We present spin-exchange optical pumping (SEOP) using a third-generation (GEN-3) automated batch-mode clinical-scale 129Xe hyperpolarizer utilizing continuous high-power (∼170 W) pump laser irradiation and a novel aluminum jacket design for rapid temperature ramping of xenon-rich gas mixtures (up to 2 atm partial pressure). The aluminum jacket design is capable of heating SEOP cells from ambient temperature (typically 25 °C) to 70 °C (temperature of the SEOP process) in 4 min, and perform cooling of the cell to the temperature at which the hyperpolarized gas mixture can be released from the hyperpolarizer (with negligible amounts of Rb metal leaving the cell) in approximately 4 min, substantially faster (by a factor of 6) than previous hyperpolarizer designs relying on air heat exchange. These reductions in temperature cycling time will likely be highly advantageous for the overall increase of production rates of batch-mode (i.e., stopped-flow) 129Xe hyperpolarizers, which is particularly beneficial for clinical applications. The additional advantage of the presented design is significantly improved thermal management of the SEOP cell. Accompanying the heating jacket design and performance, we also evaluate the repeatability of SEOP experiments conducted using this new architecture, and present typically achievable hyperpolarization levels exceeding 40% at exponential build-up rates on the order of 0.1 min-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Birchall
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Wayne State University, Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | | | - Aaron M Coffey
- Department of Radiology, Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Robert K Irwin
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Barlow
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Eduard Y Chekmenev
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Wayne State University, Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States.,Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskiy Prospekt 14, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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Ariyasingha NM, Salnikov OG, Kovtunov KV, Kovtunova LM, Bukhtiyarov VI, Goodson BM, Rosen MS, Koptyug IV, Gelovani JG, Chekmenev EY. Relaxation Dynamics of Nuclear Long-Lived Spin States in Propane and Propane-d 6 Hyperpolarized by Parahydrogen. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2019; 123:11734-11744. [PMID: 31798763 PMCID: PMC6890414 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b01538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We report a systematic study of relaxation dynamics of hyperpolarized (HP) propane and HP propane-d6 prepared by heterogeneous pairwise parahydrogen addition to propylene and propylene-d6 respectively. Long-lived spin states (LLS) created for these molecules at the low magnetic field of 0.0475 T were employed for this study. The parahydrogen-induced overpopulation of a HP propane LLS decays exponentially with time constant (TLLS) approximately 3-fold greater than the corresponding T1 values. Both TLLS and T1 increase linearly with propane pressure in the range from 1 atm (the most biomedically relevant conditions for pulmonary MRI) to 5 atm. The TLLS value of HP propane gas at 1 atm is ~3 s. Deuteration of the substrate (propylene-d6) yields hyperpolarized propane-d6 gas with TLLS values approximately 20% shorter than those of hyperpolarized fully protonated propane gas, indicating that deuteration does not benefit the lifetime of the LLS HP state. The use of pH2 or Xe/N2 buffering gas during heterogeneous hydrogenation reaction (leading to production of 100% HP propane (no buffering gas) versus 43% HP propane gas (with 57% buffering gas) composition mixtures) results in (i) no significant changes in T1, (ii) decrease of TLLS values (by 35±7% and 8±7% respectively); and (iii) an increase of the polarization levels of HP propane gas with a propane concentration decrease (by 1.6±0.1-fold and 1.4±0.1-fold respectively despite the decrease in TLLS, which leads to disproportionately greater polarization losses during HP gas transport). Moreover, we demonstrate the feasibility of HP propane cryo-collection (which can be potentially useful for preparing larger amounts of concentrated HP propane, when buffering gas is employed), and TLLS of liquefied HP propane reaches 14.7 seconds, which is greater than the TLLS value of HP propane gas at any pressure studied. Finally, we have explored the utility of using a partial Spin-Lock Induced Crossing (SLIC) radio frequency (RF) pulse sequence for converting the overpopulated LLS into observable 1H nuclear magnetization at low magnetic field. We find that (i) the bulk of the overpopulated LLS is retained even when the optimal or near-optimal values of SLIC pulse duration are employed, and (ii) the overpopulated LLS of propane is also relatively immune to strong RF pulses-thereby, indicating that LLS is highly suitable as a spin-polarization reservoir in the context of NMR/MRI detection applications. The presented findings may be useful for improving the levels of polarization of HP propane produced by HET-PHIP via the use of an inert buffer gas; increasing the lifetime of the HP state during preparation and storage; and developing efficient approaches for ultrafast MR imaging of HP propane in the context of biomedical applications of HP propane gas, including its potential use as an inhalable contrast agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuwandi M. Ariyasingha
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Wayne State University, Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Detroit, Michigan, 48202, United States
| | - Oleg G. Salnikov
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, 3A Institutskaya St., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova St., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Kirill V. Kovtunov
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, 3A Institutskaya St., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova St., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Larisa M. Kovtunova
- Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova St., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, 5 Acad. Lavrentiev Pr., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Valerii I. Bukhtiyarov
- Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova St., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, 5 Acad. Lavrentiev Pr., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Boyd M. Goodson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Materials Technology Center, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Matthew S. Rosen
- Massachusetts General Hospital/Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Igor V. Koptyug
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, 3A Institutskaya St., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova St., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Juri G. Gelovani
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Wayne State University, Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Detroit, Michigan, 48202, United States
| | - Eduard Y. Chekmenev
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Wayne State University, Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Detroit, Michigan, 48202, United States
- Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskiy Prospekt 14, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Corresponding Author
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Skinner JG, Menichetti L, Flori A, Dost A, Schmidt AB, Plaumann M, Gallagher FA, Hövener JB. Metabolic and Molecular Imaging with Hyperpolarised Tracers. Mol Imaging Biol 2018; 20:902-918. [PMID: 30120644 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-018-1265-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Since reaching the clinic, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become an irreplaceable radiological tool because of the macroscopic information it provides across almost all organs and soft tissues within the human body, all without the need for ionising radiation. The sensitivity of MR, however, is too low to take full advantage of the rich chemical information contained in the MR signal. Hyperpolarisation techniques have recently emerged as methods to overcome the sensitivity limitations by enhancing the MR signal by many orders of magnitude compared to the thermal equilibrium, enabling a new class of metabolic and molecular X-nuclei based MR tracers capable of reporting on metabolic processes at the cellular level. These hyperpolarised (HP) tracers have the potential to elucidate the complex metabolic processes of many organs and pathologies, with studies so far focusing on the fields of oncology and cardiology. This review presents an overview of hyperpolarisation techniques that appear most promising for clinical use today, such as dissolution dynamic nuclear polarisation (d-DNP), parahydrogen-induced hyperpolarisation (PHIP), Brute force hyperpolarisation and spin-exchange optical pumping (SEOP), before discussing methods for tracer detection, emerging metabolic tracers and applications and progress in preclinical and clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Graham Skinner
- Department of Radiology, Medical Physics, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Luca Menichetti
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy
- Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandra Flori
- Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa, Italy
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Anna Dost
- Department of Radiology, Medical Physics, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Benjamin Schmidt
- Department of Radiology, Medical Physics, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Section Biomedical Imaging and MOIN CC, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Markus Plaumann
- Institute of Biometrics and Medical Informatics, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Jan-Bernd Hövener
- Section Biomedical Imaging and MOIN CC, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany.
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Abstract
This article reviews the physics and technology of producing large quantities of highly spin-polarized 3He nuclei using spin-exchange (SEOP) and metastability-exchange (MEOP) optical pumping. Both technical developments and deeper understanding of the physical processes involved have led to substantial improvements in the capabilities of both methods. For SEOP, the use of spectrally narrowed lasers and K-Rb mixtures has substantially increased the achievable polarization and polarizing rate. For MEOP nearly lossless compression allows for rapid production of polarized 3He and operation in high magnetic fields has likewise significantly increased the pressure at which this method can be performed, and revealed new phenomena. Both methods have benefitted from development of storage methods that allow for spin-relaxation times of hundreds of hours, and specialized precision methods for polarimetry. SEOP and MEOP are now widely applied for spin-polarized targets, neutron spin filters, magnetic resonance imaging, and precision measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. R. Gentile
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - P. J. Nacher
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, ENS-PSL Research University, CNRS, UPMC-Sorbonne Universités, Collège de France, Paris, France
| | - B. Saam
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - T. G. Walker
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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Barskiy DA, Coffey AM, Nikolaou P, Mikhaylov DM, Goodson BM, Branca RT, Lu GJ, Shapiro MG, Telkki VV, Zhivonitko VV, Koptyug IV, Salnikov OG, Kovtunov KV, Bukhtiyarov VI, Rosen MS, Barlow MJ, Safavi S, Hall IP, Schröder L, Chekmenev EY. NMR Hyperpolarization Techniques of Gases. Chemistry 2017; 23:725-751. [PMID: 27711999 PMCID: PMC5462469 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201603884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear spin polarization can be significantly increased through the process of hyperpolarization, leading to an increase in the sensitivity of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments by 4-8 orders of magnitude. Hyperpolarized gases, unlike liquids and solids, can often be readily separated and purified from the compounds used to mediate the hyperpolarization processes. These pure hyperpolarized gases enabled many novel MRI applications including the visualization of void spaces, imaging of lung function, and remote detection. Additionally, hyperpolarized gases can be dissolved in liquids and can be used as sensitive molecular probes and reporters. This Minireview covers the fundamentals of the preparation of hyperpolarized gases and focuses on selected applications of interest to biomedicine and materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danila A Barskiy
- Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Physics, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC), Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Aaron M Coffey
- Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Physics, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC), Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Panayiotis Nikolaou
- Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Physics, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC), Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | | | - Boyd M Goodson
- Southern Illinois University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Technology Center, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
| | - Rosa T Branca
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - George J Lu
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Mikhail G Shapiro
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | | | - Vladimir V Zhivonitko
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova St. 2, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Igor V Koptyug
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova St. 2, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Oleg G Salnikov
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova St. 2, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Kirill V Kovtunov
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova St. 2, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Valerii I Bukhtiyarov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, 5 Acad. Lavrentiev Pr., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Matthew S Rosen
- MGH/A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Michael J Barlow
- Respiratory Medicine Department, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Shahideh Safavi
- Respiratory Medicine Department, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Ian P Hall
- Respiratory Medicine Department, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Leif Schröder
- Molecular Imaging, Department of Structural Biology, Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eduard Y Chekmenev
- Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Physics, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC), Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991, Moscow, Russia
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Bowers CR, Dvoyashkin M, Salpage SR, Akel C, Bhase H, Geer MF, Shimizu LS. Squeezing xenon into phenylether bis-urea nanochannels. CAN J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2015-0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
One-dimensional nanochannels, hundreds of microns in persistence length but with elliptical cross-sectional dimensions of only ∼3.7 Å × 4.8 Å, are formed by the columnar assembly of phenylether bis-urea macrocycles. Hyperpolarized Xe-129 NMR is utilized to investigate the Xe atom packing and Xe diffusion inside the needle shaped crystals. The elliptical channel structure produces a Xe-129 powder pattern characteristic of an asymmetric chemical shift tensor extending to well over 300 ppm with respect to the gas phase, reflecting the highly anisotropic electronic environment and extreme confinement of the atom. Consistent with the simple geometrical criterion, hyperpolarized tracer exchange NMR data reveals single-file diffusion in the bis-urea nanochannels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford R. Bowers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Muslim Dvoyashkin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Sahan R. Salpage
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Christopher Akel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Hrishi Bhase
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Michael F. Geer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Linda S. Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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Bowers CR, Dvoyashkin M, Salpage SR, Akel C, Bhase H, Geer MF, Shimizu LS. Crystalline Bis-urea Nanochannel Architectures Tailored for Single-File Diffusion Studies. ACS NANO 2015; 9:6343-6353. [PMID: 26035000 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b01895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Urea is a versatile building block that can be modified to self-assemble into a multitude of structures. One-dimensional nanochannels with zigzag architecture and cross-sectional dimensions of only ∼3.7 Å × 4.8 Å are formed by the columnar assembly of phenyl ether bis-urea macrocycles. Nanochannels formed by phenylethynylene bis-urea macrocycles have a round cross-section with a diameter of ∼9.0 Å. This work compares the Xe atom packing and diffusion inside the crystalline channels of these two bis-ureas using hyperpolarized Xe-129 NMR. The elliptical channel structure of the phenyl ether bis-urea macrocycle produces a Xe-129 powder pattern line shape characteristic of an asymmetric chemical shift tensor with shifts extending to well over 300 ppm with respect to the bulk gas, reflecting extreme confinement of the Xe atom. The wider channels formed by phenylethynylene bis-urea, in contrast, present an isotropic dynamically average electronic environment. Completely different diffusion dynamics are revealed in the two bis-ureas using hyperpolarized spin-tracer exchange NMR. Thus, a simple replacement of phenyl ether with phenylethynylene as the rigid linker unit results in a transition from single-file to Fickian diffusion dynamics. Self-assembled bis-urea macrocycles are found to be highly suitable materials for fundamental molecular transport studies on micrometer length scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford R Bowers
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Muslim Dvoyashkin
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Sahan R Salpage
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Christopher Akel
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Hrishi Bhase
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Michael F Geer
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Linda S Shimizu
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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9
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Nikolaou P, Coffey AM, Walkup LL, Gust BM, Whiting N, Newton H, Muradyan I, Dabaghyan M, Ranta K, Moroz GD, Rosen MS, Patz S, Barlow MJ, Chekmenev EY, Goodson BM. XeNA: an automated 'open-source' (129)Xe hyperpolarizer for clinical use. Magn Reson Imaging 2014; 32:541-50. [PMID: 24631715 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Here we provide a full report on the construction, components, and capabilities of our consortium's "open-source" large-scale (~1L/h) (129)Xe hyperpolarizer for clinical, pre-clinical, and materials NMR/MRI (Nikolaou et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 110, 14150 (2013)). The 'hyperpolarizer' is automated and built mostly of off-the-shelf components; moreover, it is designed to be cost-effective and installed in both research laboratories and clinical settings with materials costing less than $125,000. The device runs in the xenon-rich regime (up to 1800Torr Xe in 0.5L) in either stopped-flow or single-batch mode-making cryo-collection of the hyperpolarized gas unnecessary for many applications. In-cell (129)Xe nuclear spin polarization values of ~30%-90% have been measured for Xe loadings of ~300-1600Torr. Typical (129)Xe polarization build-up and T1 relaxation time constants were ~8.5min and ~1.9h respectively under our spin-exchange optical pumping conditions; such ratios, combined with near-unity Rb electron spin polarizations enabled by the high resonant laser power (up to ~200W), permit such high PXe values to be achieved despite the high in-cell Xe densities. Importantly, most of the polarization is maintained during efficient HP gas transfer to other containers, and ultra-long (129)Xe relaxation times (up to nearly 6h) were observed in Tedlar bags following transport to a clinical 3T scanner for MR spectroscopy and imaging as a prelude to in vivo experiments. The device has received FDA IND approval for a clinical study of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease subjects. The primary focus of this paper is on the technical/engineering development of the polarizer, with the explicit goals of facilitating the adaptation of design features and operative modes into other laboratories, and of spurring the further advancement of HP-gas MR applications in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panayiotis Nikolaou
- Department of Radiology, Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Nashville, TN, 37232, United States; Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL.
| | - Aaron M Coffey
- Department of Radiology, Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Nashville, TN, 37232, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, United States
| | - Laura L Walkup
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL
| | - Brogan M Gust
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL
| | - Nicholas Whiting
- Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Centre, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, Nottingham, UK
| | - Hayley Newton
- Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Centre, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, Nottingham, UK
| | - Iga Muradyan
- Department of Radiology, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Mikayel Dabaghyan
- Department of Radiology, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Kaili Ranta
- Department of Physics, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL
| | - Gregory D Moroz
- Graduate School Central Research Shop, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL
| | - Matthew S Rosen
- MGH/A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Boston, MA; Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Samuel Patz
- Department of Radiology, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Michael J Barlow
- Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Centre, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, Nottingham, UK
| | - Eduard Y Chekmenev
- Department of Radiology, Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Nashville, TN, 37232, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, United States; Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37205, United States
| | - Boyd M Goodson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL.
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Dvoyashkin M, Bhase H, Mirnazari N, Vasenkov S, Bowers CR. Single-File Nanochannel Persistence Lengths from NMR. Anal Chem 2014; 86:2200-4. [DOI: 10.1021/ac403868t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Muslim Dvoyashkin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Hrishi Bhase
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Navid Mirnazari
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Sergey Vasenkov
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Clifford R. Bowers
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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11
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Stupic KF, Cleveland ZI, Pavlovskaya GE, Meersmann T. Hyperpolarized (131)Xe NMR spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2011; 208:58-69. [PMID: 21051249 PMCID: PMC3160776 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2010.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2010] [Revised: 08/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Hyperpolarized (hp) (131)Xe with up to 2.2% spin polarization (i.e., 5000-fold signal enhancement at 9.4 T) was obtained after separation from the rubidium vapor of the spin-exchange optical pumping (SEOP) process. The SEOP was applied for several minutes in a stopped-flow mode, and the fast, quadrupolar-driven T(1) relaxation of this spin I = 3/2 noble gas isotope required a rapid subsequent rubidium removal and swift transfer into the high magnetic field region for NMR detection. Because of the xenon density dependent (131)Xe quadrupolar relaxation in the gas phase, the SEOP polarization build-up exhibits an even more pronounced dependence on xenon partial pressure than that observed in (129)Xe SEOP. (131)Xe is the only stable noble gas isotope with a positive gyromagnetic ratio and shows therefore a different relative phase between hp signal and thermal signal compared to all other noble gases. The gas phase (131)Xe NMR spectrum displays a surface and magnetic field dependent quadrupolar splitting that was found to have additional gas pressure and gas composition dependence. The splitting was reduced by the presence of water vapor that presumably influences xenon-surface interactions. The hp (131)Xe spectrum shows differential line broadening, suggesting the presence of strong adsorption sites. Beyond hp (131)Xe NMR spectroscopy studies, a general equation for the high temperature, thermal spin polarization, P, for spin I ≥ 1/2 nuclei is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl F. Stupic
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
- University of Nottingham, School of Clinical Sciences, Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Centre, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Zackary I. Cleveland
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
| | - Galina E. Pavlovskaya
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
- University of Nottingham, School of Clinical Sciences, Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Centre, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Meersmann
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
- University of Nottingham, School of Clinical Sciences, Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Centre, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
- Corresponding author at: University of Nottingham, Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Centre, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom. Fax: +44 (0) 115 9515166.
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Nakajima T. A scheme to polarize nuclear-spin of atoms by a sequence of short laser pulses: application to the muonium. OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 18:27468-27480. [PMID: 21197022 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.027468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We theoretically show that a sequence of short laser pulses can efficiently polarize nuclear-spin of atoms/ions. This is a variant of optical pumping with an important difference that a sequence of short laser pulses is used instead of a continuous-wave laser. Such a replacement is particularly useful if the pumping wavelength is in the ultraviolet or vacuum-ultraviolet region where obtaining a continuous-wave light source with a sufficient intensity is very difficult. Because of the use of short laser pulses neither hyperfine transitions nor fine structure transitions are spectrally resolved, which is quite in contrast to the standard optical pumping scheme by a continuous-wave laser. As an example we apply the scheme to polarize the muonium (μ(+)e(-), lifetime 2.2 μs), for which the pumping wavelength is 122 nm. From numerical solutions of a set of density matrix equations, we find that the use of only a single, two, and five pulses with a ps duration at the peak intensity of 2×10(8) W/cm(2) and a 5 ns time interval results in the degrees of spin-polarization of 33, 50, and 80 %, respectively, within the time scale of a few tens of ns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nakajima
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, Japan.
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Zhou X, Sun X, Luo J, Zhan M, Liu M. Quantitative estimation of SPINOE enhancement in solid state. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2009; 196:200-203. [PMID: 19058984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2008.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2008] [Revised: 11/04/2008] [Accepted: 11/12/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A theoretical approach to quantitatively estimate the spin polarization enhancement via spin polarization-induced nuclear Overhauser effect (SPINOE) in solid state is presented. We show that theoretical estimates from the model are in good agreement with published experimental results. This method provides a straightforward way to predict the enhanced factor of nuclear magnetic resonance signals in solid state experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 71010, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China.
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Nakajima T. Investigation of ultrafast nuclear spin polarization induced by short laser pulses. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2007; 99:024801. [PMID: 17678226 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.99.024801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2006] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We theoretically investigate the dynamics of nuclear spin induced by short laser pulses and show that ultrafast nuclear spin polarization can take place. Combined use of the hyperfine interaction together with the static electric field is the key for that. Specifically we apply the idea to unstable isotopes, (27)Mg and (37)Ca, with nuclear spin of 1/2 and 3/2, respectively, and show that 88% and 62% of nuclear spin polarization can be achieved within a few to tens of ns, which is 2-3 orders of magnitude shorter than the time needed for any known optical methods. Because of its ultrafast nature, our scheme would be very effective not only for stable nuclei but also unstable nuclei with a lifetime as short as mus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nakajima
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan.
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15
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Sato H, Enmi JI, Hayashi T, Takei N, Iwadate Y, Abe S, Teramoto N, Kawachi N, Hattori M, Watabe H, Sawada T, Uchiyama K, Tsukamoto T, Nagasawa K, Iida H. Development of a hyperpolarized 129Xe system on 3T for the rat lungs. Magn Reson Med Sci 2004; 3:1-9. [PMID: 16093614 DOI: 10.2463/mrms.3.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) with 129Xe has gained much attention as a diagnostic methodology because of its affinity for lipids and possible polarization. The quantitative estimation of net detectability and stability of hyperpolarized 129Xe in the dissolved phase in vivo is valuable to the development of clinical applications. The goal of this study was to develop a stable hyperpolarized 129Xe experimental 3T system to statistically analyze the dissolved-phase 129Xe signal in the rat lungs. The polarization of 129Xe with buffer gases at the optical pumping cell was measured under adiabatic fast passage against the temperature of an oven and laser absorption at the cell. The gases were insufflated into the lungs of Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 15, 400-550 g) through an endotracheal tube under spontaneous respiration. Frequency-selective spectroscopy was performed for the gas phase and dissolved phase. We analyzed the 129Xe signal in the dissolved phase to measure the chemical shift, T2*, delay and its ratio in a rat lungs on 3T. The polarizer was able to produce polarized gas (1.1+/-0.47%, 120 cm3) hundreds of times with the laser absorption ratio (25%) kept constant at the cell. The optimal buffer gas ratio of 25-50% rendered the maximum signal in the dissolved phase. Two dominant peaks of 211.8+/-0.9 and 201.1+/-0.6 ppm were observed with a delay of 0.4+/-0.9 and 0.9+/-1.0 s from the gas phase spectra. The ratios of their average signal to that of the gas phase were 5.6+/-5.2% and 4.4+/-4.7%, respectively. The T2* of the air space in the lungs was 2.5+/-0.5 ms, which was 3.8 times shorter than that in a syringe. We developed a hyperpolarized 129Xe experimental system using a 3T MRI scanner that yields sufficient volume and polarization and quantitatively analyzed the dissolved-phase 129Xe signal in the rat lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Sato
- Department of Investigative Radiology, Research Institute of National Cardiovascular Center, Suita. Osaka, Japan.
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Fukutomi J, Suzuki E, Shimizu T, Kimura A, Fujiwara H. Analysis of the effect of foreign gases in the production of hyperpolarized 129Xe gas on a simple system working under atmospheric pressure. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2003; 160:26-32. [PMID: 12565045 DOI: 10.1016/s1090-7807(02)00132-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Experimental conditions that affect the degree of polarization of 129Xe gas were tested for a higher degree of polarization to facilitate a laboratory use of 129Xe NMR, primarily on the effect of addition of foreign gases. When He, N(2), or D(2) gas was added separately to pure Xe gas with natural isotope abundance, D(2) gas gave better results than the others in enhancing the degree of polarization in 129Xe atom. When these gases were added in mixture, however, N(2) plus He was proved to be more efficient than D(2) or He in enhancing the degree of polarization. As a result, the degree of polarization was found to be increased by more than an order, when diluent gases were properly mixed; polarization as high as 35% was reached at gas composition of 5% Xe, 10% N(2), and 85% He, whereas only a few percent was attainable when Xe gas was polarized without mixing any foreign gases [J. Magn. Reson. 150 (2), 156-160 (2001)]. These results were discussed on a basis of quenching and buffer effects of foreign gases. Polarization was also measured after separating the pure Xe gas from the mixture; value of 22% was obtained for the Xe gas isolated after solidification in liquid nitrogen trap. Build-up time of the polarization was also tested, which did not change remarkably depending on the gas composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Fukutomi
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka University, 1-7 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan.
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17
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Stahl D, Mannstadt W, Gerhard P, Koch M, Jänsch HJ. T1-relaxation of 129Xe on metal single crystal surfaces-multilayer experiments on iridium and monolayer considerations. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2002; 159:1-12. [PMID: 12468298 DOI: 10.1016/s1090-7807(02)00006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The surface of a typical laboratory single crystal has about 10(15) surface atoms or adsorption sites, respectively, and is thus far out of reach for conventional NMR experiments using thermal polarization. It should however be in reach for NMR of adsorbed laser polarized (hyperpolarized) 129Xe, which is produced by spin transfer from optically pumped rubidium. With multilayer experiments of xenon adsorbed on an iridium surface we do not only demonstrate that monolayer sensitivity has been obtained, we also show that such surface experiments can be performed under ultra high vacuum conditions with the crystal being mounted in a typical surface analysis chamber on a manipulator with far-reaching sample heating and cooling abilities. With only four spectra summed up we present an NMR signal from at most 4x10(14) atoms of 129Xe, four layers of naturally abundant xenon, respectively. The fact that no monolayer signal has been measured so far is explained by a fast Korringa relaxation due to the Fermi contact interaction of the 129Xe nuclei with the electrons of the metal substrate. T(1)-relaxation times in the order of several ms have been calculated using all electron density functional theory for several metal substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Stahl
- Department of Physics and Material Sciences Center, Philipps University, D-35032, Marburg, Germany
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18
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Kuzma NN, Patton B, Raman K, Happer W. Fast nuclear spin relaxation in hyperpolarized solid 129Xe. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2002; 88:147602. [PMID: 11955177 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.88.147602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2002] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We report extensive new measurements of the longitudinal relaxation time T1 of 129Xe nuclear spins in solid xenon. For temperatures T<120 K and magnetic fields B>0.05 T, we found T1 on the order of hours, in good agreement with previous measurements and with the predicted phonon-scattering limit for the spin-rotation interaction. For T>120 K, our new data show that T1 can be much shorter than the phonon scattering limit. For B = 0.06 T, a field often used to accumulate hyperpolarized xenon, T1 is approximately 6 s near the Xe melting point T(m) = 161.4 K. From T = 50 K to T(m), the new data are in excellent agreement with the theoretical prediction that the relaxation is due to (i) modulation of the spin-rotation interaction by phonons, and (ii) modulation of the dipole-dipole interaction by vacancy diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- N N Kuzma
- Joseph Henry Laboratory, Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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19
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Goodson BM. Nuclear magnetic resonance of laser-polarized noble gases in molecules, materials, and organisms. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2002; 155:157-216. [PMID: 12036331 DOI: 10.1006/jmre.2001.2341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The sensitivity of conventional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques is fundamentally limited by the ordinarily low spin polarization achievable in even the strongest NMR magnets. However, by transferring angular momentum from laser light to electronic and nuclear spins, optical pumping methods can increase the nuclear spin polarization of noble gases by several orders of magnitude, thereby greatly enhancing their NMR sensitivity. This review describes the principles and magnetic resonance applications of laser-polarized noble gases. The enormous sensitivity enhancement afforded by optical pumping can be exploited to permit a variety of novel NMR experiments across numerous disciplines. Many such experiments are reviewed, including the void-space imaging of organisms and materials, NMR and MRI of living tissues, probing structure and dynamics of molecules in solution and on surfaces, NMR sensitivity enhancement via polarization transfer, and low-field NMR and MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyd M Goodson
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley 94720-1460, USA
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20
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Chann B, Nelson IA, Anderson LW, Driehuys B, Walker TG. 129Xe-Xe molecular spin relaxation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2002; 88:113201. [PMID: 11909399 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.88.113201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We identify the formation of bound 129Xe-Xe molecules as the primary fundamental spin-relaxation process at densities below 14 amagat. Low pressure Xe relaxation rate measurements as a function of gas composition show that Xe-Xe molecular relaxation contributes 1/T1 = 1/4.1 h to the total observed relaxation rate. The measured rate is consistent with theoretical estimates deduced from previously measured NMR chemical shifts. At atmospheric pressure the molecular relaxation is more than an order of magnitude stronger than binary relaxation. Confusion of molecular and wall relaxation mechanisms has historically caused wall relaxation rates to be overestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Chann
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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21
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Leawoods JC, Saam BT, Conradi MS. Polarization transfer using hyperpolarized, supercritical xenon. Chem Phys Lett 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(00)00908-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Berthault P, Desvaux H, Le Goff G, Pétro M. A simple way to properly invert intense nuclear magnetization: application to laser-polarized xenon. Chem Phys Lett 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(99)01135-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
Longitudinal relaxation times of 129Xe were measured in homogenates of rat brain, kidney, liver, and lung at varying oxygenation levels as a means to assess the feasibility of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of tissue using laser-polarized (LP) 129Xe as the signal source. The measured relaxation times ranged from 4.4 +/- 0.4 sec in deoxygenated lung homogenate to 22 +/- 2 sec in deoxygenated brain homogenate. When the LP gas is introduced to the subject via inhalation, these relaxation times are long enough to allow accumulation and subsequent MR imaging of LP 129Xe in tissues. Imaging of dissolved LP 129Xe will yield an intrinsic signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) that is approximately 3% of the proton intrinsic SNR. This relatively low intrinsic SNR is expected to be adequate for some tracer applications. T1 of 129Xe was found to depend on the oxygenation level of the tissue, and the effect of oxygenation is likely dependent on the amount of hemoglobin in the tissue homogenate.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Wilson
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
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24
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Luhmer M, Goodson BM, Song YQ, Laws DD, Kaiser L, Cyrier MC, Pines A. Study of Xenon Binding in Cryptophane-A Using Laser-Induced NMR Polarization Enhancement. J Am Chem Soc 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9841916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michel Luhmer
- Contribution from the Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, and Laboratoire de Chimie Organique E.P., Université Libre de Bruxelles, CP 165/64, Av. F.D. Roosevelt 50, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Boyd M. Goodson
- Contribution from the Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, and Laboratoire de Chimie Organique E.P., Université Libre de Bruxelles, CP 165/64, Av. F.D. Roosevelt 50, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Yi-Qiao Song
- Contribution from the Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, and Laboratoire de Chimie Organique E.P., Université Libre de Bruxelles, CP 165/64, Av. F.D. Roosevelt 50, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - David D. Laws
- Contribution from the Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, and Laboratoire de Chimie Organique E.P., Université Libre de Bruxelles, CP 165/64, Av. F.D. Roosevelt 50, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Lana Kaiser
- Contribution from the Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, and Laboratoire de Chimie Organique E.P., Université Libre de Bruxelles, CP 165/64, Av. F.D. Roosevelt 50, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Michelle C. Cyrier
- Contribution from the Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, and Laboratoire de Chimie Organique E.P., Université Libre de Bruxelles, CP 165/64, Av. F.D. Roosevelt 50, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Alexander Pines
- Contribution from the Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, and Laboratoire de Chimie Organique E.P., Université Libre de Bruxelles, CP 165/64, Av. F.D. Roosevelt 50, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
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Möller HE, Chen XJ, Chawla MS, Driehuys B, Hedlund LW, Johnson GA. Signal dynamics in magnetic resonance imaging of the lung with hyperpolarized noble gases. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 1998; 135:133-143. [PMID: 9799687 DOI: 10.1006/jmre.1998.1563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The nonequilibrium bulk magnetic moment of hyperpolarized (HP) noble gases generated by optical pumping has unique characteristics. Based on the Bloch equations, a model was developed describing the signal dynamics of HP gases used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the lung with special consideration to the breathing cycle. Experimental verification included extensive investigations with HP 3He and 129Xe during both inspiration and held breath in live guinea pigs. Radial acquisition was used to investigate the view variations with a temporal resolution of 5 ms. Agreement between theoretical predictions and in vivo results was excellent. Additionally, information about effects from noble gas diffusion and spin-lattice relaxation was obtained. In vivo results for T1 were 28.8 +/- 1.8 s for 3He and 31.3 +/- 1.8 s for 129Xe. Comparison with in vitro data indicated that relaxation in the pulmonary gas space is dominated by dipolar coupling with molecular oxygen. The results provide a quantitative basis for optimizing pulse sequence design in HP gas MRI of the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- H E Möller
- Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, USA
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28
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Haake M, Goodson BM, Laws DD, Brunner E, Cyrier MC, Havlin RH, Pines A. NMR of supercritical laser-polarized xenon. Chem Phys Lett 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(98)00732-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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29
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Albert MS, Balamore D. Development of hyperpolarized noble gas MRI. NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH. SECTION A, ACCELERATORS, SPECTROMETERS, DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT 1998; 402:441-53. [PMID: 11543065 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-9002(97)00888-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging using the MR signal from hyperpolarized noble gases 129Xe and 3He may become an important new diagnostic technique. Alex Pines (adapting the hyperpolarization technique pioneered by William Happer) presented MR spectroscopy studies using hyperpolarized 129Xe. The current authors recognized that the enormous enhancement in the delectability of 129Xe, promised by hyperpolarization, would solve the daunting SNR problems impeding their attempts to use 129Xe as an in vivo MR probe, especially in order to study the action of general anesthetics. It was hoped that hyperpolarized 129Xe MRI would yield resolutions equivalent to that achievable with conventional 1H2O MRI, and that xenon's solubility in lipids would facilitate investigations of lipid-rich tissues that had as yet been hard to image. The publication of hyperpolarized 129Xe images of excised mouse lungs heralded the emergence of hyperpolarized noble-gas MRI. Using hyperpolarized 3He, researchers have obtained images of the lung gas space of guinea pigs and of humans. Lung gas images from patients with pulmonary disease have recently been reported. 3He is easier to hyperpolarize than 129Xe, and it yields a stronger MR signal, but its extremely low solubility in blood precludes its use for the imaging of tissue. Xenon, however, readily dissolves in blood, and the T1, of dissolved 129Xe is long enough for sufficient polarization to be carried by the circulation to distal tissues. Hyperpolarized 129Xe dissolved-phase tissue spectra from the thorax and head of rodents and humans have been obtained, as have chemical shift 129 Xe images from the head of rats. Lung gas 129Xe images of rodents, and more recently of humans, have been reported. Hyperpolarized 129Xe MRI (HypX-MRI) may elucidate the link between the structure of the lung and its function. The technique may also be useful in identifying ventilation-perfusion mismatch in patients with pulmonary embolism, in staging and tracking the success of therapeutic approaches in patients with chronic obstructive airway diseases, and in identifying candidates for lung transplantation or reduction surgery. The high lipophilicity of xenon may allow MR investigations of the integrity and function of excitable lipid membranes. Eventually, HypX-MRI may permit better imaging of the lipid-rich structures of the brain. Cortical brain function is one perfusion-dependent phenomena that may be explored with hyperpolarized 129Xe MR. This leads to the exciting possibility of conducting hyperpolarized 129Xe functional MRI (HypX-fMRI) studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Albert
- Department of Radiology/MRI, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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30
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Swanson SD, Rosen MS, Agranoff BW, Coulter KP, Welsh RC, Chupp TE. Brain MRI with laser-polarized 129Xe. Magn Reson Med 1997; 38:695-8. [PMID: 9358441 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.1910380503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The feasibility of brain MRI with laser-polarized 129Xe in a small animal model is demonstrated. Naturally abundant 129Xe is polarized and introduced into the lungs of Sprague-Dawley rats. Polarized xenon gas dissolves in the blood and is transported to the brain where it accumulates in brain tissue. Spectroscopic studies reveal a single, dominant, tissue-phase NMR resonance in the head at 194.5 ppm relative to the gas phase resonance. Images of 129Xe in the rat head were obtained with 98-microliter voxels by 2D chemical shift imaging and show that xenon is localized to the brain. This work establishes that nuclear polarization produced in the gas phases survives transport to the brain where it may be imaged. Increases in polarization and delivered volume of 129Xe will allow clinical measurements of regional cerebral blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Swanson
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-0553, USA
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31
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Augustine MP, Zilm KW. Optical pumping magnetic resonance in high magnetic fields: Measurement of high field spin exchange cross sections. Chem Phys Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(97)01076-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Mugler JP, Driehuys B, Brookeman JR, Cates GD, Berr SS, Bryant RG, Daniel TM, de Lange EE, Downs JH, Erickson CJ, Happer W, Hinton DP, Kassel NF, Maier T, Phillips CD, Saam BT, Sauer KL, Wagshul ME. MR imaging and spectroscopy using hyperpolarized 129Xe gas: preliminary human results. Magn Reson Med 1997; 37:809-15. [PMID: 9178229 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.1910370602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Using a new method of xenon laser-polarization that permits the generation of liter quantities of hyperpolarized 129Xe gas, the first 129Xe imaging results from the human chest and the first 129Xe spectroscopy results from the human chest and head have been obtained. With polarization levels of approximately 2%, cross-sectional images of the lung gas-spaces with a voxel volume of 0.9 cm3 (signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), 28) were acquired and three dissolved-phase resonances in spectra from the chest were detected. In spectra from the head, one prominent dissolved-phase resonance, presumably from brain parenchyma, was detected. With anticipated improvements in the 129Xe polarization system, pulse sequences, RF coils, and breathing maneuvers, these results suggest the possibility for 129Xe gas-phase imaging of the lungs with a resolution approaching that of current conventional thoracic proton imaging. Moreover, the results suggest the feasibility of dissolved-phase imaging of both the chest and brain with a resolution similar to that obtained with the gas-phase images.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Mugler
- Department of Radiology, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, USA
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Tycko R, Reimer JA. Optical Pumping in Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/jp953667u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Tycko
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0520
| | - Jeffrey A. Reimer
- Center for Advanced Materials, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1462
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Skoy VR, Sharapov EI, Gundorin NA, Popov YP, Prokofichev YV, Roberson NR, Mitchell GE. Isotopic identification of the parity-violating neutron p-wave resonance at energy E0=3.2 eV in Xe. PHYSICAL REVIEW. C, NUCLEAR PHYSICS 1996; 53:R2573-R2575. [PMID: 9971309 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.53.r2573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Szymanski JJ, Snow WM, Bowman JD, Cain B, Crawford BE, Delheij PP, Hartman RD, Haseyama T, Keith CD, Knudson JN, Komives A, Leuschner M, Lowie LY, Masaike A, Matsuda Y, Mitchell GE, Penttilä SI, Postma H, Rich D, Roberson NR, Seestrom SJ, Sharapov EI, Stephenson SL, Yen YF, Yuan VW. Observation of a large parity nonconserving analyzing power in Xe. PHYSICAL REVIEW. C, NUCLEAR PHYSICS 1996; 53:R2576-R2580. [PMID: 9971310 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.53.r2576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Middleton H, Black RD, Saam B, Cates GD, Cofer GP, Guenther R, Happer W, Hedlund LW, Johnson GA, Juvan K. MR imaging with hyperpolarized 3He gas. Magn Reson Med 1995; 33:271-5. [PMID: 7707920 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.1910330219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance images of the lungs of a guinea pig have been produced using hyperpolarized helium as the source of the MR signal. The resulting images are not yet sufficiently optimized to reveal fine structural detail within the lung, but the spectacular signal from this normally signal-deficient organ system offers great promise for eventual in vivo imaging experiments. Fast 2D and 3D GRASS sequences with very small flip angles were employed to conserve the norenewable longitudinal magnetization. We discuss various unique features associated with performing MRI with hyperpolarized gases, such as the selection of the noble gas species, polarization technique, and constraints on the MR pulse sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Middleton
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, NJ 08544-0708, USA
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37
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Davies GR, Halstead TK, Greenhow RC, Packer KJ. High-resolution NMR of low pressure laser-polarized 129Xe gas. Chem Phys Lett 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(94)01151-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Albert MS, Cates GD, Driehuys B, Happer W, Saam B, Springer CS, Wishnia A. Biological magnetic resonance imaging using laser-polarized 129Xe. Nature 1994; 370:199-201. [PMID: 8028666 DOI: 10.1038/370199a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 638] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
As currently implemented, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) relies on the protons of water molecules in tissue to provide the NMR signal. Protons are, however, notoriously difficult to image in some biological environments of interest, notably the lungs and lipid bilayer membranes such as those in the brain. Here we show that 129Xe gas can be used for high-resolution MRI when the nuclear-spin polarization of the atoms is increased by laser optical pumping and spin exchange. This process produces hyperpolarized 129Xe, in which the magnetization is enhanced by a factor of about 10(5). By introducing hyperpolarized 129Xe into mouse lungs we have obtained images of the lung gas space with a speed and a resolution better than those available from proton MRI or emission tomography. As xenon (a safe general anaesthetic) is rapidly and safely transferred from the lungs to blood and thence to other tissues, where it is concentrated in lipid and protein components, images of the circulatory system, the brain and other vital organs can also be obtained. Because the magnetic behaviour of 129Xe is very sensitive to its environment, and is different from that of 1H2O, MRI using hyperpolarized 129Xe should involve distinct and sensitive mechanisms for tissue contrast.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Albert
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Stony Brook 11794-3400
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Gatzke M, Cates GD, Driehuys B, Fox D, Happer W, Saam B. Extraordinarily slow nuclear spin relaxation in frozen laser-polarized 129Xe. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1993; 70:690-693. [PMID: 10054178 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.70.690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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41
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Walker T, Feng P, Hoffmann D, Williamson RS. Spin-polarized spontaneous-force atom trap. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1992; 69:2168-2171. [PMID: 10046416 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.69.2168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Cates GD, Fitzgerald RJ, Barton AS, Bogorad P, Gatzke M, Newbury NR, Saam B. Rb-129Xe spin-exchange rates due to binary and three-body collisions at high Xe pressures. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1992; 45:4631-4639. [PMID: 9907542 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.45.4631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Raftery D, Long H, Meersmann T, Grandinetti PJ, Reven L, Pines A. High-field NMR of adsorbed xenon polarized by laser pumping. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1991; 66:584-587. [PMID: 10043847 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.66.584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
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