1
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Nagayama T, Schaeuble MA, Fein JR, Loisel GP, Wu M, Mayes DC, Hansen SB, Knapp PF, Webb TJ, Schwarz J, Vesey RA. A generalized approach to x-ray data modeling for high-energy-density plasma experiments. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:2887772. [PMID: 37129462 DOI: 10.1063/5.0128811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Accurate understanding of x-ray diagnostics is crucial for both interpreting high-energy-density experiments and testing simulations through quantitative comparisons. X-ray diagnostic models are complex. Past treatments of individual x-ray diagnostics on a case-by-case basis have hindered universal diagnostic understanding. Here, we derive a general formula for modeling the absolute response of non-focusing x-ray diagnostics, such as x-ray imagers, one-dimensional space-resolved spectrometers, and x-ray power diagnostics. The present model is useful for both data modeling and data processing. It naturally accounts for the x-ray crystal broadening. The new model verifies that standard approaches for a crystal response can be good approximations, but they can underestimate the total reflectivity and overestimate spectral resolving power by more than a factor of 2 in some cases near reflectivity edge features. We also find that a frequently used, simplified-crystal-response approximation for processing spectral data can introduce an absolute error of more than an order of magnitude and the relative spectral radiance error of a factor of 3. The present model is derived with straightforward geometric arguments. It is more general and is recommended for developing a unified picture and providing consistent treatment over multiple x-ray diagnostics. Such consistency is crucial for reliable multi-objective data analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nagayama
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - M A Schaeuble
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - J R Fein
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - G P Loisel
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - M Wu
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - D C Mayes
- University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - S B Hansen
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - P F Knapp
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - T J Webb
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - J Schwarz
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - R A Vesey
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
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2
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Influence of neutron/gamma irradiation on damage and scintillation of Ga-doped ZnO thin films. RADIAT MEAS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2022.106894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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3
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Gao L, Kraus BF, Hill KW, Schneider MB, Christopherson A, Bachmann B, Bitter M, Efthimion P, Pablant N, Betti R, Thomas C, Thorn D, MacPhee AG, Khan S, Kauffman R, Liedahl D, Chen H, Bradley D, Kilkenny J, Lahmann B, Stambulchik E, Maron Y. Hot Spot Evolution Measured by High-Resolution X-Ray Spectroscopy at the National Ignition Facility. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:185002. [PMID: 35594117 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.185002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Evolution of the hot spot plasma conditions was measured using high-resolution x-ray spectroscopy at the National Ignition Facility. The capsules were filled with DD gas with trace levels of Kr and had either a high-density-carbon (HDC) ablator or a tungsten (W)-doped HDC ablator. Time-resolved measurement of the Kr Heβ spectra, absolutely calibrated by a simultaneous time-integrated measurement, allows inference of the electron density and temperature through observing Stark broadening and the relative intensities of dielectronic satellites. By matching the calculated hot spot emission using a collisional-radiative code to experimental observations, the hot spot size and areal density are determined. These advanced spectroscopy techniques further reveal the effect of W dopant in the ablator on the hot spot parameters for their improved implosion performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Gao
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - B F Kraus
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - K W Hill
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - M B Schneider
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A Christopherson
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - B Bachmann
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M Bitter
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - P Efthimion
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - N Pablant
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - R Betti
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - C Thomas
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - D Thorn
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A G MacPhee
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S Khan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R Kauffman
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D Liedahl
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - H Chen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D Bradley
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J Kilkenny
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - B Lahmann
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - E Stambulchik
- Faculty of Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Y Maron
- Faculty of Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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4
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Gomez TA, Nagayama T, Cho PB, Zammit MC, Fontes CJ, Kilcrease DP, Bray I, Hubeny I, Dunlap BH, Montgomery MH, Winget DE. All-Order Full-Coulomb Quantum Spectral Line-Shape Calculations. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:235001. [PMID: 34936794 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.235001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how atoms interact with hot dense matter is essential for astrophysical and laboratory plasmas. Interactions in high-density plasmas broaden spectral lines, providing a rare window into interactions that govern, for example, radiation transport in stars. However, up to now, spectral line-shape theories employed at least one of three common approximations: second-order Taylor treatment of broadening operator, dipole-only interactions between atom and plasma, and classical treatment of perturbing electrons. In this Letter, we remove all three approximations simultaneously for the first time and test the importance for two applications: neutral hydrogen and highly ionized magnesium and oxygen. We found 15%-50% change in the spectral line widths, which are sufficient to impact applications including white-dwarf mass determination, stellar-opacity research, and laboratory plasma diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Gomez
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - T Nagayama
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - P B Cho
- Department of Astronomy, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - M C Zammit
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - C J Fontes
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - D P Kilcrease
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - I Bray
- Curtin Institute of Computation and Department of Physics and Astronomy, GPO Box U1987 Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - I Hubeny
- Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - B H Dunlap
- Department of Astronomy, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - M H Montgomery
- Department of Astronomy, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - D E Winget
- Department of Astronomy, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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5
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MacDonald MJ, Widmann K, Beiersdorfer P, Hell N, Hoarty DJ, Magee EW, Shah C, Shepherd R, Brown GV. Absolute throughput calibration of multiple spherical crystals for the Orion High-REsolution X-ray spectrometer (OHREX). THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:023509. [PMID: 33648146 DOI: 10.1063/5.0043683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We present absolute throughput analysis of several crystals for the Orion High-REsolution X-ray (OHREX) imaging crystal spectrometer using ray tracing and experimental measurements. The OHREX spectrometer is a high-resolution x-ray spectrometer designed to measure spectral line shapes at the Orion laser facility. The spectrometer is fielded with up to two spherical crystals simultaneously covering two independent spectral ranges. Each crystal has a nominal radius of curvature of R = 67.2 cm and is fielded at a nominal Bragg angle of 51.3°. To cover different bands of interest, several different crystals are available, including Ge (111), KAP, and several cuts of quartz, whose resolving power λ/Δλ exceeds 10 000. The calibrated response of the available crystals has previously been reported from measurements at the EBIT-I electron beam ion trap at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Here, we model the absolute throughput of each crystal using ray tracing and verify the results using experimental data for the quartz (101¯1) crystal.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J MacDonald
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - K Widmann
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - P Beiersdorfer
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - N Hell
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D J Hoarty
- Directorate of Research and Applied Science, AWE plc, Reading RG7 4PR, United Kingdom
| | - E W Magee
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C Shah
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R Shepherd
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - G V Brown
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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6
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Wang RR, An HH, Guo EF, Fang ZH, Xie ZY, Jia G, Wang W. Elliptically bent crystal x-ray spectrometer for time-resolved laser plasma experiments. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:093109. [PMID: 30278722 DOI: 10.1063/1.5029462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Measuring time-resolved spectra is crucial in inertial confinement fusion and radiation source development experiments. An elliptically bent crystal spectrometer is designed to measure X-rays in the range of 2.5-11.0 keV, which was achieved using four different lattice spacings of 0.8512, 0.6687, 0.4246, and 0.2749 nm with spectral resolution E/δE of ∼500. The X-rays emitted from a source at one focus of the ellipse undergo Bragg reflection off a crystal and pass through the second focus of the ellipse to a streak camera slit with 18-mm length and 80-μm width to generate a time-resolved spectrum. An alignment method for the time-resolved spectrometer was developed with the straight line connecting the centers of the two small holes on the fabricated substrate being the axis of the ellipse, thus allowing the spacing between the source and the elliptical crystal to be tuned to couple with the streak camera. The time-resolved spectrometer's performance was experimentally tested at the Shenguang II laser facility. The results indicate that its performance is close to that predicted theoretically.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Laser Plasma, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - H H An
- Shanghai Institute of Laser Plasma, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - E F Guo
- Shanghai Institute of Laser Plasma, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Z H Fang
- Shanghai Institute of Laser Plasma, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Z Y Xie
- Shanghai Institute of Laser Plasma, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - G Jia
- Shanghai Institute of Laser Plasma, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - W Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Laser Plasma, Shanghai 201800, China
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7
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Lee RW. The Possibilities for Scientific Use of High-Energy Lasers: From Now to the NIF. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.13182/fst96-a11962992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard W. Lee
- Physics Department, University of California Berkeley 366 Le Conte Hall Berkeley CA 94720-7300 and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore CA 94550
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8
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Hell N, Beiersdorfer P, Magee EW, Brown GV. Calibration of the OHREX high-resolution imaging crystal spectrometer at the Livermore electron beam ion traps. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2016; 87:11D604. [PMID: 27910351 DOI: 10.1063/1.4959947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report the calibration of the Orion High-Resolution X-ray (OHREX) imaging crystal spectrometer at the EBIT-I electron beam ion trap at Livermore. Two such instruments, dubbed OHREX-1 and OHREX-2, are fielded for plasma diagnostics at the Orion laser facility in the United Kingdom. The OHREX spectrometer can simultaneously house two spherically bent crystals with a radius of curvature of r = 67.2 cm. The focusing properties of the spectrometer allow both for larger distance to the source due to the increase in collected light and for observation of extended sources. OHREX is designed to cover a 2.5°-3° spectral range at Bragg angles around 51.3°. The typically high resolving powers at these large Bragg angles are ideally suited for line shape diagnostics. For instance, the nominal resolving power of the instrument (>10 000) is much higher than the effective resolving power associated with the Doppler broadening due to the temperature of the trapped ions in EBIT-I. The effective resolving power is only around 3000 at typical EBIT-I conditions, which nevertheless is sufficient to set up and test the instrument's spectral characteristics. We have calibrated the spectral range for a number of crystals using well known reference lines in the first and second order and derived the ion temperatures from these lines. We have also made use of the 50 μm size of the EBIT-I source width to characterize the spatial focusing of the spectrometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Hell
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - P Beiersdorfer
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - E W Magee
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - G V Brown
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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9
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Ma T, Chen H, Patel PK, Schneider MB, Barrios MA, Casey DT, Chung HK, Hammel BA, Berzak Hopkins LF, Jarrott LC, Khan SF, Lahmann B, Nora R, Rosenberg MJ, Pak A, Regan SP, Scott HA, Sio H, Spears BK, Weber CR. Development of a krypton-doped gas symmetry capsule platform for x-ray spectroscopy of implosion cores on the NIF. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2016; 87:11E327. [PMID: 27910341 DOI: 10.1063/1.4960753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The electron temperature at stagnation of an ICF implosion can be measured from the emission spectrum of high-energy x-rays that pass through the cold material surrounding the hot stagnating core. Here we describe a platform developed on the National Ignition Facility where trace levels of a mid-Z dopant (krypton) are added to the fuel gas of a symcap (symmetry surrogate) implosion to allow for the use of x-ray spectroscopy of the krypton line emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ma
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - H Chen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - P K Patel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M B Schneider
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M A Barrios
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D T Casey
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - H-K Chung
- International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - B A Hammel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - L F Berzak Hopkins
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - L C Jarrott
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S F Khan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - B Lahmann
- Plasma Fusion and Science Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R Nora
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M J Rosenberg
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - A Pak
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S P Regan
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - H A Scott
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - H Sio
- Plasma Fusion and Science Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - B K Spears
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C R Weber
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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10
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Beiersdorfer P, Magee EW, Brown GV, Chen H, Emig J, Hell N, Bitter M, Hill KW, Allan P, Brown CRD, Hill MP, Hoarty DJ, Hobbs LMR, James SF. Lineshape spectroscopy with a very high resolution, very high signal-to-noise crystal spectrometer. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2016; 87:063501. [PMID: 27370448 DOI: 10.1063/1.4952748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a high-resolution x-ray spectrometer for measuring the shapes of spectral lines produced from laser-irradiated targets on the Orion laser facility. The instrument utilizes a spherically bent crystal geometry to spatially focus and spectrally analyze photons from foil or microdot targets. The high photon collection efficiency resulting from its imaging properties allows the instrument to be mounted outside the Orion chamber, where it is far less sensitive to particles, hard x-rays, or electromagnetic pulses than instruments housed close to the target chamber center in ten-inch manipulators. Moreover, Bragg angles above 50° are possible, which provide greatly improved spectral resolution compared to radially viewing, near grazing-incidence crystal spectrometers. These properties make the new instrument an ideal lineshape diagnostic for determining plasma temperature and density. We describe its calibration on the Livermore electron beam ion trap facility and present spectral data of the K-shell emission from highly charged sulfur produced by long-pulse as well as short-pulse beams on the Orion laser in the United Kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Beiersdorfer
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - E W Magee
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - G V Brown
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - H Chen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J Emig
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - N Hell
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M Bitter
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - K W Hill
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - P Allan
- Directorate of Research and Applied Science, AWE plc, Reading RG7 4PR, United Kingdom
| | - C R D Brown
- Directorate of Research and Applied Science, AWE plc, Reading RG7 4PR, United Kingdom
| | - M P Hill
- Directorate of Research and Applied Science, AWE plc, Reading RG7 4PR, United Kingdom
| | - D J Hoarty
- Directorate of Research and Applied Science, AWE plc, Reading RG7 4PR, United Kingdom
| | - L M R Hobbs
- Directorate of Research and Applied Science, AWE plc, Reading RG7 4PR, United Kingdom
| | - S F James
- Directorate of Research and Applied Science, AWE plc, Reading RG7 4PR, United Kingdom
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11
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Sil A, Canuto S, Mukherjee P. Spectroscopy of Confined Atomic Systems: Effect of Plasma. ADVANCES IN QUANTUM CHEMISTRY 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3276(09)00708-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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12
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Welser-Sherrill L, Mancini RC, Koch JA, Izumi N, Tommasini R, Haan SW, Haynes DA, Golovkin IE, MacFarlane JJ, Delettrez JA, Marshall FJ, Regan SP, Smalyuk VA, Kyrala G. Spectroscopic determination of temperature and density spatial profiles and mix in indirect-drive implosion cores. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2007; 76:056403. [PMID: 18233772 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.76.056403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2007] [Revised: 09/25/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In the field of inertial confinement fusion (ICF), work has been consistently progressing in the past decade toward a more fundamental understanding of the plasma conditions in ICF implosion cores. The research presented here represents a substantial evolution in the ability to diagnose plasma temperatures and densities, along with characteristics of mixing between fuel and shell materials. Mixing is a vital property to study and quantify, since it can significantly affect implosion quality. We employ a number of new spectroscopic techniques that allow us to probe these important quantities. The first technique developed is an emissivity analysis, which uses the emissivity ratio of the optically thin Lybeta and Hebeta lines to spectroscopically extract temperature profiles, followed by the solution of emissivity equations to infer density profiles. The second technique, an intensity analysis, models the radiation transport through the implosion core. The nature of the intensity analysis allows us to use an optically thick line, the Lyalpha, to extract information on mixing near the core edge. With this work, it is now possible to extract directly from experimental data not only detailed temperature and density maps of the core, but also spatial mixing profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Welser-Sherrill
- Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
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13
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MacFarlane JJ, Golovkin IE, Mancini RC, Welser LA, Bailey JE, Koch JA, Mehlhorn TA, Rochau GA, Wang P, Woodruff P. Dopant radiative cooling effects in indirect-drive Ar-doped capsule implosion experiments. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2005; 72:066403. [PMID: 16486066 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.72.066403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2005] [Revised: 09/14/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We present results from simulations performed to investigate the effects of dopant radiative cooling in inertial confinement fusion indirect-drive capsule implosion experiments. Using a one-dimensional radiation-hydrodynamics code that includes inline collisional-radiative modeling, we compute in detail the non-local thermodynamic equilibrium atomic kinetics and spectral characteristics for Ar-doped DD fuel. Specifically, we present results from a series of calculations in which the concentration of the Ar is varied, and examine the sensitivity of the fuel conditions (e.g., electron temperature) and neutron yield to the Ar dopant concentration. Simulation results are compared with data obtained in OMEGA indirect-drive experiments in which monochromatic imaging and spectral measurements of Ar Hebeta and Lybeta line emission were recorded. The incident radiation drive on the capsule is computed with a three-dimensional view factor code using the laser beam pointings and powers from the OMEGA experiments. We also examine the sensitivity of the calculated compressed core electron temperatures and neutron yields to the radiation drive on the capsule and to the radiation and atomic modeling in the simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J MacFarlane
- Prism Computational Sciences, Inc., 455 Science Drive, Suite 140, Madison, Wisconsin 53711, USA
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14
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Bailey JE, Chandler GA, Slutz SA, Golovkin I, Lake PW, MacFarlane JJ, Mancini RC, Burris-Mog TJ, Cooper G, Leeper RJ, Mehlhorn TA, Moore TC, Nash TJ, Nielsen DS, Ruiz CL, Schroen DG, Varnum WA. Hot dense capsule-implosion cores produced by Z-pinch dynamic Hohlraum radiation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2004; 92:085002. [PMID: 14995784 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.92.085002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Hot dense capsule implosions driven by Z-pinch x rays have been measured using a approximately 220 eV dynamic Hohlraum to implode 1.7-2.1 mm diameter gas-filled CH capsules. The capsules absorbed up to approximately 20 kJ of x rays. Argon tracer atom spectra were used to measure the T(e) approximately 1 keV electron temperature and the n(e) approximately 1-4 x 10(23) cm(-3) electron density. Spectra from multiple directions provide core symmetry estimates. Computer simulations agree well with the peak emission values of T(e), n(e), and symmetry, indicating reasonable understanding of the Hohlraum and implosion physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Bailey
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1196, USA
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15
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Bitter M, Gu MF, Vainshtein LA, Beiersdorfer P, Bertschinger G, Marchuk O, Bell R, LeBlanc B, Hill KW, Johnson D, Roquemore L. New benchmarks from tokamak experiments for theoretical calculations of the dielectronic satellite spectra of heliumlike ions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2003; 91:265001. [PMID: 14754058 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.91.265001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Dielectronic satellite spectra of heliumlike argon, recorded with a high-resolution x-ray crystal spectrometer at the National Spherical Torus Experiment, were found to be inconsistent with existing predictions resulting in unacceptable values for the power balance and suggesting the unlikely existence of non-Maxwellian electron energy distributions. These problems were resolved with calculations from a new atomic code. It is now possible to perform reliable electron-temperature measurements and to eliminate the uncertainties associated with determinations of non-Maxwellian distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bitter
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
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Beiersdorfer P, Scofield JH, Osterheld AL. X-ray-line diagnostic of magnetic field strength for high-temperature plasmas. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2003; 90:235003. [PMID: 12857267 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.90.235003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
An x-ray line diagnostic for use in magnetic field measurements in high-temperature plasmas has been identified. The intensity of the otherwise strictly forbidden 1s(2)2s(2)2p(1/2)2p(4)(3/2)3s(1/2) 3P0-->1s(2)2s(2)2p(6) 1S0 transition in neonlike ions is shown to depend on the magnetic field strength. The field dependence is illustrated between one and 3 T in the Ar8+ spectrum. The line is well resolved, bright, and close to reference lines, making it an experimentally simple to use diagnostic.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Beiersdorfer
- Department of Physics and Advanced Technologies, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
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Regan SP, Delettrez JA, Marshall FJ, Soures JM, Smalyuk VA, Yaakobi B, Epstein R, Glebov VY, Jaanimagi PA, Meyerhofer DD, Radha PB, Sangster TC, Seka W, Skupsky S, Stoeckl C, Town RPJ, Haynes DA, Golovkin IE, Hooper CF, Frenje JA, Li CK, Petrasso RD, Séguin FH. Shell mix in the compressed core of spherical implosions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2002; 89:085003. [PMID: 12190476 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.89.085003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The Rayleigh-Taylor instability in its highly nonlinear, turbulent stage causes atomic-scale mixing of the shell material with the fuel in the compressed core of inertial-confinement fusion targets. The density of shell material mixed into the outer core of direct-drive plastic-shell spherical-target implosions on the 60-beam, OMEGA laser system is estimated to be 3.4(+/-1.2) g/cm(3) from time-resolved x-ray spectroscopy, charged-particle spectroscopy, and core x-ray images. The estimated fuel density, 3.6(+/-1) g/cm(3), accounts for only approximately 50% of the neutron-burn-averaged electron density, n(e)=2.2(+/-0.4)x10(24) cm(-3).
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Regan
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1299
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Kawamura T, Nishimura H, Koike F, Ochi Y, Matsui R, Miao WY, Okihara S, Sakabe S, Uschmann I, Förster E, Mima K. Population kinetics on K alpha lines of partially ionized Cl atoms. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2002; 66:016402. [PMID: 12241485 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.66.016402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A population kinetics code was developed to analyze K alpha emission from partially ionized chlorine atoms in hydrocarbon plasmas. Atomic processes are solved under collisional-radiative equilibrium for two-temperature plasmas. It is shown that the fast electrons dominantly contribute to ionize the K-shell bound electrons (i.e., inner-shell ionization) and the cold electrons to the outer-shell bound ones. Ratios of K alpha lines of partially ionized atoms are presented as a function of cold-electron temperature. The model was validated by observation of the K alpha lines from a chlorinated plastic target irradiated with 1 TW Ti:sapphire laser pulses at 1.5 x 10(17) W/cm(2), inferring a plasma temperature of about 100 eV on the target surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Kawamura
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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Golovkin I, Mancini R, Louis S, Ochi Y, Fujita K, Nishimura H, Shirga H, Miyanaga N, Azechi H, Butzbach R, Uschmann I, Förster E, Delettrez J, Koch J, Lee RW, Klein L. Spectroscopic determination of dynamic plasma gradients in implosion cores. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2002; 88:045002. [PMID: 11801129 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.88.045002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The time-dependent gradient structure of a laser-compressed, high-energy-density plasma has been determined using a method based on the simultaneous analysis of time-resolved x-ray monochromatic images and x-ray line spectra from Ar-doped D2 implosion cores. The analysis self-consistently determines the temperature and density gradients that yield the best fits to the spatial-emissivity profiles and spectral line shapes. This measurement is important for understanding the spectra formation and plasma dynamics associated with the implosion process. In addition, since the results are independent of hydrodynamic simulations, they are also important for comparison with fluid-dynamic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Golovkin
- Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
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Glenzer SH, Fournier KB, Wilson BG, Lee RW, Suter LJ. Ionization balance in inertial confinement fusion hohlraums. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2001; 87:045002. [PMID: 11461624 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.87.045002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We present the first x-ray spectroscopic measurements of the ionization balance in inertial confinement fusion hohlraums supported by 4omega Thomson scattering diagnostics. The experimental data show agreement with non-LTE radiation-hydrodynamic calculations of the averaged Au charge state and electron temperatures. These findings are consistent with the successful integrated modeling of the hohlraum radiation fields. Comparisons with detailed synthetic spectra calculations show that the experimental ionization distribution is slightly shifted indicating nonsteady state kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Glenzer
- L-447, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of California, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
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Glenzer SH, Fournier KB, Decker C, Hammel BA, Lee RW, Lours L, MacGowan BJ, Osterheld AL. Accuracy of K-shell spectra modeling in high-density plasmas. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 2000; 62:2728-2738. [PMID: 11088753 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.62.2728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We present spectroscopic measurements of the helium-like and lithium-like argon emission supported by Thomson scattering diagnostics on gas bag targets. These data provide critical tests of plasma spectroscopic K-shell models. In particular, we have measured the line radiation in the wavelength region of the He-like Ar 1s(2)-1s3l transition (He-beta) that is of interest for density and temperature measurements of plasmas from gas-filled targets (n(e)</=10(21) cm(-3)), laser ablation targets (n(e)</=10(22) cm(-3)), and inertial confinement fusion capsule implosions (n(e)>/=10(24) cm(-3)). The spectra show lithium-like dielectronic satellites on the red wing of the He-beta line that are temperature sensitive and are known to influence the shape of the Stark-broadened line profiles observed from implosions. To examine the kinetics modeling of this complex, i.e., the He-beta and its associated satellites, we have performed experiments in gas bag plasmas at densities of (0.6-1.1)x10(21) cm(-3) where we independently determine the electron temperature with ultraviolet Thomson scattering. The comparison of the satellite intensities with kinetics modeling shows good agreement for satellites whose upper states are populated by dielectronic capture, but shows discrepancies for inner-shell collisional excited transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- SH Glenzer
- L-437, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of California, P. O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551 and CEA/DAM-Ile de France, Boiinsertion markte Postale 12, 91680 Bruyeres-le-Chainsertion marktel, France
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Ochi Y, Fujita K, Nishimura H, Honda H, Niki I, Tsubakimoto K, Naruo S, Sunahara A, Shiraga H, Miyanaga N, Azechi H, Takabe H, Mima K. Observation of implosion dynamics by line emissions from direct-drive fusion capsules. FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0920-3796(98)00346-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Beiersdorfer P, Osterheld AL, Decaux V, Widmann K. Observation of Lifetime-Limited X-Ray Linewidths in Cold Highly Charged Ions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1996; 77:5353-5356. [PMID: 10062782 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.77.5353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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24
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Smith AJ, Beiersdorfer P, Decaux V, Widmann K, Reed KJ, Chen MH. Measurement of the contributions of high-n satellite lines to the K beta lines of He-like Ar16+. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1996; 54:462-466. [PMID: 9913498 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.54.462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Woolsey NC, Asfaw A, Hammel B, Keane C, Back CA, Calisti A, Mossé C, Stamm R, Talin B, Wark JS, Lee RW, Klein L. Spectroscopy of compressed high energy density matter. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1996; 53:6396-6402. [PMID: 9965000 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.53.6396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Beiersdorfer P, Osterheld AL, Phillips TW, Bitter M, Hill KW. High-resolution measurement, line identification, and spectral modeling of the K beta spectrum of heliumlike Ar16+. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1995; 52:1980-1992. [PMID: 9963619 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.52.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Moreno JC, Back CA, Cauble RC, Koch JA, Lee RW. Time-resolved density measurements of x-ray-heated Teflon foils using absorption spectroscopy. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1995; 51:4897-4900. [PMID: 9963202 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.51.4897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Heading DJ, Bennett GR, Wark JS, Lee RW. Novel plasma source for dense plasma effects. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1995; 74:3616-3619. [PMID: 10058250 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.74.3616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Dittrich TR, Hammel BA, Keane CJ, McEachern R, Turner RE, Haan SW, Suter LJ. Diagnosis of pusher-fuel mix in indirectly driven Nova implosions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1994; 73:2324-2327. [PMID: 10057031 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.73.2324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Kauffman RL, Suter LJ, Darrow CB, Kilkenny JD, Kornblum HN, Montgomery DS, Phillion DW, Rosen MD, Theissen AR, Wallace RJ, Ze F. High temperatures in inertial confinement fusion radiation cavities heated with 0.35 microm light. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1994; 73:2320-2323. [PMID: 10057030 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.73.2320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Keane CJ, Hammel BA, Osterheld AL, Kania DR. Density and temperature sensitive features in high temperature plasma L-shell xenon emission spectra. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1994; 72:3029-3032. [PMID: 10056049 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.72.3029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Endo T, Shiraga H, Nishimura H, Fujishima A, Shigemori K, Kato Y, Nakai S, Yamanaka C. Experimental observation of transmission- and self-emission-type radiation transport in x-ray-produced plasmas. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1994; 49:R1815-R1818. [PMID: 9961510 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.49.r1815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Keane CJ, Hammel BA, Kania DR, Kilkenny JD, Lee RW, Osterheld AL, Suter LJ, Mancini RC, Hooper CF, Delamater ND. X‐ray spectroscopy of high‐energy density inertial confinement fusion plasmas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1063/1.860964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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