1
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Harvey-Thompson AJ, Geissel M, Crabtree JA, Weis MR, Gomez MR, Fein JR, Lewis WE, Ampleford DJ, Awe TJ, Chandler GA, Galloway BR, Hansen SB, Hanson J, Harding EC, Jennings CA, Kimmel M, Knapp PF, Mangan MA, Maurer A, Paguio RR, Perea L, Peterson KJ, Porter JL, Rambo PK, Robertson GK, Rochau GA, Ruiz DE, Shores JE, Slutz SA, Smith GE, Smith IC, Speas CS, Yager-Elorriaga DA, York A. Demonstration of improved laser preheat with a cryogenically cooled magnetized liner inertial fusion platform. Rev Sci Instrum 2023; 94:2890454. [PMID: 37184347 DOI: 10.1063/5.0142587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We report on progress implementing and testing cryogenically cooled platforms for Magnetized Liner Inertial Fusion (MagLIF) experiments. Two cryogenically cooled experimental platforms were developed: an integrated platform fielded on the Z pulsed power generator that combines magnetization, laser preheat, and pulsed-power-driven fuel compression and a laser-only platform in a separate chamber that enables measurements of the laser preheat energy using shadowgraphy measurements. The laser-only experiments suggest that ∼89% ± 10% of the incident energy is coupled to the fuel in cooled targets across the energy range tested, significantly higher than previous warm experiments that achieved at most 67% coupling and in line with simulation predictions. The laser preheat configuration was applied to a cryogenically cooled integrated experiment that used a novel cryostat configuration that cooled the MagLIF liner from both ends. The integrated experiment, z3576, coupled 2.32 ± 0.25 kJ preheat energy to the fuel, the highest to-date, demonstrated excellent temperature control and nominal current delivery, and produced one of the highest pressure stagnations as determined by a Bayesian analysis of the data.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Harvey-Thompson
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M Geissel
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - J A Crabtree
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M R Weis
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M R Gomez
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - J R Fein
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - W E Lewis
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - D J Ampleford
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - T J Awe
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - G A Chandler
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - B R Galloway
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - S B Hansen
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - J Hanson
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - E C Harding
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - C A Jennings
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M Kimmel
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - P F Knapp
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M A Mangan
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - A Maurer
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - R R Paguio
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - L Perea
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - K J Peterson
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - J L Porter
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - P K Rambo
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - G K Robertson
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - G A Rochau
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - D E Ruiz
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - J E Shores
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - S A Slutz
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - G E Smith
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - I C Smith
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - C S Speas
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - D A Yager-Elorriaga
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - A York
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
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2
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Mayes DC, Mancini RC, Lockard TE, Hall IM, Bailey JE, Loisel GP, Nagayama T, Rochau GA, Liedahl DA. Observation of ionization trends in a laboratory photoionized plasma experiment at Z. Phys Rev E 2021; 104:035202. [PMID: 34654098 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.104.035202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We report experimental and modeling results for the charge state distribution of laboratory photoionized neon plasmas in the first systematic study over nearly an order of magnitude range of ionization parameter ξ∝F/N_{e}. The range of ξ is achieved by flexibility in the experimental platform to adjust either the x-ray drive flux F at the sample or the electron number density N_{e} or both. Experimental measurements of photoionized plasma conditions over such a range of parameters enable a stringent test of atomic kinetics models used within codes that are applied to photoionized plasmas in the laboratory and astrophysics. From experimental transmission data, ion areal densities are extracted by spectroscopic analysis that is independent of atomic kinetics modeling. The measurements reveal the net result of the competition between photon-driven ionization and electron-driven recombination atomic processes as a function of ξ as it affects the charge state distribution. Results from radiation-hydrodynamics modeling calculations with detailed inline atomic kinetics modeling are compared with the experimental results. There is good agreement in the mean charge and overall qualitative similarities in the trends observed with ξ but significant quantitative differences in the fractional populations of individual ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Mayes
- Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - R C Mancini
- Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - T E Lockard
- Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - I M Hall
- Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - J E Bailey
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - G P Loisel
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - T Nagayama
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - G A Rochau
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - D A Liedahl
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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3
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Gomez MR, Slutz SA, Jennings CA, Ampleford DJ, Weis MR, Myers CE, Yager-Elorriaga DA, Hahn KD, Hansen SB, Harding EC, Harvey-Thompson AJ, Lamppa DC, Mangan M, Knapp PF, Awe TJ, Chandler GA, Cooper GW, Fein JR, Geissel M, Glinsky ME, Lewis WE, Ruiz CL, Ruiz DE, Savage ME, Schmit PF, Smith IC, Styron JD, Porter JL, Jones B, Mattsson TR, Peterson KJ, Rochau GA, Sinars DB. Performance Scaling in Magnetized Liner Inertial Fusion Experiments. Phys Rev Lett 2020; 125:155002. [PMID: 33095639 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.155002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We present experimental results from the first systematic study of performance scaling with drive parameters for a magnetoinertial fusion concept. In magnetized liner inertial fusion experiments, the burn-averaged ion temperature doubles to 3.1 keV and the primary deuterium-deuterium neutron yield increases by more than an order of magnitude to 1.1×10^{13} (2 kJ deuterium-tritium equivalent) through a simultaneous increase in the applied magnetic field (from 10.4 to 15.9 T), laser preheat energy (from 0.46 to 1.2 kJ), and current coupling (from 16 to 20 MA). Individual parametric scans of the initial magnetic field and laser preheat energy show the expected trends, demonstrating the importance of magnetic insulation and the impact of the Nernst effect for this concept. A drive-current scan shows that present experiments operate close to the point where implosion stability is a limiting factor in performance, demonstrating the need to raise fuel pressure as drive current is increased. Simulations that capture these experimental trends indicate that another order of magnitude increase in yield on the Z facility is possible with additional increases of input parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Gomez
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - S A Slutz
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - C A Jennings
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - D J Ampleford
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M R Weis
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - C E Myers
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | | | - K D Hahn
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S B Hansen
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - E C Harding
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | | | - D C Lamppa
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M Mangan
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - P F Knapp
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - T J Awe
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - G A Chandler
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - G W Cooper
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
- University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - J R Fein
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M Geissel
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M E Glinsky
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - W E Lewis
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - C L Ruiz
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - D E Ruiz
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M E Savage
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - P F Schmit
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - I C Smith
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - J D Styron
- University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - J L Porter
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - B Jones
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - T R Mattsson
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - K J Peterson
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - G A Rochau
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - D B Sinars
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
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4
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Carpenter KR, Mancini RC, Harding EC, Harvey-Thompson AJ, Geissel M, Weis MR, Hansen SB, Peterson KJ, Rochau GA. Temperature distributions and gradients in laser-heated plasmas relevant to magnetized liner inertial fusion. Phys Rev E 2020; 102:023209. [PMID: 32942382 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.102.023209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We present two-dimensional temperature measurements of magnetized and unmagnetized plasma experiments performed at Z relevant to the preheat stage in magnetized liner inertial fusion. The deuterium gas fill was doped with a trace amount of argon for spectroscopy purposes, and time-integrated spatially resolved spectra and narrow-band images were collected in both experiments. The spectrum and image data were included in two separate multiobjective analysis methods to extract the electron temperature spatial distribution T_{e}(r,z). The results indicate that the magnetic field increases T_{e}, the axial extent of the laser heating, and the magnitude of the radial temperature gradients. Comparisons with simulations reveal that the simulations overpredict the extent of the laser heating and underpredict the temperature. Temperature gradient scale lengths extracted from the measurements also permit an assessment of the importance of nonlocal heat transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Carpenter
- Physics Department, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - R C Mancini
- Physics Department, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - E C Harding
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - A J Harvey-Thompson
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M Geissel
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M R Weis
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - S B Hansen
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - K J Peterson
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - G A Rochau
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
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5
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Mancini RC, Lockard TE, Mayes DC, Hall IM, Loisel GP, Bailey JE, Rochau GA, Abdallah J, Golovkin IE, Liedahl D. X-ray heating and electron temperature of laboratory photoionized plasmas. Phys Rev E 2020; 101:051201. [PMID: 32575250 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.101.051201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We discuss the experimental and modeling results for the x-ray heating and temperature of laboratory photoionized plasmas. A method is used to extract the electron temperature based on the analysis of transmission spectroscopy data that is independent of atomic kinetics modeling. The results emphasized the critical role of x-ray heating and radiation cooling in determining the energy balance of the plasma. They also demonstrated the dramatic impact of photoexcitation on excited-state populations, line emissivity, and radiation cooling. Modeling calculations performed with astrophysical codes significantly overestimated the measured temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Mancini
- Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - T E Lockard
- Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - D C Mayes
- Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - I M Hall
- Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - G P Loisel
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - J E Bailey
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - G A Rochau
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - J Abdallah
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87544, USA
| | - I E Golovkin
- Prism Computational Sciences, Madison, Wisconsin 53711, USA
| | - D Liedahl
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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6
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Nagayama T, Bailey JE, Loisel GP, Dunham GS, Rochau GA, Blancard C, Colgan J, Cossé P, Faussurier G, Fontes CJ, Gilleron F, Hansen SB, Iglesias CA, Golovkin IE, Kilcrease DP, MacFarlane JJ, Mancini RC, More RM, Orban C, Pain JC, Sherrill ME, Wilson BG. Systematic Study of L-Shell Opacity at Stellar Interior Temperatures. Phys Rev Lett 2019; 122:235001. [PMID: 31298873 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.235001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The first systematic study of opacity dependence on atomic number at stellar interior temperatures is used to evaluate discrepancies between measured and modeled iron opacity [J. E. Bailey et al., Nature (London) 517, 56 (2015)NATUAS0028-083610.1038/nature14048]. High-temperature (>180 eV) chromium and nickel opacities are measured with ±6%-10% uncertainty, using the same methods employed in the previous iron experiments. The 10%-20% experiment reproducibility demonstrates experiment reliability. The overall model-data disagreements are smaller than for iron. However, the systematic study reveals shortcomings in models for density effects, excited states, and open L-shell configurations. The 30%-45% underestimate in the modeled quasicontinuum opacity at short wavelengths was observed only from iron and only at temperature above 180 eV. Thus, either opacity theories are missing physics that has nonmonotonic dependence on the number of bound electrons or there is an experimental flaw unique to the iron measurement at temperatures above 180 eV.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nagayama
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - J E Bailey
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - G P Loisel
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - G S Dunham
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - G A Rochau
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | | | - J Colgan
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Ph Cossé
- CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France
| | | | - C J Fontes
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | | | - S B Hansen
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - C A Iglesias
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - I E Golovkin
- Prism Computational Sciences, Madison, Wisconsin 53711, USA
| | - D P Kilcrease
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - J J MacFarlane
- Prism Computational Sciences, Madison, Wisconsin 53711, USA
| | - R C Mancini
- University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - R M More
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - C Orban
- Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - J-C Pain
- CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France
| | - M E Sherrill
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - B G Wilson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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7
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Loisel GP, Lake PW, Nielsen-Weber LB, Wu M, Dunham GS, Bailey JE, Rochau GA. A compact multi-plane broadband (0.5-17 keV) spectrometer using a single acid phthalate crystal. Rev Sci Instrum 2018; 89:10F117. [PMID: 30399839 DOI: 10.1063/1.5039371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Acid phthalate crystals such as KAP crystals are a method of choice to record x-ray spectra in the soft x-ray regime (E ∼ 1 keV) using the large (001) 2d = 26.63 Å spacing. Reflection from many other planes is possible, and knowledge of the 2d spacing, reflectivity, and resolution for these reflections is necessary to evaluate whether they hinder or help the measurements. Burkhalter et al. [J. Appl. Phys., 52, 4379 (1981)] showed that the (013) reflection has efficiency comparable to the 2nd order reflection (002), and it can overlap the main first order reflection when the crystal bending axis ( b -axis) is contained in the dispersion plane, thus contaminating the main (001) measurement in a convex crystal geometry. We present a novel spectrograph concept that makes these asymmetric reflections helpful by setting the crystal b -axis perpendicular to the dispersion plane. In such a case, asymmetric reflections do not overlap with the main (001) reflection and each reflection can be used as an independent spectrograph. Here we demonstrate an achieved spectral range of 0.8-13 keV with a prototype setup. The detector measurements were reproduced with a 3D ray-tracing code.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Loisel
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque 87185, New Mexico, USA
| | - P W Lake
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque 87185, New Mexico, USA
| | | | - M Wu
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque 87185, New Mexico, USA
| | - G S Dunham
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque 87185, New Mexico, USA
| | - J E Bailey
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque 87185, New Mexico, USA
| | - G A Rochau
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque 87185, New Mexico, USA
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8
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Fein JR, Ampleford DJ, Vogel JK, Kozioziemski B, Walton CC, Wu M, Ball CR, Ames A, Ayers J, Bell P, Bourdon CJ, Bradley D, Bruni R, Dunham GS, Gard PD, Johnson D, Kilaru K, Kirtley C, Lake PW, Maurer A, Nielsen-Weber L, Pickworth LA, Pivovaroff MJ, Ramsey B, Roberts OJ, Rochau GA, Romaine S, Sullivan M. A Wolter imager on the Z machine to diagnose warm x-ray sources. Rev Sci Instrum 2018; 89:10G115. [PMID: 30399891 DOI: 10.1063/1.5038347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A new Wolter x-ray imager has been developed for the Z machine to study the emission of warm (>15 keV) x-ray sources. A Wolter optic has been adapted from observational astronomy and medical imaging, which uses curved x-ray mirrors to form a 2D image of a source with 5 × 5 × 5 mm3 field-of-view and measured 60-300-μm resolution on-axis. The mirrors consist of a multilayer that create a narrow bandpass around the Mo Kα lines at 17.5 keV. We provide an overview of the instrument design and measured imaging performance. In addition, we present the first data from the instrument of a Mo wire array z-pinch on the Z machine, demonstrating improvements in spatial resolution and a 350-4100× increase in the signal over previous pinhole imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Fein
- Sandia National Laboratories, 1515 Eubank Blvd SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - D J Ampleford
- Sandia National Laboratories, 1515 Eubank Blvd SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - J K Vogel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - B Kozioziemski
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - C C Walton
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - M Wu
- Sandia National Laboratories, 1515 Eubank Blvd SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - C R Ball
- Sandia National Laboratories, 1515 Eubank Blvd SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - A Ames
- Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - J Ayers
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - P Bell
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - C J Bourdon
- Sandia National Laboratories, 1515 Eubank Blvd SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - D Bradley
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - R Bruni
- Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - G S Dunham
- Sandia National Laboratories, 1515 Eubank Blvd SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - P D Gard
- Sandia National Laboratories, 1515 Eubank Blvd SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - D Johnson
- Sandia National Laboratories, 1515 Eubank Blvd SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - K Kilaru
- Universities Space Research Association, 320 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, Alabama 35805, USA
| | - C Kirtley
- Sandia National Laboratories, 1515 Eubank Blvd SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - P W Lake
- Sandia National Laboratories, 1515 Eubank Blvd SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - A Maurer
- Sandia National Laboratories, 1515 Eubank Blvd SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - L Nielsen-Weber
- Sandia National Laboratories, 1515 Eubank Blvd SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - L A Pickworth
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - M J Pivovaroff
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - B Ramsey
- NASA-Marshall Spaceflight Center, Huntsville, Alabama 35811, USA
| | - O J Roberts
- Universities Space Research Association, 320 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, Alabama 35805, USA
| | - G A Rochau
- Sandia National Laboratories, 1515 Eubank Blvd SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - S Romaine
- Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - M Sullivan
- Sandia National Laboratories, 1515 Eubank Blvd SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
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9
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Loisel GP, Bailey JE, Liedahl DA, Fontes CJ, Kallman TR, Nagayama T, Hansen SB, Rochau GA, Mancini RC, Lee RW. Benchmark Experiment for Photoionized Plasma Emission from Accretion-Powered X-Ray Sources. Phys Rev Lett 2017; 119:075001. [PMID: 28949679 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.075001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The interpretation of x-ray spectra emerging from x-ray binaries and active galactic nuclei accreted plasmas relies on complex physical models for radiation generation and transport in photoionized plasmas. These models have not been sufficiently experimentally validated. We have developed a highly reproducible benchmark experiment to study spectrum formation from a photoionized silicon plasma in a regime comparable to astrophysical plasmas. Ionization predictions are higher than inferred from measured absorption spectra. Self-emission measured at adjustable column densities tests radiation transport effects, demonstrating that the resonant Auger destruction assumption used to interpret black hole accretion spectra is inaccurate.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Loisel
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - J E Bailey
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - D A Liedahl
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C J Fontes
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - T R Kallman
- Goddard Space Flight Center NASA, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - T Nagayama
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - S B Hansen
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - G A Rochau
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - R C Mancini
- University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - R W Lee
- University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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10
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Nagayama T, Bailey JE, Loisel GP, Rochau GA, MacFarlane JJ, Golovkin IE. Numerical investigations of potential systematic uncertainties in iron opacity measurements at solar interior temperatures. Phys Rev E 2017; 95:063206. [PMID: 28709238 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.95.063206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Iron opacity calculations presently disagree with measurements at an electron temperature of ∼180-195 eV and an electron density of (2-4)×10^{22}cm^{-3}, conditions similar to those at the base of the solar convection zone. The measurements use x rays to volumetrically heat a thin iron sample that is tamped with low-Z materials. The opacity is inferred from spectrally resolved x-ray transmission measurements. Plasma self-emission, tamper attenuation, and temporal and spatial gradients can all potentially cause systematic errors in the measured opacity spectra. In this article we quantitatively evaluate these potential errors with numerical investigations. The analysis exploits computer simulations that were previously found to reproduce the experimentally measured plasma conditions. The simulations, combined with a spectral synthesis model, enable evaluations of individual and combined potential errors in order to estimate their potential effects on the opacity measurement. The results show that the errors considered here do not account for the previously observed model-data discrepancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nagayama
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - J E Bailey
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - G P Loisel
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - G A Rochau
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - J J MacFarlane
- Prism Computational Sciences, Madison, Wisconsin 53711, USA
| | - I E Golovkin
- Prism Computational Sciences, Madison, Wisconsin 53711, USA
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11
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Knapp PF, Ball C, Austin K, Hansen SB, Kernaghan MD, Lake PW, Ampleford DJ, McPherson LA, Sandoval D, Gard P, Wu M, Bourdon C, Rochau GA, McBride RD, Sinars DB. A new time and space resolved transmission spectrometer for research in inertial confinement fusion and radiation source development. Rev Sci Instrum 2017; 88:013504. [PMID: 28147637 DOI: 10.1063/1.4973914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We describe the design and function of a new time and space resolved x-ray spectrometer for use in Z-pinch inertial confinement fusion and radiation source development experiments. The spectrometer is designed to measure x-rays in the range of 0.5-1.5 Å (8-25 keV) with a spectral resolution λ/Δλ ∼ 400. The purpose of this spectrometer is to measure the time- and one-dimensional space-dependent electron temperature and density during stagnation. These relatively high photon energies are required to escape the dense plasma created at stagnation and to obtain sensitivity to electron temperatures ≳3 keV. The spectrometer is of the Cauchois type, employing a large 30 × 36 mm2, transmissive quartz optic for which a novel solid beryllium holder was designed. The performance of the crystal was verified using offline tests, and the integrated system was tested using experiments on the Z pulsed power accelerator.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F Knapp
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - C Ball
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - K Austin
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - S B Hansen
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M D Kernaghan
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - P W Lake
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - D J Ampleford
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - L A McPherson
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - D Sandoval
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - P Gard
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M Wu
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - C Bourdon
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - G A Rochau
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - R D McBride
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - D B Sinars
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
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12
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Loisel GP, Wu M, Stolte W, Kruschwitz C, Lake P, Dunham GS, Bailey JE, Rochau GA. Measurement and models of bent KAP(001) crystal integrated reflectivity and resolution (invited). Rev Sci Instrum 2016; 87:11D502. [PMID: 27910652 DOI: 10.1063/1.4960149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The Advanced Light Source beamline-9.3.1 x-rays are used to calibrate the rocking curve of bent potassium acid phthalate (KAP) crystals in the 2.3-4.5 keV photon-energy range. Crystals are bent on a cylindrically convex substrate with a radius of curvature ranging from 2 to 9 in. and also including the flat case to observe the effect of bending on the KAP spectrometric properties. As the bending radius increases, the crystal reflectivity converges to the mosaic crystal response. The X-ray Oriented Programs (xop) multi-lamellar model of bent crystals is used to model the rocking curve of these crystals and the calibration data confirm that a single model is adequate to reproduce simultaneously all measured integrated reflectivities and rocking-curve FWHM for multiple radii of curvature in both 1st and 2nd order of diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Loisel
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M Wu
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - W Stolte
- National Security Technologies, LLC, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - C Kruschwitz
- National Security Technologies, LLC, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87544, USA
| | - P Lake
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - G S Dunham
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - J E Bailey
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - G A Rochau
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
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13
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Hahn KD, Chandler GA, Ruiz CL, Cooper GW, Gomez MR, Slutz S, Sefkow AB, Sinars DB, Hansen SB, Knapp PF, Schmit PF, Harding E, Jennings CA, Awe TJ, Geissel M, Rovang DC, Torres JA, Bur JA, Cuneo ME, Glebov VY, Harvey-Thompson AJ, Herrman MC, Hess MH, Johns O, Jones B, Lamppa DC, Lash JS, Martin MR, McBride RD, Peterson KJ, Porter JL, Reneker J, Robertson GK, Rochau GA, Savage ME, Smith IC, Styron JD, Vesey RA. Fusion-neutron measurements for magnetized liner inertial fusion experiments on the Z accelerator. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/717/1/012020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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14
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Nagayama T, Bailey JE, Loisel G, Rochau GA, MacFarlane JJ, Golovkin I. Calibrated simulations of Z opacity experiments that reproduce the experimentally measured plasma conditions. Phys Rev E 2016; 93:023202. [PMID: 26986427 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.93.023202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Recently, frequency-resolved iron opacity measurements at electron temperatures of 170-200 eV and electron densities of (0.7-4.0)×10(22)cm(-3) revealed a 30-400% disagreement with the calculated opacities [J. E. Bailey et al., Nature (London) 517, 56 (2015)]. The discrepancies have a high impact on astrophysics, atomic physics, and high-energy density physics, and it is important to verify our understanding of the experimental platform with simulations. Reliable simulations are challenging because the temporal and spatial evolution of the source radiation and of the sample plasma are both complex and incompletely diagnosed. In this article, we describe simulations that reproduce the measured temperature and density in recent iron opacity experiments performed at the Sandia National Laboratories Z facility. The time-dependent spectral irradiance at the sample is estimated using the measured time- and space-dependent source radiation distribution, in situ source-to-sample distance measurements, and a three-dimensional (3D) view-factor code. The inferred spectral irradiance is used to drive 1D sample radiation hydrodynamics simulations. The images recorded by slit-imaged space-resolved spectrometers are modeled by solving radiation transport of the source radiation through the sample. We find that the same drive radiation time history successfully reproduces the measured plasma conditions for eight different opacity experiments. These results provide a quantitative physical explanation for the observed dependence of both temperature and density on the sample configuration. Simulated spectral images for the experiments without the FeMg sample show quantitative agreement with the measured spectral images. The agreement in spectral profile, spatial profile, and brightness provides further confidence in our understanding of the backlight-radiation time history and image formation. These simulations bridge the static-uniform picture of the data interpretation and the dynamic-gradient reality of the experiments, and they will allow us to quantitatively assess the impact of effects neglected in the data interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nagayama
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - J E Bailey
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - G Loisel
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - G A Rochau
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - J J MacFarlane
- Prism Computational Sciences, Madison, Wisconsin 53703, USA
| | - I Golovkin
- Prism Computational Sciences, Madison, Wisconsin 53703, USA
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15
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Harding EC, Ao T, Bailey JE, Loisel G, Sinars DB, Geissel M, Rochau GA, Smith IC. Analysis and implementation of a space resolving spherical crystal spectrometer for x-ray Thomson scattering experiments. Rev Sci Instrum 2015; 86:043504. [PMID: 25933859 DOI: 10.1063/1.4918619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The application of a space-resolving spectrometer to X-ray Thomson Scattering (XRTS) experiments has the potential to advance the study of warm dense matter. This has motivated the design of a spherical crystal spectrometer, which is a doubly focusing geometry with an overall high sensitivity and the capability of providing high-resolution, space-resolved spectra. A detailed analysis of the image fluence and crystal throughput in this geometry is carried out and analytical estimates of these quantities are presented. This analysis informed the design of a new spectrometer intended for future XRTS experiments on the Z-machine. The new spectrometer collects 6 keV x-rays with a spherically bent Ge (422) crystal and focuses the collected x-rays onto the Rowland circle. The spectrometer was built and then tested with a foam target. The resulting high-quality spectra prove that a spherical spectrometer is a viable diagnostic for XRTS experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Harding
- Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - T Ao
- Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - J E Bailey
- Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - G Loisel
- Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - D B Sinars
- Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M Geissel
- Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - G A Rochau
- Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - I C Smith
- Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
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16
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Nagayama T, Bailey JE, Loisel G, Rochau GA, Falcon RE. Parallax diagnostics of radiation source geometric dilution for iron opacity experiments. Rev Sci Instrum 2014; 85:11D603. [PMID: 25430179 DOI: 10.1063/1.4889776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Experimental tests are in progress to evaluate the accuracy of the modeled iron opacity at solar interior conditions [J. E. Bailey et al., Phys. Plasmas 16, 058101 (2009)]. The iron sample is placed on top of the Sandia National Laboratories z-pinch dynamic hohlraum (ZPDH) radiation source. The samples are heated to 150-200 eV electron temperatures and 7× 10(21)-4× 10(22) cm(-3) electron densities by the ZPDH radiation and backlit at its stagnation [T. Nagayama et al., Phys. Plasmas 21, 056502 (2014)]. The backlighter attenuated by the heated sample plasma is measured by four spectrometers along ±9° with respect to the z-pinch axis to infer the sample iron opacity. Here, we describe measurements of the source-to-sample distance that exploit the parallax of spectrometers that view the half-moon-shaped sample from ±9°. The measured sample temperature decreases with increased source-to-sample distance. This distance must be taken into account for understanding the sample heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nagayama
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - J E Bailey
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - G Loisel
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - G A Rochau
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - R E Falcon
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
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17
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Gomez MR, Hansen SB, Peterson KJ, Bliss DE, Carlson AL, Lamppa DC, Schroen DG, Rochau GA. Magnetic field measurements via visible spectroscopy on the Z machine. Rev Sci Instrum 2014; 85:11E609. [PMID: 25430355 DOI: 10.1063/1.4891304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Sandia's Z Machine uses its high current to magnetically implode targets relevant to inertial confinement fusion. Since target performance is highly dependent on the applied drive field, measuring magnetic field at the target is essential for accurate simulations. Recently, the magnetic field at the target was measured through splitting of the sodium 3s-3p doublet at 5890 and 5896 Å. Spectroscopic dopants were applied to the exterior of the target, and spectral lines were observed in absorption. Magnetic fields in excess of 200 T were measured, corresponding to drive currents of approximately 5 MA early in the pulse.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Gomez
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - S B Hansen
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - K J Peterson
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - D E Bliss
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - A L Carlson
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - D C Lamppa
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - D G Schroen
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - G A Rochau
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
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18
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Schmit PF, Knapp PF, Hansen SB, Gomez MR, Hahn KD, Sinars DB, Peterson KJ, Slutz SA, Sefkow AB, Awe TJ, Harding E, Jennings CA, Chandler GA, Cooper GW, Cuneo ME, Geissel M, Harvey-Thompson AJ, Herrmann MC, Hess MH, Johns O, Lamppa DC, Martin MR, McBride RD, Porter JL, Robertson GK, Rochau GA, Rovang DC, Ruiz CL, Savage ME, Smith IC, Stygar WA, Vesey RA. Understanding fuel magnetization and mix using secondary nuclear reactions in magneto-inertial fusion. Phys Rev Lett 2014; 113:155004. [PMID: 25375715 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.155004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Magnetizing the fuel in inertial confinement fusion relaxes ignition requirements by reducing thermal conductivity and changing the physics of burn product confinement. Diagnosing the level of fuel magnetization during burn is critical to understanding target performance in magneto-inertial fusion (MIF) implosions. In pure deuterium fusion plasma, 1.01 MeV tritons are emitted during deuterium-deuterium fusion and can undergo secondary deuterium-tritium reactions before exiting the fuel. Increasing the fuel magnetization elongates the path lengths through the fuel of some of the tritons, enhancing their probability of reaction. Based on this feature, a method to diagnose fuel magnetization using the ratio of overall deuterium-tritium to deuterium-deuterium neutron yields is developed. Analysis of anisotropies in the secondary neutron energy spectra further constrain the measurement. Secondary reactions also are shown to provide an upper bound for the volumetric fuel-pusher mix in MIF. The analysis is applied to recent MIF experiments [M. R. Gomez et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 155003 (2014)] on the Z Pulsed Power Facility, indicating that significant magnetic confinement of charged burn products was achieved and suggesting a relatively low-mix environment. Both of these are essential features of future ignition-scale MIF designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F Schmit
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1186, USA
| | - P F Knapp
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1186, USA
| | - S B Hansen
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1186, USA
| | - M R Gomez
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1186, USA
| | - K D Hahn
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1186, USA
| | - D B Sinars
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1186, USA
| | - K J Peterson
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1186, USA
| | - S A Slutz
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1186, USA
| | - A B Sefkow
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1186, USA
| | - T J Awe
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1186, USA
| | - E Harding
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1186, USA
| | - C A Jennings
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1186, USA
| | - G A Chandler
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1186, USA
| | - G W Cooper
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1186, USA
| | - M E Cuneo
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1186, USA
| | - M Geissel
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1186, USA
| | - A J Harvey-Thompson
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1186, USA
| | - M C Herrmann
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1186, USA
| | - M H Hess
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1186, USA
| | - O Johns
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1186, USA
| | - D C Lamppa
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1186, USA
| | - M R Martin
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1186, USA
| | - R D McBride
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1186, USA
| | - J L Porter
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1186, USA
| | - G K Robertson
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1186, USA
| | - G A Rochau
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1186, USA
| | - D C Rovang
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1186, USA
| | - C L Ruiz
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1186, USA
| | - M E Savage
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1186, USA
| | - I C Smith
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1186, USA
| | - W A Stygar
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1186, USA
| | - R A Vesey
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1186, USA
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19
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Gomez MR, Slutz SA, Sefkow AB, Sinars DB, Hahn KD, Hansen SB, Harding EC, Knapp PF, Schmit PF, Jennings CA, Awe TJ, Geissel M, Rovang DC, Chandler GA, Cooper GW, Cuneo ME, Harvey-Thompson AJ, Herrmann MC, Hess MH, Johns O, Lamppa DC, Martin MR, McBride RD, Peterson KJ, Porter JL, Robertson GK, Rochau GA, Ruiz CL, Savage ME, Smith IC, Stygar WA, Vesey RA. Experimental demonstration of fusion-relevant conditions in magnetized liner inertial fusion. Phys Rev Lett 2014; 113:155003. [PMID: 25375714 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.155003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This Letter presents results from the first fully integrated experiments testing the magnetized liner inertial fusion concept [S. A. Slutz et al., Phys. Plasmas 17, 056303 (2010)], in which a cylinder of deuterium gas with a preimposed 10 Taxial magnetic field is heated by Z beamlet, a 2.5 kJ, 1 TW laser, and magnetically imploded by a 19 MA, 100 ns rise time current on the Z facility. Despite a predicted peak implosion velocity of only 70 km = s, the fuel reaches a stagnation temperature of approximately 3 keV, with T(e) ≈ T(i), and produces up to 2 x 10(12) thermonuclear deuterium-deuterium neutrons. X-ray emission indicates a hot fuel region with full width at half maximum ranging from 60 to 120 μm over a 6 mm height and lasting approximately 2 ns. Greater than 10(10) secondary deuterium-tritium neutrons were observed, indicating significant fuel magnetization given that the estimated radial areal density of the plasma is only 2 mg = cm(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Gomez
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - S A Slutz
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - A B Sefkow
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - D B Sinars
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - K D Hahn
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - S B Hansen
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - E C Harding
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - P F Knapp
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - P F Schmit
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - C A Jennings
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - T J Awe
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M Geissel
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - D C Rovang
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - G A Chandler
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - G W Cooper
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M E Cuneo
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - A J Harvey-Thompson
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M C Herrmann
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M H Hess
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - O Johns
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - D C Lamppa
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M R Martin
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - R D McBride
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - K J Peterson
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - J L Porter
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - G K Robertson
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - G A Rochau
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - C L Ruiz
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M E Savage
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - I C Smith
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - W A Stygar
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - R A Vesey
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
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20
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Jones MC, Ampleford DJ, Cuneo ME, Hohlfelder R, Jennings CA, Johnson DW, Jones B, Lopez MR, MacArthur J, Mills JA, Preston T, Rochau GA, Savage M, Spencer D, Sinars DB, Porter JL. X-ray power and yield measurements at the refurbished Z machine. Rev Sci Instrum 2014; 85:083501. [PMID: 25173263 DOI: 10.1063/1.4891316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Advancements have been made in the diagnostic techniques to measure accurately the total radiated x-ray yield and power from z-pinch implosion experiments at the Z machine with high accuracy. The Z machine is capable of outputting 2 MJ and 330 TW of x-ray yield and power, and accurately measuring these quantities is imperative. We will describe work over the past several years which include the development of new diagnostics, improvements to existing diagnostics, and implementation of automated data analysis routines. A set of experiments on the Z machine were conducted in which the load and machine configuration were held constant. During this shot series, it was observed that the total z-pinch x-ray emission power determined from the two common techniques for inferring the x-ray power, a Kimfol filtered x-ray diode diagnostic and the total power and energy diagnostic, gave 449 TW and 323 TW, respectively. Our analysis shows the latter to be the more accurate interpretation. More broadly, the comparison demonstrates the necessity to consider spectral response and field of view when inferring x-ray powers from z-pinch sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Jones
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - D J Ampleford
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M E Cuneo
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - R Hohlfelder
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - C A Jennings
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - D W Johnson
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - B Jones
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M R Lopez
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - J MacArthur
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - J A Mills
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - T Preston
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - G A Rochau
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M Savage
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - D Spencer
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - D B Sinars
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - J L Porter
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
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21
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Awe TJ, McBride RD, Jennings CA, Lamppa DC, Martin MR, Rovang DC, Slutz SA, Cuneo ME, Owen AC, Sinars DB, Tomlinson K, Gomez MR, Hansen SB, Herrmann MC, McKenney JL, Nakhleh C, Robertson GK, Rochau GA, Savage ME, Schroen DG, Stygar WA. Observations of modified three-dimensional instability structure for imploding z-pinch liners that are premagnetized with an axial field. Phys Rev Lett 2013; 111:235005. [PMID: 24476283 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.235005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Novel experimental data are reported that reveal helical instability formation on imploding z-pinch liners that are premagnetized with an axial field. Such instabilities differ dramatically from the mostly azimuthally symmetric instabilities that form on unmagnetized liners. The helical structure persists at nearly constant pitch as the liner implodes. This is surprising since, at the liner surface, the azimuthal drive field presumably dwarfs the axial field for all but the earliest stages of the experiment. These fundamentally 3D results provide a unique and challenging test for 3D-magnetohydrodynamics simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Awe
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - R D McBride
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - C A Jennings
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - D C Lamppa
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M R Martin
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - D C Rovang
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - S A Slutz
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M E Cuneo
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - A C Owen
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - D B Sinars
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - K Tomlinson
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - M R Gomez
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - S B Hansen
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M C Herrmann
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - J L McKenney
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - C Nakhleh
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - G K Robertson
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - G A Rochau
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M E Savage
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - D G Schroen
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - W A Stygar
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
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22
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Loisel G, Bailey JE, Rochau GA, Dunham GS, Nielsen-Weber LB, Ball CR. A methodology for calibrating wavelength dependent spectral resolution for crystal spectrometers. Rev Sci Instrum 2012; 83:10E133. [PMID: 23126954 DOI: 10.1063/1.4740269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
High quality absorption spectroscopy measurements were recently achieved at the Sandia National Laboratories Z facility in the soft x-ray range. Detailed spectral resolution knowledge is a key requirement for their interpretation. We present a methodology for measuring the wavelength dependent crystal spectral resolution, with a particular focus on the 7-17 Å range. We apply this procedure to the case of 1st order resolution of a potassium acid phthalate (KAP) convex crystal spectrometer. One calibration issue is that inferring the crystal resolution requires that the x-ray source emission feature widths and spectral profiles are known. To this aim, we resolve Manson x-ray source Si, Al, and Mg Kα line profiles using a KAP crystal spectrometer in 2nd order to achieve relatively high resolution. This information is exploited to measure 1st order KAP resolving powers λ∕Δλ∼1100-1300 in the 7-10 Å wavelength range.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Loisel
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA.
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23
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Gomez MR, Rochau GA, Bailey JE, Dunham GS, Kernaghan MD, Gard P, Robertson GK, Owen AC, Argo JW, Nielsen DS, Lake PW. Pinned, optically aligned diagnostic dock for use on the Z facility. Rev Sci Instrum 2012; 83:10D714. [PMID: 23126888 DOI: 10.1063/1.4732848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The pinned optically aligned diagnostic dock (PODD) is a multi-configuration diagnostic platform designed to measure x-ray emission on the Z facility. The PODD houses two plasma emission acquisition (PEA) systems, which are aligned with a set of precision machined pins. The PEA systems are modular, allowing a single diagnostic housing to support several different diagnostics. The PEA configurations fielded to date include both time-resolved and time-integrated, 1D spatially resolving, elliptical crystal spectrometers, and time-integrated, 1D spatially resolving, convex crystal spectrometers. Additional proposed configurations include time-resolved, monochromatic mirrored pinhole imagers and arrays of filtered x-ray diodes, diamond photo-conducting diode detectors, and bolometers. The versatility of the PODD system will allow the diagnostic configuration of the Z facility to be changed without significantly adding to the turn-around time of the machine. Additionally, the PODD has been designed to allow instrument setup to be completed entirely off-line, leaving only a refined alignment process to be performed just prior to a shot, which is a significant improvement over the instrument the PODD replaces. Example data collected with the PODD are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Gomez
- Sandia National Labs, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA.
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24
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Nagayama T, Bailey JE, Rochau GA, Hansen SB, Mancini RC, MacFarlane JJ, Golovkin I. Investigation of iron opacity experiment plasma gradients with synthetic data analyses. Rev Sci Instrum 2012; 83:10E128. [PMID: 23126949 DOI: 10.1063/1.4738662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Experiments have been performed at Sandia National Laboratories Z-facility to validate iron opacity models relevant to the solar convection/radiation zone boundary. Sample conditions were measured by mixing Mg with the Fe and using Mg K-shell line transmission spectra, assuming that the plasma was uniform. We develop a spectral model that accounts for hypothetical gradients, and compute synthetic spectra to quantitatively evaluate the plasma gradient size that can be diagnosed. Two sample designs are investigated, assuming linear temperature and density gradients. First, Mg uniformly mixed with Fe enables temperature gradients greater than 10% to be detected. The second design uses Mg mixed into one side and Al mixed into the other side of the sample in an attempt to more accurately infer the sample gradient. Both temperature and density gradients as small as a few percent can be detected with this design. Experiments have successfully recorded spectra with the second design. In future research, the spectral model will be used to place bounds on gradients that exist in Z opacity experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nagayama
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
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25
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Jones B, Jennings CA, Bailey JE, Rochau GA, Maron Y, Coverdale CA, Yu EP, Hansen SB, Ampleford DJ, Lake PW, Dunham G, Cuneo ME, Deeney C, Fisher DV, Fisher VI, Bernshtam V, Starobinets A, Weingarten L. Doppler measurement of implosion velocity in fast Z-pinch x-ray sources. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2011; 84:056408. [PMID: 22181529 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.84.056408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The observation of Doppler splitting in K-shell x-ray lines emitted from optically thin dopants is used to infer implosion velocities of up to 70 cm/μs in wire-array and gas-puff Z pinches at drive currents of 15-20 MA. These data can benchmark numerical implosion models, which produce reasonable agreement with the measured velocity in the emitting region. Doppler splitting is obscured in lines with strong opacity, but red-shifted absorption produced by the cooler halo of material backlit by the hot core assembling on axis can be used to diagnose velocity in the trailing mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Jones
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA.
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26
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Sinars DB, Wenger DF, Pikuz SA, Jones B, Geissel M, Hansen SB, Coverdale CA, Ampleford DJ, Cuneo ME, McPherson LA, Rochau GA. Compact, rugged in-chamber transmission spectrometers (7-28 keV) for the Sandia Z facility. Rev Sci Instrum 2011; 82:063113. [PMID: 21721680 DOI: 10.1063/1.3600610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We describe a pair of time-integrated transmission spectrometers that are designed to survey 7-28 keV (1.9 to 0.43 Å) x-ray photons produced by experiments on the Sandia Z pulsed power facility. Each spectrometer uses a quartz 10-11 crystal in a Cauchois geometry with a slit to provide spatial resolution along one dimension. The spectrometers are located in the harsh environment of the Z vacuum chamber, which necessitates that their design be compact and rugged. Example data from calibration tests and Z experiments are shown that illustrate the utility of the instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Sinars
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
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27
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Nash TJ, Rochau GA, Bailey JE. Design of dynamic Hohlraum opacity samples to increase measured sample density on Z. Rev Sci Instrum 2010; 81:10E518. [PMID: 21034046 DOI: 10.1063/1.3483230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We are attempting to measure the transmission of iron on Z at plasma temperatures and densities relevant to the solar radiation and convection zone boundary. The opacity data published by us to date has been taken at an electron density about a factor of 10 below the 9×10(22)/cm(3) electron density of this boundary. We present results of two-dimensional (2D) simulations of the heating and expansion of an opacity sample driven by the dynamic Hohlraum radiation source on Z. The aim of the simulations is to design foil samples that provide opacity data at increased density. The inputs or source terms for the simulations are spatially and temporally varying radiation temperatures with a Lambertian angular distribution. These temperature profiles were inferred on Z with on-axis time-resolved pinhole cameras, x-ray diodes, and bolometers. A typical sample is 0.3 μm of magnesium and 0.078 μm of iron sandwiched between 10 μm layers of plastic. The 2D LASNEX simulations indicate that to increase the density of the sample one should increase the thickness of the plastic backing.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Nash
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA.
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28
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Hall IM, Durmaz T, Mancini RC, Bailey JE, Rochau GA. Data processing of absorption spectra from photoionized plasma experiments at Z. Rev Sci Instrum 2010; 81:10E324. [PMID: 21034022 DOI: 10.1063/1.3479007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We discuss the processing of x-ray absorption spectra from photoionized plasma experiments at Z. The data was recorded with an imaging spectrometer equipped with two elliptically bent potassium acid phthalate (KAP) crystals. Both time-integrated and time-resolved data were recorded. In both cases, the goal is to obtain the transmission spectra for quantitative analysis of plasma conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Hall
- Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA.
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29
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Bailey JE, Rochau GA, Mancini RC, Iglesias CA, MacFarlane JJ, Golovkin IE, Pain JC, Gilleron F, Blancard C, Cosse P, Faussurier G, Chandler GA, Nash TJ, Nielsen DS, Lake PW. Diagnosis of x-ray heated Mg/Fe opacity research plasmas. Rev Sci Instrum 2008; 79:113104. [PMID: 19045886 DOI: 10.1063/1.3020710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Understanding stellar interiors, inertial confinement fusion, and Z pinches depends on opacity models for mid-Z plasmas in the 100-300 eV temperature range. These models are complex and experimental validation is crucial. In this paper we describe the diagnosis of the first experiments to measure iron plasma opacity at a temperature high enough to produce the charge states and electron configurations that exist in the solar interior. The dynamic Hohlraum x-ray source at Sandia National Laboratories' Z facility was used to both heat and backlight Mg/Fe CH tamped foils. The backlighter equivalent brightness temperature was estimated to be T(r) approximately 314 eV+/-8% using time-resolved x-ray power and imaging diagnostics. This high brightness is significant because it overwhelms the sample self-emission. The sample transmission in the 7-15.5 A range was measured using two convex potassium acid phthalate crystal spectrometers that view the backlighter through the sample. The average spectral resolution over this range was estimated to be lambda/deltalambda approximately 700 by comparing theoretical crystal resolution calculations with measurements at 7.126, 8.340, and 12.254 A. The electron density was determined to be n(e)=6.9+/-1.7 x 10(21) cm(-3) using the Stark-broadened Mg Hebeta, Hegamma, and Hedelta lines. The temperature inferred from the H-like to He-like Mg line ratios was T(e)=156+/-6 eV. Comparisons with three different spectral synthesis models all have normalized chi(2) that is close to unity, indicating quantitative consistency in the inferred plasma conditions. This supports the reliability of the results and implies the experiments are suitable for testing iron opacity models.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Bailey
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1196, USA
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30
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Rochau GA, Wu M, Kruschwitz C, Joseph N, Moy K, Bailey J, Krane M, Thomas R, Nielsen D, Tibbitts A. Measurement and modeling of pulsed microchannel plate operation (invited). Rev Sci Instrum 2008; 79:10E902. [PMID: 19044557 DOI: 10.1063/1.2965787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Microchannel plates (MCPs) are a standard detector for fast-framing x-ray imaging and spectroscopy of high-temperature plasmas. The MCP is coated with conductive striplines that carry short duration voltage pulses to control the timing and amplitude of the signal gain. This gain depends on the voltage to a large exponent so that small reflections or impedance losses along the striplines can have a significant impact on the position-dependent amplitude and pulse width of the gain. Understanding the pulsed gain response therefore requires careful measurements of the position- and time-dependent surface voltage coupled with detailed modeling of the resulting electron cascade. We present measurements and modeling of the time- and space-dependent gain response of MCP detectors designed for use at Sandia National Laboratories' Z facility. The pulsed gain response is understood through measurements using a high impedence probe to determine the voltage pulse propagating along the stripline surface. Coupling the surface voltage measurements with Monte Carlo calculations of the electron cascade in the MCP provides a prediction of the time- and position-dependent gain that agrees with measurements made on a subpicosecond UV laser source to within the 25% uncertainty in the simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Rochau
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
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31
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Landen OL, Bradley DK, Braun DG, Smalyuk VA, Hicks DG, Celliers PM, Prisbrey S, Page R, Boehly TR, Haan SW, Munro DH, Wallace RG, Nikroo A, Hamza A, Biener J, Wild C, Woerner E, Olson RE, Rochau GA, Knudson M, Wilson DC, Robey HF, Collins GW, Ho D, Edwards J, Marinak MM, Hammel BA, Meyerhofer DD, MacGowan BJ. Experimental studies of ICF indirect-drive Be and high density C candidate ablators. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/112/2/022004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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32
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Rochau GA, Bailey JE, Maron Y, Chandler GA, Dunham GS, Fisher DV, Fisher VI, Lemke RW, Macfarlane JJ, Peterson KJ, Schroen DG, Slutz SA, Stambulchik E. Radiating shock measurements in the Z-pinch dynamic hohlraum. Phys Rev Lett 2008; 100:125004. [PMID: 18517878 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.100.125004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The Z-pinch dynamic hohlraum is an x-ray source for high energy-density physics studies that is heated by a radiating shock to radiation temperatures >200 eV. The time-dependent 300-400 eV electron temperature and 15-35 mg/cc density of this shock have been measured for the first time using space-resolved Si tracer spectroscopy. The shock x-ray emission is inferred from these measurements to exceed 50 TW, delivering >180 kJ to the hohlraum.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Rochau
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
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33
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Bailey JE, Rochau GA, Iglesias CA, Abdallah J, Macfarlane JJ, Golovkin I, Wang P, Mancini RC, Lake PW, Moore TC, Bump M, Garcia O, Mazevet S. Iron-plasma transmission measurements at temperatures above 150 eV. Phys Rev Lett 2007; 99:265002. [PMID: 18233582 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.99.265002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of iron-plasma transmission at 156+/-6 eV electron temperature and 6.9+/-1.7 x 10(21) cm(-3) electron density are reported over the 800-1800 eV photon energy range. The temperature is more than twice that in prior experiments, permitting the first direct experimental tests of absorption features critical for understanding solar interior radiation transport. Detailed line-by-line opacity models are in excellent agreement with the data.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Bailey
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
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34
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Dunham G, Bailey JE, Rochau GA, Lake PW, Nielsen-Weber LB. Quantitative extraction of spectral line intensities and widths from x-ray spectra recorded with gated microchannel plate detectors. Rev Sci Instrum 2007; 78:063106. [PMID: 17614604 DOI: 10.1063/1.2748674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Plasma spectroscopy requires determination of spectral line intensities and widths. At Sandia National Laboratories Z facility we use elliptical crystal spectrometers equipped with gated microchannel plate detectors to record time and space resolved spectra. We collect a large volume of data typically consisting of five to six snapshots in time and five to ten spectral lines with 30 spatial elements per frame, totaling to more than 900 measurements per experiment. This large volume of data requires efficiency in processing. We have addressed this challenge by using a line fitting routine to automatically fit each spectrum using assumed line profiles and taking into account photoelectron statistics to efficiently extract line intensities and widths with uncertainties. We verified that the random data noise obeys Poisson statistics. Rescale factors for converting film exposure to effective counts required for understanding the photoelectron statistics are presented. An example of the application of these results to the analysis of spectra recorded in Z experiments is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Dunham
- Ktech Corporation, 1300 Eubank Boulevard, SE Albuquerque, NM 87123, USA
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Sanford TWL, Jennings CA, Rochau GA, Rosenthal SE, Sarkisov GS, Sasorov PV, Stygar WA, Bennett LF, Bliss DE, Chittenden JP, Cuneo ME, Haines MG, Leeper RJ, Mock RC, Nash TJ, Peterson DL. Wire initiation critical for radiation symmetry in z-pinch-driven dynamic hohlraums. Phys Rev Lett 2007; 98:065003. [PMID: 17358953 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.98.065003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Axial symmetry in x-ray radiation of wire-array z pinches is important for the creation of dynamic hohlraums used to compress inertial-confinement-fusion capsules. We present the first evidence that this symmetry is directly correlated with the magnitude of the negative radial electric field along the wire surface. This field (in turn) is inferred to control the initial energy deposition into the wire cores, as well as any current shorting to the return conductor.
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Affiliation(s)
- T W L Sanford
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
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MacFarlane JJ, Golovkin IE, Mancini RC, Welser LA, Bailey JE, Koch JA, Mehlhorn TA, Rochau GA, Wang P, Woodruff P. Dopant radiative cooling effects in indirect-drive Ar-doped capsule implosion experiments. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2005; 72:066403. [PMID: 16486066 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.72.066403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2005] [Revised: 09/14/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We present results from simulations performed to investigate the effects of dopant radiative cooling in inertial confinement fusion indirect-drive capsule implosion experiments. Using a one-dimensional radiation-hydrodynamics code that includes inline collisional-radiative modeling, we compute in detail the non-local thermodynamic equilibrium atomic kinetics and spectral characteristics for Ar-doped DD fuel. Specifically, we present results from a series of calculations in which the concentration of the Ar is varied, and examine the sensitivity of the fuel conditions (e.g., electron temperature) and neutron yield to the Ar dopant concentration. Simulation results are compared with data obtained in OMEGA indirect-drive experiments in which monochromatic imaging and spectral measurements of Ar Hebeta and Lybeta line emission were recorded. The incident radiation drive on the capsule is computed with a three-dimensional view factor code using the laser beam pointings and powers from the OMEGA experiments. We also examine the sensitivity of the calculated compressed core electron temperatures and neutron yields to the radiation drive on the capsule and to the radiation and atomic modeling in the simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J MacFarlane
- Prism Computational Sciences, Inc., 455 Science Drive, Suite 140, Madison, Wisconsin 53711, USA
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