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Ivanov VV, Mancini RC, Huerta NA, Swanson KJ, Winget DE, Montgomery MH, Golovkin IE, Hariharan HK, Berbel ZS. Quadratic Zeeman effect in hydrogen at 2-3 MG magnetic fields. Phys Rev E 2022; 106:045206. [PMID: 36397480 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.106.045206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The Zeeman effect is used for measurement of magnetic fields in astrophysical and laboratory plasmas. Magnetic fields in atmospheres of magnetic white dwarf stars are in the range 40 kG-1 GG. The quadratic Zeeman effect results in the additional split and shift of lines for magnetic fields >2 MG. Hydrogen Balmer lines were studied in magnetic fields delivered by a 1 MA pulse power generator. The magnetic field was generated by rod loads 0.8-1 mm in diameter. A droplet of CH oil on the load center was the source of hydrogen. A low ionized oil layer was backlit by blackbody emission from the rod with a temperature of 0.5-0.6 eV. Zeeman splitting of H-alpha and H-beta absorption lines were with a grating spectrometer. A spectral shift of the central component of the triplet indicated the quadratic Zeeman effect in hydrogen lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- V V Ivanov
- Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - R C Mancini
- Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - N A Huerta
- Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - K J Swanson
- Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - D E Winget
- Department of Astronomy, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - M H Montgomery
- Department of Astronomy, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - I E Golovkin
- Prism Computational Sciences, Madison, Wisconsin 53711, USA
| | - H K Hariharan
- Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - Z S Berbel
- Department of Astronomy, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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2
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Mancini RC, Lockard TE, Mayes DC, Hall IM, Loisel GP, Bailey JE, Rochau GA, Abdallah J, Golovkin IE, Liedahl D. X-ray heating and electron temperature of laboratory photoionized plasmas. Phys Rev E 2020; 101:051201. [PMID: 32575250 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.101.051201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We discuss the experimental and modeling results for the x-ray heating and temperature of laboratory photoionized plasmas. A method is used to extract the electron temperature based on the analysis of transmission spectroscopy data that is independent of atomic kinetics modeling. The results emphasized the critical role of x-ray heating and radiation cooling in determining the energy balance of the plasma. They also demonstrated the dramatic impact of photoexcitation on excited-state populations, line emissivity, and radiation cooling. Modeling calculations performed with astrophysical codes significantly overestimated the measured temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Mancini
- Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - T E Lockard
- Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - D C Mayes
- Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - I M Hall
- Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - G P Loisel
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - J E Bailey
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - G A Rochau
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - J Abdallah
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87544, USA
| | - I E Golovkin
- Prism Computational Sciences, Madison, Wisconsin 53711, USA
| | - D Liedahl
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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3
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Nagayama T, Bailey JE, Loisel GP, Dunham GS, Rochau GA, Blancard C, Colgan J, Cossé P, Faussurier G, Fontes CJ, Gilleron F, Hansen SB, Iglesias CA, Golovkin IE, Kilcrease DP, MacFarlane JJ, Mancini RC, More RM, Orban C, Pain JC, Sherrill ME, Wilson BG. Systematic Study of L-Shell Opacity at Stellar Interior Temperatures. Phys Rev Lett 2019; 122:235001. [PMID: 31298873 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.235001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The first systematic study of opacity dependence on atomic number at stellar interior temperatures is used to evaluate discrepancies between measured and modeled iron opacity [J. E. Bailey et al., Nature (London) 517, 56 (2015)NATUAS0028-083610.1038/nature14048]. High-temperature (>180 eV) chromium and nickel opacities are measured with ±6%-10% uncertainty, using the same methods employed in the previous iron experiments. The 10%-20% experiment reproducibility demonstrates experiment reliability. The overall model-data disagreements are smaller than for iron. However, the systematic study reveals shortcomings in models for density effects, excited states, and open L-shell configurations. The 30%-45% underestimate in the modeled quasicontinuum opacity at short wavelengths was observed only from iron and only at temperature above 180 eV. Thus, either opacity theories are missing physics that has nonmonotonic dependence on the number of bound electrons or there is an experimental flaw unique to the iron measurement at temperatures above 180 eV.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nagayama
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - J E Bailey
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - G P Loisel
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - G S Dunham
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - G A Rochau
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | | | - J Colgan
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Ph Cossé
- CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France
| | | | - C J Fontes
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | | | - S B Hansen
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - C A Iglesias
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - I E Golovkin
- Prism Computational Sciences, Madison, Wisconsin 53711, USA
| | - D P Kilcrease
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - J J MacFarlane
- Prism Computational Sciences, Madison, Wisconsin 53711, USA
| | - R C Mancini
- University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - R M More
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - C Orban
- Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - J-C Pain
- CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France
| | - M E Sherrill
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - B G Wilson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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4
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Nagayama T, Bailey JE, Loisel GP, Rochau GA, MacFarlane JJ, Golovkin IE. Numerical investigations of potential systematic uncertainties in iron opacity measurements at solar interior temperatures. Phys Rev E 2017; 95:063206. [PMID: 28709238 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.95.063206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Iron opacity calculations presently disagree with measurements at an electron temperature of ∼180-195 eV and an electron density of (2-4)×10^{22}cm^{-3}, conditions similar to those at the base of the solar convection zone. The measurements use x rays to volumetrically heat a thin iron sample that is tamped with low-Z materials. The opacity is inferred from spectrally resolved x-ray transmission measurements. Plasma self-emission, tamper attenuation, and temporal and spatial gradients can all potentially cause systematic errors in the measured opacity spectra. In this article we quantitatively evaluate these potential errors with numerical investigations. The analysis exploits computer simulations that were previously found to reproduce the experimentally measured plasma conditions. The simulations, combined with a spectral synthesis model, enable evaluations of individual and combined potential errors in order to estimate their potential effects on the opacity measurement. The results show that the errors considered here do not account for the previously observed model-data discrepancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nagayama
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - J E Bailey
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - G P Loisel
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - G A Rochau
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - J J MacFarlane
- Prism Computational Sciences, Madison, Wisconsin 53711, USA
| | - I E Golovkin
- Prism Computational Sciences, Madison, Wisconsin 53711, USA
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5
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Stillman CR, Nilson PM, Ivancic ST, Golovkin IE, Mileham C, Begishev IA, Froula DH. Picosecond time-resolved measurements of dense plasma line shifts. Phys Rev E 2017; 95:063204. [PMID: 28709197 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.95.063204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Picosecond time-resolved x-ray spectroscopy is used to measure the spectral line shift of the 1s2p-1s^{2} transition in He-like Al ions as a function of the instantaneous plasma conditions. The plasma temperature and density are inferred from the Al He_{α} complex using a nonlocal-thermodynamic-equilibrium atomic physics model. The experimental spectra show a linearly increasing redshift for electron densities of 1-5×10^{23}cm^{-3}. The measured line shifts are broadly consistent with a generalized analytic line-shift model based on calculations of a self-consistent field ion-sphere model.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Stillman
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - P M Nilson
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - S T Ivancic
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - I E Golovkin
- Prism Computational Sciences, Madison, Wisconsin 53711, USA
| | - C Mileham
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - I A Begishev
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - D H Froula
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
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6
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Regan SP, Epstein R, Hammel BA, Suter LJ, Scott HA, Barrios MA, Bradley DK, Callahan DA, Cerjan C, Collins GW, Dixit SN, Döppner T, Edwards MJ, Farley DR, Fournier KB, Glenn S, Glenzer SH, Golovkin IE, Haan SW, Hamza A, Hicks DG, Izumi N, Jones OS, Kilkenny JD, Kline JL, Kyrala GA, Landen OL, Ma T, MacFarlane JJ, MacKinnon AJ, Mancini RC, McCrory RL, Meezan NB, Meyerhofer DD, Nikroo A, Park HS, Ralph J, Remington BA, Sangster TC, Smalyuk VA, Springer PT, Town RPJ. Hot-spot mix in ignition-scale inertial confinement fusion targets. Phys Rev Lett 2013; 111:045001. [PMID: 23931375 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.045001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Mixing of plastic ablator material, doped with Cu and Ge dopants, deep into the hot spot of ignition-scale inertial confinement fusion implosions by hydrodynamic instabilities is diagnosed with x-ray spectroscopy on the National Ignition Facility. The amount of hot-spot mix mass is determined from the absolute brightness of the emergent Cu and Ge K-shell emission. The Cu and Ge dopants placed at different radial locations in the plastic ablator show the ablation-front hydrodynamic instability is primarily responsible for hot-spot mix. Low neutron yields and hot-spot mix mass between 34(-13,+50) ng and 4000(-2970,+17 160) ng are observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Regan
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
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7
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Bailey JE, Rochau GA, Mancini RC, Iglesias CA, MacFarlane JJ, Golovkin IE, Pain JC, Gilleron F, Blancard C, Cosse P, Faussurier G, Chandler GA, Nash TJ, Nielsen DS, Lake PW. Diagnosis of x-ray heated Mg/Fe opacity research plasmas. Rev Sci Instrum 2008; 79:113104. [PMID: 19045886 DOI: 10.1063/1.3020710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Understanding stellar interiors, inertial confinement fusion, and Z pinches depends on opacity models for mid-Z plasmas in the 100-300 eV temperature range. These models are complex and experimental validation is crucial. In this paper we describe the diagnosis of the first experiments to measure iron plasma opacity at a temperature high enough to produce the charge states and electron configurations that exist in the solar interior. The dynamic Hohlraum x-ray source at Sandia National Laboratories' Z facility was used to both heat and backlight Mg/Fe CH tamped foils. The backlighter equivalent brightness temperature was estimated to be T(r) approximately 314 eV+/-8% using time-resolved x-ray power and imaging diagnostics. This high brightness is significant because it overwhelms the sample self-emission. The sample transmission in the 7-15.5 A range was measured using two convex potassium acid phthalate crystal spectrometers that view the backlighter through the sample. The average spectral resolution over this range was estimated to be lambda/deltalambda approximately 700 by comparing theoretical crystal resolution calculations with measurements at 7.126, 8.340, and 12.254 A. The electron density was determined to be n(e)=6.9+/-1.7 x 10(21) cm(-3) using the Stark-broadened Mg Hebeta, Hegamma, and Hedelta lines. The temperature inferred from the H-like to He-like Mg line ratios was T(e)=156+/-6 eV. Comparisons with three different spectral synthesis models all have normalized chi(2) that is close to unity, indicating quantitative consistency in the inferred plasma conditions. This supports the reliability of the results and implies the experiments are suitable for testing iron opacity models.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Bailey
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1196, USA
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8
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Nagayama T, Mancini RC, Florido R, Tommasini R, Koch JA, Delettrez JA, Regan SP, Smalyuk VA, Welser-Sherrill LA, Golovkin IE. Comparison of genetic-algorithm and emissivity-ratio analyses of image data from OMEGA implosion cores. Rev Sci Instrum 2008; 79:10E921. [PMID: 19044576 DOI: 10.1063/1.2966370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Detailed analysis of x-ray narrow-band images from argon-doped deuterium-filled inertial confinement fusion implosion experiments yields information about the temperature spatial structure in the core at the collapse of the implosion. We discuss the analysis of direct-drive implosion experiments at OMEGA, in which multiple narrow-band images were recorded with a multimonochromatic x-ray imaging instrument. The temperature spatial structure is investigated by using the sensitivity of the Ly beta/He beta line emissivity ratio to the temperature. Three analysis methods that consider the argon He beta and Ly beta image data are discussed and the results compared. The methods are based on a ratio of image intensities, ratio of Abel-inverted emissivities, and a search and reconstruction technique driven by a Pareto genetic algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nagayama
- Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
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Welser-Sherrill L, Mancini RC, Koch JA, Izumi N, Tommasini R, Haan SW, Haynes DA, Golovkin IE, MacFarlane JJ, Delettrez JA, Marshall FJ, Regan SP, Smalyuk VA, Kyrala G. Spectroscopic determination of temperature and density spatial profiles and mix in indirect-drive implosion cores. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2007; 76:056403. [PMID: 18233772 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.76.056403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2007] [Revised: 09/25/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In the field of inertial confinement fusion (ICF), work has been consistently progressing in the past decade toward a more fundamental understanding of the plasma conditions in ICF implosion cores. The research presented here represents a substantial evolution in the ability to diagnose plasma temperatures and densities, along with characteristics of mixing between fuel and shell materials. Mixing is a vital property to study and quantify, since it can significantly affect implosion quality. We employ a number of new spectroscopic techniques that allow us to probe these important quantities. The first technique developed is an emissivity analysis, which uses the emissivity ratio of the optically thin Lybeta and Hebeta lines to spectroscopically extract temperature profiles, followed by the solution of emissivity equations to infer density profiles. The second technique, an intensity analysis, models the radiation transport through the implosion core. The nature of the intensity analysis allows us to use an optically thick line, the Lyalpha, to extract information on mixing near the core edge. With this work, it is now possible to extract directly from experimental data not only detailed temperature and density maps of the core, but also spatial mixing profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Welser-Sherrill
- Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
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MacFarlane JJ, Golovkin IE, Mancini RC, Welser LA, Bailey JE, Koch JA, Mehlhorn TA, Rochau GA, Wang P, Woodruff P. Dopant radiative cooling effects in indirect-drive Ar-doped capsule implosion experiments. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2005; 72:066403. [PMID: 16486066 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.72.066403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2005] [Revised: 09/14/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We present results from simulations performed to investigate the effects of dopant radiative cooling in inertial confinement fusion indirect-drive capsule implosion experiments. Using a one-dimensional radiation-hydrodynamics code that includes inline collisional-radiative modeling, we compute in detail the non-local thermodynamic equilibrium atomic kinetics and spectral characteristics for Ar-doped DD fuel. Specifically, we present results from a series of calculations in which the concentration of the Ar is varied, and examine the sensitivity of the fuel conditions (e.g., electron temperature) and neutron yield to the Ar dopant concentration. Simulation results are compared with data obtained in OMEGA indirect-drive experiments in which monochromatic imaging and spectral measurements of Ar Hebeta and Lybeta line emission were recorded. The incident radiation drive on the capsule is computed with a three-dimensional view factor code using the laser beam pointings and powers from the OMEGA experiments. We also examine the sensitivity of the calculated compressed core electron temperatures and neutron yields to the radiation drive on the capsule and to the radiation and atomic modeling in the simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J MacFarlane
- Prism Computational Sciences, Inc., 455 Science Drive, Suite 140, Madison, Wisconsin 53711, USA
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Regan SP, Delettrez JA, Marshall FJ, Soures JM, Smalyuk VA, Yaakobi B, Epstein R, Glebov VY, Jaanimagi PA, Meyerhofer DD, Radha PB, Sangster TC, Seka W, Skupsky S, Stoeckl C, Town RPJ, Haynes DA, Golovkin IE, Hooper CF, Frenje JA, Li CK, Petrasso RD, Séguin FH. Shell mix in the compressed core of spherical implosions. Phys Rev Lett 2002; 89:085003. [PMID: 12190476 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.89.085003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The Rayleigh-Taylor instability in its highly nonlinear, turbulent stage causes atomic-scale mixing of the shell material with the fuel in the compressed core of inertial-confinement fusion targets. The density of shell material mixed into the outer core of direct-drive plastic-shell spherical-target implosions on the 60-beam, OMEGA laser system is estimated to be 3.4(+/-1.2) g/cm(3) from time-resolved x-ray spectroscopy, charged-particle spectroscopy, and core x-ray images. The estimated fuel density, 3.6(+/-1) g/cm(3), accounts for only approximately 50% of the neutron-burn-averaged electron density, n(e)=2.2(+/-0.4)x10(24) cm(-3).
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Regan
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1299
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