1
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MacDonald MJ, Liedahl DA, Brown GV, Åberg D, Cliche DT, Foord ME, Grabowski PE, Heeter RF, Hoarty DJ, London RA, Martin ME, Nilsen J, Patel MV, Scott HA, Shepherd R, Whitley HD, Widmann K. Quantifying electron temperature distributions from time-integrated x-ray emission spectra. Rev Sci Instrum 2022; 93:093517. [PMID: 36182496 DOI: 10.1063/5.0101571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
K-shell x-ray emission spectroscopy is a standard tool used to diagnose the plasma conditions created in high-energy-density physics experiments. In the simplest approach, the emissivity-weighted average temperature of the plasma can be extracted by fitting an emission spectrum to a single temperature condition. It is known, however, that a range of plasma conditions can contribute to the measured spectra due to a combination of the evolution of the sample and spatial gradients. In this work, we define a parameterized model of the temperature distribution and use Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling of the input parameters, yielding uncertainties in the fit parameters to assess the uniqueness of the inferred temperature distribution. We present the analysis of time-integrated S and Fe x-ray spectroscopic data from the Orion laser facility and demonstrate that while fitting each spectral region to a single temperature yields two different temperatures, both spectra can be fit simultaneously with a single temperature distribution. We find that fitting both spectral regions together requires a maximum temperature of 1310-70 +90 eV with significant contributions from temperatures down to 200 eV.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J MacDonald
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D A Liedahl
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - G V Brown
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D Åberg
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D T Cliche
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M E Foord
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - P E Grabowski
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R F Heeter
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D J Hoarty
- Directorate of Research and Applied Science, AWE Plc, Reading RG7 4PR, United Kingdom
| | - R A London
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M E Martin
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J Nilsen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M V Patel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - H A Scott
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R Shepherd
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - H D Whitley
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - K Widmann
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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2
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Mayes DC, Mancini RC, Lockard TE, Hall IM, Bailey JE, Loisel GP, Nagayama T, Rochau GA, Liedahl DA. Observation of ionization trends in a laboratory photoionized plasma experiment at Z. Phys Rev E 2021; 104:035202. [PMID: 34654098 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.104.035202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We report experimental and modeling results for the charge state distribution of laboratory photoionized neon plasmas in the first systematic study over nearly an order of magnitude range of ionization parameter ξ∝F/N_{e}. The range of ξ is achieved by flexibility in the experimental platform to adjust either the x-ray drive flux F at the sample or the electron number density N_{e} or both. Experimental measurements of photoionized plasma conditions over such a range of parameters enable a stringent test of atomic kinetics models used within codes that are applied to photoionized plasmas in the laboratory and astrophysics. From experimental transmission data, ion areal densities are extracted by spectroscopic analysis that is independent of atomic kinetics modeling. The measurements reveal the net result of the competition between photon-driven ionization and electron-driven recombination atomic processes as a function of ξ as it affects the charge state distribution. Results from radiation-hydrodynamics modeling calculations with detailed inline atomic kinetics modeling are compared with the experimental results. There is good agreement in the mean charge and overall qualitative similarities in the trends observed with ξ but significant quantitative differences in the fractional populations of individual ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Mayes
- Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - R C Mancini
- Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - T E Lockard
- Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - I M Hall
- Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - J E Bailey
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - G P Loisel
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - T Nagayama
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - G A Rochau
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - D A Liedahl
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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3
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Fraenkel M, Ehrlich Y, Shpilman Z, Henis Z, Frank Y, Marley EV, Pérez-Callejo G, Emig J, Heeter RF, Liedahl DA, Foord ME, Schneider MB. Measurement of L-shell emission from mid-Z targets under non-LTE conditions using Transmission Grating Spectrometer and DANTE power diagnostics. Rev Sci Instrum 2021; 92:033502. [PMID: 33820003 DOI: 10.1063/5.0040574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we present the measurement of L-band emission from buried Sc/V targets in experiments performed at the OMEGA laser facility. The goal of these experiments was to study non-local thermodynamic equilibrium plasmas and benchmark atomic physics codes. The L-band emission was measured simultaneously by the time resolved DANTE power diagnostic and the recently fielded time integrated Soreq-Transmission Grating Spectrometer (TGS) diagnostic. The TGS measurement was used to support the spectral reconstruction process needed for the unfolding of the DANTE data. The Soreq-TGS diagnostic allows for broadband spectral measurement in the 120 eV-2000 eV spectral band, covering L- and M-shell emission of mid- and high-Z elements, with spectral resolution λ/Δλ = 8-30 and accuracy better than 25%. The Soreq-TGS diagnostic is compatible with ten-inch-manipulator platforms and can be used for a wide variety of high energy density physics, laboratory astrophysics, and inertial confinement fusion experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fraenkel
- Plasma Physics Department, Soreq NRC, Yavne 81800, Israel
| | - Y Ehrlich
- Plasma Physics Department, Soreq NRC, Yavne 81800, Israel
| | - Z Shpilman
- Plasma Physics Department, Soreq NRC, Yavne 81800, Israel
| | - Z Henis
- Plasma Physics Department, Soreq NRC, Yavne 81800, Israel
| | - Y Frank
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - E V Marley
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - G Pérez-Callejo
- Clarendon Laboratory-University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - J Emig
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - R F Heeter
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - D A Liedahl
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - M E Foord
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - M B Schneider
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
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4
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Pérez-Callejo G, Marley EV, Liedahl DA, Jarrott LC, Kemp GE, Heeter RF, Emig JA, Foord ME, Schneider MB, Rose SJ, Wark JS. Demonstration of Geometric Effects and Resonant Scattering in the X-Ray Spectra of High-Energy-Density Plasmas. Phys Rev Lett 2021; 126:085001. [PMID: 33709744 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.085001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In a plasma of sufficient size and density, photons emitted within the system have a probability of being reabsorbed and reemitted multiple times-a phenomenon known in astrophysics as resonant scattering. This effect alters the ratio of optically thick to optically thin lines, depending on the plasma geometry and viewing angle, and has significant implications for the spectra observed in a number of astrophysical scenarios, but has not previously been studied in a controlled laboratory plasma. We demonstrate the effect in the x-ray spectra emitted by cylindrical plasmas generated by high power laser irradiation, and the results confirm the geometrical interpretation of resonant scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pérez-Callejo
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - E V Marley
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D A Liedahl
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - L C Jarrott
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - G E Kemp
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R F Heeter
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J A Emig
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M E Foord
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M B Schneider
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S J Rose
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - J S Wark
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
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5
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Coppari F, Smith RF, Thorn DB, Rygg JR, Liedahl DA, Kraus RG, Lazicki A, Millot M, Eggert JH. Optimized x-ray sources for x-ray diffraction measurements at the Omega Laser Facility. Rev Sci Instrum 2019; 90:125113. [PMID: 31893795 DOI: 10.1063/1.5111878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The use of x-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements in laser-driven dynamic compression experiments at high-power laser facilities is becoming increasingly common. Diffraction allows one to probe in situ the transformations occurring at the atomic level at extreme conditions of pressure, temperature, and time scale. In these measurements, the x-ray source is generated by irradiation of a solid foil. Under certain laser drive conditions, quasimonochromatic He-α radiation is generated. Careful analysis of the x-ray source plasma spectra reveals that this radiation is not a single line emission and that monochromaticity is highly dependent on the laser irradiance. In this work, we analyze how the spectra emitted by laser-irradiated copper, germanium, and iron foils at the Omega Laser vary depending on different laser drive conditions and discuss the implications for XRD experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Coppari
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R F Smith
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D B Thorn
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J R Rygg
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D A Liedahl
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R G Kraus
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A Lazicki
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M Millot
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J H Eggert
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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6
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King JA, Opachich YP, Huffman EJ, Knight R, Heeter RF, Ahmed M, Liedahl DA, Schneider MB, Thompson NB, Johns HM, Dodd E, Flippo KA, Kline JL, Lopez FE, Archuleta TN, Perry TS. Implementation of a 1-2 keV point-projection x-ray spectrometer on the National Ignition Facility. Rev Sci Instrum 2018; 89:10F101. [PMID: 30399753 DOI: 10.1063/1.5038092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A point-projection soft X-ray Opacity Spectrometer (OpSpec) has been implemented to measure X-ray spectra from ∼1 to 2 keV on the National Ignition Facility (NIF). Measurement of such soft X-rays with open-aperture point-projection detectors is challenging because only very thin filters may be used to shield the detector from the hostile environment. OpSpec diffracts X-rays from 540 to 2100 eV off a potassium (or rubidium) acid phthalate (KAP or RbAP) crystal onto either image plates or, most recently, X-ray films. A "sacrificial front filter" strategy is used to prevent crystal damage, while 2 or 3 rear filters protect the data. Since May 2017, OpSpec has been recording X-ray transmission data for iron-magnesium plasmas on the NIF, at "Anchor 1" plasma conditions (temperature ∼150 eV, density ∼7 × 1021 e -/cm3). Upgrades improved OpSpec's performance on 6 NIF shots in August and December 2017, with reduced backgrounds and 100% data return using filter stacks as thin as 2.9 μm (total). Photometric noise is beginning to meet requirements, and further work will reduce systematic errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A King
- Nevada National Security Site, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Y P Opachich
- Nevada National Security Site, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - E J Huffman
- Nevada National Security Site, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R Knight
- Nevada National Security Site, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R F Heeter
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M Ahmed
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D A Liedahl
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M B Schneider
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - N B Thompson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - H M Johns
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - E Dodd
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - K A Flippo
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - J L Kline
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - F E Lopez
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - T N Archuleta
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - T S Perry
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
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7
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Marley EV, Liedahl DA, Schneider MB, Heeter RF, Jarrott LC, Mauche CW, Kemp GE, Foord ME, Frank Y, Widmann K, Emig J. Using L-shell x-ray spectra to determine conditions of non-local thermal dynamic equilibrium plasmas. Rev Sci Instrum 2018; 89:10F106. [PMID: 30399788 DOI: 10.1063/1.5039357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
K-shell x-ray spectra of Li- to H-like ions have long been used to determine plasma conditions. The ratio of integrated line intensities is used to determine the temperature. At the density of non-local thermal dynamic equilibrium (NLTE) plasmas (n e ≈ 1021 cm-3), the K-shell spectrum is not very sensitive to density. We propose using the L-shell emission of open L-shell ions (C- to Li-like) as an alternative to determine both temperature and density of NLTE plasmas. First, the L-shell models of a mid-Z material need to be verified against the temperatures obtained using a K-shell spectrum of a low-Z material. A buried layer platform is being developed at the OMEGA laser to study the open L-shell spectra of NLTE plasmas of mid-Z materials. Studies have been done using a 250 μm diameter dot composed of a layer of 1200 Å thick Zn between two 600 Å thick layers of Ti, in the center of a 1000 μm diameter, 13 μm thick beryllium tamper. Lasers heat the target from both sides for up to 3 ns. The size of the emitting volume vs time was measured with x-ray imaging (face-on and side-on) to determine the density. The temperature was measured from the Ti K-shell spectra. The use of this platform for the verification of atomic L-shell models is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Marley
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., L-490, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D A Liedahl
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., L-490, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M B Schneider
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., L-490, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R F Heeter
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., L-490, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - L C Jarrott
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., L-490, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C W Mauche
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., L-490, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - G E Kemp
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., L-490, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M E Foord
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., L-490, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Y Frank
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., L-490, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - K Widmann
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., L-490, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J Emig
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., L-490, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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8
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Barrios MA, Moody JD, Suter LJ, Sherlock M, Chen H, Farmer W, Jaquez J, Jones O, Kauffman RL, Kilkenny JD, Kroll J, Landen OL, Liedahl DA, Maclaren SA, Meezan NB, Nikroo A, Schneider MB, Thorn DB, Widmann K, Pérez-Callejo G. Developing an Experimental Basis for Understanding Transport in NIF Hohlraum Plasmas. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 121:095002. [PMID: 30230893 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.095002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We report on the first multilocation electron temperature (T_{e}) and flow measurements in an ignition hohlraum at the National Ignition Facility using the novel technique of mid-Z spectroscopic tracer "dots." The measurements define a low resolution "map" of hohlraum plasma conditions and provide a basis for the first multilocation tests of particle and energy transport physics in a laser-driven x-ray cavity. The data set is consistent with classical heat flow near the capsule but reduced heat flow near the laser entrance hole. We evaluate the role of kinetic effects, self-generated magnetic fields, and instabilities in causing spatially dependent heat transport in the hohlraum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J D Moody
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - L J Suter
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - M Sherlock
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - H Chen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - W Farmer
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - J Jaquez
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - O Jones
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - R L Kauffman
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - J D Kilkenny
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - J Kroll
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - O L Landen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - D A Liedahl
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - S A Maclaren
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - N B Meezan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - A Nikroo
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - M B Schneider
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - D B Thorn
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - K Widmann
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - G Pérez-Callejo
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
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9
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Loisel GP, Bailey JE, Liedahl DA, Fontes CJ, Kallman TR, Nagayama T, Hansen SB, Rochau GA, Mancini RC, Lee RW. Benchmark Experiment for Photoionized Plasma Emission from Accretion-Powered X-Ray Sources. Phys Rev Lett 2017; 119:075001. [PMID: 28949679 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.075001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The interpretation of x-ray spectra emerging from x-ray binaries and active galactic nuclei accreted plasmas relies on complex physical models for radiation generation and transport in photoionized plasmas. These models have not been sufficiently experimentally validated. We have developed a highly reproducible benchmark experiment to study spectrum formation from a photoionized silicon plasma in a regime comparable to astrophysical plasmas. Ionization predictions are higher than inferred from measured absorption spectra. Self-emission measured at adjustable column densities tests radiation transport effects, demonstrating that the resonant Auger destruction assumption used to interpret black hole accretion spectra is inaccurate.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Loisel
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - J E Bailey
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - D A Liedahl
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C J Fontes
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - T R Kallman
- Goddard Space Flight Center NASA, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - T Nagayama
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - S B Hansen
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - G A Rochau
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - R C Mancini
- University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - R W Lee
- University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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10
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Opachich YP, Heeter RF, Barrios MA, Garcia EM, Craxton RS, King JA, Liedahl DA, McKenty PW, Schneider MB, May MJ, Zhang R, Ross PW, Kline JL, Moore AS, Weaver JL, Flippo KA, Perry TS. Capsule implosions for continuum x-ray backlighting of opacity samples at the National Ignition Facility. Phys Plasmas 2017; 24:063301. [PMID: 29104422 PMCID: PMC5648568 DOI: 10.1063/1.4985076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Direct drive implosions of plastic capsules have been performed at the National Ignition Facility to provide a broad-spectrum (500-2000 eV) X-ray continuum source for X-ray transmission spectroscopy. The source was developed for the high-temperature plasma opacity experimental platform. Initial experiments using 2.0 mm diameter polyalpha-methyl styrene capsules with ∼20 μm thickness have been performed. X-ray yields of up to ∼1 kJ/sr have been measured using the Dante multichannel diode array. The backlighter source size was measured to be ∼100 μm FWHM, with ∼350 ps pulse duration during the peak emission stage. Results are used to simulate transmission spectra for a hypothetical iron opacity sample at 150 eV, enabling the derivation of photometrics requirements for future opacity experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y P Opachich
- National Security Technologies, LLC, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R F Heeter
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M A Barrios
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - E M Garcia
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - R S Craxton
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - J A King
- National Security Technologies, LLC, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D A Liedahl
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - P W McKenty
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - M B Schneider
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M J May
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R Zhang
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - P W Ross
- National Security Technologies, LLC, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J L Kline
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - A S Moore
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J L Weaver
- Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, USA
| | - K A Flippo
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - T S Perry
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
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Jones OS, Suter LJ, Scott HA, Barrios MA, Farmer WA, Hansen SB, Liedahl DA, Mauche CW, Moore AS, Rosen MD, Salmonson JD, Strozzi DJ, Thomas CA, Turnbull DP. Progress towards a more predictive model for hohlraum radiation drive and symmetry. Phys Plasmas 2017; 24:056312. [PMID: 28611532 PMCID: PMC5438280 DOI: 10.1063/1.4982693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
For several years, we have been calculating the radiation drive in laser-heated gold hohlraums using flux-limited heat transport with a limiter of 0.15, tabulated values of local thermodynamic equilibrium gold opacity, and an approximate model for not in a local thermodynamic equilibrium (NLTE) gold emissivity (DCA_2010). This model has been successful in predicting the radiation drive in vacuum hohlraums, but for gas-filled hohlraums used to drive capsule implosions, the model consistently predicts too much drive and capsule bang times earlier than measured. In this work, we introduce a new model that brings the calculated bang time into better agreement with the measured bang time. The new model employs (1) a numerical grid that is fully converged in space, energy, and time, (2) a modified approximate NLTE model that includes more physics and is in better agreement with more detailed offline emissivity models, and (3) a reduced flux limiter value of 0.03. We applied this model to gas-filled hohlraum experiments using high density carbon and plastic ablator capsules that had hohlraum He fill gas densities ranging from 0.06 to 1.6 mg/cc and hohlraum diameters of 5.75 or 6.72 mm. The new model predicts bang times to within ±100 ps for most experiments with low to intermediate fill densities (up to 0.85 mg/cc). This model predicts higher temperatures in the plasma than the old model and also predicts that at higher gas fill densities, a significant amount of inner beam laser energy escapes the hohlraum through the opposite laser entrance hole.
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Affiliation(s)
- O S Jones
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - L J Suter
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - H A Scott
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - M A Barrios
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - W A Farmer
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - S B Hansen
- Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - D A Liedahl
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - C W Mauche
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - A S Moore
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - M D Rosen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - J D Salmonson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - D J Strozzi
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - C A Thomas
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - D P Turnbull
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
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12
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Ross PW, Heeter RF, Ahmed MF, Dodd E, Huffman EJ, Liedahl DA, King JA, Opachich YP, Schneider MB, Perry TS. Design of the opacity spectrometer for opacity measurements at the National Ignition Facility. Rev Sci Instrum 2016; 87:11D623. [PMID: 27910379 DOI: 10.1063/1.4962819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent experiments at the Sandia National Laboratory Z facility have called into question models used in calculating opacity, of importance for modeling stellar interiors. An effort is being made to reproduce these results at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). These experiments require a new X-ray opacity spectrometer (OpSpec) spanning 540 eV-2100 eV with a resolving power E/ΔE > 700. The design of the OpSpec is presented. Photometric calculations based on expected opacity data are also presented. First use on NIF is expected in September 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Ross
- National Security Technologies, LLC, 161 S. Vasco Road, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R F Heeter
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M F Ahmed
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - E Dodd
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - E J Huffman
- National Security Technologies, LLC, 161 S. Vasco Road, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D A Liedahl
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J A King
- National Security Technologies, LLC, 161 S. Vasco Road, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Y P Opachich
- National Security Technologies, LLC, 161 S. Vasco Road, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M B Schneider
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - T S Perry
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
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13
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Ping Y, Shepherd R, Lasinski BF, Tabak M, Chen H, Chung HK, Fournier KB, Hansen SB, Kemp A, Liedahl DA, Widmann K, Wilks SC, Rozmus W, Sherlock M. Absorption of short laser pulses on solid targets in the ultrarelativistic regime. Phys Rev Lett 2008; 100:085004. [PMID: 18352633 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.100.085004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2007] [Revised: 08/21/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We report the first direct measurements of total absorption of short laser pulses on solid targets in the ultrarelativistic regime. The data show an enhanced absorption at intensities above 10(20) W/cm(2), reaching 60% for near-normal incidence and 80%-90% for 45 degrees incidence. Two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations demonstrate that such high absorption is consistent with both interaction with preplasma and hole boring by the intense laser pulse. A large redshift in the second harmonic indicates a surface recession velocity of 0.035c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ping
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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14
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Foord ME, Heeter RF, van Hoof PAM, Thoe RS, Bailey JE, Cuneo ME, Chung HK, Liedahl DA, Fournier KB, Chandler GA, Jonauskas V, Kisielius R, Mix LP, Ramsbottom C, Springer PT, Keenan FP, Rose SJ, Goldstein WH. Charge-state distribution and Doppler effect in an expanding photoionized plasma. Phys Rev Lett 2004; 93:055002. [PMID: 15323701 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.93.055002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The charge state distributions of Fe, Na, and F are determined in a photoionized laboratory plasma using high resolution x-ray spectroscopy. Independent measurements of the density and radiation flux indicate unprecedented values for the ionization parameter xi=20-25 erg cm s(-1) under near steady-state conditions. Line opacities are well fitted by a curve-of-growth analysis which includes the effects of velocity gradients in a one-dimensional expanding plasma. First comparisons of the measured charge state distributions with x-ray photoionization models show reasonable agreement.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Foord
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of California, Livermore, CA 94551, USA
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15
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Paerels F, Kuulkers E, Heise J, Liedahl DA. X-Ray Spectral Diagnostics of Gamma-Ray Burst Environments. Astrophys J 2000; 535:L25-L28. [PMID: 10829000 DOI: 10.1086/312699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/1999] [Accepted: 04/12/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Recently, detection of discrete features in the X-ray afterglow spectra of GRB 970508 and GRB 970828 was reported. The most natural interpretation of these features is that they are redshifted Fe K emission complexes. The identification of the line emission mechanism has drastic implications for the inferred mass of radiating material and hence the nature of the burst site. X-ray spectroscopy provides a direct observational constraint on these properties of gamma-ray bursters. We briefly discuss how these constraints arise in the context of an application to the spectrum of GRB 970508.
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16
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Paerels F, Cottam J, Sako M, Liedahl DA, Brinkman AC, Kaastra JS, Predehl P. High-Resolution Spectroscopy of the X-Ray-photoionized Wind in Cygnus X-3 with the Chandra High-Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer. Astrophys J 2000; 533:L135-L138. [PMID: 10770708 DOI: 10.1086/312608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2000] [Accepted: 02/11/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We present a preliminary analysis of the 1-10 keV spectrum of the massive X-ray binary Cygnus X-3, obtained with the high-energy transmission grating spectrometer on the Chandra X-Ray Observatory. The source reveals a richly detailed discrete emission spectrum, with clear signatures of photoionization-driven excitation. Among the spectroscopic novelties in the data are the first astrophysical detections of a number of He-like "triplets" (Si, S, Ar) with emission-line ratios characteristic of photoionization equilibrium, fully resolved narrow radiative recombination continua of Mg, Si, and S, the presence of the H-like Fe Balmer series, and a clear detection of an approximately 800 km s-1 large-scale velocity field as well as an approximately 1500 km s-1 FWHM Doppler broadening in the source. We briefly touch on the implications of these findings for the structure of the Wolf-Rayet wind.
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Phillips KJ, Mewe R, Harra-Murnion LK, Kaastra JS, Beiersdorfer P, Brown GV, Liedahl DA. Benchmarking the MEKAL spectral code with solar X-ray spectra. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1051/aas:1999282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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