1
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Werellapatha K, Palmer NE, Gorman MG, Bernier JV, Bhandarkar NS, Bradley DK, Braun DG, Bruhn M, Carpenter A, Celliers PM, Coppari F, Dayton M, Durand C, Eggert JH, Ferguson B, Heidl B, Heinbockel C, Heredia R, Huckins J, Hurd E, Hsing W, Krauland CM, Lazicki AE, Kalantar D, Kehl J, Killebrew K, Masters N, Millot M, Nagel SR, Petre RB, Ping Y, Polsin DN, Singh S, Stan CV, Swift D, Tabimina J, Thomas A, Zobrist T, Benedetti LR. Time-resolved X-ray diffraction diagnostic development for the National Ignition Facility. Rev Sci Instrum 2024; 95:013903. [PMID: 38236087 DOI: 10.1063/5.0161343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
We present the development of an experimental platform that can collect four frames of x-ray diffraction data along a single line of sight during laser-driven, dynamic-compression experiments at the National Ignition Facility. The platform is comprised of a diagnostic imager built around ultrafast sensors with a 2-ns integration time, a custom target assembly that serves also to shield the imager, and a 10-ns duration, quasi-monochromatic x-ray source produced by laser-generated plasma. We demonstrate the performance with diffraction data for Pb ramp compressed to 150 GPa and illuminated by a Ge x-ray source that produces ∼7 × 1011, 10.25-keV photons/ns at the 400 μm diameter sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Werellapatha
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - N E Palmer
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M G Gorman
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J V Bernier
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - N S Bhandarkar
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D K Bradley
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D G Braun
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M Bruhn
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A Carpenter
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - P M Celliers
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - F Coppari
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M Dayton
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C Durand
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J H Eggert
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - B Ferguson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - B Heidl
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C Heinbockel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R Heredia
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J Huckins
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - E Hurd
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - W Hsing
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C M Krauland
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - A E Lazicki
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D Kalantar
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J Kehl
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - K Killebrew
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - N Masters
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M Millot
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S R Nagel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R B Petre
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Y Ping
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D N Polsin
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - S Singh
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C V Stan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D Swift
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J Tabimina
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A Thomas
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - T Zobrist
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - L R Benedetti
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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2
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Gong X, Polsin DN, Paul R, Henderson BJ, Eggert JH, Coppari F, Smith RF, Rygg JR, Collins GW. X-Ray Diffraction of Ramp-Compressed Silicon to 390 GPa. Phys Rev Lett 2023; 130:076101. [PMID: 36867795 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.076101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) exhibits a rich collection of phase transitions under ambient-temperature isothermal and shock compression. This report describes in situ diffraction measurements of ramp-compressed Si between 40 and 389 GPa. Angle-dispersive x-ray scattering reveals that Si assumes an hexagonal close-packed (hcp) structure between 40 and 93 GPa and, at higher pressure, a face-centered cubic structure that persists to at least 389 GPa, the highest pressure for which the crystal structure of Si has been investigated. The range of hcp stability extends to higher pressures and temperatures than predicted by theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Gong
- University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627-0132, USA
| | - D N Polsin
- University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627-0132, USA
| | - R Paul
- University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627-0132, USA
| | - B J Henderson
- University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627-0171, USA
| | - J H Eggert
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550-9234, USA
| | - F Coppari
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550-9234, USA
| | - R F Smith
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550-9234, USA
| | - J R Rygg
- University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627-0132, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627-0171, USA
| | - G W Collins
- University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627-0132, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627-0171, USA
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3
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Werellapatha K, Hall GN, Krauland C, Krygier A, Bhandarkar N, Bradley DK, Coppari F, Gorman MG, Heinbockel C, Kemp GE, Khan SF, Lazicki A, Masters N, May MJ, Nagel SR, Palmer NE, Eggert JH, Benedetti LR. Optimized x-ray emission from 10 ns long germanium x-ray sources at the National Ignition Facility. Rev Sci Instrum 2022; 93:123902. [PMID: 36586918 DOI: 10.1063/5.0106696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates methods to optimize quasi-monochromatic, ∼10 ns long x-ray sources (XRS) for time-resolved x-ray diffraction measurements of phase transitions during dynamic laser compression measurements at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). To support this, we produce continuous and pulsed XRS by irradiating a Ge foil with NIF lasers to achieve an intensity of 2 × 1015 W/cm2, optimizing the laser-to-x-ray conversion efficiency. Our x-ray source is dominated by Ge He-α line emission. We discuss methods to optimize the source to maintain a uniform XRS for ∼10 ns, mitigating cold plasma and higher energy x-ray emission lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Werellapatha
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - G N Hall
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C Krauland
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - A Krygier
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - N Bhandarkar
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D K Bradley
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - F Coppari
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M G Gorman
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C Heinbockel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - G E Kemp
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S F Khan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A Lazicki
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - N Masters
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M J May
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S R Nagel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - N E Palmer
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J H Eggert
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - L R Benedetti
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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4
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Polsin DN, Lazicki A, Gong X, Burns SJ, Coppari F, Hansen LE, Henderson BJ, Huff MF, Mcmahon MI, Millot M, Paul R, Smith RF, Eggert JH, Collins GW, Rygg JR. Structural complexity in ramp-compressed sodium to 480 GPa. Nat Commun 2022; 13. [PMID: 35534461 PMCID: PMC9085792 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29813-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe properties of all materials at one atmosphere of pressure are controlled by the configurations of their valence electrons. At extreme pressures, neighboring atoms approach so close that core-electron orbitals overlap, and theory predicts the emergence of unusual quantum behavior. We ramp-compress monovalent elemental sodium, a prototypical metal at ambient conditions, to nearly 500 GPa (5 million atmospheres). The 7-fold increase of density brings the interatomic distance to 1.74 Å well within the initial 2.03 Å of the Na+ ionic diameter, and squeezes the valence electrons into the interstitial voids suggesting the formation of an electride phase. The laser-driven compression results in pressure-driven melting and recrystallization in a billionth of a second. In situ x-ray diffraction reveals a series of unexpected phase transitions upon recrystallization, and optical reflectivity measurements show a precipitous decrease throughout the liquid and solid phases, where the liquid is predicted to have electronic localization. These data reveal the presence of a rich, temperature-driven polymorphism where core electron overlap is thought to stabilize the formation of peculiar electride states.
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5
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Kim D, Smith RF, Ocampo IK, Coppari F, Marshall MC, Ginnane MK, Wicks JK, Tracy SJ, Millot M, Lazicki A, Rygg JR, Eggert JH, Duffy TS. Structure and density of silicon carbide to 1.5 TPa and implications for extrasolar planets. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2260. [PMID: 35477934 PMCID: PMC9046200 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29762-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been considerable recent interest in the high-pressure behavior of silicon carbide, a potential major constituent of carbon-rich exoplanets. In this work, the atomic-level structure of SiC was determined through in situ X-ray diffraction under laser-driven ramp compression up to 1.5 TPa; stresses more than seven times greater than previous static and shock data. Here we show that the B1-type structure persists over this stress range and we have constrained its equation of state (EOS). Using this data we have determined the first experimentally based mass-radius curves for a hypothetical pure SiC planet. Interior structure models are constructed for planets consisting of a SiC-rich mantle and iron-rich core. Carbide planets are found to be ~10% less dense than corresponding terrestrial planets.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kim
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
| | - R F Smith
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - I K Ocampo
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - F Coppari
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - M C Marshall
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - M K Ginnane
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - J K Wicks
- Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - S J Tracy
- Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, DC, USA
| | - M Millot
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - A Lazicki
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - J R Rygg
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - J H Eggert
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - T S Duffy
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
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6
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Kraus RG, Hemley RJ, Ali SJ, Belof JL, Benedict LX, Bernier J, Braun D, Cohen RE, Collins GW, Coppari F, Desjarlais MP, Fratanduono D, Hamel S, Krygier A, Lazicki A, Mcnaney J, Millot M, Myint PC, Newman MG, Rygg JR, Sterbentz DM, Stewart ST, Stixrude L, Swift DC, Wehrenberg C, Eggert JH. Measuring the melting curve of iron at super-Earth core conditions. Science 2022; 375:202-205. [PMID: 35025665 DOI: 10.1126/science.abm1472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of more than 4500 extrasolar planets has created a need for modeling their interior structure and dynamics. Given the prominence of iron in planetary interiors, we require accurate and precise physical properties at extreme pressure and temperature. A first-order property of iron is its melting point, which is still debated for the conditions of Earth’s interior. We used high-energy lasers at the National Ignition Facility and in situ x-ray diffraction to determine the melting point of iron up to 1000 gigapascals, three times the pressure of Earth’s inner core. We used this melting curve to determine the length of dynamo action during core solidification to the hexagonal close-packed (hcp) structure. We find that terrestrial exoplanets with four to six times Earth’s mass have the longest dynamos, which provide important shielding against cosmic radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard G Kraus
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Russell J Hemley
- Departments of Physics, Chemistry, and Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Suzanne J Ali
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Jonathan L Belof
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Lorin X Benedict
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Joel Bernier
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Dave Braun
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - R E Cohen
- Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, DC 20015, USA
| | - Gilbert W Collins
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Federica Coppari
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | | | | | - Sebastien Hamel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Andy Krygier
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Amy Lazicki
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - James Mcnaney
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Marius Millot
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Philip C Myint
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Matthew G Newman
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - James R Rygg
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Dane M Sterbentz
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Sarah T Stewart
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Lars Stixrude
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Damian C Swift
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Chris Wehrenberg
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Jon H Eggert
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
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7
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Kraus RG, Coppari F, Fratanduono DE, Smith RF, Lazicki A, Wehrenberg C, Eggert JH, Rygg JR, Collins GW. Melting of Tantalum at Multimegabar Pressures on the Nanosecond Timescale. Phys Rev Lett 2021; 126:255701. [PMID: 34241515 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.255701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tantalum was once thought to be the canonical bcc metal, but is now predicted to transition to the Pnma phase at the high pressures and temperatures expected along the principal Hugoniot. Furthermore, there remains a significant discrepancy between a number of static diamond anvil cell experiments and gas gun experiments in the measured melt temperatures at high pressures. Our in situ x-ray diffraction experiments on shock compressed tantalum show that it does not transition to the Pnma phase or other candidate phases at high pressure. We observe incipient melting at approximately 254±15 GPa and complete melting by 317±10 GPa. These transition pressures from the nanosecond experiments presented here are consistent with what can be inferred from microsecond gas gun sound velocity measurements. Furthermore, the observation of a coexistence region on the Hugoniot implies the lack of significant kinetically controlled deviation from equilibrium behavior. Consequently, we find that kinetics of phase transitions cannot be used to explain the discrepancy between static and dynamic measurements of the tantalum melt curve. Using available high pressure thermodynamic data for tantalum and our measurements of the incipient and complete melting transition pressures, we are able to infer a melting temperature 8070_{-750}^{+1250} K at 254±15 GPa, which is consistent with ambient and a recent static high pressure melt curve measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Kraus
- Physics Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - F Coppari
- Physics Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D E Fratanduono
- Physics Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R F Smith
- Physics Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A Lazicki
- Physics Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C Wehrenberg
- Physics Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J H Eggert
- Physics Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J R Rygg
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, and Departments of Mechanical Engineering and Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - G W Collins
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, and Departments of Mechanical Engineering and Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
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8
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Werellapatha K, Hall GN, Coppari F, Kemp GE, Palmer NE, Krauland C, Khan SF, Lazicki A, Gorman MG, Nagel SR, Heinbockel C, Bhandarkar N, Masters N, Bradley DK, Eggert JH, Benedetti LR. Long duration x-ray source development for x-ray diffraction at the National Ignition Facility. Rev Sci Instrum 2021; 92:053904. [PMID: 34243269 DOI: 10.1063/5.0043677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We present the results of experiments to produce a 10 ns-long, quasi-monochromatic x-ray source. This effort is needed to support time-resolved x-ray diffraction (XRDt) measurements of phase transitions during laser-driven dynamic compression experiments at the National Ignition Facility. To record XRDt of phase transitions as they occur, we use high-speed (∼1 ns) gated hybrid CMOS detectors, which record multiple frames of data over a timescale of a few to tens of ns. Consequently, to make effective use of these imagers, XRDt needs the x-ray source to be narrow in energy and uniform in time as long as the sensors are active. The x-ray source is produced by a laser irradiated Ge foil. Our results indicate that the x-ray source lasts during the whole duration of the main laser pulse. Both time-resolved and time-integrated spectral data indicate that the line emission is dominated by the He-α complex over higher energy emission lines. Time-integrated spectra agree well with a one-dimensional Cartesian simulation using HYDRA that predicts a conversion efficiency of 0.56% when the incident intensity is 2 × 1015 W/cm2 on a Ge backlighter.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Werellapatha
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - G N Hall
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - F Coppari
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - G E Kemp
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - N E Palmer
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C Krauland
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - S F Khan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A Lazicki
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M G Gorman
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S R Nagel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C Heinbockel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - N Bhandarkar
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - N Masters
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D K Bradley
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J H Eggert
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - L R Benedetti
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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9
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Lazicki A, McGonegle D, Rygg JR, Braun DG, Swift DC, Gorman MG, Smith RF, Heighway PG, Higginbotham A, Suggit MJ, Fratanduono DE, Coppari F, Wehrenberg CE, Kraus RG, Erskine D, Bernier JV, McNaney JM, Rudd RE, Collins GW, Eggert JH, Wark JS. Metastability of diamond ramp-compressed to 2 terapascals. Nature 2021; 589:532-5. [PMID: 33505034 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-03140-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Carbon is the fourth-most prevalent element in the Universe and essential for all known life. In the elemental form it is found in multiple allotropes, including graphite, diamond and fullerenes, and it has long been predicted that even more structures can exist at pressures greater than those at Earth's core1-3. Several phases have been predicted to exist in the multi-terapascal regime, which is important for accurate modelling of the interiors of carbon-rich exoplanets4,5. By compressing solid carbon to 2 terapascals (20 million atmospheres; more than five times the pressure at Earth's core) using ramp-shaped laser pulses and simultaneously measuring nanosecond-duration time-resolved X-ray diffraction, we found that solid carbon retains the diamond structure far beyond its regime of predicted stability. The results confirm predictions that the strength of the tetrahedral molecular orbital bonds in diamond persists under enormous pressure, resulting in large energy barriers that hinder conversion to more-stable high-pressure allotropes1,2, just as graphite formation from metastable diamond is kinetically hindered at atmospheric pressure. This work nearly doubles the highest pressure at which X-ray diffraction has been recorded on any material.
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10
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Denoeud A, Hernandez JA, Vinci T, Benuzzi-Mounaix A, Brygoo S, Berlioux A, Lefevre F, Sollier A, Videau L, Ravasio A, Guarguaglini M, Duthoit L, Loison D, Brambrink E. X-ray powder diffraction in reflection geometry on multi-beam kJ-type laser facilities. Rev Sci Instrum 2021; 92:013902. [PMID: 33514214 DOI: 10.1063/5.0020261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
An ultrafast x-ray powder diffraction setup for laser-driven dynamic compression has been developed at the LULI2000 laser facility. X-ray diffraction is performed in reflection geometry from a quasi-monochromatic laser-generated plasma x-ray source. In comparison to a transmission geometry setup, this configuration allows us to probe only a small portion of the compressed sample, as well as to shield the detectors against the x-rays generated by the laser-plasma interaction on the front side of the target. Thus, this new platform facilitates probing of spatially and temporarily uniform thermodynamic conditions and enables us to study samples of a large range of atomic numbers, thicknesses, and compression dynamics. As a proof-of-concept, we report direct structural measurements of the bcc-hcp transition both in shock and ramp-compressed polycrystalline iron with diffraction signals recorded between 2θ ∼ 30° and ∼150°. In parallel, the pressure and temperature history of probed samples is measured by rear-side visible diagnostics (velocimetry and pyrometry).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Denoeud
- CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France
| | - J-A Hernandez
- LULI, CNRS, CEA, Sorbonne Université, École Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, F-91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - T Vinci
- LULI, CNRS, CEA, Sorbonne Université, École Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, F-91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - A Benuzzi-Mounaix
- LULI, CNRS, CEA, Sorbonne Université, École Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, F-91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - S Brygoo
- CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France
| | - A Berlioux
- LULI, CNRS, CEA, Sorbonne Université, École Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, F-91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - F Lefevre
- LULI, CNRS, CEA, Sorbonne Université, École Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, F-91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - A Sollier
- CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France
| | - L Videau
- CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France
| | - A Ravasio
- LULI, CNRS, CEA, Sorbonne Université, École Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, F-91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - M Guarguaglini
- LULI, CNRS, CEA, Sorbonne Université, École Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, F-91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - L Duthoit
- CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France
| | - D Loison
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IPR (Institut de Physique de Rennes)-UMR 6251, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - E Brambrink
- LULI, CNRS, CEA, Sorbonne Université, École Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, F-91128 Palaiseau, France
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Do A, Coppari F, Ping Y, Krygier A, Kemp GE, Schneider MB, McNaney JM. Foil backlighter development at the OMEGA laser facility for extended x-ray absorption fine structure experiments. Rev Sci Instrum 2020; 91:086101. [PMID: 32872967 DOI: 10.1063/5.0015313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) measurements require a bright and continuous x-ray source and a detection system with high spectral resolution to capture the modulations of the absorption coefficient above the material absorption edge. When performing EXAFS measurements under laser-driven dynamic compression, it is hence critical to optimize the backlighter x-ray emission. A series of experiments has been conducted at the OMEGA laser facility to characterize titanium (Z = 22), iron (Z = 26), germanium (Z = 32), molybdenum (Z = 42), silver (Z = 47), and gold (Z = 79) foil backlighters irradiated with 3 kJ-12 kJ of laser energy. The spectra have been recorded using a dual crystal spectrometer (DCS), a two-channel transmission spectrometer covering 11 keV-45 keV and 19 keV-90 keV energy bands. The DCS has been calibrated so that the spectral intensities can be compared between different campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Do
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - F Coppari
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Y Ping
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A Krygier
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - G E Kemp
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M B Schneider
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J M McNaney
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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12
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Rygg JR, Smith RF, Lazicki AE, Braun DG, Fratanduono DE, Kraus RG, McNaney JM, Swift DC, Wehrenberg CE, Coppari F, Ahmed MF, Barrios MA, Blobaum KJM, Collins GW, Cook AL, Di Nicola P, Dzenitis EG, Gonzales S, Heidl BF, Hohenberger M, House A, Izumi N, Kalantar DH, Khan SF, Kohut TR, Kumar C, Masters ND, Polsin DN, Regan SP, Smith CA, Vignes RM, Wall MA, Ward J, Wark JS, Zobrist TL, Arsenlis A, Eggert JH. X-ray diffraction at the National Ignition Facility. Rev Sci Instrum 2020; 91:043902. [PMID: 32357733 DOI: 10.1063/1.5129698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report details of an experimental platform implemented at the National Ignition Facility to obtain in situ powder diffraction data from solids dynamically compressed to extreme pressures. Thin samples are sandwiched between tamper layers and ramp compressed using a gradual increase in the drive-laser irradiance. Pressure history in the sample is determined using high-precision velocimetry measurements. Up to two independently timed pulses of x rays are produced at or near the time of peak pressure by laser illumination of thin metal foils. The quasi-monochromatic x-ray pulses have a mean wavelength selectable between 0.6 Å and 1.9 Å depending on the foil material. The diffracted signal is recorded on image plates with a typical 2θ x-ray scattering angle uncertainty of about 0.2° and resolution of about 1°. Analytic expressions are reported for systematic corrections to 2θ due to finite pinhole size and sample offset. A new variant of a nonlinear background subtraction algorithm is described, which has been used to observe diffraction lines at signal-to-background ratios as low as a few percent. Variations in system response over the detector area are compensated in order to obtain accurate line intensities; this system response calculation includes a new analytic approximation for image-plate sensitivity as a function of photon energy and incident angle. This experimental platform has been used up to 2 TPa (20 Mbar) to determine the crystal structure, measure the density, and evaluate the strain-induced texturing of a variety of compressed samples spanning periods 2-7 on the periodic table.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Rygg
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - R F Smith
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - A E Lazicki
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - D G Braun
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - D E Fratanduono
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - R G Kraus
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - J M McNaney
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - D C Swift
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - C E Wehrenberg
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - F Coppari
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - M F Ahmed
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - M A Barrios
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - K J M Blobaum
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - G W Collins
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - A L Cook
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - P Di Nicola
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - E G Dzenitis
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - S Gonzales
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - B F Heidl
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - M Hohenberger
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - A House
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - N Izumi
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - D H Kalantar
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - S F Khan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - T R Kohut
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - C Kumar
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - N D Masters
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - D N Polsin
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - S P Regan
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - C A Smith
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - R M Vignes
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - M A Wall
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - J Ward
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - J S Wark
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - T L Zobrist
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - A Arsenlis
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - J H Eggert
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
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