1
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de With G. Melting Is Well-Known, but Is It Also Well-Understood? Chem Rev 2023; 123:13713-13795. [PMID: 37963286 PMCID: PMC10722469 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Contrary to continuous phase transitions, where renormalization group theory provides a general framework, for discontinuous phase transitions such a framework seems to be absent. Although the thermodynamics of the latter type of transitions is well-known and requires input from two phases, for melting a variety of one-phase theories and models based on solids has been proposed, as a generally accepted theory for liquids is (yet) missing. Each theory or model deals with a specific mechanism using typically one of the various defects (vacancies, interstitials, dislocations, interstitialcies) present in solids. Furthermore, recognizing that surfaces are often present, one distinguishes between mechanical or bulk melting and thermodynamic or surface-mediated melting. After providing the necessary preliminaries, we discuss both types of melting in relation to the various defects. Thereafter we deal with the effect of pressure on the melting process, followed by a discussion along the line of type of materials. Subsequently, some other aspects and approaches are dealt with. An attempt to put melting in perspective concludes this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gijsbertus de With
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld 14, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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2
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Uchida G, Masumoto K, Sakakibara M, Ikebe Y, Ono S, Koga K, Kozawa T. Single-step fabrication of fibrous Si/Sn composite nanowire anodes by high-pressure He plasma sputtering for high-capacity Li-ion batteries. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14280. [PMID: 37684353 PMCID: PMC10491616 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41452-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
To realize high-capacity Si anodes for next-generation Li-ion batteries, Si/Sn nanowires were fabricated in a single-step procedure using He plasma sputtering at a high pressure of 100-500 mTorr without substrate heating. The Si/Sn nanowires consisted of an amorphous Si core and a crystalline Sn shell. Si/Sn composite nanowire films formed a spider-web-like network structure, a rod-like structure, or an aggregated structure of nanowires and nanoparticles depending on the conditions used in the plasma process. Anodes prepared with Si/Sn nanowire films with the spider-web-like network structure and the aggregated structure of nanowires and nanoparticles showed a high Li-storage capacity of 1219 and 977 mAh/g, respectively, for the initial 54 cycles at a C-rate of 0.01, and a capacity of 644 and 580 mAh/g, respectively, after 135 cycles at a C-rate of 0.1. The developed plasma sputtering process enabled us to form a binder-free high-capacity Si/Sn-nanowire anode via a simple single-step procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giichiro Uchida
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Meijo University, 1-501 Shiogamaguchi, Tempaku-Ku, Nagoya, 468-8502, Japan.
| | - Kodai Masumoto
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Meijo University, 1-501 Shiogamaguchi, Tempaku-Ku, Nagoya, 468-8502, Japan
| | - Mikito Sakakibara
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Meijo University, 1-501 Shiogamaguchi, Tempaku-Ku, Nagoya, 468-8502, Japan
| | - Yumiko Ikebe
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Meijo University, 1-501 Shiogamaguchi, Tempaku-Ku, Nagoya, 468-8502, Japan
| | - Shinjiro Ono
- Graduate School and Faculty of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-Ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kazunori Koga
- Graduate School and Faculty of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-Ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kozawa
- Joining and Welding Research Institute, Osaka University, 11-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, 567-0047, Japan
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3
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Kryshtal A, Bogatyrenko S, Khshanovska O. Direct Imaging of Surface Melting on a Single Sn Nanoparticle. NANO LETTERS 2023. [PMID: 37418684 PMCID: PMC10375590 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite previous studies, understanding the fundamental mechanism of melting metal nanoparticles remains one of the major scientific challenges of nanoscience. Herein, the kinetics of melting of a single Sn nanoparticle was investigated using in situ transmission electron microscopy heating techniques with a temperature step of up to 0.5 °C. We revealed the surface premelting effect and assessed the density of the surface overlayer on a tin particle of 47 nm size using a synergetic combination of high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy imaging and low electron energy loss spectral imaging. Few-monolayer-thick disordered phase nucleated at the surface of the Sn particle at a temperature ∼25 °C below the melting point and grew (up to a thickness of ∼4.5 nm) into the solid core with increasing temperature until the whole particle became liquid. We revealed that the disordered overlayer was not liquid but quasi-liquid with a density intermediate between that of solid and liquid Sn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr Kryshtal
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. A. Mickiewicza 30, Kraków PL-30 059, Poland
| | - Sergiy Bogatyrenko
- V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, 4 Svobody Square, Kharkiv 61022, Ukraine
| | - Olha Khshanovska
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. A. Mickiewicza 30, Kraków PL-30 059, Poland
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4
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Li F, Noh HJ, Che W, Jeon JP, Han GF, Shin TJ, Kim MG, Wang Y, Bu Y, Fu Z, Lu Y, Baek JB. Tin Nanoclusters Confined in Nitrogenated Carbon for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction. ACS NANO 2022; 16:18830-18837. [PMID: 36264779 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c07589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The oxygen reduction reaction is essential for fuel cells and metal-air batteries in renewable energy technologies. Developing platinum-group-metal (PGM)-free catalysts with comparable catalytic performance is highly desired for cost efficiency. Here, we report a tin (Sn) nanocluster confined catalyst for the electrochemical oxygen reduction. The catalyst was fabricated by confining 1-1.5 nm sized Sn nanoclusters in situ in microporous nitrogen-doped carbon polyhedra (SnxNC) with an average pore size of 0.7 nm. SnxNC exhibited high catalytic performance in acidic media, including positive onset and half-wave potentials, comparable to those of the state-of-the-art Pt/C and far exceeding those of the Sn single-atom catalyst. Combined structural and theoretical analyses reveal that the confined Sn nanoclusters, which have favorable oxygen adsorption behaviors, are responsible for the high catalytic performance, but not Sn single atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, 220 Handan, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering/Center for Dimension-Controllable Organic Frameworks, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Hyuk-Jun Noh
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering/Center for Dimension-Controllable Organic Frameworks, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Wei Che
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering/Center for Dimension-Controllable Organic Frameworks, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Jong-Pil Jeon
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering/Center for Dimension-Controllable Organic Frameworks, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Gao-Feng Han
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering/Center for Dimension-Controllable Organic Frameworks, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Tae Joo Shin
- UNIST Central Research Facilities, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Min Gyu Kim
- Beamline Research Division, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory (PAL), Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, South Korea
| | - Yaobin Wang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 219 Ningliu, Nanjing 210044, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfei Bu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 219 Ningliu, Nanjing 210044, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengping Fu
- Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Photon Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Yalin Lu
- Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Photon Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Jong-Beom Baek
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering/Center for Dimension-Controllable Organic Frameworks, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
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5
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Zhang X, Zhang W, Peng Y. In situinvestigation on melting characteristics of 1D SnCu alloy nanosolder. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:305301. [PMID: 35395642 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac659c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanosoldering can bond various nanomaterials together or connect them with electrodes to form electrical contacts, thus assembling these nanomaterials into functional nanodevices; it is believed to be a promising interconnection technique due to its flexibility, controllability and crucial advantage of avoiding detrimental effects on the nano-objects. In this technique, molten solder as a filler material is introduced between the objects to be joined to form a reliable bond, in which the nanosolder reflow melting is a crucial prerequisite for successful nanosoldering. This work focuses on studying the melting characteristics of one-dimensional 97Sn3Cu nanosolder with low-cost, prominent electrical property and high mechanical reliability, aiming to promote its applications in nanosoldering. The reflow melting of an individual nanosolder has been dynamically observed byin situheating holder in transmission electron microscopy, where the obtained reflow temperature (530 °C) is much higher than its melting temperature (220.4 °C) because of the external oxide layer confinement. Furthermore, the size-dependent melting temperature of nanosolders with various diameters (20-300 nm) has been investigated by both differential scanning calorimetry and theoretical calculation, revealing that the melting temperature decreases as the diameter goes down, especially for the nanosolders in the sub 80 nm range, where the value decreases significantly. The experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical predictions. These results pointed out here can be readily extended to other nanosolders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhang
- School of Materials and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO), Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Orsay F-91405, France
| | - Yong Peng
- School of Materials and Energy, Electron Microscopy Centre of Lanzhou University and Key Laboratory of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials of Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
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6
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Gao Y, Clares AP, Manogharan G, van Duin ACT. A Reactive Molecular Dynamics Study of Bi-modal Particle Size Distribution in Binder-Jetting Additive Manufacturing using Stainless-Steel Powders. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:11603-11615. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00630h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In order to improve a final part’s density and achieve desired mechanical properties, binder-jetting additive manufacturing usually requires lengthy post-processing steps such as curing, sintering, and infiltration. The role of...
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7
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Melting of micro/nanoparticles considering anisotropy of surface energy. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19297. [PMID: 34588528 PMCID: PMC8481299 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98704-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of surface energy on the melting of micro/nanoparticles is studied using the asymptotic method. The asymptotic solution of the dynamic model for micro/nanoparticle melting reveals the dependence of the particle melting temperature on the particle size and the anisotropy of surface energy. Specifically, as the particle radius decreases, the isotropic surface energy reduces the melting temperature and accelerates the interface melting of the particle. Along certain crystal orientations, the anisotropy of surface energy enhances the melting temperature of the micro/nanoparticles, whereas depresses the melting temperature of the micro/nanoparticle along other crystal orientations. The anisotropy of surface energy enhances the melting speed of the micro/nanoparticles along certain crystal orientations, whereas reduces the melting speed of the micro/nanoparticles along other crystal orientations. The result of the asymptotic solution is in good agreement with the experimental data.
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8
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Li H, Yuan M, Tan D, Susilo RA, Dong H, Chen Z, Zhao Y, Deng Y, Chen B. Revealing the unusual grain growth of nanoparticles in calcination: oriented attachment in the solid state. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce00187f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The grain size doubling of nickel nanocrystals in calcination reveals that oriented attachment (OA), which generally involves the use of a liquid medium, can occur in solid state as well and dominate the nano-grain coarsening.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Li
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research (HPSTAR)
- Shanghai 201203
- China
| | - Mingzhi Yuan
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research (HPSTAR)
- Shanghai 201203
- China
| | - Dayong Tan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Physics and Material Research and Development
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
| | - Resta A. Susilo
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research (HPSTAR)
- Shanghai 201203
- China
| | - Hongliang Dong
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research (HPSTAR)
- Shanghai 201203
- China
| | - Zhiqiang Chen
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research (HPSTAR)
- Shanghai 201203
- China
| | - Yunlei Zhao
- College of Engineering and Applied Science
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
- China
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures
| | - Yu Deng
- College of Engineering and Applied Science
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
- China
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures
| | - Bin Chen
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research (HPSTAR)
- Shanghai 201203
- China
- School of Science
- Harbin Institute of Technology
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9
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Abstract
This study examines how the several major industries, associated with a carbon artifact production, essentially belong to one, closely knit family. The common parents are the geological fossils called petroleum and coal. The study also reviews the major developments in carbon nanotechnology and electrocatalysis over the last 30 years or so. In this context, the development of various carbon materials with size, dopants, shape, and structure designed to achieve high catalytic electroactivity is reported, and among them recent carbon electrodes with many important features are presented together with their relevant applications in chemical technology, neurochemical monitoring, electrode kinetics, direct carbon fuel cells, lithium ion batteries, electrochemical capacitors, and supercapattery.
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Affiliation(s)
- César A C Sequeira
- CeFEMA, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
- CeFEMA, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
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10
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Grunina NA, Belopolskaya TV, Tsereteli GI, Smirnova ΟΙ. The Manifestation of Hysteresis in the Thermal Properties of Nanosystems Based on the Example of Supercooled Water Clusters in Wet Sephadex of the G Type. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350920010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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11
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12
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Ridings KM, Aldershof TS, Hendy SC. Surface melting and breakup of metal nanowires: Theory and molecular dynamics simulation. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:094705. [PMID: 30849918 DOI: 10.1063/1.5086435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We consider the surface melting of metal nanowires by solving a phenomenological two-parabola Landau model and by conducting molecular dynamics simulations of nickel and aluminum nanowires. The model suggests that surface melting will precede bulk melting when the melt completely wets the surface and the wire is sufficiently thick, as is the case for planar surfaces and sufficiently large nanoparticles. Surface melting does not occur if the melt partially wets or does not wet the surface. We test this model, which assumes that the surface energies of the wire are isotropic, using molecular dynamics simulations. For nickel, we observe the onset of anisotropic surface melting associated with each of the two surface facets present, but this gives way to uniform surface melting and the solid melts radially until the solid core eventually breaks up. For aluminum, while we observe complete surface melting of one facet, the lowest energy surface remains partially dry even up to the point where the melt completely penetrates the solid core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannan M Ridings
- Department of Physics, MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Thomas S Aldershof
- School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Shaun C Hendy
- Department of Physics, MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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13
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Wang D, Gao C, Wang W, Sun M, Guo B, Xie H, He Q. Shape-Transformable, Fusible Rodlike Swimming Liquid Metal Nanomachine. ACS NANO 2018; 12:10212-10220. [PMID: 30231200 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b05203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The T-1000 liquid metal terminator, which can transform and self-repair, represents a dream for decades that robots can fundamentally change our daily life. Until now, some large-scale liquid metal machines have been developed. However, there is no report on nanoscaled liquid metal machines and their biomedical applications. We describe here a shape-transformable and fusible rodlike swimming liquid metal nanomachine, based on the biocompatible and transformable liquid metal gallium. These nanomachines were prepared by a pressure-filter-template technology, and the diameter and length could be controlled by adjusting the nanoporous templates, filter time, and pressure. The as-prepared liquid gallium nanomotors display a core-shell nanorod structure composed of a liquid gallium core and solid gallium oxide shell. Upon exposure to an ultrasound field, the generated acoustic radiation force in the levitation plane can propel them to move autonomously. The liquid metal nanomachine can actively seek cancer cells and transform from a rod to a droplet after drilling into cells owing to the removal of gallium oxide layers in the acidic endosomes. These transformed nanomachines could fuse together inside cells and photothermally kill cancer cells under illumination of near-infrared light. Such acoustically propelled shape-transformable rodlike liquid metal nanomachines have great potential for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daolin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining (HIT), Micro/Nanotechnology Research Center , Harbin Institute of Technology , 2 Yikuang Street , Harbin 150080 , China
| | - Changyong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining (HIT), Micro/Nanotechnology Research Center , Harbin Institute of Technology , 2 Yikuang Street , Harbin 150080 , China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining (HIT), Micro/Nanotechnology Research Center , Harbin Institute of Technology , 2 Yikuang Street , Harbin 150080 , China
| | - Mengmeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining (HIT), Micro/Nanotechnology Research Center , Harbin Institute of Technology , 2 Yikuang Street , Harbin 150080 , China
| | - Bin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining (HIT), Micro/Nanotechnology Research Center , Harbin Institute of Technology , 2 Yikuang Street , Harbin 150080 , China
| | - Hui Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining (HIT), Micro/Nanotechnology Research Center , Harbin Institute of Technology , 2 Yikuang Street , Harbin 150080 , China
| | - Qiang He
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining (HIT), Micro/Nanotechnology Research Center , Harbin Institute of Technology , 2 Yikuang Street , Harbin 150080 , China
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14
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Liu X, Wen X, Hoffmann R. Surface Activation of Transition Metal Nanoparticles for Heterogeneous Catalysis: What We Can Learn from Molecular Dynamics. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b04468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xingchen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, China
- National Energy Center for Coal to Liquids, Synfuels CHINA Co., Ltd, Huairou District, Beijing 101400, China
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Baker Laboratory, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - Xiaodong Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, China
- National Energy Center for Coal to Liquids, Synfuels CHINA Co., Ltd, Huairou District, Beijing 101400, China
| | - Roald Hoffmann
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Baker Laboratory, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
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15
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Akbarzadeh H, Abbaspour M, Mehrjouei E. Au@Pt and Pt@Au nanoalloys in the icosahedral and cuboctahedral structures: Which is more stable? J Mol Liq 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2017.07.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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16
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Dai G, Wang B, Xu S, Lu Y, Shen Y. Side-to-Side Cold Welding for Controllable Nanogap Formation from "Dumbbell" Ultrathin Gold Nanorods. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:13506-11. [PMID: 27173140 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b01070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Cold welding has been regarded as a promising bottom-up nanofabrication technique because of its ability to join metallic nanostructures at room temperature with low applied stress and without introducing damage. Usually, the cold welding process can be done instantaneously for ultrathin nanowires (diameter <10 nm) in "head-to-head" joining. Here, we demonstrate that "dumbbell" shaped ultrathin gold nanorods can be cold welded in the "side-to-side" mode in a highly controllable manner and can form an extremely small nanogap via a relatively slow welding process (up to tens of minutes, allowing various functional applications). By combining in situ high-resolution transmission electron microscopic analysis and molecular dynamic simulations, we further reveal the underlying mechanism for this "side-to-side" welding process as being dominated by atom kinetics instead of thermodynamics, which provides critical insights into three-dimensional nanosystem integration as well as the building of functional nanodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaole Dai
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong , Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong , Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Binjun Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong , Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong , Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Shang Xu
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong , Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong , Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong , Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong , Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Yajing Shen
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong , Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong , Shenzhen 518057, China
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17
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Neyts EC, Ostrikov K(K, Sunkara MK, Bogaerts A. Plasma Catalysis: Synergistic Effects at the Nanoscale. Chem Rev 2015; 115:13408-46. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erik C. Neyts
- Department
of Chemistry, Research Group PLASMANT, Universiteit Antwerpen, Universiteitsplein
1, 2610 Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kostya (Ken) Ostrikov
- Institute
for Future Environments and School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical
Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
- Plasma
Nanoscience Laboratories, Manufacturing Flagship, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, P.O. Box 218, Lindfield, New South Wales 2070, Australia
| | - Mahendra K. Sunkara
- Conn
Center for Renewable Energy Research and Chemical Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Annemie Bogaerts
- Department
of Chemistry, Research Group PLASMANT, Universiteit Antwerpen, Universiteitsplein
1, 2610 Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium
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18
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19
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Roshanghias A, Vrestal J, Yakymovych A, Richter KW, Ipser H. Sn-Ag-Cu nanosolders: Melting behavior and phase diagram prediction in the Sn-rich corner of the ternary system. CALPHAD ; COMPUTER COUPLING OF PHASE DIAGRAMS AND THERMOCHEMISTRY 2015; 49:101-109. [PMID: 26082567 PMCID: PMC4456117 DOI: 10.1016/j.calphad.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Melting temperatures of Sn-Ag-Cu (SAC) alloys in the Sn-rich corner are of interest for lead-free soldering. At the same time, nanoparticle solders with depressed melting temperatures close to the Sn-Pb eutectic temperature have received increasing attention. Recently, the phase stability of nanoparticles has been the subject of plenty of theoretical and empirical investigations. In the present study, SAC nanoparticles of various sizes have been synthesized via chemical reduction and the size dependent melting point depression of these particles has been specified experimentally. The liquidus projection in the Sn-rich corner of the ternary SAC system has also been calculated as a function of particle size, based on the CALPHAD-approach. The calculated melting temperatures were compared with those obtained experimentally and with values reported in the literature, which revealed good agreement. The model also predicts that with decreasing particle size, the eutectic composition shifts towards the Sn-rich corner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Roshanghias
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry (Materials Chemistry), University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jan Vrestal
- Masaryk University, CEITEC MU, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Andriy Yakymovych
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry (Materials Chemistry), University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Klaus W. Richter
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry (Materials Chemistry), University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Herbert Ipser
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry (Materials Chemistry), University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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20
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Roshanghias A, Yakymovych A, Bernardi J, Ipser H. Synthesis and thermal behavior of tin-based alloy (Sn-Ag-Cu) nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:5843-51. [PMID: 25757694 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr00462d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The prominent melting point depression of nanoparticles has been the subject of a considerable amount of research. For their promising applications in electronics, tin-based nano-alloys such as near-eutectic Sn-Ag-Cu (SAC) alloys have been synthesized via various techniques. However, due to issues such as particle aggregation and oxidation or introduced impurities, the application of these nano-size particles has been confined or aborted. For instance, thermal investigations by DTA/DSC in a large number of studies revealed exothermic peaks in the range of 240-500 °C, i.e. above the melting point of SAC nanoparticles, with different and quite controversial explanations for this unclear phenomenon. This represents a considerable drawback for the application of nanoparticles. Correspondingly, in the current study, the thermal stability of SAC nanoparticles has been investigated via electron microscopy, XRD, FTIR, and DSC/TG analysis. It was found that the nanoparticles consist mainly of a metallic β-Sn core and an amorphous tin hydroxide shell structure. The SnO crystalline phase formation from this amorphous shell has been associated with the exothermic peaks on the first heating cycle of the nanoparticles, followed by a disproportionation reaction into metallic Sn and SnO₂.The results also revealed that the surfactant and reducing agent cannot only affect the size and size distribution of the nanoparticles, they might also alter the ratio between the amorphous shell and the crystalline core in the structure of particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Roshanghias
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry (Materials Chemistry), University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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21
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Including nonequilibrium interface kinetics in a continuum model for melting nanoscaled particles. Sci Rep 2014; 4:7066. [PMID: 25399918 PMCID: PMC4233348 DOI: 10.1038/srep07066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The melting temperature of a nanoscaled particle is known to decrease as the curvature of the solid-melt interface increases. This relationship is most often modelled by a Gibbs-Thomson law, with the decrease in melting temperature proposed to be a product of the curvature of the solid-melt interface and the surface tension. Such a law must break down for sufficiently small particles, since the curvature becomes singular in the limit that the particle radius vanishes. Furthermore, the use of this law as a boundary condition for a Stefan-type continuum model is problematic because it leads to a physically unrealistic form of mathematical blow-up at a finite particle radius. By numerical simulation, we show that the inclusion of nonequilibrium interface kinetics in the Gibbs-Thomson law regularises the continuum model, so that the mathematical blow up is suppressed. As a result, the solution continues until complete melting, and the corresponding melting temperature remains finite for all time. The results of the adjusted model are consistent with experimental findings of abrupt melting of nanoscaled particles. This small-particle regime appears to be closely related to the problem of melting a superheated particle.
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22
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Sun J, He L, Lo YC, Xu T, Bi H, Sun L, Zhang Z, Mao SX, Li J. Liquid-like pseudoelasticity of sub-10-nm crystalline silver particles. NATURE MATERIALS 2014; 13:1007-1012. [PMID: 25306422 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In nanotechnology, small-volume metals with large surface area are used as electrodes, catalysts, interconnects and antennae. Their shape stability at room temperature has, however, been questioned. Using in situ high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, we find that Ag nanoparticles can be deformed like a liquid droplet but remain highly crystalline in the interior, with no sign of dislocation activity during deformation. Surface-diffusion-mediated pseudoelastic deformation is evident at room temperature, which can be driven by either an external force or capillary-energy minimization. Atomistic simulations confirm that such highly unusual Coble pseudoelasticity can indeed happen for sub-10-nm Ag particles at room temperature and at timescales from seconds to months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Sun
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Lab of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Longbing He
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Lab of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Yu-Chieh Lo
- 1] Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA [2] Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA [3] Center for Elements Strategy Initiative for Structural Materials (ESISM), Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tao Xu
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Lab of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Hengchang Bi
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Lab of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Litao Sun
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Lab of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Ze Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Scott X Mao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, 3700 O'Hara Street Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Ju Li
- 1] Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA [2] Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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23
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Delogu F. Unsaturated coordination and surface stresses in metal nanoparticles. Chem Phys Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2014.03.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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24
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25
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Alabi TR, Yuan D, Das S. Hierarchical metallic and ceramic nanostructures from laser interference ablation and block copolymer phase separation. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:3912-3917. [PMID: 23532435 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr33438d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We report on the formation of hierarchical nanostructures of Au, PtOx, FexOy and PdOx using a hybrid technique by combining laser interference ablation (LIA) and block copolymer phase separation (BCPS). Different types of hierarchical arrays can be obtained including square, triangular, linear and circular arrays by varying the loading time of the block co-polymer with metallic salts, and the laser interference technique. The primary ordering of the as-generated nanoarrays (30-100 nm) is tunable by changing either the composition of the block copolymer spun from solution or by changing other parameters that affect the phase separation kinetics of the block copolymer, while the secondary ordering of the features can be tuned from 200 nm to 2 μm, by changing the angle of convergence of the laser beams on the patterned substrate. Such a robust method can be applied to the fabrication of other metallic and ceramic materials including Ag, Co, and Ni (O) and has potential use in the large scale fabrication of hierarchical arrays of catalysts that can be used to grow germanium, silicon nanowires using the vapour-liquid-solid growth (VLS) technique. The as-generated arrays can also find use in optical as well as sensor applications for biodetection and biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiwo R Alabi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA
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26
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Shu Q, Yang Y, Zhai YT, Sun DY, Xiang HJ, Gong XG. Size-dependent melting behavior of iron nanoparticles by replica exchange molecular dynamics. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:6307-6311. [PMID: 22930365 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr30853c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Using the replica-exchange molecular dynamics method (REMD), we have investigated the size dependence of the melting behavior of iron nanoparticles. Comparing to conventional molecular dynamics (MD), the REMD method is found to be very efficient in determining the melting point by avoiding superheating and undercooling phenomena. With accurate determination of the melting point, we find that the melting temperature does not follow linearly with the inverse of size. By incorporating the size dependent thickness of surface liquid layer which is observed in our simulation, we propose a revised liquid skin melting model to describe the size dependent melting temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Shu
- Key Laboratory for Computational Physical Sciences (MOE), and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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27
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Kast SM, Schäfer S, Schäfer R. Thermally induced polarizabilities and dipole moments of small tin clusters. J Chem Phys 2012; 136:134320. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3699071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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28
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van Swol F, Challa SR, Shelnutt JA. A thermodynamic perspective of the metastability of holey sheets: the role of curvature. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:13309-18. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp41446e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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29
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Tabti M, Eddahbi A, Ouaskit S, Elarroum L. Melting of Argon Cluster: Dependence of Caloric Curves on MD Simulation Parameters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/wjcmp.2012.23023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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30
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Heiles S, Schäfer S, Schäfer R. On the rotational temperature and structure dependence of electric field deflection experiments: A case study of germanium clusters. J Chem Phys 2011; 135:034303. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3610390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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31
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Abstract
Recent developments allow heat capacities to be measured for size-selected clusters isolated in the gas phase. For clusters with tens to hundreds of atoms, the heat capacities determined as a function of temperature usually have a single peak attributed to a melting transition. The melting temperatures and latent heats show large size-dependent fluctuations. In some cases, the melting temperatures change by hundreds of degrees with the addition of a single atom. Theory has played a critical role in understanding the origin of the size-dependent fluctuations, and in understanding the properties of the liquid-like and solid-like states. In some cases, the heat capacities have extra features (an additional peak or a dip) that reveal a more complex behavior than simple melting. In this article we provide a description of the methods used to measure the heat capacities and provide an overview of the experimental and theoretical results obtained for sodium and aluminum clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Aguado
- Departamento de Física Teórica, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid 47011, Spain
| | - Martin F. Jarrold
- Chemistry Department, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47401;,
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32
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Katoh Y, Matsuda Y, Ando W, Matsukage M, Tasaka S. Melting and crystallization behavior of metallic alloy in the composites with polyacrylate. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.33171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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33
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Nanda KK. On the paradoxical relation between the melting temperature and forbidden energy gap of nanoparticles. J Chem Phys 2010; 133:054502. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3466920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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34
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Jiang H, Wong C. Low Processing Temperature of Lead-Free Solder Interconnects [Nanopackaging. IEEE NANOTECHNOLOGY MAGAZINE 2010. [DOI: 10.1109/mnano.2010.936604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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35
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Li W. The Heart of the Matter [The Editor's Desk. IEEE NANOTECHNOLOGY MAGAZINE 2010. [DOI: 10.1109/mnano.2010.936600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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36
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Schwind M, Zhdanov VP, Zorić I, Kasemo B. LSPR study of the kinetics of the liquid-solid phase transition in Sn nanoparticles. NANO LETTERS 2010; 10:931-936. [PMID: 20108946 DOI: 10.1021/nl100044k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Using the localized surface plasmon resonance as a probe in solid and liquid Sn nanoparticles of 107 nm diameter and 52 nm height, we have studied their kinetics of melting and freezing at temperature ramps and, for the first time, at fixed temperatures. During temperature ramps, the kinetics exhibit distinct hysteresis. The melting occurs near the bulk melting point while the freezing is observed at much lower temperatures so that the undercooling interval is approximately 130 K. The time scale of the freezing kinetics measured at different fixed temperatures rapidly decreases as the latter are lowered. All these findings have been quantitatively described by assuming the nucleation to occur on the edges of nanoparticles and employing the classical nucleation theory with the corresponding modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Schwind
- Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, S-412 96 Goteborg, Sweden.
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37
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Yeshchenko OA, Dmitruk IM, Alexeenko AA, Kotko AV. Surface plasmon as a probe for melting of silver nanoparticles. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 21:045203. [PMID: 20009174 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/21/4/045203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The temperature dependence of the surface plasmon energy and bandwidth for silver nanoparticles in the size range 8-30 nm embedded in a silica matrix has been studied using diffuse reflection spectroscopy. The dependence shows a non-monotonic jump-like behaviour indicating a low-temperature size-dependent melting of silver nanoparticles. The melting point decreases with the decrease of the nanoparticle size. The hysteresis in the temperature dependence of the surface plasmon bandwidth has been observed, indicating the first-order phase transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg A Yeshchenko
- Physics Department, National Taras Shevchenko Kyiv University, Kyiv, Ukraine
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38
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Abstract
Abstract
The chemical potential of metal atoms in isolated clusters has been investigated in dependence of cluster size by means of molecular beam experiments. For that purpose the heat of condensation, which is released during a cluster deposition experiment, is measured with novel microcalorimeters. The experimentally determined heat of condensation enables one to determine the formation enthalpies of the isolated particles. Additional temperature dependent measurements gives insight in the melting behaviour of the isolated systems. The investigations allow one to discuss the size-dependence of the chemical potential of metal atoms in small particles in comparison to predictions on the basis of a simple thermodynamic droplet model.
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39
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Lereah Y, Kofman R, Pénisson JM, Deutscher G, Cheyssac P, David TB, Bourret A. Time-resolved electron microscopy studies of the structure of nanoparticles and their melting. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/13642810108223119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Lereah
- a Faculty of Engineering , Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv , Israel
| | - R. Kofman
- b Laboratoire de Physiaue de la Matière Condensée, Unité Mixte de Recherche associée au CNRS 6622 , Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis , 06108 Nice, Cedex , 2 , France
| | - J. M. Pénisson
- c Département de Recherche Fondamentale sur la Matière Condensée , Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique , Grenoble, 17 avenue des Martyrs 38054, Grenoble , Cedex , 9 , France
| | - G. Deutscher
- d Faculty of Exact Sciences , Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv , Israel
| | - P. Cheyssac
- b Laboratoire de Physiaue de la Matière Condensée, Unité Mixte de Recherche associée au CNRS 6622 , Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis , 06108 Nice, Cedex , 2 , France
| | - T. Ben David
- d Faculty of Exact Sciences , Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv , Israel
| | - A. Bourret
- c Département de Recherche Fondamentale sur la Matière Condensée , Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique , Grenoble, 17 avenue des Martyrs 38054, Grenoble , Cedex , 9 , France
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40
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Li KJ, Huang SP, Tu WX, Zhu JQ, Liu H. Melting Behaviour of Shell-symmetric Aluminum Nanoparticles: Molecular Dynamics Simulation. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2009. [DOI: 10.1088/1674-0068/22/03/215-222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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41
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Schäfer S, Assadollahzadeh B, Mehring M, Schwerdtfeger P, Schäfer R. Structure and Electric Properties of SnN Clusters (N = 6−20) from Combined Electric Deflection Experiments and Quantum Theoretical Studies. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:12312-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp8030754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Schäfer
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische and Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany, and Centre of Theoretical Chemistry and Physics, The New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study, Massey University (Auckland Campus), Private Bag 102904, North Shore City, 0745 Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Behnam Assadollahzadeh
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische and Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany, and Centre of Theoretical Chemistry and Physics, The New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study, Massey University (Auckland Campus), Private Bag 102904, North Shore City, 0745 Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Max Mehring
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische and Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany, and Centre of Theoretical Chemistry and Physics, The New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study, Massey University (Auckland Campus), Private Bag 102904, North Shore City, 0745 Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peter Schwerdtfeger
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische and Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany, and Centre of Theoretical Chemistry and Physics, The New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study, Massey University (Auckland Campus), Private Bag 102904, North Shore City, 0745 Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rolf Schäfer
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische and Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany, and Centre of Theoretical Chemistry and Physics, The New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study, Massey University (Auckland Campus), Private Bag 102904, North Shore City, 0745 Auckland, New Zealand
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42
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Wang N, Rokhlin SI, Farson DF. Nonhomogeneous surface premelting of Au nanoparticles. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2008; 19:415701. [PMID: 21832652 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/19/41/415701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A reversible nonhomogeneous surface premelting of Au nanoparticles is demonstrated through molecular dynamics simulations. With increasing temperature, liquid-like atoms first appear at some vertices and edges of surface facets, then small liquid regions grow and, at temperatures close to the particle melting temperature, most of the remaining solid-like surface atoms reside on {111} planes which are the most stable against surface premelting. The appearance of a contiguous liquid layer (complete surface premelting) is size dependent and is not observed in very small nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningyu Wang
- Laboratory for Multiscale Processing and Characterization, Edison Joining Technology Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43221, USA
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43
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Mantovan R, Debernardi A, Fanciulli M. Size dependence of the Mössbauer recoilless fraction in β-Sn nanocrystals. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2008; 20:385201. [PMID: 21693820 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/20/38/385201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We study the size dependence of the Mössbauer recoilless fraction in β-Sn nanocrystals by performing conversion electron Mössbauer spectroscopy at different temperatures. The Mössbauer recoilless fraction is intimately related to dynamical processes involving the nuclei during the γ-ray emission. The β-Sn nanocrystals are embedded in a SiO(2) matrix, and they have a mean diameter ranging from 7 to 17 nm. A lowering of the recoilless fraction with decreasing cluster size is observed. The smallest nanocrystals reveal a 60% reduction of the recoilless fraction compared to the bulk value, while for the largest clusters we observe the same Mössbauer recoilless fraction as in the bulk. This suggests that the dynamical properties of the β-Sn nanocrystals in SiO(2) approach those of the bulk for a critical mean diameter above 16 nm. The experimental results are compared with theoretical values obtained by a continuum model in which the relevant parameters are determined ab initio.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mantovan
- Laboratorio Nazionale MDM CNR-INFM, Via C Olivetti 2, 20041 Agrate Brianza (MI), Italy
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44
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Antonietti JM, Gong J, Habibpour V, Röttgen MA, Abbet S, Harding CJ, Arenz M, Heiz U, Gerber C. Micromechanical sensor for studying heats of surface reactions, adsorption, and cluster deposition processes. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2007; 78:054101. [PMID: 17552842 DOI: 10.1063/1.2740165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We present a newly designed highly sensitive micromechanical sensor devoted to thermodynamic studies involving supported clusters. The thermally sensitive element of the sensor consists of a micromachined silicon cantilever array, onto which a thin metal film is evaporated. Due to the difference between the thermal expansion coefficients of silicon and the metal employed, thermal bending is observed when heat is exchanged with the cantilever. The sensitivity and the response time of the cantilever are studied as a function of the film material (gold or aluminum) and the thickness of the metal film. With our routinely prepared cantilevers, a minimum power of 120 nW is measurable with a submillisecond response time, corresponding to a limit of detection in the femtojoule range. The high sensitivity of the sensor is demonstrated by measuring the heat exchange which occurs during the deposition of clusters on the cantilever. Experimentally, we illustrate the 1,3-butadiene hydrogenation reaction using a cluster model catalysts created by soft-landing palladium clusters onto the cantilever surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marie Antonietti
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie 1, Technische Universität München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
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45
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Plech A, Cerna R, Kotaidis V, Hudert F, Bartels A, Dekorsy T. A surface phase transition of supported gold nanoparticles. NANO LETTERS 2007; 7:1026-31. [PMID: 17352505 DOI: 10.1021/nl070187t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A thermal phase transition has been resolved in gold nanoparticles supported on a surface. By use of asynchronous optical sampling with coupled femtosecond oscillators, the Lamb vibrational modes could be resolved as a function of annealing temperature. At a temperature of 104 degrees C the damping rate and phase changes abruptly, indicating a structural transition in the particle, which is explained as the onset of surface melting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Plech
- Department of Physics and Center for Applied Photonics, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany.
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47
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Jiang H, Moon KS, Dong H, Hua F, Wong C. Size-dependent melting properties of tin nanoparticles. Chem Phys Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2006.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Mejía-Rosales SJ, Fernandez-Navarro C, Pérez-Tijerina E, Montejano-Carrizales JM, José-Yacamán M. Two-Stage Melting of Au−Pd Nanoparticles. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:12884-9. [PMID: 16805586 DOI: 10.1021/jp0614704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Several series of molecular dynamics runs were performed to simulate the melting transition of bimetallic cuboctahedral nanoparticles of gold-palladium at different relative concentrations to study their structural properties before, in, and after the transition. The simulations were made in the canonical ensemble, each series covering a range of temperatures from 300 to 980 K, using the Rafii-Tabar version of the Sutton and Chen interatomic potential for metallic alloys. We found that the melting transition temperature has a strong dependence on the relative concentrations of the atomic species. We also found that, previous to the melting transition, the outer layer of the nanoparticle gets disordered in what can be thought as a premelting stage, where Au atoms near the surface migrate to the surface and remain there after the particle melts as a whole. The melting of the surface below Tm is consistent with studies of the interaction of a TEM electron beam with Au and Au-Pd nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio J Mejía-Rosales
- Facultad de Ciencias Físico-Matematicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolas de los Garza, Nuevo León, México 66450
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Alavi S, Thompson DL. Molecular Dynamics Simulations of the Melting of Aluminum Nanoparticles. J Phys Chem A 2005; 110:1518-23. [PMID: 16435812 DOI: 10.1021/jp053318s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations are performed to determine the melting points of aluminum nanoparticles of 55-1000 atoms with the Streitz-Mintmire [Phys. Rev. B 1994, 50, 11996] variable-charge electrostatic plus potential. The melting of the nanoparticles is characterized by studying the temperature dependence of the potential energy and Lindemann index. Nanoparticles with less than 850 atoms show bistability between the solid and liquid phases over temperature ranges below the point of complete melting. The potential energy of a nanoparticle in the bistable region alternates between values corresponding to the solid and liquid phases. This bistability is characteristic of dynamic coexistence melting. At higher temperatures, only the liquid state is stable. Nanoparticles with more than 850 atoms undergo a sharp solid-liquid-phase transition characteristic of the bulk solid phase. The variation of the melting point with the effective nanoparticle radius is also determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saman Alavi
- Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada.
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Haberland H, Hippler T, Donges J, Kostko O, Schmidt M, von Issendorff B. Melting of sodium clusters: where do the magic numbers come from? PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2005; 94:035701. [PMID: 15698283 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.94.035701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Melting temperatures of Na clusters show size-dependent fluctuations that have resisted interpretation so far. Here we discuss that these temperatures, in fact, cannot be expected to exhibit an easily understandable behavior. The energy and entropy differences between the liquid and the solid clusters turn out to be much more relevant parameters. They exhibit pronounced maxima that correlate well with geometrical shell closings, demonstrating the importance of geometric structure for the melting process. Icosahedral symmetry dominates, a conclusion corroborated by new photoelectron spectra measured on cold cluster anions. In the vicinity of the geometrical shell closings the measured entropy change upon melting is in good agreement with a simple combinatorial model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hellmut Haberland
- Fakultät für Physik, Universität Freiburg, H. Herderstrasse 3, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
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