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Kim YJ, Militzer B, Boates B, Bonev S, Celliers PM, Collins GW, Driver KP, Fratanduono DE, Hamel S, Jeanloz R, Rygg JR, Swift DC, Eggert JH, Millot M. Evidence for Dissociation and Ionization in Shock Compressed Nitrogen to 800 GPa. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:015701. [PMID: 35841582 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.015701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Triple bonding in the nitrogen molecule (N_{2}) is among the strongest chemical bonds with a dissociation enthalpy of 9.8 eV/molecule. Nitrogen is therefore an excellent test bed for theoretical and numerical methods aimed at understanding how bonding evolves under the influence of the extreme pressures and temperatures of the warm dense matter regime. Here, we report laser-driven shock experiments on fluid molecular nitrogen up to 800 GPa and 4.0 g/cm^{3}. Line-imaging velocimetry measurements and impedance matching method with a quartz reference yield shock equation of state data of initially precompressed nitrogen. Comparison with numerical simulations using path integral Monte Carlo and density functional theory molecular dynamics reveals clear signatures of chemical dissociation and the onset of L-shell ionization. Combining data along multiple shock Hugoniot curves starting from densities between 0.76 and 1.29 g/cm^{3}, our study documents how pressure and density affect these changes in chemical bonding and provides benchmarks for future theoretical developments in this regime, with applications for planetary interior modeling, high energy density science, and inertial confinement fusion research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jae Kim
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Burkhard Militzer
- Departments of Earth and Planetary Science and Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Brian Boates
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Stanimir Bonev
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Peter M Celliers
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Gilbert W Collins
- Departments of Mechanical Engineering, Physics and Astronomy, and the Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - Kevin P Driver
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | | | - Sebastien Hamel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Raymond Jeanloz
- Departments of Earth and Planetary Science and Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J Ryan Rygg
- Departments of Mechanical Engineering, Physics and Astronomy, and the Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - Damian C Swift
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Jon H Eggert
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Marius Millot
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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Yao B, Kuznetsov VL, Xiao T, Slocombe DR, Rao CNR, Hensel F, Edwards PP. Metals and non-metals in the periodic table. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2020; 378:20200213. [PMID: 32811363 PMCID: PMC7435143 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2020.0213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The demarcation of the chemical elements into metals and non-metals dates back to the dawn of Dmitri Mendeleev's construction of the periodic table; it still represents the cornerstone of our view of modern chemistry. In this contribution, a particular emphasis will be attached to the question 'Why do the chemical elements of the periodic table exist either as metals or non-metals under ambient conditions?' This is perhaps most apparent in the p-block of the periodic table where one sees an almost-diagonal line separating metals and non-metals. The first searching, quantum-mechanical considerations of this question were put forward by Hund in 1934. Interestingly, the very first discussion of the problem-in fact, a pre-quantum-mechanical approach-was made earlier, by Goldhammer in 1913 and Herzfeld in 1927. Their simple rationalization, in terms of atomic properties which confer metallic or non-metallic status to elements across the periodic table, leads to what is commonly called the Goldhammer-Herzfeld criterion for metallization. For a variety of undoubtedly complex reasons, the Goldhammer-Herzfeld theory lay dormant for close to half a century. However, since that time the criterion has been repeatedly applied, with great success, to many systems and materials exhibiting non-metal to metal transitions in order to predict, and understand, the precise conditions for metallization. Here, we review the application of Goldhammer-Herzfeld theory to the question of the metallic versus non-metallic status of chemical elements within the periodic system. A link between that theory and the work of Sir Nevill Mott on the metal-non-metal transition is also highlighted. The application of the 'simple', but highly effective Goldhammer-Herzfeld and Mott criteria, reveal when a chemical element of the periodic table will behave as a metal, and when it will behave as a non-metal. The success of these different, but converging approaches, lends weight to the idea of a simple, universal criterion for rationalizing the instantly-recognizable structure of the periodic table where …the metals are here, the non-metals are there … The challenge of the metallic and non-metallic states of oxides is also briefly introduced. This article is part of the theme issue 'Mendeleev and the periodic table'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benzhen Yao
- KACST-Oxford Centre of Excellence in Petrochemicals, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Vladimir L. Kuznetsov
- KACST-Oxford Centre of Excellence in Petrochemicals, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Tiancun Xiao
- KACST-Oxford Centre of Excellence in Petrochemicals, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Daniel R. Slocombe
- School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Queen's Buildings, The Parade, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK
| | - C. N. R. Rao
- New Chemistry Unit, Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit, Theoretical Science Unit and School of Advanced Materials, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur PO, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Friedrich Hensel
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, Marburg 35032, Germany
| | - Peter P. Edwards
- KACST-Oxford Centre of Excellence in Petrochemicals, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, UK
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Metallization and molecular dissociation of dense fluid nitrogen. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2624. [PMID: 29980680 PMCID: PMC6035179 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05011-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Diatomic nitrogen is an archetypal molecular system known for its exceptional stability and complex behavior at high pressures and temperatures, including rich solid polymorphism, formation of energetic states, and an insulator-to-metal transformation coupled to a change in chemical bonding. However, the thermobaric conditions of the fluid molecular–polymer phase boundary and associated metallization have not been experimentally established. Here, by applying dynamic laser heating of compressed nitrogen and using fast optical spectroscopy to study electronic properties, we observe a transformation from insulating (molecular) to conducting dense fluid nitrogen at temperatures that decrease with pressure and establish that metallization, and presumably fluid polymerization, occurs above 125 GPa at 2500 K. Our observations create a better understanding of the interplay between molecular dissociation, melting, and metallization revealing features that are common in simple molecular systems. Nitrogen is a model system still presenting unknown behaviors at the pressures and temperatures typical of deep planets’ interiors. Here the authors explore, by pulsed laser heating in a diamond anvil cell and optical measurements, the metallization and non-molecular states of nitrogen in a previously unexplored domain above 1 Mbar and at 2000-7000K.
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Weck G, Datchi F, Garbarino G, Ninet S, Queyroux JA, Plisson T, Mezouar M, Loubeyre P. Melting Curve and Liquid Structure of Nitrogen Probed by X-ray Diffraction to 120 GPa. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 119:235701. [PMID: 29286706 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.235701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Synchrotron x-ray diffraction measurements of nitrogen are performed up to 120 GPa to determine the melting curve and the structural changes of the solid and liquid phases along it. The melting temperature exhibits a monotonic increase up to the triple point where the epsilon molecular solid, the cubic gauche covalent solid, and the fluid meet at 116 GPa, 2080 K. Above, the stability of the cubic gauche phase induces a sharp increase of the melting curve. The structural data on liquid nitrogen show that the latter remains molecular over the whole probed domain, which contradicts the prediction of a liquid-liquid transition at 88 GPa, 2000 K. These findings thus largely revisit the phase diagram of hot dense nitrogen and challenge the current understanding of this model system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frédéric Datchi
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Milieux Condensés et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Sorbonne Universités-UPMC Univ. Paris 6, CNRS UMR 7590, IRD UMR 206, MNHN, 4 place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Gaston Garbarino
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71, avenue des Martyrs, CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Sandra Ninet
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Milieux Condensés et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Sorbonne Universités-UPMC Univ. Paris 6, CNRS UMR 7590, IRD UMR 206, MNHN, 4 place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Antoine Queyroux
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Milieux Condensés et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Sorbonne Universités-UPMC Univ. Paris 6, CNRS UMR 7590, IRD UMR 206, MNHN, 4 place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Mohamed Mezouar
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71, avenue des Martyrs, CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
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Zhang W, Li Z, Fu Z, Dai J, Chen Q, Cai L. Revisiting metallization boundary of warm dense helium in a wide ρ-T regime from ab initio study. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41885. [PMID: 28157200 PMCID: PMC5291107 DOI: 10.1038/srep41885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The knowledge of the metallization of warm dense helium has important implications for understanding the thermal histories, stellar structure and magnetic field environment of giant planets. However, it is also a pendent scientific topic. For a revisiting into the properties of warm dense helium, we performed extensive quantum Langevin molecular dynamic simulations and electronic structure calculations to study helium over a very wide range of density (ρ = 1~24 g/cm3) and temperature (T = 10~160 kK). The dependencies of helium band gap on ρ and T were presented and a metallization boundary of helium was thus determined by gap closure. Such a boundary is further identified by the calculated electrical conductivity and optical reflectivity based on Kubo-Greenwood formula: along the boundary, the electrical conductivities are found to be 7.0 × 105~1.3 × 106 Ω−1 m−1 and the optical reflectivity value at 532 nm is about 0.55, which are typical values for true metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Laboratory of Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, Chinese Academy of Engineering Physics, P.O. Box 919-102, Mianyang 621900, Sichuan, P. R. China.,School of Science, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 610064, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Zhiguo Li
- Laboratory of Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, Chinese Academy of Engineering Physics, P.O. Box 919-102, Mianyang 621900, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Zhijian Fu
- Laboratory of Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, Chinese Academy of Engineering Physics, P.O. Box 919-102, Mianyang 621900, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Jiayu Dai
- College of Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Qifeng Chen
- Laboratory of Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, Chinese Academy of Engineering Physics, P.O. Box 919-102, Mianyang 621900, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Lingcang Cai
- School of Science, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 610064, Sichuan, P. R. China
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Shen G, Mao HK. High-pressure studies with x-rays using diamond anvil cells. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2017; 80:016101. [PMID: 27873767 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/80/1/016101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Pressure profoundly alters all states of matter. The symbiotic development of ultrahigh-pressure diamond anvil cells, to compress samples to sustainable multi-megabar pressures; and synchrotron x-ray techniques, to probe materials' properties in situ, has enabled the exploration of rich high-pressure (HP) science. In this article, we first introduce the essential concept of diamond anvil cell technology, together with recent developments and its integration with other extreme environments. We then provide an overview of the latest developments in HP synchrotron techniques, their applications, and current problems, followed by a discussion of HP scientific studies using x-rays in the key multidisciplinary fields. These HP studies include: HP x-ray emission spectroscopy, which provides information on the filled electronic states of HP samples; HP x-ray Raman spectroscopy, which probes the HP chemical bonding changes of light elements; HP electronic inelastic x-ray scattering spectroscopy, which accesses high energy electronic phenomena, including electronic band structure, Fermi surface, excitons, plasmons, and their dispersions; HP resonant inelastic x-ray scattering spectroscopy, which probes shallow core excitations, multiplet structures, and spin-resolved electronic structure; HP nuclear resonant x-ray spectroscopy, which provides phonon densities of state and time-resolved Mössbauer information; HP x-ray imaging, which provides information on hierarchical structures, dynamic processes, and internal strains; HP x-ray diffraction, which determines the fundamental structures and densities of single-crystal, polycrystalline, nanocrystalline, and non-crystalline materials; and HP radial x-ray diffraction, which yields deviatoric, elastic and rheological information. Integrating these tools with hydrostatic or uniaxial pressure media, laser and resistive heating, and cryogenic cooling, has enabled investigations of the structural, vibrational, electronic, and magnetic properties of materials over a wide range of pressure-temperature conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyin Shen
- Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington DC, USA
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7
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Ozaki N, Nellis WJ, Mashimo T, Ramzan M, Ahuja R, Kaewmaraya T, Kimura T, Knudson M, Miyanishi K, Sakawa Y, Sano T, Kodama R. Dynamic compression of dense oxide (Gd3Ga5O12) from 0.4 to 2.6 TPa: Universal Hugoniot of fluid metals. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26000. [PMID: 27193942 PMCID: PMC4872160 DOI: 10.1038/srep26000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Materials at high pressures and temperatures are of great current interest for warm dense matter physics, planetary sciences, and inertial fusion energy research. Shock-compression equation-of-state data and optical reflectivities of the fluid dense oxide, Gd3Ga5O12 (GGG), were measured at extremely high pressures up to 2.6 TPa (26 Mbar) generated by high-power laser irradiation and magnetically-driven hypervelocity impacts. Above 0.75 TPa, the GGG Hugoniot data approach/reach a universal linear line of fluid metals, and the optical reflectivity most likely reaches a constant value indicating that GGG undergoes a crossover from fluid semiconductor to poor metal with minimum metallic conductivity (MMC). These results suggest that most fluid compounds, e.g., strong planetary oxides, reach a common state on the universal Hugoniot of fluid metals (UHFM) with MMC at sufficiently extreme pressures and temperatures. The systematic behaviors of warm dense fluid would be useful benchmarks for developing theoretical equation-of-state and transport models in the warm dense matter regime in determining computational predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Ozaki
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Photon Pioneers Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - W. J. Nellis
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - T. Mashimo
- Shock Wave and Condensed Matter Research Center, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - M. Ramzan
- Condensed Matter Theory Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Box 516, Uppsala University, SE-751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - R. Ahuja
- Condensed Matter Theory Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Box 516, Uppsala University, SE-751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
- Applied Materials Physics, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T. Kaewmaraya
- Condensed Matter Theory Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Box 516, Uppsala University, SE-751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - T. Kimura
- Geodynamics Research Center, Ehime University, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - M. Knudson
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1181, USA
- Institute for Shock Physics, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-2816, USA
| | - K. Miyanishi
- Photon Pioneers Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Y. Sakawa
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - T. Sano
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - R. Kodama
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Photon Pioneers Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Institute for Academic Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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8
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The electrical conductivity of Al2O3 under shock-compression. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12823. [PMID: 26239369 PMCID: PMC4523845 DOI: 10.1038/srep12823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Sapphire (Al2O3) crystals are used below 100 GPa as anvils and windows in dynamic-compression experiments because of their transparency and high density. Above 100 GPa shock pressures, sapphire becomes opaque and electrically conducting because of shock-induced defects. Such effects prevent temperature and dc conductivity measurements of materials compressed quasi-isentropically. Opacities and electrical conductivities at ~100 GPa are non-equilibrium, rather than thermodynamic parameters. We have performed electronic structure calculations as a guide in predicting and interpreting shock experiments and possibly to discover a window up to ~200 GPa. Our calculations indicate shocked sapphire does not metallize by band overlap at ~300 GPa, as suggested previously by measured non-equilibrium data. Shock-compressed Al2O3 melts to a metallic liquid at ~500 GPa and 10,000 K and its conductivity increases rapidly to ~2000 Ω(-1)cm(-1) at ~900 GPa. At these high shock temperatures and pressures sapphire is in thermal equilibrium. Calculated conductivity of Al2O3 is similar to those measured for metallic fluid H, N, O, Rb, and Cs. Despite different materials, pressures and temperatures, and compression techniques, both experimental and theoretical, conductivities of all these poor metals reach a common end state typical of strong-scattering disordered materials.
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9
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Pellouchoud LA, Reed EJ. Optical Characterization of Chemistry in Shocked Nitromethane with Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:12288-98. [DOI: 10.1021/jp406877g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lenson A. Pellouchoud
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Evan J. Reed
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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10
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Li D, Zhang P, Yan J. Quantum molecular dynamics simulations of the thermophysical properties of shocked liquid ammonia for pressures up to 1.3 TPa. J Chem Phys 2013; 139:134505. [PMID: 24116573 DOI: 10.1063/1.4823744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dafang Li
- Data Study Center for High Energy Density Physics, Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, People's Republic of China
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11
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Delocalization of Electrons in Strong Insulators at High Dynamic Pressures. MATERIALS 2011; 4:1168-1181. [PMID: 28879973 PMCID: PMC5448641 DOI: 10.3390/ma4061168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Systematics of material responses to shock flows at high dynamic pressures are discussed. Dissipation in shock flows drives structural and electronic transitions or crossovers, such as used to synthesize metallic liquid hydrogen and most probably Al2O3 metallic glass. The term “metal” here means electrical conduction in a degenerate system, which occurs by band overlap in degenerate condensed matter, rather than by thermal ionization in a non-degenerate plasma. Since H2 and probably disordered Al2O3 become poor metals with minimum metallic conductivity (MMC) virtually all insulators with intermediate strengths do so as well under dynamic compression. That is, the magnitude of strength determines the split between thermal energy and disorder, which determines material response. These crossovers occur via a transition from insulators with electrons localized in chemical bonds to poor metals with electron energy bands. For example, radial extents of outermost electrons of Al and O atoms are 7 a0 and 4 a0, respectively, much greater than 1.7 a0 needed for onset of hybridization at 300 GPa. All such insulators are Mott insulators, provided the term “correlated electrons” includes chemical bonds.
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12
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Chau R, Hamel S, Nellis WJ. Chemical processes in the deep interior of Uranus. Nat Commun 2011; 2:203. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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13
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Boates B, Hamel S, Schwegler E, Bonev SA. Structural and optical properties of liquid CO2 for pressures up to 1 TPa. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:064504. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3549593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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14
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S.S.R.Kumar C, Mohammad F. Magnetic Gold Nanoshells: Step-wise Changing of Magnetism through Step-wise Biofunctionalization. J Phys Chem Lett 2010; 1:3141-3146. [PMID: 23646236 PMCID: PMC3641784 DOI: 10.1021/jz101202a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We report step-wise changing of magnetic behavior of iron oxide core gold shell nanoparticles from super paramagnetic to permanent magnetism at room temperature, on step-wise bio-functionalization with leutenizing hormone and releasing hormone (LHRH) through cysteamine linker. The observed permanent magnetism at room temperature in LHRH-capped gold nanoshells provides opportunities to extend fundamental investigations of permanent magnetism to other novel nanostructures and biofunctionalized nano gold architectures, simultaneously opening the way to newer applications, especially to those in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Challa S.S.R.Kumar
- Center for Advanced Microstructures & Devices, Louisiana State University, 6980 Jefferson Highway, Baton Rouge, LA 70806. USA
| | - Faruq Mohammad
- Center for Advanced Microstructures & Devices, Louisiana State University, 6980 Jefferson Highway, Baton Rouge, LA 70806. USA
- Environmental Toxicology, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA
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15
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Celliers PM, Loubeyre P, Eggert JH, Brygoo S, McWilliams RS, Hicks DG, Boehly TR, Jeanloz R, Collins GW. Insulator-to-conducting transition in dense fluid helium. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 104:184503. [PMID: 20482179 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.104.184503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
By combining diamond-anvil-cell and laser-driven shock wave techniques, we produced dense He samples up to 1.5 g/cm(3) at temperatures reaching 60 kK. Optical measurements of reflectivity and temperature show that electronic conduction in He at these conditions is temperature-activated (semiconducting). A fit to the data suggests that the mobility gap closes with increasing density, and that hot dense He becomes metallic above approximately 1.9 g/cm(3). These data provide a benchmark to test models that describe He ionization at conditions found in astrophysical objects, such as cold white dwarf atmospheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Celliers
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Post Office Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
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16
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Zhu M, Aikens CM, Hendrich MP, Gupta R, Qian H, Schatz GC, Jin R. Reversible Switching of Magnetism in Thiolate-Protected Au25 Superatoms. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:2490-2. [DOI: 10.1021/ja809157f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 367] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manzhou Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Christine M. Aikens
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Michael P. Hendrich
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Rupal Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Huifeng Qian
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - George C. Schatz
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Rongchao Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
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Minati L, Speranza G, Calliari L, Micheli V, Baranov A, Fanchenko S. The Influence of Metal Nanoparticle Size Distribution in Photoelectron Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:7856-61. [PMID: 18683914 DOI: 10.1021/jp804169q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Minati
- FBK, Sommarive Street 18, 38050 Povo-Trento, Italy, MATI-RGTU, Moscow, Russia, and RRC Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - G. Speranza
- FBK, Sommarive Street 18, 38050 Povo-Trento, Italy, MATI-RGTU, Moscow, Russia, and RRC Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - L. Calliari
- FBK, Sommarive Street 18, 38050 Povo-Trento, Italy, MATI-RGTU, Moscow, Russia, and RRC Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - V. Micheli
- FBK, Sommarive Street 18, 38050 Povo-Trento, Italy, MATI-RGTU, Moscow, Russia, and RRC Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - A. Baranov
- FBK, Sommarive Street 18, 38050 Povo-Trento, Italy, MATI-RGTU, Moscow, Russia, and RRC Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - S. Fanchenko
- FBK, Sommarive Street 18, 38050 Povo-Trento, Italy, MATI-RGTU, Moscow, Russia, and RRC Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia
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18
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Mazevet S, Lambert F, Bottin F, Zérah G, Clérouin J. Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations of dense boron plasmas up to the semiclassical Thomas-Fermi regime. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2007; 75:056404. [PMID: 17677179 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.75.056404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2006] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We build an "all-electron" norm-conserving pseudopotential for boron which extends the use of ab initio molecular dynamics simulations up to 50 times the normal density rho0. This allows us to perform ab initio simulations of dense plasmas from the regime where quantum mechanical effects are important to the regime where semiclassical simulations based on the Thomas-Fermi approach are, by default, the only simulation method currently available. This study first allows one to establish, for the case of boron, the density regime from which the semiclassical Thomas-Fermi approach is legitimate and sufficient. It further brings forward various issues pertaining to the construction of pseudopotentials aimed at high-pressure studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mazevet
- Département de Physique Théorique et Appliquée, CEA/DAM Ile-de-France, BP12, 91680 Bruyères-le-Châtel Cedex, France
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19
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Gorelli F, Santoro M, Scopigno T, Krisch M, Ruocco G. Liquidlike behavior of supercritical fluids. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2006; 97:245702. [PMID: 17280299 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.97.245702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The high frequency dynamics of fluid oxygen has been investigated by inelastic x-ray scattering, at high pressures and room temperature. In spite of the markedly supercritical conditions (T approximately 2Tc, P>10(2)Pc), the sound velocity exceeds the hydrodynamic value of about 20%, a feature which is the fingerprint of liquidlike dynamics. The comparison of the present results with literature data obtained in several fluids allow us to identify the extrapolation of the liquid-vapor-coexistence line in the (P/Pc, T/Tc) plane as the relevant edge between liquidlike and gaslike dynamics. More interestingly, this extrapolation is very close to the non-metal-metal transition in hot dense fluids, at pressure and temperature values as obtained by shock wave experiments. This result points to the existence of a connection between structural modifications and transport properties in dense fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Gorelli
- Research Center SOFT-INFM-CNR, Università di Roma La Sapienza, I-00185, Roma, Italy
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20
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Mashimo T, Chau R, Zhang Y, Kobayoshi T, Sekine T, Fukuoka K, Syono Y, Kodama M, Nellis WJ. Transition to a virtually incompressible oxide phase at a shock pressure of 120 GPa (1.2 Mbar): Gd3Ga5O12. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2006; 96:105504. [PMID: 16605758 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.96.105504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2006] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Cubic, single-crystal, transparent Gd(3)Ga(5)O(12) has a density of 7.10 g/cm(3), a Hugoniot elastic limit of 30 GPa, and undergoes a continuous phase transition from 65 GPa to a quasi-incompressible (QI) phase at 120 GPa. Only diamond has a larger Hugoniot elastic limit. The QI phase of is more incompressible than diamond from 170 to 260 GPa. Electrical conductivity measurements indicate the QI phase has a band gap of 3.1 eV. Gd(3)Ga(5)O(12) can be used to obtain substantially higher pressures and lower temperatures in metallic fluid hydrogen than was achieved previously by shock reverberation between Al(2)O(3) disks.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Mashimo
- Shock Wave and Condensed Matter Research Center, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
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21
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Gonzalez C, Simón-Manso Y, Marquez M, Mujica V. Chemisorption-Induced Spin Symmetry Breaking in Gold Clusters and the Onset of Paramagnetism in Capped Gold Nanoparticles. J Phys Chem B 2005; 110:687-91. [PMID: 16471589 DOI: 10.1021/jp054583g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We present a simple model to describe the induction of magnetic behavior on gold clusters upon chemisorption of one organic molecule with different chemical linkers. In particular, we address the problem of stability of the lowest lying singlet and show that for some linkers there exists a spin symmetry-breaking that lowers the energy and leads to preferential spin density localization on the gold atoms neighboring the chemisorption site. The model is basically an adaptation of the Stoner model for itinerant electron ferromagnetism to finite clusters and it may have important implications for our understanding of surface magnetism in larger nanosystems and its relevance to electronic transport in electrode-molecule interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Gonzalez
- NIST Center for Theoretical and Computational Nanosciences, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA.
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22
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Mazevet S, Desjarlais MP, Collins LA, Kress JD, Magee NH. Simulations of the optical properties of warm dense aluminum. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2005; 71:016409. [PMID: 15697737 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.71.016409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Using quantum molecular dynamics simulations, we show that the optical properties of aluminum change drastically along the nonmetal metal transition observed experimentally. As the density increases and the many-body effects become important, the optical response gradually evolves from the one characteristic of an atomic fluid to the one of a simple metal. We show that quantum molecular dynamics combined with the Kubo-Greenwood formulation naturally embodies the two limits and provides a powerful tool to calculate and benchmark the optical properties of various systems as they evolve into the warm dense matter regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mazevet
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
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23
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Crespo P, Litrán R, Rojas TC, Multigner M, de la Fuente JM, Sánchez-López JC, García MA, Hernando A, Penadés S, Fernández A. Permanent magnetism, magnetic anisotropy, and hysteresis of thiol-capped gold nanoparticles. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2004; 93:087204. [PMID: 15447222 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.93.087204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2004] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We report on the experimental observation of magnetic hysteresis up to room temperature in thiol-capped Au nanoparticles with 1.4 nm size. The coercive field ranges from 860 Oe at 5 K to 250 Oe at 300 K. It is estimated that the Au atoms exhibit a magnetic moment of mu=0.036mu(B). However, Au nanoparticles with similar size but stabilized by means of a surfactant, i.e., weak interaction between protective molecules and Au surface atoms, are diamagnetic, as bulk Au samples are. The apparent ferromagnetism is consequently associated with 5d localized holes generated through Au-S bonds. These holes give rise to localized magnetic moments that are frozen in due to the combination of the high spin-orbit coupling (1.5 eV) of gold and the symmetry reduction associated with two types of bonding: Au-Au and Au-S.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Crespo
- Instituto de Magnetismo Aplicado (RENFE-UCM-CSIC), P.O. Box 155, 28230 Las Rozas, Madrid, Spain
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24
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Bastea M. Comment on "Metallization of fluid nitrogen and the Mott transition in highly compressed low-Z fluids". PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2004; 92:129601-129602. [PMID: 15089716 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.92.129601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
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25
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Meng Y, Mao HK, Eng PJ, Trainor TP, Newville M, Hu MY, Kao C, Shu J, Hausermann D, Hemley RJ. The formation of sp3 bonding in compressed BN. NATURE MATERIALS 2004; 3:111-114. [PMID: 14743214 DOI: 10.1038/nmat1060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2003] [Accepted: 12/19/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Attributed to their specific atomic bonding, the soft, graphite-like, hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) and its superhard, diamond-like, cubic polymorph (c-BN) are important technological materials with a wide range of applications. At high pressure and temperature, h-BN can directly transform to a hexagonal close-packed polymorph (w-BN) that can be partially quenched after releasing pressure. Previous theoretical calculations and experimental measurements (primarily on quenched samples) provided substantial information on the transition, but left unsettled questions due to the lack of in situ characterization at high pressures. Using inelastic X-ray scattering to probe the boron and nitrogen near K-edge spectroscopy, here we report the first observation of the conversion process of boron and nitrogen sp(2)- and p-bonding to sp(3) and the directional nature of the sp(3) bonding. In combination with in situ X-ray diffraction probe, we have further clarified the structure transformation mechanism. The present archetypal example opens two enormous, element-specific, research areas on high-pressure bonding evolutions of boron and nitrogen; each of the two elements and their respective compounds have displayed a wealth of intriguing pressure-induced phenomena that result from bonding changes, including metallization, superconductivity, semiconductivity, polymerization and superhardness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Meng
- HPCAT, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA.
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