1
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Rouxel JR, Nam Y, Chernyak VY, Mukamel S. Manipulating ultrafast even-order nonlinear chiral responses of L-tryptophan by polarization pulse shaping. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2402660121. [PMID: 38820001 PMCID: PMC11161790 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2402660121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Molecular chirality has long been monitored in the frequency domain in the ultraviolet, visible, and infrared regimes. Recently developed time-domain approaches can detect time-dependent chiral dynamics by enhancing intrinsically weak chiral signals. Even-order nonlinear signals in chiral molecules have gained attention thanks to their existence in the electric dipole approximation, without relying on the weaker higher-order multipole interactions. We illustrate the optimization of temporal polarization pulse-shaping in various frequency ranges (infrared/optical and optical/X ray) to enhance chiral nonlinear signals. These signals can be recast as an overlap integral of matter and field pseudoscalars which contain the relevant chiral information. Simulations are carried out for second- and fourth-order nonlinear spectroscopies in L-tryptophan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy R. Rouxel
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL60439
| | - Yeonsig Nam
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL60439
| | | | - Shaul Mukamel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA92697-2025
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA92697-2025
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2
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Perosa G, Wätzel J, Garzella D, Allaria E, Bonanomi M, Danailov MB, Brynes A, Callegari C, De Ninno G, Demidovich A, Di Fraia M, Di Mitri S, Giannessi L, Manfredda M, Novinec L, Pal N, Penco G, Plekan O, Prince KC, Simoncig A, Spampinati S, Spezzani C, Zangrando M, Berakdar J, Feifel R, Squibb RJ, Coffee R, Hemsing E, Roussel E, Sansone G, McNeil BWJ, Ribič PR. Femtosecond Polarization Shaping of Free-Electron Laser Pulses. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:045001. [PMID: 37566861 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.045001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the generation of extreme-ultraviolet (XUV) free-electron laser (FEL) pulses with time-dependent polarization. To achieve polarization modulation on a femtosecond timescale, we combine two mutually delayed counterrotating circularly polarized subpulses from two cross-polarized undulators. The polarization profile of the pulses is probed by angle-resolved photoemission and above-threshold ionization of helium; the results agree with solutions of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation. The stability limit of the scheme is mainly set by electron-beam energy fluctuations, however, at a level that will not compromise experiments in the XUV. Our results demonstrate the potential to improve the resolution and element selectivity of methods based on polarization shaping and may lead to the development of new coherent control schemes for probing and manipulating core electrons in matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Perosa
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
- Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Jonas Wätzel
- Institut für Physik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - David Garzella
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Enrico Allaria
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Matteo Bonanomi
- Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | | | | | - Carlo Callegari
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giovanni De Ninno
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
- Laboratory of Quantum Optics, University of Nova Gorica, 5001 Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | | | - Michele Di Fraia
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 34149 Basovizza, Italy
| | - Simone Di Mitri
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
- Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Luca Giannessi
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
- ENEA C.R. Frascati, 00044 Frascati (Roma), Italy
| | | | - Luka Novinec
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Nitish Pal
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Penco
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Oksana Plekan
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Kevin C Prince
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | | | | | - Carlo Spezzani
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Marco Zangrando
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 34149 Basovizza, Italy
| | - Jamal Berakdar
- Institut für Physik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Raimund Feifel
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, 41133 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Richard J Squibb
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, 41133 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ryan Coffee
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Erik Hemsing
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Eléonore Roussel
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523 - PhLAM - Physique des Lasers Atomes et Molécules, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Giuseppe Sansone
- Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Brian W J McNeil
- University of Strathclyde (SUPA), Glasgow G4 0NG, United Kingdom
- Cockcroft Institute, Warrington WA4 4AD, United Kingdom
- ASTeC, STFC Daresbury Laboratory, Warrington WA4 4AD, United Kingdom
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3
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Honda A, Yamane K, Iwasa K, Oka K, Toda Y, Morita R. Ultrafast beam pattern modulation by superposition of chirped optical vortex pulses. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14991. [PMID: 36056048 PMCID: PMC9440229 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18145-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As an extension of pulse shaping techniques using the space–time coupling of ultrashort pulses or chirped pulses, we demonstrated the ultrafast beam pattern modulation by the superposition of chirped optical vortex pulses with orthogonal spatial modes. The stable and robust modulations with a modulation frequency of sub-THz were carried out by using the precise phase control technique of the constituent pulses in both the spatial and time/frequency domains. The performed modulations were ultrafast ring-shaped optical lattice modulation with 2, 4 and 6 petals, and beam pattern modulations in the radial direction. The simple linear fringe modulation was also demonstrated with chirped spatially Gaussian pulses. While the input pulse energy of the pulses to be modulated was 360 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\upmu $$\end{document}μJ, the output pulse energy of the modulated pulses was 115 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\upmu $$\end{document}μJ with the conversion efficiency of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\sim $$\end{document}∼ 32%. Demonstrating the superposition of orthogonal spatial modes in several ways, this ultrafast beam pattern modulation technique with high intensity can be applicable to the spatially coherent excitation of quasi-particles or collective excitation of charge and spin with dynamic degrees of freedom. Furthermore, we analyzed the Poynting vector and OAM of the composed chirped OV pulses. Although the ring-shaped optical lattice composed of OV pulse with topological charges of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\pm \, \ell $$\end{document}±ℓ is rotated in a sub-THz frequency, the net orbital angular momentum (OAM) averaged over one optical period is found to be negligible. Hence, it is necessary to require careful attention to the application of the OAM transfer interaction with matter by employing such rotating ring-shaped optical lattices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asami Honda
- Department of Applied Physics, Hokkaido University, Kita-13, Nishi-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Keisaku Yamane
- Department of Applied Physics, Hokkaido University, Kita-13, Nishi-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan.
| | - Kohei Iwasa
- Department of Applied Physics, Hokkaido University, Kita-13, Nishi-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Oka
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8561, Japan
| | - Yasunori Toda
- Department of Applied Physics, Hokkaido University, Kita-13, Nishi-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Ryuji Morita
- Department of Applied Physics, Hokkaido University, Kita-13, Nishi-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan.
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4
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Carrasco S, Rogan J, Valdivia JA, Chang BY, Malinovsky VS, Sola IR. Circularly polarized light-induced potentials and the demise of excited states. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:2966-2973. [PMID: 35043129 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04523g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the presence of strong electric fields, the excited states of single-electron molecules and molecules with large transient dipoles become unstable because of anti-alignment, the rotation of the molecular axis perpendicular to the field vector, where bond hardening is not possible. We show how to overcome this problem by using circularly polarized electromagnetic fields. Using a full quantum description of the electronic, vibrational, and rotational degrees of freedom, we characterize the excited electronic state dressed by the field and analyze its dependence on the bond length and angle and the stability of its vibro-rotational eigenstates. Although the dynamics is metastable, most of the population remains trapped in this excited state for hundreds of femtoseconds, allowing quantum control. Contrary to what happens with linearly polarized fields, the photodissociation occurs along the initial molecular axis, not perpendicular to it.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Rogan
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago 7800024, Chile.,Centro Para la Nanociencia y la Nanotecnolgía, CEDENNA, Chile
| | - Juan Alejandro Valdivia
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago 7800024, Chile.,Centro Para la Nanociencia y la Nanotecnolgía, CEDENNA, Chile
| | - Bo Y Chang
- School of Chemistry(RIBS), Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Ignacio R Sola
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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5
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Photon retention in coherently excited nitrogen ions. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2021; 66:1511-1517. [PMID: 36654279 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Quantum coherence in quantum optics is an essential part of optical information processing and light manipulation. Alkali metal vapors, despite the numerous shortcomings, are traditionally used in quantum optics as a working medium due to convenient near-infrared excitation, strong dipole transitions and long-lived coherence. Here, we proposed and experimentally demonstrated photon retention and subsequent re-emittance with the quantum coherence in a system of coherently excited molecular nitrogen ions (N2+) which are produced using a strong 800 nm femtosecond laser pulse. Such photon retention, facilitated by quantum coherence, keeps releasing directly-unmeasurable coherent photons for tens of picoseconds, but is able to be read out by a time-delayed femtosecond pulse centered at 1580 nm via two-photon resonant absorption, resulting in a strong radiation at 329.3 nm. We reveal a pivotal role of the excited-state population to transmit such extremely weak re-emitted photons in this system. This new finding unveils the nature of the coherent quantum control in N2+ for the potential platform for optical information storage in the remote atmosphere, and facilitates further exploration of fundamental interactions in the quantum optical platform with strong-field ionized molecules..
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6
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Lassonde P, Laramée A, Ibrahim H, Cormier É, Légaré F, Leblanc A. Polarization-independent pulse retrieval based on frequency resolved optical switching. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:23225-23233. [PMID: 34614590 DOI: 10.1364/oe.430873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate experimentally that the frequency resolved optical switching (FROSt) method is independent of the polarization direction of the pulse to be characterized. In this perspective, it is employed to characterize two or three co-propagating pulses linearly polarized in orthogonal directions, enabling to retrieve simultaneously their temporal intensity and phase profiles together with their group delay. This technique is also applied to track a simple nonlinear process involving different polarization states: type-I second harmonic generation (SHG). We are able to characterize the depleted fundamental pulse along with the generated second-harmonic pulse, thus demonstrating that the FROSt technique is a practical and powerful tool to observe nonlinear processes both in the temporal and spectral domains even if it involves different polarization states.
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7
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Li H, Cai W, Zhang J, Gao Y, Zhang L, Fan D. Manipulation of dispersive waves emission via quadratic spectral phase. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:12723-12735. [PMID: 33985023 DOI: 10.1364/oe.422060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the process of dispersive waves (DWs) emitted from Gaussian pulse (GP) with an initial quadratic spectral phase (QSP). We show that the radiation of DWs is strongly affected by the QSP parameter. The conversion efficiency and resonant frequency of DWs are effectively enhanced and controlled by tuning the sign and magnitude of the initial QSP. At variance with the case of pure GP, the DWs emission is first advanced and then delayed for negatively QSP modulated GPs; while it is always delayed for positively QSP modulated GPs. We present a modified phase-matching formula that allows us to predict DWs spectral peaks. The resonant frequencies predicted by the phase-matching condition are in very good agreement with the results obtained from the numerical simulation based on the generalized nonlinear Schrödinger equation. The results presented here can be utilized as a effective tool to manipulate DWs emission for applications such as frequency conversion.
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8
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Qi H, Lian Z, Fei D, Chen Z, Hu Z. Manipulation of matter with shaped-pulse light field and its applications. ADVANCES IN PHYSICS: X 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/23746149.2021.1949390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Qi
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Advanced Light Field and Modern Medical Treatment Science and Technology Innovation Center of Jilin Province, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhenzhong Lian
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dehou Fei
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhou Chen
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Advanced Light Field and Modern Medical Treatment Science and Technology Innovation Center of Jilin Province, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhan Hu
- Advanced Light Field and Modern Medical Treatment Science and Technology Innovation Center of Jilin Province, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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9
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Iwamoto N, Schwartz CJ, Jochim B, Raju P K, Feizollah P, Napierala JL, Severt T, Tegegn SN, Solomon A, Zhao S, Lam H, Wangjam TN, Kumarappan V, Carnes KD, Ben-Itzhak I, Wells E. Strong-field control of H 3 + production from methanol dications: Selecting between local and extended formation mechanisms. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:054302. [PMID: 32035476 DOI: 10.1063/1.5129946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Using the CD3OH isotopologue of methanol, the ratio of D2H+ to D3 + formation is manipulated by changing the characteristics of the intense femtosecond laser pulse. Detection of D2H+ indicates a formation process involving two hydrogen atoms from the methyl side of the molecule and a proton from the hydroxyl side, while detection of D3 + indicates local formation involving only the methyl group. Both mechanisms are thought to involve a neutral D2 moiety. An adaptive control strategy that employs image-based feedback to guide the learning algorithm results in an enhancement of the D2H+/D3 + ratio by a factor of approximately two. The optimized pulses have secondary structures 110-210 fs after the main pulse and result in photofragments that have different kinetic energy release distributions than those produced from near transform limited pulses. Systematic changes to the linear chirp and higher order dispersion terms of the laser pulse are compared to the results obtained with the optimized pulse shapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Iwamoto
- Department of Physics, Augustana University, Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57197, USA
| | - Charles J Schwartz
- Department of Physics, Augustana University, Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57197, USA
| | - Bethany Jochim
- J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Kanaka Raju P
- J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Peyman Feizollah
- J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - J L Napierala
- Department of Physics, Augustana University, Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57197, USA
| | - T Severt
- J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - S N Tegegn
- Department of Physics, Augustana University, Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57197, USA
| | - A Solomon
- Department of Physics, Augustana University, Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57197, USA
| | - S Zhao
- Department of Physics, Augustana University, Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57197, USA
| | - Huynh Lam
- J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Tomthin Nganba Wangjam
- J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - V Kumarappan
- J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - K D Carnes
- J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - I Ben-Itzhak
- J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - E Wells
- Department of Physics, Augustana University, Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57197, USA
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10
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Gao Y, Kaushik S, Philip EJ, Li Z, Qin Y, Liu YP, Zhang WL, Su YL, Chen X, Weng H, Kharzeev DE, Liu MK, Qi J. Chiral terahertz wave emission from the Weyl semimetal TaAs. Nat Commun 2020; 11:720. [PMID: 32024831 PMCID: PMC7002692 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14463-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Weyl semimetals host chiral fermions with distinct chiralities and spin textures. Optical excitations involving those chiral fermions can induce exotic carrier responses, and in turn lead to novel optical phenomena. Here, we discover strong coherent terahertz emission from Weyl semimetal TaAs, which is demonstrated as a unique broadband source of the chiral terahertz wave. The polarization control of the THz emission is achieved by tuning photoexcitation of ultrafast photocurrents via the photogalvanic effect. In the near-infrared regime, the photon-energy dependent nonthermal current due to the predominant circular photogalvanic effect can be attributed to the radical change of the band velocities when the chiral Weyl fermions are excited during selective optical transitions between the tilted anisotropic Weyl cones and the massive bulk bands. Our findings provide a design concept for creating chiral photon sources using quantum materials and open up new opportunities for developing ultrafast opto-electronics using Weyl physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - S Kaushik
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - E J Philip
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Z Li
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Quantum Devices, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Y Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
- Institute of Electronic and Information Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Y P Liu
- Institute of Modern Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - W L Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Y L Su
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - X Chen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - H Weng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - D E Kharzeev
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA.
- Department of Physics, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973-5000, USA.
- RIKEN-BNL Research Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973-5000, USA.
| | - M K Liu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA.
| | - J Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China.
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11
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Chang BY, Shin S, González-Vázquez J, Martín F, Malinovsky VS, Sola IR. Control defeasance by anti-alignment in the excited state. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:23620-23625. [PMID: 31624812 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp04427b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We predict anti-alignment dynamics in the excited state of H2+ or related homonuclear dimers in the presence of a strong field. This effect is a general indirect outcome of the strong transition dipole and large polarizabilities typically used to control or to induce alignment in the ground state. In the excited state, however, the polarizabilities have the opposite sign compared to those in the ground state, generating a torque that aligns the molecule perpendicular to the field, deeming any laser-control strategy impossible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Y Chang
- School of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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12
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Ito H, Nakano T, Nomura S, Misawa K. Polarization envelope helicity dependent photovoltage in GaAs/Al 0.3Ga 0.7As modulation-doped quantum well. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:28091-28103. [PMID: 31684567 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.028091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrate the switching of the direction of the photocurrent in an n-type GaAs/Al0.3Ga0.7As modulation-doped quantum well using a polarization pulse-shaping apparatus containing a 4f setup. The right- and left-polarization-twisting pulses with a polarization rotation frequency in the THz-regime are incident on a modulation-doped quantum well. The results show that the sign of the photovoltage is dependent on the direction of rotation of the polarization-twisting pulses, which can be explained by the circular photogalvanic effect combined with the production of a classical edge photocurrent from the acceleration of free electrons in the vicinity of the sample edge by the incident optical electric field. The wide range over which the polarization-rotation frequency may be tuned makes this method a powerful tool to investigate the response of an extensive variety of materials in the THz-regime.
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13
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Voznyuk O, Jochim B, Zohrabi M, Broin A, Averin R, Carnes KD, Ben-Itzhak I, Wells E. Adaptive strong-field control of vibrational population in NO 2+. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:124310. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5115504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- O. Voznyuk
- Department of Physics, Augustana University, Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57197, USA
| | - Bethany Jochim
- Department of Physics, Augustana University, Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57197, USA
- J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - M. Zohrabi
- J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Adam Broin
- Department of Physics, Augustana University, Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57197, USA
| | - R. Averin
- Department of Physics, Augustana University, Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57197, USA
| | - K. D. Carnes
- J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - I. Ben-Itzhak
- J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - E. Wells
- Department of Physics, Augustana University, Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57197, USA
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14
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Goetz RE, Koch CP, Greenman L. Perfect control of photoelectron anisotropy for randomly oriented ensembles of molecules by XUV REMPI and polarization shaping. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:074106. [PMID: 31438691 DOI: 10.1063/1.5111362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We report two schemes to generate perfect anisotropy in the photoelectron angular distribution of a randomly oriented ensemble of polyatomic molecules. In order to exert full control over the anisotropy of photoelectron emission, we exploit interferences between single-photon pathways and a manifold of resonantly enhanced two-photon pathways. These are shown to outperform nonsequential (ω, 2ω) bichromatic phase control for the example of CHFClBr molecules. We are able to optimize pulses that yield anisotropic photoelectron emission thanks to a very efficient calculation of photoelectron momentum distributions. This is accomplished by combining elements of quantum chemistry, variational scattering theory, and time-dependent perturbation theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Esteban Goetz
- Department of Physics, Kansas State University, 116 Cardwell Hall, 1228 N. 17th St., Manhattan, Kansas 66506-2601, USA
| | - Christiane P Koch
- Theoretische Physik, Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, D-34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Loren Greenman
- Department of Physics, Kansas State University, 116 Cardwell Hall, 1228 N. 17th St., Manhattan, Kansas 66506-2601, USA
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15
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Yano K, Katsuki H, Yanagi H. Mode selective excitation of terahertz vibrations in single crystalline rubrene. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:054503. [PMID: 30736674 DOI: 10.1063/1.5068732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic molecular crystals have a variety of low frequency vibrational modes composed of intra- and inter-molecular oscillations. They are mixed intricately in the terahertz (THz) region. We are interested in the controllability of the vibrational energy distribution among such THz vibrational modes based on the femtosecond double-pulse excitation scheme. Single crystalline rubrene is prepared by physical vapor transport. The optical response of vibrational modes in the electric ground state of rubrene is detected by the ultrafast pump-probe reflectivity measurement at 90 K. Three oscillation modes at 3.20, 3.67, and 4.18 THz are detected, and we demonstrate selective enhancement and depletion of each mode by properly tuning the double-pulse delay. The amplitude of the selected vibrational mode is modulated between 0.149 and 1.87, where 1.0 corresponds to the amplitude excited with a single pump pulse. The double-pulse delay dependence of the observed vibrational amplitude is simulated based on the classical driven harmonic oscillator model, and the results reasonably reproduce our experimental signals. Such selective manipulation of the vibrational amplitude can be a potential tool to investigate the vibronic and electron-phonon couplings which plays an important role for the charge transport characteristics and various optoelectronic properties in organic molecular crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Yano
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Katsuki
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
| | - Hisao Yanagi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
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16
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Dong S, Flores R, Unger J, Su Q, Grobe R. Superposition principle for the simultaneous optimization of collective responses. Phys Rev E 2018; 98:012221. [PMID: 30110876 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.98.012221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We study the dynamics of sets of independent systems, all of which are coupled to the same time-dependent external force. Using optimal control theory, we compute the most efficient temporal pulse shape for this force that can maximize simultaneously the collective response of these systems. This response can be a weighted sum of all amplitudes at the final interaction time. Remarkably, it turns out that for certain systems this optimal force for the collective response can be related to the individual forces that would optimize each system separately. We illustrate this superposition principle for the simultaneous optimization of collective responses with numerical and also analytical solutions for sets of damped linear and nonlinear oscillators. We also apply this principle to predict the optimal temporal profile of a laser pulse that can maximize the final macroscopic polarization (total dipole moment) of a set of quantum mechanical two-level atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dong
- Intense Laser Physics Theory Unit and Department of Physics, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4560, USA.,Key Laboratory for Laser Plasmas, School of Physics and Astronomy, Collaborative Innovation Center of IFSA, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - R Flores
- Intense Laser Physics Theory Unit and Department of Physics, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4560, USA
| | - J Unger
- Intense Laser Physics Theory Unit and Department of Physics, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4560, USA
| | - Q Su
- Intense Laser Physics Theory Unit and Department of Physics, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4560, USA
| | - R Grobe
- Intense Laser Physics Theory Unit and Department of Physics, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4560, USA
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17
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Introduction to State-of-the-Art Multidimensional Time-Resolved Spectroscopy Methods. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2018; 376:28. [DOI: 10.1007/s41061-018-0206-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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18
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Mitchell KJ, Radwell N, Franke-Arnold S, Padgett MJ, Phillips DB. Polarisation structuring of broadband light. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:25079-25089. [PMID: 29041179 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.025079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Spatial structuring of the intensity, phase and polarisation of light is useful in a wide variety of modern applications, from microscopy to optical communications. This shaping is most commonly achieved using liquid crystal spatial light modulators (LC-SLMs). However, the inherent chromatic dispersion of LC-SLMs when used as diffractive elements presents a challenge to the extension of such techniques from monochromatic to broadband light. In this work we demonstrate a method of generating broadband vector beams with dynamically tunable intensity, phase and polarisation over a bandwidth of 100 nm. We use our system to generate radially and azimuthally polarised vector vortex beams carrying orbital angular momentum, and beams whose polarisation states span the majority of the Poincaré sphere. We characterise these broadband vector beams using spatially and spectrally resolved Stokes measurements, and detail the technical and fundamental limitations of our technique, including beam generation fidelity and efficiency. The broadband vector beam shaper that we demonstrate here may find use in applications such as ultrafast beam shaping and white light microscopy.
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19
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Tancogne-Dejean N, Mücke OD, Kärtner FX, Rubio A. Ellipticity dependence of high-harmonic generation in solids originating from coupled intraband and interband dynamics. Nat Commun 2017; 8:745. [PMID: 28963478 PMCID: PMC5622149 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00764-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The strong ellipticity dependence of high-harmonic generation (HHG) in gases enables numerous experimental techniques that are nowadays routinely used, for instance, to create isolated attosecond pulses. Extending such techniques to solids requires a fundamental understanding of the microscopic mechanism of HHG. Here we use first-principles simulations within a time-dependent density-functional framework and show how intraband and interband mechanisms are strongly and differently affected by the ellipticity of the driving laser field. The complex interplay between intraband and interband effects can be used to tune and improve harmonic emission in solids. In particular, we show that the high-harmonic plateau can be extended by as much as 30% using a finite ellipticity of the driving field. We furthermore demonstrate the possibility to generate, from single circularly polarized drivers, circularly polarized harmonics. Our work shows that ellipticity provides an additional knob to experimentally optimize HHG in solids.The mechanisms of high-order harmonic generation in bulk system and dilute gas are different. Here the authors use first-principle methods to explore the ellipticity dependence and control of the HHG in periodic solids by involving the interband and intraband dynamics in Si and MgO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Tancogne-Dejean
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany.
- European Theoretical Spectroscopy Facility (ETSF), Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Oliver D Mücke
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Franz X Kärtner
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
- Physics Department, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Angel Rubio
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany.
- European Theoretical Spectroscopy Facility (ETSF), Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany.
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany.
- Physics Department, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany.
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20
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Kowalewski M, Fingerhut BP, Dorfman KE, Bennett K, Mukamel S. Simulating Coherent Multidimensional Spectroscopy of Nonadiabatic Molecular Processes: From the Infrared to the X-ray Regime. Chem Rev 2017; 117:12165-12226. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Kowalewski
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Benjamin P. Fingerhut
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Konstantin E. Dorfman
- State
Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Kochise Bennett
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Shaul Mukamel
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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21
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Steinbacher A, Hildenbrand H, Schott S, Buback J, Schmid M, Nuernberger P, Brixner T. Generating laser-pulse enantiomers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:21735-21752. [PMID: 29041468 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.021735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We present an optical setup capable of mirroring an arbitrary, potentially time-varying, polarization state of an ultrashort laser pulse. The incident beam is split up in two and the polarization of one beam is mirrored by reflection off a mirror in normal incidence. Afterwards, both beams are recombined in time and space such that two collinear ultrashort laser pulses with mutually mirrored polarization, i.e., laser-pulse enantiomers, leave the setup. We employ the Jones formalism to describe the function of the setup and analyze the influence of alignment errors before describing the experimental implementation and alignment protocol. Since no wave plates are utilized, broadband pulses in a large wavelength range can be processed. In particular, we show that the setup outperforms broadband achromatic wave plates. Furthermore, since the two beams travel separately through the optical system they can be blocked independently. This opens the possibility for circular dichroism, ellipsometry, and anisotropy spectroscopy with shot-to-shot chopping and detection schemes as well as chiral coherent control applications.
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22
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Liu W, Fan J, Xie C, Song Y, Gu C, Chai L, Wang C, Hu M. Programmable controlled mode-locked fiber laser using a digital micromirror device. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:1923-1926. [PMID: 28504760 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.001923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A digital micromirror device (DMD)-based arbitrary spectrum amplitude shaper is incorporated into a large-mode-area photonic crystal fiber laser cavity. The shaper acts as an in-cavity programmable filter and provides large tunable dispersion from normal to anomalous. As a result, mode-locking is achieved in different dispersion regimes with watt-level high output power. By programming different filter profiles on the DMD, the laser generates femtosecond pulse with a tunable central wavelength and controllable bandwidth. Under conditions of suitable cavity dispersion and pump power, design-shaped spectra are directly obtained by varying the amplitude transfer function of the filter. The results show the versatility of the DMD-based in-cavity filter for flexible control of the pulse dynamics in a mode-locked fiber laser.
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23
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Chen ZY, Yan LS, Pan Y, Jiang L, Yi AL, Pan W, Luo B. Use of polarization freedom beyond polarization-division multiplexing to support high-speed and spectral-efficient data transmission. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2017; 6:e16207. [PMID: 30167227 PMCID: PMC6062183 DOI: 10.1038/lsa.2016.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Increasing the system capacity and spectral efficiency (SE) per unit bandwidth is one of the ultimate goals for data network designers, especially when using technologies compatible with current embedded fiber infrastructures. Among these, the polarization-division-multiplexing (PDM) scheme, which supports two independent data channels on a single wavelength with orthogonal polarization states, has become a standard one in most state-of-art telecommunication systems. Currently, however, only two polarization states (that is, PDM) can be used, setting a barrier for further SE improvement. Assisted by coherent detection and digital signal processing, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a scheme for pseudo-PDM of four states (PPDM-4) by manipulation of four linearly polarized data channels with the same wavelength. Without any modification of the fiber link, we successfully transmit a 100-Gb s-1 PPDM-4 differential-phase-shift-keying signal over a 150-km single-mode fiber link. Such a method is expected to open new possibilities to fully explore the use of polarization freedom for capacity and SE improvement over existing fiber systems.
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24
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Katsuki H, Ohmori K. Simultaneous manipulation and observation of multiple ro-vibrational eigenstates in solid para-hydrogen. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:124316. [PMID: 27782629 DOI: 10.1063/1.4963223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We have experimentally performed the coherent control of delocalized ro-vibrational wave packets (RVWs) of solid para-hydrogen (p-H2) by the wave packet interferometry (WPI) combined with coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS). RVWs of solid p-H2 are delocalized in the crystal, and the wave function with wave vector k ∼ 0 is selectively excited via the stimulated Raman process. We have excited the RVW twice by a pair of femtosecond laser pulses with delay controlled by a stabilized Michelson interferometer. Using a broad-band laser pulse, multiple ro-vibrational states can be excited simultaneously. We have observed the time-dependent Ramsey fringe spectra as a function of the inter-pulse delay by a spectrally resolved CARS technique using a narrow-band probe pulse, resolving the different intermediate states. Due to the different fringe oscillation periods among those intermediate states, we can manipulate their amplitude ratio by tuning the inter-pulse delay on the sub-femtosecond time scale. The state-selective manipulation and detection of the CARS signal combined with the WPI is a general and efficient protocol for the control of the interference of multiple quantum states in various quantum systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Katsuki
- Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Kenji Ohmori
- Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
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25
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Single-Shot Measurement of Temporally-Dependent Polarization State of Femtosecond Pulses by Angle-Multiplexed Spectral-Spatial Interferometry. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32839. [PMID: 27596951 PMCID: PMC5011769 DOI: 10.1038/srep32839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate that temporally-dependent polarization states of ultrashort laser pulses can be reconstructed in a single shot by use of an angle-multiplexed spatial-spectral interferometry. This is achieved by introducing two orthogonally polarized reference pulses and interfering them with an arbitrarily polarized ultrafast pulse under measurement. A unique calibration procedure is developed for this technique which facilitates the subsequent polarization state measurements. The accuracy of several reconstructed polarization states is verified by comparison with that obtained from an analytic model that predicts the polarization state on the basis of its method of production. Laser pulses with mJ-level energies were characterized via this technique, including a time-dependent polarization state that can be used for polarization-gating of high-harmonic generation for production of attosecond pulses.
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26
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Solá IR, González-Vázquez J, de Nalda R, Bañares L. Strong field laser control of photochemistry. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:13183-200. [PMID: 25835746 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp00627a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Strong ultrashort laser pulses have opened new avenues for the manipulation of photochemical processes like photoisomerization or photodissociation. The presence of light intense enough to reshape the potential energy surfaces may steer the dynamics of both electrons and nuclei in new directions. A controlled laser pulse, precisely defined in terms of spectrum, time and intensity, is the essential tool in this type of approach to control chemical dynamics at a microscopic level. In this Perspective we examine the current strategies developed to achieve control of chemical processes with strong laser fields, as well as recent experimental advances that demonstrate that properties like the molecular absorption spectrum, the state lifetimes, the quantum yields and the velocity distributions in photodissociation processes can be controlled by the introduction of carefully designed strong laser fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio R Solá
- Departamento de Química Física I (Unidad Asociada de I+D+i al CSIC), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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27
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Determination of the polarization states of an arbitrary polarized terahertz beam: vectorial vortex analysis. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9416. [PMID: 25799965 PMCID: PMC4371186 DOI: 10.1038/srep09416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Vectorial vortex analysis is used to determine the polarization states of an arbitrarily polarized terahertz (0.1-1.6 THz) beam using THz achromatic axially symmetric wave (TAS) plates, which have a phase retardance of Δ = 163° and are made of polytetrafluorethylene. Polarized THz beams are converted into THz vectorial vortex beams with no spatial or wavelength dispersion, and the unknown polarization states of the incident THz beams are reconstructed. The polarization determination is also demonstrated at frequencies of 0.16 and 0.36 THz. The results obtained by solving the inverse source problem agree with the values used in the experiments. This vectorial vortex analysis enables a determination of the polarization states of the incident THz beam from the THz image. The polarization states of the beams are estimated after they pass through the TAS plates. The results validate this new approach to polarization detection for intense THz sources. It could find application in such cutting edge areas of physics as nonlinear THz photonics and plasmon excitation, because TAS plates not only instantaneously elucidate the polarization of an enclosed THz beam but can also passively control THz vectorial vortex beams.
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28
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Nanoplasmonics: Fundamentals and Applications. NATO SCIENCE FOR PEACE AND SECURITY SERIES B: PHYSICS AND BIOPHYSICS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9133-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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29
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Photoelectron Circular Dichroism of Bicyclic Ketones from Multiphoton Ionization with Femtosecond Laser Pulses. Chemphyschem 2014; 16:115-37. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201402643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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30
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Continuous-Wave Molecular Modulation Using a High-Finesse Cavity. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/app4040498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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31
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Boge R, Heuser S, Sabbar M, Lucchini M, Gallmann L, Cirelli C, Keller U. Revealing the time-dependent polarization of ultrashort pulses with sub-cycle resolution. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:26967-26975. [PMID: 25401846 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.026967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report on the first experiments characterizing the complete time-dependent 2D vector potential of a few-cycle laser pulse. The instantaneous amplitude and orientation of the electric field is determined with sub-cycle resolution, directly giving access to the polarization state of the pulse at any instant in time. This is achieved by performing an attosecond streaking experiment using a reaction microscope, where the full pulse characterization is performed directly in the target region.
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32
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Guo W, Lu X, Wang X, Yao H. The effect of pump-2 laser on Autler-Townes splitting in photoelectron spectra of K2 molecule. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:20755-62. [PMID: 25163761 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp02258k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We theoretically investigated Autler-Townes (AT) splitting in the photoelectron spectra of a four-level ladder K2 molecule driven by pump1-pump2-probe pulses by employing the time-dependent wave packet approach. The effect of pump-2 laser intensity and wavelength on AT splitting was studied for the first time. Triple splitting with asymmetric profiles arises because of the non-resonant excitation. The triple splitting transforms to double splitting when pump-2 detuning approaches ±1/2 times of pump-1 Rabi frequency. The splitting between two side band peaks in the triplet or doublet does not change with the pump-2 laser wavelength. The three peaks shift to a lower energy with a different shift as pump-2 wavelength increases. The magnitude of AT splitting increases with increasing pump-2 laser intensity. The asymptotic behavior of AT splitting with the pump-2 laser intensity are interesting at the threshold point of the near resonant region and far-off resonant region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- School of Electric Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, P. R. China
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33
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Major B, Porras MA, Horváth ZL. Rotation of the polarization direction and reversal of helicity of ultrashort pulsed beams propagating in free space. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2014; 31:1200-1205. [PMID: 24977357 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.31.001200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We unveil the origin of the recently revealed polarization-state changes of polarization-shaped few-cycle pulses induced by free-space beam propagation. Simple rules are formulated to show how the orientation and ellipticity of the instantaneous polarization ellipse of the source and propagated pulses relate to each other. We demonstrate our findings with examples that clearly display the relationships found and highlight their relevance. We show, for example, that pulses often used in high-harmonic generation or attosecond pulse production rotate as a whole during free-space beam propagation or upon focusing. A pulse that may reverse its ellipticity from right-handed to left-handed during propagation is also introduced. It is shown that these effects are independent of the beam size and/or focal length. We also present how these instantaneous polarization-state changes could be noticed in classical measurements of light polarization using polarizers, phase retarders, and time-integrating detectors.
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34
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Delgado-Aguillón J, Garduño-Mejía J, López-Téllez JM, Bruce NC, Rosete-Aguilar M, Román-Moreno CJ, Ortega-Martínez R. Direct inversion methods for spectral amplitude modulation of femtosecond pulses. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2014; 85:043105. [PMID: 24784591 DOI: 10.1063/1.4870282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, we applied an amplitude-spatial light modulator to shape the spectral amplitude of femtosecond pulses in a single step, without an iterative algorithm, by using an inversion method defined as the generalized retardance function. Additionally, we also present a single step method to shape the intensity profile defined as the influence matrix. Numerical and experimental results are presented for both methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Delgado-Aguillón
- Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, A. P. 70-186, C.U., México City, D.F., 04510, Mexico
| | - Jesús Garduño-Mejía
- Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, A. P. 70-186, C.U., México City, D.F., 04510, Mexico
| | - Juan Manuel López-Téllez
- Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, A. P. 70-186, C.U., México City, D.F., 04510, Mexico
| | - Neil C Bruce
- Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, A. P. 70-186, C.U., México City, D.F., 04510, Mexico
| | - Martha Rosete-Aguilar
- Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, A. P. 70-186, C.U., México City, D.F., 04510, Mexico
| | - Carlos Jesús Román-Moreno
- Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, A. P. 70-186, C.U., México City, D.F., 04510, Mexico
| | - Roberto Ortega-Martínez
- Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, A. P. 70-186, C.U., México City, D.F., 04510, Mexico
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Janssen MHM, Powis I. Detecting chirality in molecules by imaging photoelectron circular dichroism. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:856-71. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp53741b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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36
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Hader K, Renziehausen K, Engel V. Carrier envelope phase effects induced by weak multicycle pulses: Localized quantum dynamics in double well potentials. Chem Phys Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2013.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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37
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Renziehausen K, Hader K, Jakubetz W, Engel V. Weak-field, multiple-cycle carrier envelope phase effects in laser excitation. Chemphyschem 2013; 14:1464-70. [PMID: 23436555 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201200946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Although the absolute or carrier envelope phase (CEP) of a laser pulse is usually assumed to be effective for ultrashort and/or ultrastrong pulses only, it is demonstrated that these limitations can eventually be removed. Therefore, the excitation of a model positively charged homonuclear diatomic molecule, in which four electronic states are coupled by the laser field, is studied. In an initial step, nuclear wave packets in two dissociative states are prepared. Upon reaching the fragment channel, a weak pulse interacts with the system and prepares CEP-dependent asymmetries associated with electron density localized on one or the other fragmentation product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Renziehausen
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Emil-Fischer-Str. 42, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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38
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Wollenhaupt M, Lux C, Krug M, Baumert T. Tomographic Reconstruction of Designer Free-Electron Wave Packets. Chemphyschem 2013; 14:1341-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201200968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Bayer T, Braun H, Sarpe C, Siemering R, von den Hoff P, de Vivie-Riedle R, Baumert T, Wollenhaupt M. Charge oscillation controlled molecular excitation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 110:123003. [PMID: 25166802 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.123003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The direct manipulation of charge oscillations has emerged as a new perspective in chemical reaction control. Here, we demonstrate, in a joint experimental and theoretical study, that the electron dynamics of a molecule is efficiently steered by controlling the interplay of a driving femtosecond laser pulse with the photoinduced charge oscillation. These oscillations have a typical Bohr period of around 1 fs for valence electrons; therefore, control has to be exerted on a shorter time scale. Specifically, we show how precision pulse shaping is used to manipulate the coupled electron and nuclear dynamics in order to address different bound electronic target states in a molecule. We present a strong-field coherent control mechanism which is understood in terms of a simple classical picture and at the same time verified by solving the time-dependent Schrödinger equation. This mechanism is universally applicable and opens a wide spectrum of applications in the reaction control of complex systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Bayer
- Institut für Physik und CINSaT, Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Strasse 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Hendrike Braun
- Institut für Physik und CINSaT, Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Strasse 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Cristian Sarpe
- Institut für Physik und CINSaT, Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Strasse 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Robert Siemering
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandt-Strasse 11, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Philipp von den Hoff
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandt-Strasse 11, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Regina de Vivie-Riedle
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandt-Strasse 11, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Thomas Baumert
- Institut für Physik und CINSaT, Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Strasse 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Matthias Wollenhaupt
- Institut für Physik und CINSaT, Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Strasse 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
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40
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Yannopapas V, Vitanov NV. Spatiotemporal control of temperature in nanostructures heated by coherent laser fields. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 110:044302. [PMID: 25166167 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.044302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2012] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate theoretically that it is possible to exercise coherent control of the temperature in nanostructures by laser fields. In particular we show that by use of nanosecond laser pulses it is possible to induce a temperature distribution on a collection of nanoparticles which can last for up to thousands of nanoseconds before assuming the temperature of the environment. Although the form of the temperature distribution depends on the spatiotemporal control of the optical near field induced by the laser field, it is far from being proportional to the local radiation field at a particular point due to the cooling mechanisms which take place among the nanoparticles. We also show that it is possible to selectively heat a given target nanoparticle with adaptive control of the illuminating laser field without a nanoscale focus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nikolay V Vitanov
- Department of Physics, Sofia University, James Bourchier 5 Boulevard, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
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41
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Parker SM, Ratner MA, Seideman T. Simulating strong field control of axial chirality using optimal control theory. Mol Phys 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2012.695808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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42
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Abe H, Ohtsuki Y. Development of nonresonant optimal control simulation to include polarization effects of laser pulses. Chem Phys 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2012.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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43
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Hu Z, Ratner MA, Seideman T. Finite-difference time-domain simulation of light induced charge dynamics in silver nanoparticles. J Chem Phys 2012; 136:054504. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3682089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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44
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Nuernberger P, Wolpert D, Weiss H, Gerber G. Initiation and control of catalytic surface reactions with shaped femtosecond laser pulses. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:1185-99. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp21827a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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45
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Zhdanovich S, Milner AA, Bloomquist C, Floss J, Averbukh IS, Hepburn JW, Milner V. Control of molecular rotation with a chiral train of ultrashort pulses. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 107:243004. [PMID: 22242996 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.243004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Trains of ultrashort laser pulses separated by the time of rotational revival (typically, tens of picoseconds) have been exploited for creating ensembles of aligned molecules. In this work we introduce a chiral pulse train--a sequence of linearly polarized pulses with the polarization direction rotating from pulse to pulse by a controllable angle. The chirality of such a train, expressed through the period and direction of its polarization rotation, is used as a new control parameter for achieving selectivity and directionality of laser-induced rotational excitation. The method employs chiral trains with a large number of pulses separated on the time scale much shorter than the rotational revival (a few hundred femtosecond), enabling the use of conventional pulse shapers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zhdanovich
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and The Laboratory for Advanced Spectroscopy and Imaging Research (LASIR), The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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46
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Stockman MI. Nanoplasmonics: past, present, and glimpse into future. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:22029-106. [PMID: 22109053 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.022029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A review of nanoplasmonics is given. This includes fundamentals, nanolocalization of optical energy and hot spots, ultrafast nanoplasmonics and control of the spatiotemporal nanolocalization of optical fields, and quantum nanoplasmonics (spaser and gain-assisted plasmonics). This article reviews both fundamental theoretical ideas in nanoplasmonics and selected experimental developments. It is designed both for specialists in the field and general physics readership.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark I Stockman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA.
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47
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Köhler J, Wollenhaupt M, Bayer T, Sarpe C, Baumert T. Zeptosecond precision pulse shaping. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:11638-11653. [PMID: 21716397 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.011638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the temporal precision in the generation of ultrashort laser pulse pairs by pulse shaping techniques. To this end, we combine a femtosecond polarization pulse shaper with a polarizer and employ two linear spectral phase masks to mimic an ultrastable common-path interferometer. In an all-optical experiment we study the interference signal resulting from two temporally delayed pulses. Our results show a 2σ-precision of 300 zs = 300 × 10(-21) s in pulse-to-pulse delay. The standard deviation of the mean is 11 zs. The obtained precision corresponds to a variation of the arm's length in conventional delay stage based interferometers of 0.45 Å. We apply these precisely generated pulse pairs to a strong-field quantum control experiment. Coherent control of ultrafast electron dynamics via photon locking by temporal phase discontinuities on a few attosecond timescale is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Köhler
- Universität Kassel, Institut für Physik und Center for Interdisciplinary Nanostructure Science and Technology (CINSaT), Kassel, Germany
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48
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Köhn J, Fennel T. Time-resolved analysis of strong-field induced plasmon oscillations in metal clusters by spectral interferometry with few-cycle laser fields. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:8747-54. [PMID: 21331387 DOI: 10.1039/c0cp02344b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We propose a scheme for ultrafast real-time imaging of laser-induced collective electron oscillations (Mie plasmons) in gas phase metal clusters by interferometrically stable scanning of two intense few-cycle optical laser pulses. The feasibility of our nonlinear spectral interferometry method with experimentally accessible observables is tested in a theoretical case study on simple-metal clusters (Na(147)). The results show that the plasmon period and lifetime as well as the phase and relative amplitude of the collective electron motion can be extracted with sub-fs resolution. The access to nonlinear response effects, as the demonstrated increase of the plasmon lifetime with laser intensity due to ionization-induced contraction of the electron cloud, opens up vast opportunities for interrogating ultrafast many-particle dynamics in nanosystems under strong laser fields with unprecedented resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Köhn
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Universitätsplatz 3, 18051 Rostock, Germany
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49
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Weise F, Achazi G, Lindinger A. Parametrically polarization shaped pulses guided via a hollow core photonic crystal fiber for coherent control. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:8621-6. [PMID: 21479324 DOI: 10.1039/c0cp02263b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present ultrafast polarization pulse shaping through a micro structured hollow core photonic crystal fiber. The pulses are shaped in pulse sequences in which the energy, distance, phases, and chirps as well as the state of polarization of each individual sub-pulse can be independently controlled. The application of these pulses for coherent control is demonstrated for feedback loop optimization of the multi-photon ionization of potassium dimers. In a second experiment, this process is investigated by shaper-assisted pump-probe spectroscopy which is likewise performed with pulses that are transmitted through the fiber. Both techniques reveal the excitation pathway including the dynamics in the participating electronic states and expose the relevance of the polarization. These methods will be valuable for endoscopic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Weise
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
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50
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Achazi G, Patas A, Weise F, Pawłowska M, Lindinger A. Reconstruction of polarization-shaped laser pulses after a hollow-core fiber using backreflection. APPLIED OPTICS 2011; 50:915-923. [PMID: 21343971 DOI: 10.1364/ao.50.000915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We present a method to reconstruct the pulse shape of polarization-shaped femtosecond laser pulses after a hollow-core photonic crystal fiber by reflecting the pulses back through the fiber. First, a procedure is introduced to receive the optical fiber properties and generate parametrically shaped pulses after propagation through the fiber. Changes of the fiber's birefringence by mechanical stress are examined to investigate the correlation between the pulse shapes after one and two passes through the fiber. Finally, we demonstrate the characterization of the pulse after one pass through the fiber by calculating the pulse shape from the measured pulse after two passes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Achazi
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, D-14195 Berlin, Germany. ‐berlin.de
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