1
|
Roeschlin RA, Favaro MA, Chiesa MA, Alemano S, Vojnov AA, Castagnaro AP, Filippone MP, Gmitter FG, Gadea J, Marano MR. Resistance to citrus canker induced by a variant of Xanthomonas citri ssp. citri is associated with a hypersensitive cell death response involving autophagy-associated vacuolar processes. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2017; 18:1267-1281. [PMID: 27647752 PMCID: PMC6638218 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Xanthomonas citri ssp. citri (X. citri) is the causal agent of Asiatic citrus canker, a disease that seriously affects most commercially important Citrus species worldwide. We have identified previously a natural variant, X. citri AT , that triggers a host-specific defence response in Citrus limon. However, the mechanisms involved in this canker disease resistance are unknown. In this work, the defence response induced by X. citri AT was assessed by transcriptomic, physiological and ultrastructural analyses, and the effects on bacterial biofilm formation were monitored in parallel. We show that X. citri AT triggers a hypersensitive response associated with the interference of biofilm development and arrest of bacterial growth in C. limon. This plant response involves an extensive transcriptional reprogramming, setting in motion cell wall reinforcement, the oxidative burst and the accumulation of salicylic acid (SA) and phenolic compounds. Ultrastructural analyses revealed subcellular changes involving the activation of autophagy-associated vacuolar processes. Our findings show the activation of SA-dependent defence in response to X. citri AT and suggest a coordinated regulation between the SA and flavonoid pathways, which is associated with autophagy mechanisms that control pathogen invasion in C. limon. Furthermore, this defence response protects C. limon plants from disease on subsequent challenges by pathogenic X. citri. This knowledge will allow the rational exploitation of the plant immune system as a biotechnological approach for the management of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roxana A. Roeschlin
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR)–Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET)Área Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Ocampo y Esmeralda s/nRosarioS2000FHNArgentina
| | - María A. Favaro
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR)–Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET)Área Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Ocampo y Esmeralda s/nRosarioS2000FHNArgentina
| | - María A. Chiesa
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR)–Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET)Área Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Ocampo y Esmeralda s/nRosarioS2000FHNArgentina
| | - Sergio Alemano
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico‐Químicas y NaturalesUniversidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km. 601Río Cuarto X5804ZABCórdobaArgentina
| | - Adrián A. Vojnov
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. Cesar MilsteinFundación Pablo Cassará‐CONICET, Saladillo 2468Ciudad de Buenos AiresC1440FFXArgentina
| | - Atilio P. Castagnaro
- Instituto de Tecnología Agroindustrial del Noroeste Argentino (ITA‐NOA)Estación Experimental Agroindustrial Obispo Colombres (EEAOC)‐CONICET, Av. William Cross 3150Las TalitasTucumánT4101XACArgentina
| | - María P. Filippone
- Instituto de Tecnología Agroindustrial del Noroeste Argentino (ITA‐NOA)Estación Experimental Agroindustrial Obispo Colombres (EEAOC)‐CONICET, Av. William Cross 3150Las TalitasTucumánT4101XACArgentina
| | - Frederick G. Gmitter
- Citrus Research and Education Center (CREC)University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd.Lake AlfredFL33850USA
| | - José Gadea
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP)Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (UPV)‐Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI), Ed. 8E, C/Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/nValencia46022Spain
| | - María R. Marano
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR)–Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET)Área Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Ocampo y Esmeralda s/nRosarioS2000FHNArgentina
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sculpting the maturation, softening and ethylene pathway: the influences of microRNAs on tomato fruits. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:7. [PMID: 22230737 PMCID: PMC3266637 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a ubiquitous class of short RNAs, play vital roles in physiological and biochemical processes in plants by mediating gene silencing at post-transcriptional (PTGS) level. Tomato is a model system to study molecular basis of fleshy fruit ripening and senescence, ethylene biosynthesis and signal transduction owing to its genetic and molecular tractability. To study the functions of miRNAs in tomato fruit ripening and senescence, and their possible roles in ethylene response, the next generation sequencing method was employed to identify miRNAs in tomato fruit. Bioinformatics and molecular biology approaches were combined to profile the miRNAs expression patterns at three different fruit ripening stages and by exogenous ethylene treatment. Results In addition to 7 novel miRNA families, 103 conserved miRNAs belonging to 24 families and 10 non-conserved miRNAs matching 9 families were identified in our libraries. The targets of many these miRNAs were predicted to be transcriptional factors. Other targets are known to play roles in the regulation of metabolic processes. Interestingly, some targets were predicted to be involved in fruit ripening and softening, such as Pectate Lyase, beta-galactosidase, while a few others were predicted to be involved in ethylene biosynthesis and signaling pathway, such as ACS, EIN2 and CTR1. The expression patterns of a number of such miRNAs at three ripening stages were confirmed by stem-loop RT-PCR, which showed a strong negative correlation with that of their targets. The regulation of exogenous ethylene on miRNAs expression profiles were analyzed simultaneously, and 3 down-regulated, 5 up-regulated miRNAs were found in this study. Conclusions A combination of high throughput sequencing and molecular biology approaches was used to explore the involvement of miRNAs during fruit ripening. Several miRNAs showed differential expression profiles during fruit ripening, and a number of miRNAs were influenced by ethylene treatment. The results suggest the importance of miRNAs in fruit ripening and ethylene response.
Collapse
|
3
|
Cardi T, Giegé P, Kahlau S, Scotti N. Expression Profiling of Organellar Genes. ADVANCES IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-2920-9_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
4
|
Liere K, Weihe A, Börner T. The transcription machineries of plant mitochondria and chloroplasts: Composition, function, and regulation. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 168:1345-60. [PMID: 21316793 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2011.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Although genomes of mitochondria and plastids are very small compared to those of their bacterial ancestors, the transcription machineries of these organelles are of surprising complexity. With respect to the number of different RNA polymerases per organelle, the extremes are represented on one hand by chloroplasts of eudicots which use one bacterial-type RNA polymerase and two phage-type RNA polymerases to transcribe their genes, and on the other hand by Physcomitrella possessing three mitochondrial RNA polymerases of the phage type. Transcription of genes/operons is often driven by multiple promoters in both organelles. This review describes the principle components of the transcription machineries (RNA polymerases, transcription factors, promoters) and the division of labor between the different RNA polymerases. While regulation of transcription in mitochondria seems to be only of limited importance, the plastid genes of higher plants respond to exogenous and endogenous cues rather individually by altering their transcriptional activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Liere
- Institut für Biologie/Genetik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Chausseestrasse 117, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kolotilin I, Koltai H, Bar-Or C, Chen L, Nahon S, Shlomo H, Levin I, Reuveni M. Expressing yeast SAMdc gene confers broad changes in gene expression and alters fatty acid composition in tomato fruit. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2011; 142:211-23. [PMID: 21338368 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2011.01458.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruits expressing a yeast S-adenosyl methionine decarboxylase (ySAMdc) gene under control of a ripening-induced promoter show altered phytonutrient content and broad changes in gene expression. Genome-wide transcriptional alterations in pericarp tissues of the ySAMdc-expressing fruits are shown. Consistent with the ySAMdc expression pattern from the ripening-induced promoter, very minor transcriptional alterations were detected at the mature green developmental stage. At the breaker and red stages, altered levels of numerous transcripts were observed with a general tendency toward upregulation in the transgenic fruits. Ontological analysis of up- and downregulated transcript groups revealed various affected metabolic processes, mainly carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism, and protein synthesis, which appeared to be intensified in the ripening transgenic fruits. Other functional ontological categories of altered transcripts represented signal transduction, transcription regulation, RNA processing, molecular transport and stress response, as well as metabolism of lipids, glycans, xenobiotics, energy, cofactors and vitamins. In addition, transcript levels of genes encoding structural enzymes for several biosynthetic pathways showed strong correlations to levels of specific metabolites that displayed altered levels in transgenic fruits. Increased transcript levels of fatty acid biosynthesis enzymes were accompanied by a change in the fatty acid profile of transgenic fruits, most notably increasing ω-3 fatty acids at the expense of other lipids. Thus, SAMdc is a prime target in manipulating the nutritional value of tomato fruits. Combined with analyses of selected metabolites in the overripe fruits, a model of enhanced homeostasis of the pericarp tissue in the polyamine-accumulating tomatoes is proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Kolotilin
- Vegetable Research Department, Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mohorianu I, Schwach F, Jing R, Lopez-Gomollon S, Moxon S, Szittya G, Sorefan K, Moulton V, Dalmay T. Profiling of short RNAs during fleshy fruit development reveals stage-specific sRNAome expression patterns. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 67:232-46. [PMID: 21443685 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04586.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plants feature a particularly diverse population of short (s)RNAs, the central component of all RNA silencing pathways. Next generation sequencing techniques enable deeper insights into this complex and highly conserved mechanism and allow identification and quantification of sRNAs. We employed deep sequencing to monitor the sRNAome of developing tomato fruits covering the period between closed flowers and ripened fruits by profiling sRNAs at 10 time-points. It is known that microRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in development but very little information is available about the majority of sRNAs that are not miRNAs. Here we show distinctive patterns of sRNA expression that often coincide with stages of the developmental process such as flowering, early and late fruit maturation. Moreover, thousands of non-miRNA sRNAs are differentially expressed during fruit development and ripening. Some of these differentially expressed sRNAs derived from transposons but many derive from protein coding genes or regions that show homology to protein coding genes, several of which are known to play a role in flower and fruit development. These findings raise the possibility of a regulative role of these sRNAs during fruit onset and maturation in a crop species. We also identified six new miRNAs and experimentally validated two target mRNAs. These two mRNAs are targeted by the same miRNA but do not belong to the same gene family, which is rare for plant miRNAs. Expression pattern and putative function of these targets indicate a possible role in glutamate accumulation, which contributes to establishing the taste of the fruit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Mohorianu
- School of Computing Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Barsan C, Sanchez-Bel P, Rombaldi C, Egea I, Rossignol M, Kuntz M, Zouine M, Latché A, Bouzayen M, Pech JC. Characteristics of the tomato chromoplast revealed by proteomic analysis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2010; 61:2413-31. [PMID: 20363867 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Chromoplasts are non-photosynthetic specialized plastids that are important in ripening tomato fruit (Solanum lycopersicum) since, among other functions, they are the site of accumulation of coloured compounds. Analysis of the proteome of red fruit chromoplasts revealed the presence of 988 proteins corresponding to 802 Arabidopsis unigenes, among which 209 had not been listed so far in plastidial databanks. These data revealed several features of the chromoplast. Proteins of lipid metabolism and trafficking were well represented, including all the proteins of the lipoxygenase pathway required for the synthesis of lipid-derived aroma volatiles. Proteins involved in starch synthesis co-existed with several starch-degrading proteins and starch excess proteins. Chromoplasts lacked proteins of the chlorophyll biosynthesis branch and contained proteins involved in chlorophyll degradation. None of the proteins involved in the thylakoid transport machinery were discovered. Surprisingly, chromoplasts contain the entire set of Calvin cycle proteins including Rubisco, as well as the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (OxPPP). The present proteomic analysis, combined with available physiological data, provides new insights into the metabolic characteristics of the tomato chromoplast and enriches our knowledge of non-photosynthetic plastids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Barsan
- Université de Toulouse, INP-ENSA Toulouse, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, Avenue de l'Agrobiopole BP 32607, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pozueta-Romero J, Rafia F, Houlné G, Cheniclet C, Carde JP, Schantz ML, Schantz R. A ubiquitous plant housekeeping gene, PAP, encodes a major protein component of bell pepper chromoplasts. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1997; 115:1185-94. [PMID: 9390444 PMCID: PMC158583 DOI: 10.1104/pp.115.3.1185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We have isolated a cDNA (PAP) corresponding to a single nuclear gene that encodes an approximately 30-kD major protein of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) fruit chromoplasts. RNA and protein analyses revealed that, although at a low level, this gene is also expressed in every organ of the plant, the amount of the corresponding transcript and protein dramatically increasing in the latter stages of fruit development. Western-blot and immunocytochemical analyses of purified chloroplasts from leaves and fruits and of chromoplasts from red fruits showed that the encoded protein is the major component of plastoglobules and fibrils and is localized on the outer surface of these lipid structures. Analyses of PAP in plants belonging to different taxa revealed that it is expressed and highly conserved in both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants. The presence of the protein in plastids not differentiating into chromoplasts indicates that PAP is expressed irrespective of the ontogeny of various plastid lines. In light of our results and since the encoded protein, identical to that previously named ChrB or fibrillin, is present in plastoglobules from several species and accumulates in the fibrils of bell pepper chromoplast, we propose to designate it as a plastid-lipid-associated protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Pozueta-Romero
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Strasbourg, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chen Z, Schertz KF, Mullet JE, DuBell A, Hart GE. Characterization and expression of rpoC2 in CMS and fertile lines of sorghum. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1995; 28:799-809. [PMID: 7640353 DOI: 10.1007/bf00042066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A 165 bp deletion in the middle of rpoC2, the plastid gene which encodes the RNA polymerase beta" subunit, was identified in the small-anthered types of CMS sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.). Moench, containing A1, A2, A5, and A6 cytoplasms. It was previously shown that the amino acid sequence deleted in these CMS lines is in a monocot-specific region that contains several protein motifs that are characteristic of several transcription factors. Using primers flanking the deletion in PCR analyses, various types of CMS lines, some of which are used in hybrid sorghum production, were classified into two groups. CMS lines containing A1, A2, A5, A6 cytoplasms display the deletion in rpoC2. These lines have small anthers in which pollen development is arrested at an early stage and in which usually only empty exines are found. CMS lines containing A3, A4, and 9E cytoplasms do not possess the deletion. These lines have large anthers in which pollen degenerates at a later stage. Run-on transcription assays using 15 chloroplast genes showed that chloroplast gene transcription rates are similar in CMS and fertile (maintainer and restorer) lines and F1 in seedling leaves. Analyses of RNA blots indicated that rbcL, rpoB and rpoC2 transcripts are accumulated mainly in the leaves and low in the inflorescence tissues and pollen. These data document plastid gene expression in leaves and non-photosynthetic tissues from CMS and fertile lines of sorghum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z Chen
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Camara B, Hugueney P, Bouvier F, Kuntz M, Monéger R. Biochemistry and molecular biology of chromoplast development. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1995; 163:175-247. [PMID: 8522420 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)62211-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells contain a unique class of organelles, designated the plastids, which distinguish them from animal cells. According to the largely accepted endosymbiotic theory of evolution, plastids are descendants of prokaryotes. This process requires several adaptative changes which involve the maintenance and the expression of part of the plastid genome, as well as the integration of the plastid activity to the cellular metabolism. This is illustrated by the diversity of plastids encountered in plant cells. For instance, in tissues undergoing color changes, i.e., flowers and fruits, the chromoplasts produce and accumulate excess carotenoids. In this paper we attempt to review the basic aspects of chromoplast development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Camara
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Strasbourg, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|