1
|
Klasek L, Inoue K. Dual Protein Localization to the Envelope and Thylakoid Membranes Within the Chloroplast. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 323:231-63. [PMID: 26944623 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The chloroplast houses various metabolic processes essential for plant viability. This organelle originated from an ancestral cyanobacterium via endosymbiosis and maintains the three membranes of its progenitor. Among them, the outer envelope membrane functions mainly in communication with cytoplasmic components while the inner envelope membrane houses selective transport of various metabolites and the biosynthesis of several compounds, including membrane lipids. These two envelope membranes also play essential roles in import of nuclear-encoded proteins and in organelle division. The third membrane, the internal membrane system known as the thylakoid, houses photosynthetic electron transport and chemiosmotic phosphorylation. The inner envelope and thylakoid membranes share similar lipid composition. Specific targeting pathways determine their defined proteomes and, thus, their distinct functions. Nonetheless, several proteins have been shown to exist in both the envelope and thylakoid membranes. These proteins include those that play roles in protein transport, tetrapyrrole biosynthesis, membrane dynamics, or transport of nucleotides or inorganic phosphate. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about proteins localized to both the envelope and thylakoid membranes in the chloroplast, discussing their roles in each membrane and potential mechanisms of their dual localization. Addressing the unanswered questions about these dual-localized proteins should help advance our understanding of chloroplast development, protein transport, and metabolic regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Klasek
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Kentaro Inoue
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hwang JR, Hwang IK, Kim S. Quantitative Analysis of Various Carotenoids from Different Colored Paprika Using UPLC. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.9721/kjfst.2015.47.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
3
|
Domenici V, Ancora D, Cifelli M, Serani A, Veracini CA, Zandomeneghi M. Extraction of pigment information from near-UV vis absorption spectra of extra virgin olive oils. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:9317-25. [PMID: 25178056 DOI: 10.1021/jf503818k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This work reports a new approach to extract the maximum chemical information from the absorption spectrum of extra virgin olive oils (EVOOs) in the 390-720 nm spectral range, where "oil pigments" dominate the light absorption. Four most important pigments, i.e., two carotenoids (lutein and β-carotene) and two chlorophylls (pheophytin-a and pheophytin-b), are chosen as reference oil pigments, being present in all the reported analytical data regarding pigments of EVOOs. The method allows the quantification of the concentration values of these four pigments directly from the deconvolution of the measured absorption spectrum of EVOOs. Advantages and limits of the method and the reliability of the pigment family quantification are discussed. The main point of this work is the description of a fast and simple method to extract of such information in less than a minute, through the mathematical analysis of the UV-vis spectrum of untreated samples of oil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Domenici
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa , via Moruzzi 3, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kim S, Kim JS. Method Validation and Quantification of Lutein and Zeaxanthin from Green Leafy Vegetables using the UPLC System. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.9721/kjfst.2012.44.6.686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
5
|
Joyard J, Ferro M, Masselon C, Seigneurin-Berny D, Salvi D, Garin J, Rolland N. Chloroplast proteomics and the compartmentation of plastidial isoprenoid biosynthetic pathways. MOLECULAR PLANT 2009; 2:1154-80. [PMID: 19969518 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssp088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in the proteomic field have allowed high-throughput experiments to be conducted on chloroplast samples. Many proteomic investigations have focused on either whole chloroplast or sub-plastidial fractions. To date, the Plant Protein Database (PPDB, Sun et al., 2009) presents the most exhaustive chloroplast proteome available online. However, the accurate localization of many proteins that were identified in different sub-plastidial compartments remains hypothetical. Ferro et al. (2009) went a step further into the knowledge of Arabidopsis thaliana chloroplast proteins with regards to their accurate localization within the chloroplast by using a semi-quantitative proteomic approach known as spectral counting. Their proteomic strategy was based on the accurate mass and time tags (AMT) database approach and they built up AT_CHLORO, a comprehensive chloroplast proteome database with sub-plastidial localization and curated information on envelope proteins. Comparing these two extensive databases, we focus here on about 100 enzymes involved in the synthesis of chloroplast-specific isoprenoids. Well known pathways (i.e. compartmentation of the methyl erythritol phosphate biosynthetic pathway, of tetrapyrroles and chlorophyll biosynthesis and breakdown within chloroplasts) validate the spectral counting-based strategy. The same strategy was then used to identify the precise localization of the biosynthesis of carotenoids and prenylquinones within chloroplasts (i.e. in envelope membranes, stroma, and/or thylakoids) that remains unclear until now.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Joyard
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, UMR 5168, CEA, CNRS, INRA, Université Joseph Fourier, iRTSV, CEA-Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble-cedex 9, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Singlet oxygen-dependent translational control in the tigrina-d.12 mutant of barley. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:13112-7. [PMID: 19620736 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0903522106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The tigrina (tig)-d.12 mutant of barley is impaired in the negative control limiting excess protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) accumulation in the dark. Upon illumination, Pchlide operates as photosensitizer and triggers singlet oxygen production and cell death. Here, we show that both Pchlide and singlet oxygen operate as signals that control gene expression and metabolite accumulation in tig-d.12 plants. In vivo labeling, Northern blotting, polysome profiling, and protein gel blot analyses revealed a selective suppression of synthesis of the small and large subunits of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RBCSs and RBCLs), the major light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding protein of photosystem II (LHCB2), as well as other chlorophyll-binding proteins, in response to singlet oxygen. In part, these effects were caused by an arrest in translation initiation of photosynthetic transcripts at 80S cytoplasmic ribosomes. The observed changes in translation correlated with a decline in the phosphorylation level of ribosomal protein S6. At later stages, ribosome dissociation occurred. Together, our results identify translation as a major target of singlet oxygen-dependent growth control and cell death in higher plants.
Collapse
|
7
|
Rolland N, Ferro M, Seigneurin-Berny D, Garin J, Block M, Joyard J. The Chloroplast Envelope Proteome and Lipidome. PLANT CELL MONOGRAPHS 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-68696-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
8
|
|
9
|
Belyaeva OB, Litvin FF. Photoactive pigment—enzyme complexes of chlorophyll precursor in plant leaves. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2007; 72:1458-77. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297907130044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
10
|
Block MA, Douce R, Joyard J, Rolland N. Chloroplast envelope membranes: a dynamic interface between plastids and the cytosol. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2007; 92:225-44. [PMID: 17558548 PMCID: PMC2394710 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-007-9195-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2007] [Accepted: 05/03/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts are bounded by a pair of outer membranes, the envelope, that is the only permanent membrane structure of the different types of plastids. Chloroplasts have had a long and complex evolutionary past and integration of the envelope membranes in cellular functions is the result of this evolution. Plastid envelope membranes contain a wide diversity of lipids and terpenoid compounds serving numerous biochemical functions and the flexibility of their biosynthetic pathways allow plants to adapt to fluctuating environmental conditions (for instance phosphate deprivation). A large body of knowledge has been generated by proteomic studies targeted to envelope membranes, thus revealing an unexpected complexity of this membrane system. For instance, new transport systems for metabolites and ions have been identified in envelope membranes and new routes for the import of chloroplast-specific proteins have been identified. The picture emerging from our present understanding of plastid envelope membranes is that of a key player in plastid biogenesis and the co-ordinated gene expression of plastid-specific protein (owing to chlorophyll precursors), of a major hub for integration of metabolic and ionic networks in cell metabolism, of a flexible system that can divide, produce dynamic extensions and interact with other cell constituents. Envelope membranes are indeed one of the most complex and dynamic system within a plant cell. In this review, we present an overview of envelope constituents together with recent insights into the major functions fulfilled by envelope membranes and their dynamics within plant cells.
Collapse
|
11
|
Pontier D, Albrieux C, Joyard J, Lagrange T, Block M. Knock-out of the magnesium protoporphyrin IX methyltransferase gene in Arabidopsis. Effects on chloroplast development and on chloroplast-to-nucleus signaling. J Biol Chem 2006; 282:2297-304. [PMID: 17135235 PMCID: PMC2408936 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m610286200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Protoporphyrin IX is the last common intermediate between the heme and chlorophyll biosynthesis pathways. The addition of magnesium directs this molecule toward chlorophyll biosynthesis. The first step downstream from the branchpoint is catalyzed by the magnesium chelatase and is a highly regulated process. The corresponding product, magnesium protoporphyrin IX, has been proposed to play an important role as a signaling molecule implicated in plastid-to-nucleus communication. To get more information on the chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway and on magnesium protoporphyrin IX derivative functions, we have identified an magnesium protoporphyrin IX methyltransferase (CHLM) knock-out mutant in Arabidopsis in which the mutation induces a blockage downstream from magnesium protoporphyrin IX and an accumulation of this chlorophyll biosynthesis intermediate. Our results demonstrate that the CHLM gene is essential for the formation of chlorophyll and subsequently for the formation of photosystems I and II and cytochrome b6f complexes. Analysis of gene expression in the chlm mutant provides an independent indication that magnesium protoporphyrin IX is a negative effector of nuclear photosynthetic gene expression, as previously reported. Moreover, it suggests the possible implication of magnesium protoporphyrin IX methyl ester, the product of CHLM, in chloroplast-to-nucleus signaling. Finally, post-transcriptional up-regulation of the level of the CHLH subunit of the magnesium chelatase has been detected in the chlm mutant and most likely corresponds to specific accumulation of this protein inside plastids. This result suggests that the CHLH subunit might play an important regulatory role when the chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway is disrupted at this particular step.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Pontier
- LGDP, Laboratoire Génome et développement des plantes
CNRS : UMR5096IRD : UR121Université de PerpignanBat. C
52 Av de Villeneuve
66860 PERPIGNAN CEDEX,FR
| | - Catherine Albrieux
- LPCV, Laboratoire de physiologie cellulaire végétale
CNRS : UMR5168INRA : UR1200CEA : DSV/IRTSVUniversité Joseph Fourier - Grenoble Ibat. C2
17 Rue des martyrs
38054 GRENOBLE CEDEX 9,FR
| | - Jacques Joyard
- LPCV, Laboratoire de physiologie cellulaire végétale
CNRS : UMR5168INRA : UR1200CEA : DSV/IRTSVUniversité Joseph Fourier - Grenoble Ibat. C2
17 Rue des martyrs
38054 GRENOBLE CEDEX 9,FR
| | - Thierry Lagrange
- LGDP, Laboratoire Génome et développement des plantes
CNRS : UMR5096IRD : UR121Université de PerpignanBat. C
52 Av de Villeneuve
66860 PERPIGNAN CEDEX,FR
| | - Maryse Block
- LPCV, Laboratoire de physiologie cellulaire végétale
CNRS : UMR5168INRA : UR1200CEA : DSV/IRTSVUniversité Joseph Fourier - Grenoble Ibat. C2
17 Rue des martyrs
38054 GRENOBLE CEDEX 9,FR
- * Correspondence should be adressed to: Maryse Block
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Masuda T, Takamiya KI. Novel Insights into the Enzymology, Regulation and Physiological Functions of Light-dependent Protochlorophyllide Oxidoreductase in Angiosperms. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2004; 81:1-29. [PMID: 16328844 DOI: 10.1023/b:pres.0000028392.80354.7c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The reduction of protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) is a key regulatory step in the biosynthesis of chlorophyll in phototrophic organisms. Two distinct enzymes catalyze this reduction; a light-dependent NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR) and light-independent Pchlide reductase (DPOR). Both enzymes are widely distributed among phototrophic organisms with the exception that only POR is found in angiosperms and only DPOR in anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria. Consequently, angiosperms become etiolated in the absence of light, since the reduction of Pchlide in angiosperms is solely dependent on POR. In eukaryotic phototrophs, POR is a nuclear-encoded single polypeptide and post-translationally imported into plastids. POR possesses unique features, its light-dependent catalytic activity, accumulation in plastids of dark-grown angiosperms (etioplasts) via binding to its substrate, Pchlide, and cofactor, NADPH, resulting in the formation of prolamellar bodies (PLBs), and rapid degradation after catalysis under subsequent illumination. During the last decade, considerable progress has been made in the study of the gene organization, catalytic mechanism, membrane association, regulation of the gene expression, and physiological function of POR. In this review, we provide a brief overview of DPOR and then summarize the current state of knowledge on the biochemistry and molecular biology of POR mainly in angiosperms. The physiological and evolutional implications of POR are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuru Masuda
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kim C, Apel K. Substrate-dependent and organ-specific chloroplast protein import in planta. THE PLANT CELL 2004; 16:88-98. [PMID: 14688290 PMCID: PMC301397 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.015008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2003] [Accepted: 10/16/2003] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The NADPH-dependent protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) oxidoreductase (POR) is unique because it is a photoenzyme that requires light for its catalytic activity and uses Pchlide itself as a photoreceptor. In Arabidopsis, there are three structurally related PORs, denoted PORA, PORB, and PORC. The import of one of them, PORA, into plastids of cotyledons is substrate dependent. This substrate dependence is demonstrated in intact seedlings of wild-type Arabidopsis and two mutants, xantha2, which is devoid of Pchlide, and flu, which upon redarkening rapidly accumulates Pchlide. In true leaves, PORA uptake does not require the presence of Pchlide. The organ specificity of the substrate-dependent import of PORA reveals a means of controlling plastid protein translocation that is closely associated with a key step in plant development, the light-dependent transformation of cotyledons from a storage organ to a photosynthetically active leaf.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chanhong Kim
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Plant Genetics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Meskauskiene R, Apel K. Interaction of FLU, a negative regulator of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis, with the glutamyl-tRNA reductase requires the tetratricopeptide repeat domain of FLU. FEBS Lett 2002; 532:27-30. [PMID: 12459457 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(02)03617-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis in plants has been attributed to feedback control of glutamyl-tRNA reductase (GLU-TR) by heme. Recently, another negative regulator, the FLU protein, has been discovered that operates independently of heme. A truncated form of FLU that contains two domains implicated in protein-protein interaction was co-expressed in yeast with either GLU-TR or glutamate-1-semialdehyde-2-1-aminotransferase (GSA-AT), the second enzyme involved in delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) biosynthesis. FLU interacts strongly with GLU-TR but not with GSA-AT. Two variants of FLU that carry single amino acid exchanges within their coiled coil and tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domains, respectively, were also tested. Only the FLU variant with the mutated TPR motif lost the capacity to interact with GLU-TR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rasa Meskauskiene
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Universitätstr. 2, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Block MA, Tewari AK, Albrieux C, Maréchal E, Joyard J. The plant S-adenosyl-L-methionine:Mg-protoporphyrin IX methyltransferase is located in both envelope and thylakoid chloroplast membranes. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2002; 269:240-8. [PMID: 11784318 DOI: 10.1046/j.0014-2956.2001.02643.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Chlorophyll biosynthesis requires a metabolic dialog between the chloroplast envelope and thylakoids where biosynthetic activities are localized. Here, we report the first plant S-adenosyl-l-methionine:Mg-protoporphyrin IX methyltransferase (MgP(IX)MT) sequence identified in the Arabidopsis genome owing to its similarity with the Synechocystis sp. MgP(IX)MT gene. After expression in Escherichia coli, the recombinant Arabidopsis thaliana cDNA was shown to encode a protein having MgP(IX)MT activity. The full-length polypeptide exhibits a chloroplast transit peptide that is processed during import into the chloroplast. The mature protein contains two functional regions. The C-terminal part aligns with the Synechocystis full-length protein. The corresponding truncated region binds to Ado-met, as assayed by UV crosslinking, and is shown to harbor the MgP(IX)MT activity. Downstream of the cleaved transit peptide, the 40 N-terminal amino acids of the mature protein are very hydrophobic and enhance the association of the protein with the membrane. In A. thaliana and spinach, the MgP(IX)MT protein has a dual localization in chloroplast envelope membranes as well as in thylakoids. The protein is active in each membrane and has the same apparent size corresponding to the processed mature protein. The protein is very likely a monotopic membrane protein embedded within one leaflet of the membrane as indicated by ionic and alkaline extraction of each membrane. The rationale for a dual localization of the protein in the chloroplast is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryse A Block
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, CNRS/CEA/Université Joseph Fourier, DBMS/PCV, Grenoble, France.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ferro M, Seigneurin-Berny D, Rolland N, Chapel A, Salvi D, Garin J, Joyard J. Organic solvent extraction as a versatile procedure to identify hydrophobic chloroplast membrane proteins. Electrophoresis 2000; 21:3517-26. [PMID: 11079570 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(20001001)21:16<3517::aid-elps3517>3.0.co;2-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
As a complementary approach to genome projects, proteomic analyses have been set up to identify new gene products. One of the major challenges in proteomics concerns membrane proteins, especially the minor ones. A procedure based on the differential extraction of membrane proteins in chloroform/methanol mixtures, was tested on the two different chloroplast membrane systems: envolope and thylakoid membranes. Combining the use of classical sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and mass spectrometry analyses, this procedure enabled identification of hydrophobic proteins. The propensity of hydrophobic proteins to partition in chloroform/methanol mixtures was directly correlated with the number of amino acid residues/number of putative transmembrane regions (Res/TM ratio). Regardless of the particular case of some lipid-interacting proteins, chloroform/methanol extractions allowed enrichment of hydrophobic proteins and exclusion of hydrophilic proteins from both membrane systems, thus demonstrating the versatility of the procedure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Ferro
- Département de Biologie Moléculaire et Structurale, CEA-Grenoble, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Barthélemy X, Bouvier G, Radunz A, Docquier S, Schmid GH, Franck F. Localization of NADPH-protochlorophyllide reductase in plastids of barley at different greening stages. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2000; 64:63-76. [PMID: 16228444 DOI: 10.1023/a:1026576319029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The localization of protochorophyllide (Pchlide) and of NADPH-protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR, EC 1.6.99.1) within (etio)chloroplasts has been investigated at selected stages of greening of barley seedlings. Pchlide pigment and POR protein contents were evaluated in different plastid membrane fractions by fluorescence spectroscopy and immunoblot analysis using a monospecific polyclonal antibody raised against the purified enzyme. Fluorescence analysis showed the presence of Pchlide in both the envelope and thylakoid membranes. During greening, the Pchlide content, expressed on a total protein basis, decreased in thylakoid membranes, whereas it increased in the envelope membranes. POR proteins were detected mainly in thylakoid membranes at early greening stages. In contrast, the weak amount of POR proteins was associated more specifically with envelope membranes of mature chloroplasts. Whatever the greening stage, thylakoid-bound Pchlide and POR proteins were more abundant in the thylakoid regions which remained unsolubilized after mild Triton treatment used as standard procedure to prepare PS II particles. This suggests the preferential association of Pchlide and POR to the appressed regions of thylakoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Barthélemy
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Plant Biology B22, University of Liége, Sart-Tilman, B-4000, Liége, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
He Q, Vermaas W. Genetic deletion of proteins resembling Type IV pilins in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803: their role in binding or transfer of newly synthesized chlorophyll. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1999; 39:1175-1188. [PMID: 10380804 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006177103225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Upon non-denaturing gel electrophoresis of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 thylakoid extracts, a Type IV pilin-like protein encoded by open reading frame sll1694 was found in chlorophyll-containing bands. The Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 genome also encodes two similar open reading frames, sll1695 and slr1456. Even though transcripts of sll1694 and slr1456 could be detected, deletion of the three open reading frames in systems with normal chlorophyll content had no effect. However, Sll1694 was found to affect the rate of chlorophyll synthesis and of the assembly of chlorophyll-binding proteins. In the sll1694/sll1695 deletion mutant in a PS I-less/chlL- background, which is unable to synthesize chlorophyll in darkness, chlorophyll synthesis during the first hours of illumination after dark incubation was 30% slower than in the PS I-less/chlL- strain. Moreover, the biogenesis of chlorophyll-protein complexes with a 77K chlorophyll fluorescence emission maximum at 685 mm was delayed by several hours in this mutant whereas the rate of biogenesis of photosystem II was not significantly affected. Furthermore, results of non-denaturing gel electrophoresis indicated that a chlorophyll-binding complex formed during the early hours of chlorophyll synthesis was altered in stability and mobility upon deletion of the three open reading frames. We propose that the protein encoded by sll1694 is involved in, but is not absolutely required for, delivering chlorophyll to nascent photosystems and antennae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Q He
- Department of Plant Biology and Center for the Study of Early Events in Photosynthesis, Arizona State University, Tempe 85284-1601, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Mg-chelatase catalyses the insertion of Mg into protoporphyrin IX (Proto). This seemingly simple reaction also is potentially one of the most interesting and crucial steps in the (bacterio)chlorophyll (Bchl/Chl)-synthesis pathway, owing to its position at the branch-point between haem and Bchl/Chl synthesis. Up until the level of Proto, haem and Bchl/Chl synthesis share a common pathway. However, at the point of metal-ion insertion there are two choices: Mg2+ insertion to make Bchl/Chl (catalysed by Mg-chelatase) or Fe2+ insertion to make haem (catalysed by ferrochelatase). Thus the relative activities of Mg-chelatase and ferrochelatase must be regulated with respect to the organism's requirements for these end products. How is this regulation achieved? For Mg-chelatase, the recent design of an in vitro assay combined with the identification of Bchl-biosynthetic enzyme genes has now made it possible to address this question. In all photosynthetic organisms studied to date, Mg-chelatase is a three-component enzyme, and in several species these proteins have been cloned and expressed in an active form. The reaction takes place in two steps, with an ATP-dependent activation followed by an ATP-dependent chelation step. The activation step may be the key to regulation, although variations in subunit levels during diurnal growth may also play a role in determining the flux through the Bchl/Chl and haem branches of the pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C J Walker
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-1903, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Reinbothe S, Reinbothe C, Lebedev N, Apel K. PORA and PORB, Two Light-Dependent Protochlorophyllide-Reducing Enzymes of Angiosperm Chlorophyll Biosynthesis. THE PLANT CELL 1996; 8:763-769. [PMID: 12239398 PMCID: PMC161135 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.8.5.763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Reinbothe
- Institute for Plant Sciences, Department of Genetics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH), ETH-Zentrum, Universitatsstrasse 2, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Reinbothe S, Reinbothe C, Lebedev N, Apel K. PORA and PORB, Two Light-Dependent Protochlorophyllide-Reducing Enzymes of Angiosperm Chlorophyll Biosynthesis. THE PLANT CELL 1996. [PMID: 12239398 DOI: 10.2307/3870279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Reinbothe
- Institute for Plant Sciences, Department of Genetics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH), ETH-Zentrum, Universitatsstrasse 2, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Reinbothe S, Reinbothe C. The regulation of enzymes involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1996; 237:323-43. [PMID: 8647070 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.00323.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
All living organisms contain tetrapyrroles. In plants, chlorophyll (chlorophyll a plus chlorophyll b) is the most abundant and probably most important tetrapyrrole. It is involved in light absorption and energy transduction during photosynthesis. Chlorophyll is synthesized from the intact carbon skeleton of glutamate via the C5 pathway. This pathway takes place in the chloroplast. It is the aim of this review to summarize the current knowledge on the biochemistry and molecular biology of the C5-pathway enzymes, their regulated expression in response to light, and the impact of chlorophyll biosynthesis on chloroplast development. Particular emphasis will be placed on the key regulatory steps of chlorophyll biosynthesis in higher plants, such as 5-aminolevulinic acid formation, the production of Mg(2+)-protoporphyrin IX, and light-dependent protochlorophyllide reduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Reinbothe
- Department of Genetics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH), Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
White RA, Wolfe GR, Komine Y, Hoober JK. Localization of light-harvesting complex apoproteins in the chloroplast and cytoplasm during greening ofChlamydomonas reinhardtii at 38°C. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1996; 47:267-280. [PMID: 24301993 DOI: 10.1007/bf02184287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/1995] [Accepted: 02/26/1996] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Assembly of the major light-harvesting complex (LHC II) and development of photosynthetic function were examined during the initial phase of thylakoid biogenesis inChlamydomonas reinhardtii cells at 38°C. Continuous monitoring of LHC II fluorescence showed that these processes were initiated immediately upon exposure of cells to light. However, mature-size apoproteins of LHC II (Lhcb) increased in amount in an alkali-soluble (non-membrane) fraction in parallel with the increase in the membrane fraction. Alkali-soluble Lhcb were not integrated into membranes when protein synthesis was inhibited, suggesting that they were not active intermediates in LHC II assembly, nor were they recovered in a purified chloroplast preparation. Immunocytochemical analysis of greening cells revealed Lhcb inside the chloroplast near the envelope and in clusters deeper in the organelle. Antibody binding also detected Lhcb in granules within vacuoles in the cytosol, and Lhcb were recovered in granules purified from greening cells. Our results suggest that the cytosolic granules serve as receptacles of Lhcb synthesized in excess of the amount that can be accommodated by thylakoid membrane formation within the plastid envelope.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R A White
- Department of Botany, Arizona State University, 85287-1601, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Dahlin C, Sundqvist C, Timko MP. The in vitro assembly of the NADPH-protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase in pea chloroplasts. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1995; 29:317-30. [PMID: 7579182 DOI: 10.1007/bf00043655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The NADPH-protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (pchlide reductase, EC 1.6.99.1) is the major protein in the prolamellar bodies (PLBs) of etioplasts, where it catalyzes the light-dependent reduction of protochlorophyllide to chlorophyllide during chlorophyll synthesis in higher plants. The suborganellar location in chloroplasts of light-grown plants is less clear. In vitro assays were performed to characterize the assembly process of the pchlide reductase protein in pea chloroplasts. Import reactions employing radiolabelled precursor protein of the pchlide reductase showed that the protein was efficiently imported into fully matured green chloroplasts of pea. Fractionation assays following an import reaction revealed that imported protein was targeted to the thylakoid membranes. No radiolabelled protein could be detected in the stromal or envelope compartments upon import. Assembly reactions performed in chloroplast lysates showed that maximum amount of radiolabelled protein was associated to the thylakoid membranes in a thermolysin-resistant conformation when the assays were performed in the presence of hydrolyzable ATP and NADPH, but not in the presence of NADH. Furthermore, membrane assembly was optimal at pH 7.5 and at 25 degrees C. However, further treatment of the thylakoids with NaOH after an assembly reaction removed most of the membrane-associated protein. Assembly assays performed with the mature form of the pchlide reductase, lacking the transit peptide, showed that the pre-sequence was not required for membrane assembly. These results indicate that the pchlide reductase is a peripheral protein located on the stromal side of the membrane, and that both the precursor and the mature form of the protein can act as substrates for membrane assembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Dahlin
- Dept. of Plant Physiology, Botanical Institute, Göteborg University, Sweden
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Yoshida K, Chen RM, Tanaka A, Teramoto H, Tanaka R, Timko MP, Tsuji H. Correlated Changes in the Activity, Amount of Protein, and Abundance of Transcript of NADPH:Protochlorophyllide Oxidoreductase and Chlorophyll Accumulation during Greening of Cucumber Cotyledons. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1995; 109:231-238. [PMID: 12228591 PMCID: PMC157580 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.1.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the activity and abundance of NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (NPR) and the abundance of mRNA encoding it were examined during the greening of 5-d-old etiolated cucumber cotyledons under continuous illumination. To measure NPR activity in the extracts from fully greened tissues, we have developed an improved method of assay. Upon exposure of etiolated cotyledons to light, NPR activity decreased rapidly within the first 2 h of exposure. Thereafter, enzymatic activity increased transiently, reaching a submaximum level at 12 h, and decreased slowly. The level of immunodetectable NPR protein followed the same pattern of changes during 96 h of greening as observed for NPR activity. The NPR mRNA in etiolated cotyledons disappeared quickly in the 1st h of irradiation. However, the level of mRNA increased thereafter to reach 3-fold or more of the dark level at 12 h and then decreased. The changes in the activity, protein level, and mRNA level after the first rapid decreases corresponded chronologically and nearly paralleled the increase in the rate of chlorophyll accumulation. These findings suggest that the greening of cucumber cotyledons is regulated basically by the level of NPR protein without activation or repression of enzymatic activity and that NPR mRNA increased by light maintains the level of enzyme protein necessary for greening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K. Yoshida
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606 Japan (K.Y., A.T., H. Teramoto, R.T., H. Tsuji)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|