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Song J, Chen X, Li S, Tang H, Dong S, Wang M, Xu H. The environmental impact of mask-derived microplastics on soil ecosystems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169182. [PMID: 38092201 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, a significant increased number of masks were used and improperly disposed of. For example, the global monthly consumption of approximately 129 billion masks. Masks, composed of fibrous materials, can readily release microplastics, which may threaten various soil ecosystem components such as plants, animals, microbes, and soil properties. However, the specific effects of mask-derived microplastics on these components remain largely unexplored. Here, we investigated the effects of mask-derived microplastics (grouped by different concentrations: 0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 % w/w) on soil physicochemical properties, microbial communities, growth performance of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. ramosa Hort.) and earthworm (Eisenia fetida) under laboratory conditions for 80 days. Our findings suggest that mask-derived microplastics reduced soil bulk density while increasing the mean weight diameter of soil aggregates and modifying nutrient levels, including organic matter, potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus. An increase in the abundance of denitrification bacteria (Rhodanobacteraceae) was also observed. Mask-derived microplastics were found to reduce lettuce germination, and a hormesis effect of low-concentration stimulation and high-concentration inhibition was observed on biomass, chlorophyll, and root activity. While the mortality of earthworms was not significantly affected by the mask-derived microplastics, but their growth was inhibited. Collectively, our results indicate that mask-derived microplastics can substantially impact soil properties, plant growth, and earthworm health, with potential implications for soil ecosystem functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjincang Song
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xianghan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Shiyao Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Hao Tang
- Ecological Protection and Development Research Institute of Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, Aba 623000, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Shunwen Dong
- Industrial Crop Research Institute of Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Maolin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, PR China.
| | - Heng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, PR China.
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Zhang Z, Peng C, Xu W, Li Y, Qi X, Zhao M. Genome-wide association study of agronomic traits related to nitrogen use efficiency in Henan wheat. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:7. [PMID: 38166525 PMCID: PMC10759698 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09922-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is closely related to crop yield and nitrogen fertilizer application rate. Although NUE is susceptible to environments, quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) for NUE in wheat germplasm populations have been rarely reported in genome-wide associated study. RESULTS In this study, 244 wheat accessions were phenotyped by three NUE-related traits in three environments and genotyped by 203,224 SNPs. All the phenotypes for each trait were used to associate with all the genotypes of these SNP markers for identifying QTNs and QTN-by-environment interactions via 3VmrMLM. Among 279 QTNs and one QTN-by-environment interaction for low nitrogen tolerance, 33 were stably identified, especially, one large QTN (r2 > 10%), qPHR3A.2, was newly identified for plant height ratio in one environment and multi-environment joint analysis. Among 52 genes around qPHR3A.2, four genes (TraesCS3A01G101900, TraesCS3A01G102200, TraesCS3A01G104100, and TraesCS3A01G105400) were found to be differentially expressed in low-nitrogen-tolerant wheat genotypes, while TaCLH2 (TraesCS3A01G101900) was putatively involved in porphyrin metabolism in KEGG enrichment analyses. CONCLUSIONS This study identified valuable candidate gene for low-N-tolerant wheat breeding and provides new insights into the genetic basis of low N tolerance in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaicheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Crops Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory of Wheat, Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Breeding in Central Huanghuai Area, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Key Laboratory of Wheat Germplasm Resources Innovation and Improvement, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaojun Peng
- Institute of Crops Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory of Wheat, Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Breeding in Central Huanghuai Area, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Key Laboratory of Wheat Germplasm Resources Innovation and Improvement, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China
- The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Weigang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
- Institute of Crops Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory of Wheat, Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Breeding in Central Huanghuai Area, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Key Laboratory of Wheat Germplasm Resources Innovation and Improvement, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China.
- The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yan Li
- Institute of Crops Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory of Wheat, Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Breeding in Central Huanghuai Area, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Key Laboratory of Wheat Germplasm Resources Innovation and Improvement, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China
- The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueli Qi
- Institute of Crops Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory of Wheat, Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Breeding in Central Huanghuai Area, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Key Laboratory of Wheat Germplasm Resources Innovation and Improvement, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China
- The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingzhong Zhao
- Institute of Crops Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory of Wheat, Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Breeding in Central Huanghuai Area, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Key Laboratory of Wheat Germplasm Resources Innovation and Improvement, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China
- The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China
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3
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Narai-Kanayama A, Yokosaka SI, Seo Y, Mikami K, Yoshino T, Matsuda H. Evidence of increases of phytol and chlorophyllide by enzymatic dephytylation of chlorophylls in smoothie made from spinach leaves. J Food Sci 2023. [PMID: 37122139 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Phytol is a diterpene alcohol found abundantly in nature as the phytyl side chain of chlorophylls. Free form of phytol and its metabolites have been attracting attention because they have a potential to improve the lipid and glucose metabolism. On the other hand, phytol is unfavorable for those who suffering from Refsum's disease. However, there is little information on the phytol contents in leafy vegetables rich in chlorophylls. This study indicated that raw spinach leaves contain phytol of 0.4-1.5 mg/100 g fresh weight. Furthermore, crude enzyme extracted from the leaves showed the enzyme activities involved in dephytylation of chlorophyll derivatives and they were high at mild alkaline pH and around 45°C, and lowered at 55°C or above. Under the optimum pH and temperature for such enzymes determined in the model reaction using the crude enzyme, phytol content in the smoothie made from raw spinach leaves increased with an increase of chlorophyllide, another reaction product. Comparison between the increased amounts of phytol and chlorophyllide showed that the enzymatic dephytylation of chlorophylls was critically responsible for the increase of phytol in the smoothie. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Phytol, which is released by the enzymes related to chlorophyll metabolism in plants, has been investigated because of its potential abilities to improve the lipid metabolism and blood glucose level. In contrast to such health benefits, they are known to be toxic for patients suffering from Refsum's disease. This research for the first time reports the phytol content in raw spinach leaves and that phytol can be increased in the smoothie made from spinach leaves by the action of endogenous enzymes on chlorophyll derivatives under a certain condition. These results help control phytol content in the smoothies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asako Narai-Kanayama
- Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine and Life Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Yokosaka
- Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine and Life Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Seo
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kouji Mikami
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Yoshino
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Matsuda
- Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine and Life Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
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4
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Ge X, Du J, Zhang L, Qu G, Hu J. PeCLH2 Gene Positively Regulate Salt Tolerance in Transgenic Populus alba × Populus glandulosa. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14030538. [PMID: 36980811 PMCID: PMC10048402 DOI: 10.3390/genes14030538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Salt is an important environmental stress factor, which seriously affects the growth, development and distribution of plants. Chlorophyllase plays an important role in stress response. Nevertheless, little is known about the physiological and molecular mechanism of chlorophyll (Chlase, CLH) genes in plants. We cloned PeCLH2 from Populus euphratica and found that PeCLH2 was differentially expressed in different tissues, especially in the leaves of P. euphratica. To further study the role of PeCLH2 in salt tolerance, PeCLH2 overexpression and RNA interference transgenic lines were established in Populus alba × Populus glandulosa and used for salt stress treatment and physiologic indexes studies. Overexpressing lines significantly improved tolerance to salt treatment and reduced reactive oxygen species production. RNA interference lines showed the opposite. Transcriptome analysis was performed on leaves of control and transgenic lines under normal growth conditions and salt stress to predict genes regulated during salt stress. This provides a basis for elucidating the molecular regulation mechanism of PeCLH2 in response to salt stress and improving the tolerance of poplar under salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Xiangshan Road, Beijing 100091, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jiujun Du
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Xiangshan Road, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Xiangshan Road, Beijing 100091, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Guanzheng Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jianjun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Xiangshan Road, Beijing 100091, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-62888862
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5
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Jo M, Knapp M, Boggs DG, Brimberry M, Donnan PH, Bridwell-Rabb J. A structure-function analysis of chlorophyllase reveals a mechanism for activity regulation dependent on disulfide bonds. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102958. [PMID: 36731794 PMCID: PMC10011514 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.102958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlorophyll pigments are used by photosynthetic organisms to facilitate light capture and mediate the conversion of sunlight into chemical energy. Due to the indispensable nature of this pigment and its propensity to form reactive oxygen species, organisms heavily invest in its biosynthesis, recycling, and degradation. One key enzyme implicated in these processes is chlorophyllase, an α/β hydrolase that hydrolyzes the phytol tail of chlorophyll pigments to produce chlorophyllide molecules. This enzyme was discovered a century ago, but despite its importance to diverse photosynthetic organisms, there are still many missing biochemical details regarding how chlorophyllase functions. Here, we present the 4.46-Å resolution crystal structure of chlorophyllase from Triticum aestivum. This structure reveals the dimeric architecture of chlorophyllase, the arrangement of catalytic residues, an unexpected divalent metal ion-binding site, and a substrate-binding site that can accommodate a diverse range of pigments. Further, this structure exhibits the existence of both intermolecular and intramolecular disulfide bonds. We investigated the importance of these architectural features using enzyme kinetics, mass spectrometry, and thermal shift assays. Through this work, we demonstrated that the oxidation state of the Cys residues is imperative to the activity and stability of chlorophyllase, illuminating a biochemical trigger for responding to environmental stress. Additional bioinformatics analysis of the chlorophyllase enzyme family reveals widespread conservation of key catalytic residues and the identified "redox switch" among other plant chlorophyllase homologs, thus revealing key details regarding the structure-function relationships in chlorophyllase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minshik Jo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Madison Knapp
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - David G Boggs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Marley Brimberry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Patrick H Donnan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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6
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Genes, Structural, and Biochemical Characterization of Four Chlorophyllases from Solanum lycopersicum. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911716. [PMID: 36233017 PMCID: PMC9570282 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have confirmed that chlorophyllase (CLH), a long-found chlorophyll (Chl) dephytylation enzyme for initiating Chl catabolism, has no function in leaf senescence-related Chl breakdown. Yet, CLH is considered to be involved in fruit degreening and responds to external and hormonal stimuli. The purpose of this work was to elucidate in detail the biochemical, structural properties, and gene expression of four CLHs from the Solanum lycopersicum genome so as to understand the roles of Solanum lycopersicum chlorophyllases (SlCLHs). SlCLH1/4 were the predominantly expressed CLH genes during leaf and fruit development/ripening stages, and SlCLH1 in mature green fruit was modulated by light. SlCLH1/2/3/4 contained a highly conserved GHSXG lipase motif and a Ser-Asp-His catalytic triad. We identified Ser159, Asp226, and His258 as the essential catalytic triad by site-directed mutagenesis in recombinant SlCLH1. Kinetic analysis of the recombinant enzymes revealed that SlCLH1 had high hydrolysis activities against Chl a, Chl b, and pheophytin a (Phein a), but preferred Chl a and Chl b over Phein a; SlCLH2/3 only showed very low activity to Chl a and Chl b, while SlCLH4 showed no Chl dephytylation activity. The recombinant SlCLH1/2/3 had different pH stability and temperature optimum. Removal of the predicted N-terminal processing peptide caused a partial loss of activity in recombinant SlCLH1/2 but did not compromise SlCLH3 activity. These different characteristics among SlCLHs imply that they may have different physiological functions in tomato.
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7
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Ye S, Yang J, Huang Y, Liu J, Ma X, Zhao L, Ma C, Tu J, Shen J, Fu T, Wen J. Bulk segregant analysis-sequencing and RNA-Seq analyses reveal candidate genes associated with albino phenotype in Brassica napus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:994616. [PMID: 36119587 PMCID: PMC9478516 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.994616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Inheritable albino mutants are excellent models for exploring the mechanism of chloroplast biogenesis and development. However, only a few non-lethal albino mutations have been reported to date in Brassica species. Here, we describe a resynthesized Brassica napus mutant, whose leaf, stem, and silique tissues showed an inheritable albino phenotype under field conditions after the bud stage but green phenotype in the greenhouse during the whole growing season, indicating that the albino phenotype depends on environmental conditions. Compared with the green leaves of the field-grown wild-type (GL) and greenhouse-grown mutant (WGL) plants, white leaves of the field-grown mutant (WL) showed significantly lower chlorophyll contents and structural defects in chloroplasts. Genetic analysis revealed that the albino phenotype of WL is recessive and is controlled by multiple genes. Bulk segregant analysis-sequencing (BSA-Seq) indicated that the candidate regions responsible for the albino phenotype spanned a total physical distance of approximately 49.68 Mb on chromosomes A03, A07, A08, C03, C04, C06, and C07. To gain insights into the molecular mechanisms that control chloroplast development in B. napus, we performed transcriptome (RNA-Seq) analysis of GL, WGL, and WL samples. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses suggested that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with leaf color were significantly enriched in photosynthesis, ribosome biogenesis and chlorophyll metabolism. Further analysis indicated that DEGs involved in chloroplast development and chlorophyll metabolism were likely the main factors responsible for the albino phenotype in B. napus. A total of 59 DEGs were screened in the candidate regions, and four DEGs (BnaC03G0522600NO, BnaC07G0481600NO, BnaC07G0497800NO, and BnaA08G0016300NO) were identified as the most likely candidates responsible for the albino phenotype. Altogether, this study provides clues for elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying chloroplast development in B. napus.
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8
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Genome-wide association identifies a missing hydrolase for tocopherol synthesis in plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2113488119. [PMID: 35639691 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2113488119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
SignificanceTocopherols (vitamin E) are plant-synthesized, lipid-soluble antioxidants whose dietary intake, primarily from seed oils, is essential for human health. Tocopherols contain a phytol-derived hydrophobic tail whose in vivo source has been elusive. The most significant genome-wide association signal for Arabidopsis seed tocopherols identified an uncharacterized, seed-specific esterase (VTE7) localized to the chloroplast envelope, where tocopherol synthesis occurs. VTE7 disruption and overexpression had large impacts on tissue tocopherol contents with metabolic phenotypes consistent with release of prenyl alcohols, including phytol, during chlorophyll synthesis, rather than from the bulk degradation of thylakoid chlorophylls as has long been assumed. Understanding the source of phytol for tocopherols will enable breeding and engineering plants for vitamin E biofortification and enhanced stress resilience.
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9
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Chen KH, Liao HL, Arnold AE, Korotkin HB, Wu SH, Matheny PB, Lutzoni F. Comparative transcriptomics of fungal endophytes in co-culture with their moss host Dicranum scoparium reveals fungal trophic lability and moss unchanged to slightly increased growth rates. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:1832-1847. [PMID: 35263447 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mosses harbor fungi whose interactions within their hosts remain largely unexplored. Trophic ranges of fungal endophytes from the moss Dicranum scoparium were hypothesized to encompass saprotrophism. This moss is an ideal host to study fungal trophic lability because of its natural senescence gradient, and because it can be grown axenically. Dicranum scoparium was co-cultured with each of eight endophytic fungi isolated from naturally occurring D. scoparium. Moss growth rates, and gene expression levels (RNA sequencing) of fungi and D. scoparium, were compared between axenic and co-culture treatments. Functional lability of two fungal endophytes was tested by comparing their RNA expression levels when colonizing living vs dead gametophytes. Growth rates of D. scoparium were unchanged, or increased, when in co-culture. One fungal isolate (Hyaloscyphaceae sp.) that promoted moss growth was associated with differential expression of auxin-related genes. When grown with living vs dead gametophytes, Coniochaeta sp. switched from having upregulated carbohydrate transporter activity to upregulated oxidation-based degradation, suggesting an endophytism to saprotrophism transition. However, no such transition was detected for Hyaloscyphaceae sp. Individually, fungal endophytes did not negatively impact growth rates of D. scoparium. Our results support the long-standing hypothesis that some fungal endophytes can switch to saprotrophism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko-Hsuan Chen
- Department of Biology, Duke University, 130 Science Drive, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 155 Research Road, Quincy, FL, 32351, USA
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ling Liao
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 155 Research Road, Quincy, FL, 32351, USA
- Soil and Water Sciences Department, University of Florida, 1692 McCarty Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - A Elizabeth Arnold
- School of Plant Sciences and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, 1140 E. South Campus Drive, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Hailee B Korotkin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, 1416 Circle Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Steven H Wu
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - P Brandon Matheny
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, 1416 Circle Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - François Lutzoni
- Department of Biology, Duke University, 130 Science Drive, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
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10
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Quiles C, Viera I, Roca M. Multiomics Approach To Decipher the Origin of Chlorophyll Content in Virgin Olive Oil. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:3807-3817. [PMID: 35290057 PMCID: PMC8972264 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The color of virgin olive oils, ranging from intense green to brown-yellow, is one of the main selection factors for consumers and a quality criterion in specific legislations. Such coloration is due to their chlorophyll content and depends on the composition of the olive fruit. Through analytical chemistry (HPLC-hrMSn), biochemistry (enzymatic activity), and molecular biology (qRT-PCR) approaches, we have analyzed the origin of the differences in the chlorophyll content among several varieties of olive fruit throughout their ripening process. The higher chlorophyll biosynthetic capacity in olive fruits is due to the enzyme protochlorophyllide reductase, whereas chlorophyll degradation is accomplished through the stay-green and pheophytinase pathways. For the first time, the implication of chlorophyll dephytylase during the turnover of chlorophylls in fruit is shown to be responsible for the exclusive accumulation of dephytylated chlorophyll in Arbequina fruit. The multiomics results excluded the in vivo participation of chlorophyllase in chlorophyll degradation in olive fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - María Roca
- . Tel.: +00 34 954.61.15.50. Fax: +00 34 954.61.67.90
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11
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Schumacher I, Menghini D, Ovinnikov S, Hauenstein M, Fankhauser N, Zipfel C, Hörtensteiner S, Aubry S. Evolution of chlorophyll degradation is associated with plant transition to land. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:1473-1488. [PMID: 34931727 PMCID: PMC9306834 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll, the central pigment of photosynthesis, is highly photo‐active and degraded enzymatically during leaf senescence. Merging comparative genomics and metabolomics, we evaluate the extent to which the chlorophyll detoxification pathway has evolved in Viridiplantae. We argue that cytosolic detoxification of phyllobilins in particular was a critical process to the green lineage’s transition to land.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Schumacher
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of ZürichZürich8008Switzerland
| | - Damian Menghini
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of ZürichZürich8008Switzerland
| | - Serguei Ovinnikov
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of ZürichZürich8008Switzerland
| | - Mareike Hauenstein
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of ZürichZürich8008Switzerland
| | - Niklaus Fankhauser
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of ZürichZürich8008Switzerland
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of ZürichZürich8008Switzerland
| | - Stefan Hörtensteiner
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of ZürichZürich8008Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Aubry
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of ZürichZürich8008Switzerland
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12
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Su Y, Cheng Z, Hou Y, Lin S, Gao L, Wang Z, Bao R, Peng L. Biodegradable and conventional microplastics posed similar toxicity to marine algae Chlorella vulgaris. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 244:106097. [PMID: 35085953 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that some conventional microplastics (CMPs) have toxicities to organisms, however, whether biodegradable microplastics (BMPs) have similar potential risks to marine ecosystems remains to be elucidated. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate i) the effects of CMPs (i. e., micro-sized polyethylene (mPE) and polyamide (mPA)) on marine algae Chlorella vulgaris; and ii) the potential effects of BMPs (i.e., micro-sized polylactic acid (mPLA) and polybutylene succinate (mPBS)) on C. vulgaris. The results showed that either CMPs or BMPs inhibited the growth of microalgae compared with the control. The maximum inhibition ratio of the four types of MPs on C. vulgaris were 47.24% (mPE, 1 000 mg/L), 40.36% (mPA, 100 mg/L), 47.95% (mPLA, 100 mg/L) and 34.25% (mPBS, 100 mg/L), respectively. Among them, mPLA showed the strongest inhibitory effect on the growth of C. vulgaris. Interestingly, the MPs can stimulate the contents of pigments (e.g., chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoid), which may be acted as cellular defense to the stress induced by MPs. The results also showed that MPs stimulated the production of EPS. Under the investigated condition, the strongest inhibition on C. vulgaris was induced by mPLA, and followed by mPE, mPA, and mPBS. It was found that the factors such as the physicochemical properties of MPs (e.g., shading effect, the roughness of surface, the increase in potential), the chemical changes (i.e., the release of additives, the increase of oxidative stress) contributed to the inhibitory effects of MPs on microalgae, but the deciding factor remains to be further systematically explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Su
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Zhiruo Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yipeng Hou
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Shengyou Lin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Liu Gao
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Zezheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Ruiqi Bao
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Licheng Peng
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
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Zhang J, Zhang Z, Liu W, Li L, Han L, Xu L, Zhao Y. Transcriptome Analysis Revealed a Positive Role of Ethephon on Chlorophyll Metabolism of Zoysia japonica under Cold Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11030442. [PMID: 35161421 PMCID: PMC8839986 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Zoysia japonica is a warm-season turfgrass with a good tolerance and minimal maintenance requirements. However, its use in Northern China is limited due to massive chlorophyll loss in early fall, which is the main factor affecting its distribution and utilization. Although ethephon treatment at specific concentrations has reportedly improved stress tolerance and extended the green period in turfgrass, the potential mechanisms underlying this effect are not clear. In this study, we evaluated and analyzed chlorophyll changes in the physiology and transcriptome of Z. japonica plants in response to cold stress (4 °C) with and without ethephon pretreatment. Based on the transcriptome and chlorophyll content analysis, ethephon pretreatment increased the leaf chlorophyll content under cold stress by affecting two processes: the stimulation of chlorophyll synthesis by upregulating ZjMgCH2 and ZjMgCH3 expression; and the suppression of chlorophyll degradation by downregulating ZjPAO, ZjRCCR, and ZjSGR expression. Furthermore, ethephon pretreatment increased the ratio of chlorophyll a to chlorophyll b in the leaves under cold stress, most likely by suppressing the conversion of chlorophyll a to chlorophyll b due to decreased chlorophyll b synthesis via downregulation of ZjCAO. Additionally, the inhibition of chlorophyll b synthesis may result in energy redistribution between photosystem II and photosystem I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahang Zhang
- College of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (J.Z.); (Z.Z.); (W.L.); (L.L.); (L.H.)
| | - Zhiwei Zhang
- College of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (J.Z.); (Z.Z.); (W.L.); (L.L.); (L.H.)
- CCTEG Ecological Environment Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100013, China
| | - Wen Liu
- College of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (J.Z.); (Z.Z.); (W.L.); (L.L.); (L.H.)
| | - Lijing Li
- College of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (J.Z.); (Z.Z.); (W.L.); (L.L.); (L.H.)
| | - Liebao Han
- College of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (J.Z.); (Z.Z.); (W.L.); (L.L.); (L.H.)
| | - Lixin Xu
- College of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (J.Z.); (Z.Z.); (W.L.); (L.L.); (L.H.)
- Correspondence: (L.X.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yuhong Zhao
- Animal Science College, Tibet Agriculture & Animal Husbandry University, Nyingchi 860000, China
- Correspondence: (L.X.); (Y.Z.)
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Neshat M, Abbasi A, Hosseinzadeh A, Sarikhani MR, Dadashi Chavan D, Rasoulnia A. Plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPR) induce antioxidant tolerance against salinity stress through biochemical and physiological mechanisms. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 28:347-361. [PMID: 35400886 PMCID: PMC8943118 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-022-01128-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Salinity is one of the most severe abiotic stress in the world. Also, the irrigated lands have been treated with second salinity. Canola is one of the most important industrial crops for oil production all over the world which is affected by salinity. Salt stress causes imbalanced ion hemostasis (Na+ and K+) and interrupted mineral absorption in canola. Also, salinity stress leads to oxidative stress (production and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Accumulation of ROS is extremely dangerous and lethal for plants. As a consequence, canola production is reduced under salinity stress. So, a suitable approach should be found to deal with salinity stress and prevent the loss of production oilseed. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can colonize on the plant root surface and alleviate the salt stress effect by providing minerals like nitrogen, phosphate, and potassium. Also, they alleviate salt stress by phytohormones like auxin (IAA), cytokinin (CK), and abscisic acid (ABA). This study focus on physiological parameters like leaf area (LA), root length (RL), shoot length (SL), chlorophyll fluorescence indexes (Fv/Fm and Fv/F0), relative water content (RWC), electrolyte leakage index (ELI), photosynthesis pigments (chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids), Na+, and K+; and biochemical parameters like malondialdehyde (MDA) content, hydrogen peroxide content (H2O2), total protein content, proline, antioxidant capacity, and antioxidant enzyme activities in canola through the inoculation with Enterobacter sp. S16-3 and Pseudomonas sp. C16-2O. This study showed that LA, RL, SL, chlorophyll fluorescence indexes, RWC were significantly increased and ELI was significantly decreased in bacteria inoculated treatments. Also, MDA, H2O2 were decreased, and antioxidant capacity, proline, and antioxidant enzymes were increased due to inoculation with these bacteria. Besides, the amount of K+ as an index of salinity tolerance significantly increased, and leaf Na+ content was significantly decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Neshat
- Agronomy and Plant Breeding Department, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, P.O. Box: 31587-11167, Karaj, Iran
| | - Alireza Abbasi
- Agronomy and Plant Breeding Department, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, P.O. Box: 31587-11167, Karaj, Iran
| | - Abdulhadi Hosseinzadeh
- Agronomy and Plant Breeding Department, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, P.O. Box: 31587-11167, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Sarikhani
- Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, 29 Bahman Blvd, P.O. Box 51666-16471, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Davood Dadashi Chavan
- Plant Biotechnology and Breeding Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, 29 Bahman Blvd, P.O. Box 51666-16471, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abdolrahman Rasoulnia
- Agronomy and Plant Breeding Department, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, P.O. Box: 31587-11167, Karaj, Iran
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Liang J, Zhang S, Yu W, Wu X, Wang W, Peng F, Xiao Y. PpSnRK1α overexpression alters the response to light and affects photosynthesis and carbon metabolism in tomato. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 173:1808-1823. [PMID: 34387863 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose nonfermentation 1 (SNF1) related kinase 1 (SnRK1) is a central energy sensor kinase in plants and a key switch regulating carbon and nitrogen metabolism. Fruit quality depends on leaf photosynthetic efficiency and carbohydrate accumulation, but the role of peach (Prunus persica) SnRK1 α subunit (PpSnRK1α) in regulating leaf carbon metabolism and the light signal response remains unclear. We studied the carbon metabolism of tomato leaves overexpressing PpSnRK1α and the responses of PpSnRK1α-overexpressing tomato leaves to light signals. Transcriptome, metabolome, and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses revealed that uridine 5'-diphosphoglucose, glutamate, and glucose-6-phosphate accumulated in tomato leaves overexpressing PpSnRK1α. The expression of genes (e.g., GDH2, SuSy) encoding enzymes related to carbon metabolism (e.g., glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH2; EC: 1.4.1.3), sucrose synthase (SS; EC: 2.4.1.13)) and chlorophyllase (CLH) encoding chlorophyllase (EC: 3.1.1.14), which regulates photosynthetic pigments and photosynthesis, was significantly increased in PpSnRK1α-overexpressing plants. PpSnRK1α overexpression inhibited the growth of hypocotyls and primary roots in response to light. The chlorophyll content of the leaves was increased, the activity of SS and ADPG pyrophosphatase (AGPase; EC: 2.7.7.27) was increased, and photosynthesis was promoted in PpSnRK1α-overexpressing plants relative to wild-type plants. Under light stress, the net photosynthetic rate of plants was significantly higher in plants overexpressing PpSnRK1α than in wild-type plants. This indicates that PpSnRK1α promotes the accumulation of carbohydrates by regulating genes related to carbon metabolism, regulating genes related to chlorophyll synthesis, and then responding to light signals to increase the net photosynthetic rate of leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, China
| | - Shuhui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, China
| | - Wenying Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, China
| | - Xuelian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, China
| | - Wenru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, China
| | - Futian Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, China
| | - Yuansong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, China
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Hu X, Khan I, Jiao Q, Zada A, Jia T. Chlorophyllase, a Common Plant Hydrolase Enzyme with a Long History, Is Still a Puzzle. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12121871. [PMID: 34946820 PMCID: PMC8702186 DOI: 10.3390/genes12121871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlorophyllase (Chlase, CLH) is one of the earliest discovered enzymes present in plants and green algae. It was long considered to be the first enzyme involved in chlorophyll (Chl) degradation, while strong evidence showed that it is not involved in Chl breakdown during leaf senescence. On the other hand, it is possible that CLH is involved in Chl breakdown during fruit ripening. Recently, it was discovered that Arabidopsis CLH1 is located in developing chloroplasts but not in mature chloroplasts, and it plays a role in protecting young leaves from long-term photodamage by catalysing Chl turnover in the photosystem II (PSII) repair cycle. However, there remain other important questions related to CLH. In this article, we briefly reviewed the research progress on CLH and listed the main unanswered questions related to CLH for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyun Hu
- International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.H.); (Q.J.)
- Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (I.K.); (A.Z.)
| | - Imran Khan
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (I.K.); (A.Z.)
| | - Qingsong Jiao
- International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.H.); (Q.J.)
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (I.K.); (A.Z.)
| | - Ahmad Zada
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (I.K.); (A.Z.)
| | - Ting Jia
- International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.H.); (Q.J.)
- Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence:
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Research Progress in the Interconversion, Turnover and Degradation of Chlorophyll. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113134. [PMID: 34831365 PMCID: PMC8621299 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlorophylls (Chls, Chl a and Chl b) are tetrapyrrole molecules essential for photosynthetic light harvesting and energy transduction in plants. Once formed, Chls are noncovalently bound to photosynthetic proteins on the thylakoid membrane. In contrast, they are dismantled from photosystems in response to environmental changes or developmental processes; thus, they undergo interconversion, turnover, and degradation. In the last twenty years, fruitful research progress has been achieved on these Chl metabolic processes. The discovery of new metabolic pathways has been accompanied by the identification of enzymes associated with biochemical steps. This article reviews recent progress in the analysis of the Chl cycle, turnover and degradation pathways and the involved enzymes. In addition, open questions regarding these pathways that require further investigation are also suggested.
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Evolutionary genomics and biosynthetic potential of novel environmental Actinobacteria. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:8805-8822. [PMID: 34716462 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11659-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Actinobacteria embroil Gram-positive microbes with high guanine and cytosine contents in their DNA. They are the source of most antimicrobials of bacterial origin utilized in medicine today. Their genomes are among the richest in novel secondary metabolites with high biotechnological potential. Actinobacteria reveal complex patterns of evolution, responses, and adaptations to their environment, which are not yet well understood. We analyzed three novel plant isolates and explored their habitat adaptation, evolutionary patterns, and potential secondary metabolite production. The phylogenomically characterized isolates belonged to Actinoplanes sp. TFC3, Streptomyces sp. L06, and Embleya sp. NF3. Positively selected genes, relevant in strain evolution, encoded enzymes for stress resistance in all strains, including porphyrin, chlorophyll, and ubiquinone biosynthesis in Embleya sp. NF3. Streptomyces sp. L06 encoded for pantothenate and proteins for CoA biosynthesis with evidence of positive selection; furthermore, Actinoplanes sp. TFC3 encoded for a c-di-GMP synthetase, with adaptive mutations. Notably, the genomes harbored many genes involved in the biosynthesis of at least ten novel secondary metabolites, with many avenues for future new bioactive compound characterization-specifically, Streptomyces sp. L06 could make new ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides, while Embleya sp. NF3 could produce new non-ribosomal peptide synthetases and ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides. At the same time, TFC3 has particularly enriched in terpene and polyketide synthases. All the strains harbored conserved genes in response to diverse environmental stresses, plant growth promotion factors, and degradation of various carbohydrates, which supported their endophytic lifestyle and showed their capacity to colonize other niches. This study aims to provide a comprehensive estimation of the genomic features of novel Actinobacteria. It sets the groundwork for future research into experimental tests with new bioactive metabolites with potential application in medicine, biofertilizers, and plant biomass residue utilization, with potential application in medicine, as biofertilizers and in plant biomass residues utilization. KEY POINTS: • Potential of novel environmental bacteria for secondary metabolites production • Exploring the genomes of three novel endophytes isolated from a medicinal tree • Pan-genome analysis of Actinobacteria genera.
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Hu B, Mithöfer A, Reichelt M, Eggert K, Peters FS, Ma M, Schumacher J, Kreuzwieser J, von Wirén N, Rennenberg H. Systemic reprogramming of phytohormone profiles and metabolic traits by virulent Diplodia infection in its pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) host. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:2744-2764. [PMID: 33822379 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The widespread ascomycetous fungus Diplodia pinea is a latent, necrotrophic pathogen in Pinus species causing severe damages and world-wide economic losses. However, the interactions between pine hosts and virulent D. pinea are largely not understood. In the present study, systemic defence responses were investigated in non-inoculated, asymptomatic needles and roots of D. pinea infected saplings of two P. sylvestris provenances under controlled greenhouse conditions. Here, we show that D. pinea infection induced a multitude of systemic responses of the phytohormone profiles and metabolic traits. Shared systemic responses of both pine provenances in needles and roots included increased abscisic acid and jasmonic acid levels. Exclusively in the roots of both provenances, enhanced salicylic acid and reduced indole-3-acetic acid levels, structural biomass, and elevated activities of anti-oxidative enzymes were observed. Despite these similarities, the two pine provenances investigated different significantly in the systemic responses of both, phytohormone profiles and metabolic traits in needles and roots. However, the different systemic responses did not prevent subsequent destruction of non-inoculated needles, but rather prevented damage to the roots. Our results provide a detailed view on systemic defence mechanisms of pine hosts that are of particular significance for the selection of provenances with improved defence capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Hu
- Center of Molecular Ecophysiology (CMEP), College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University No. 2, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Forest Sciences, Chair of Tree Physiology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Axel Mithöfer
- Research Group Plant Defense Physiology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Kai Eggert
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Leibniz-Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Franziska S Peters
- Institute of Forest Sciences, Chair of Tree Physiology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Forest Protection, FVA Forest Research Institute of Baden-Württemberg (FVA-BW), Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ming Ma
- Center of Molecular Ecophysiology (CMEP), College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University No. 2, Chongqing, China
| | - Jörg Schumacher
- Department of Forest Protection, FVA Forest Research Institute of Baden-Württemberg (FVA-BW), Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Forest Health and Risk Management, University for Sustainable Development (HNE Eberswalde), Eberswalde, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kreuzwieser
- Institute of Forest Sciences, Chair of Tree Physiology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nicolaus von Wirén
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Leibniz-Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Heinz Rennenberg
- Center of Molecular Ecophysiology (CMEP), College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University No. 2, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Forest Sciences, Chair of Tree Physiology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Wang YT, Yang CH, Huang KS, Shaw JF. Chlorophyllides: Preparation, Purification, and Application. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11081115. [PMID: 34439782 PMCID: PMC8392590 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorophyllides can be found in photosynthetic organisms. Generally, chlorophyllides have a-, b-, c-, d-, and f-type derivatives, and all chlorophyllides have a tetrapyrrole structure with a Mg ion at the center and a fifth isocyclic pentanone. Chlorophyllide a can be synthesized from protochlorophyllide a, divinyl chlorophyllide a, or chlorophyll. In addition, chlorophyllide a can be transformed into chlorophyllide b, chlorophyllide d, or chlorophyllide f. Chlorophyllide c can be synthesized from protochlorophyllide a or divinyl protochlorophyllide a. Chlorophyllides have been extensively used in food, medicine, and pharmaceutical applications. Furthermore, chlorophyllides exhibit many biological activities, such as anti-growth, antimicrobial, antiviral, antipathogenic, and antiproliferative activity. The photosensitivity of chlorophyllides that is applied in mercury electrodes and sensors were discussed. This article is the first detailed review dedicated specifically to chlorophyllides. Thus, this review aims to describe the definition of chlorophyllides, biosynthetic routes of chlorophyllides, purification of chlorophyllides, and applications of chlorophyllides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Wang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan; (Y.-T.W.); (C.-H.Y.)
| | - Chih-Hui Yang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan; (Y.-T.W.); (C.-H.Y.)
- Pharmacy Department of E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
- Taiwan Instrument Research Institute, National Applied Research Laboratories, Taipei 106214, Taiwan
| | - Keng-Shiang Huang
- The School of Chinese Medicine for Post-Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (K.-S.H.); (J.-F.S.); Tel.: +886-7-6151100 (ext. 7063) (K.-S.H.); +886-7-6151100 (ext. 7310) (J.-F.S.); Fax: +886-7-6151959 (J.-F.S.)
| | - Jei-Fu Shaw
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan; (Y.-T.W.); (C.-H.Y.)
- Correspondence: (K.-S.H.); (J.-F.S.); Tel.: +886-7-6151100 (ext. 7063) (K.-S.H.); +886-7-6151100 (ext. 7310) (J.-F.S.); Fax: +886-7-6151959 (J.-F.S.)
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Kobayashi K, Suetsugu K, Wada H. The Leafless Orchid Cymbidium macrorhizon Performs Photosynthesis in the Pericarp during the Fruiting Season. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:472-481. [PMID: 33493314 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis with highly photoreactive chlorophyll (Chl) provides energy for plant growth but with simultaneous risk of photooxidative damage and photoprotection costs. Although the leafless orchid Cymbidium macrorhizon mostly depends on mycorrhizal fungi for carbon, it accumulates Chl particularly during fruiting and may not be fully mycoheterotrophic. In fact, stable isotopic analysis suggested that the fruiting C. macrorhizon specimens obtain a significant proportion of its carbon demands through photosynthesis. However, actual photosynthetic characteristics of this leafless orchid are unknown. To reveal the functionality of photosynthetic electron transport in C. macrorhizon, we compared its photosynthetic properties with those of its relative mixotrophic orchid Cymbidium goeringii and the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Compared with C. goeringii and A. thaliana, maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII was substantially low in C. macrorhizon. Chl fluorescence induction kinetics revealed that the electron transport capacity of PSII was limited in C. macrorhizon. Chl fluorescence analysis at 77 K suggested partial energetic disconnection of the light-harvesting antenna from the PSII reaction center in C. macrorhizon. Despite its low PSII photochemical efficiency, C. macrorhizon showed photosynthetic electron transport activity both in the field and under laboratory conditions. Cymbidium macrorhizon developed strong nonphotochemical quenching in response to increased light intensity as did C. goeringii, suggesting the functionality of photoprotective systems in this orchid. Moreover, C. macrorhizon fruit developed stomata on the pericarp and showed net O2-evolving activity. Our data demonstrate that C. macrorhizon can perform photosynthetic electron transport in the pericarp, although its contribution to net carbon acquisition may be limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Kobayashi
- Faculty of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531 Japan
| | - Kenji Suetsugu
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
| | - Hajime Wada
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba 3-8-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902 Japan
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22
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Huang W, Huang J. Lift the mystery veil on chlorophyllases. MOLECULAR PLANT 2021; 14:1044-1045. [PMID: 34119683 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Jirong Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China.
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23
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Tian YN, Zhong RH, Wei JB, Luo HH, Eyal Y, Jin HL, Wu LJ, Liang KY, Li YM, Chen SZ, Zhang ZQ, Pang XQ. Arabidopsis CHLOROPHYLLASE 1 protects young leaves from long-term photodamage by facilitating FtsH-mediated D1 degradation in photosystem II repair. MOLECULAR PLANT 2021; 14:1149-1167. [PMID: 33857689 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The proteolytic degradation of the photodamaged D1 core subunit during the photosystem II (PSII) repair cycle is well understood, but chlorophyll turnover during D1 degradation remains unclear. Here, we report that Arabidopsis thaliana CHLOROPHYLLASE 1 (CLH1) plays important roles in the PSII repair process. The abundance of CLH1 and CLH2 peaks in young leaves and is induced by high-light exposure. Seedlings of clh1 single and clh1-1/2-2 double mutants display increased photoinhibition after long-term high-light exposure, whereas seedlings overexpressing CLH1 have enhanced light tolerance compared with the wild type. CLH1 is localized in the developing chloroplasts of young leaves and associates with the PSII-dismantling complexes RCC1 and RC47, with a preference for the latter upon exposure to high light. Furthermore, degradation of damaged D1 protein is retarded in young clh1-1/2-2 leaves after 18-h high-light exposure but is rescued by the addition of recombinant CLH1 in vitro. Moreover, overexpression of CLH1 in a variegated mutant (var2-2) that lacks thylakoid protease FtsH2, with which CLH1 interacts, suppresses the variegation and restores D1 degradation. A var2-2 clh1-1/2-2 triple mutant shows more severe variegation and seedling death. Taken together, these results establish CLH1 as a long-sought chlorophyll dephytylation enzyme that is involved in PSII repair and functions in long-term adaptation of young leaves to high-light exposure by facilitating FtsH-mediated D1 degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China; College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-Hao Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China; College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Bin Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China; College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Hui Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China; College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Yoram Eyal
- Institute of Plant Sciences, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Hong-Lei Jin
- Institute of Medical Plant Physiology and Ecology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - La-Jie Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China; College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke-Ying Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China; College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Man Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China; College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Zhen Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China; College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao-Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China; College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xue-Qun Pang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China; College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China.
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Kashiyama Y, Ishizuka Y, Terauchi I, Matsuda T, Maeda Y, Yoshino T, Matsumoto M, Yabuki A, Bowler C, Tanaka T. Engineered chlorophyll catabolism conferring predator resistance for microalgal biomass production. Metab Eng 2021; 66:79-86. [PMID: 33862197 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2021.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Production of valuable compounds including biofuels and pharmaceutical precursors derived from microalgae has garnered significant interest. Stable production of algal biomass is essential to make the microalgal industry commercially feasible. However, one of the largest issues is severe biological contamination by predators grazing the algal biomass, resulting in the crash of outdoor cultures. In the present study, we propose a novel engineering strategy for microalgae to cope with predators. The overexpression of plant chlorophyllase (CLH) in a microalga resulted in the enhancement of resistance to the predator. This result supported our hypothesis that CLH promotes chlorophyll breakdown in the chloroplasts of the microalgae when they are digested by the predator, generating the phototoxic catabolite chlorophyllide that damages the predator. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to establish predator-resistant microalgae by enhancing the CLH activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Kashiyama
- Department of Applied Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Fukui University of Technology, 3-6-1, Gakuen, Fukui, Fukui, 910-8505, Japan
| | - Yuki Ishizuka
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Issei Terauchi
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Toshiki Matsuda
- Department of Applied Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Fukui University of Technology, 3-6-1, Gakuen, Fukui, Fukui, 910-8505, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Maeda
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Tomoko Yoshino
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Mitsufumi Matsumoto
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Electric Power Development Co., Ltd, 1, Yanagisaki-machi, Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyusyu, Fukuoka, 808-0111, Japan
| | - Akinori Yabuki
- Department of Marine Biodiversity Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, 237-0061, Japan
| | - Chris Bowler
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Tsuyoshi Tanaka
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan.
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Nie L, Zheng Y, Zhang L, Wu Y, Zhu S, Hou J, Chen G, Tang X, Wang C, Yuan L. Characterization and transcriptomic analysis of a novel yellow-green leaf wucai (Brassica campestris L.) germplasm. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:258. [PMID: 33845769 PMCID: PMC8040211 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07573-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leaf color mutants are the ideal materials to explore the pathways of chlorophyll (Chl) metabolism, chloroplast development, and photosynthesis system. In this study, a spontaneous yellow-green leaf wucai (Brassica campestris L.) mutant "WY16-13" was identified, which exhibited yellow-green leaf color during its entire growth period. However, current understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying Chl metabolism and chloroplast development of "WY16-13" is limited. RESULTS Total Chl and carotenoid content in WY16-13 was reduced by 60.92 and 58.82%, respectively, as compared with its wild type parental line W16-13. Electron microscopic investigation revealed fewer chloroplasts per cell and looser stroma lamellae in WY16-13 than in W16-13. A comparative transcriptome profiling was performed using leaves from the yellow-green leaf type (WY16-13) and normal green-leaf type (W16-13). A total of 54.12 million (M) (WY16-13) and 56.17 M (W16-13) reads were generated. A total of 40,578 genes were identified from the mapped libraries. We identified 3882 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in WY16-13 compared with W16-13 (i.e., 1603 upregulated genes and 2279 downregulated genes). According to the Gene Ontology (GO) term and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses, these DEGs are involved in porphyrin and Chl metabolism [i.e., chlorophyllase (CLH), heme oxygenase (HO), chlorophyll (ide) b reductase (NYC), and protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR) genes], carbohydrate metabolism, photosynthesis, and carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms. Moreover, deficiency in Chl biosynthetic intermediates in WY16-13 revealed that the formation of the yellow-green phenotype was related to the disorder of heme metabolism. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide valuable insights into Chl deficiency in the yellow-green leaf mutant and a bioinformatics resource for further functional identification of key allelic genes responsible for differences in Chl content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libing Nie
- College of Horticulture, Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
- Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Breeding of Anhui, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Yushan Zheng
- College of Horticulture, Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
- Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Breeding of Anhui, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Liting Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
- Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Breeding of Anhui, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Ying Wu
- College of Horticulture, Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
- Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Breeding of Anhui, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Shidong Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
- Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Breeding of Anhui, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
- Wanjiang Vegetable Industrial Technology Institute, Maanshan, 238200, Anhui, China
| | - Jinfeng Hou
- College of Horticulture, Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
- Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Breeding of Anhui, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
- Wanjiang Vegetable Industrial Technology Institute, Maanshan, 238200, Anhui, China
| | - Guohu Chen
- College of Horticulture, Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
- Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Breeding of Anhui, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaoyan Tang
- College of Horticulture, Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
- Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Breeding of Anhui, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Chenggang Wang
- College of Horticulture, Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China.
- Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Breeding of Anhui, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China.
- Wanjiang Vegetable Industrial Technology Institute, Maanshan, 238200, Anhui, China.
| | - Lingyun Yuan
- College of Horticulture, Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China.
- Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Breeding of Anhui, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China.
- Wanjiang Vegetable Industrial Technology Institute, Maanshan, 238200, Anhui, China.
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Fujimoto T, Abe H, Mizukubo T, Seo S. Phytol, a Constituent of Chlorophyll, Induces Root-Knot Nematode Resistance in Arabidopsis via the Ethylene Signaling Pathway. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:279-285. [PMID: 33166202 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-20-0186-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs; Meloidogyne spp.) parasitize the roots or stems of a wide range of plant species, resulting in severe damage to the parasitized plant. The phytohormone ethylene (ET) plays an important role in signal transduction pathways leading to resistance against RKNs. However, little is currently known about the induction mechanisms of ET-dependent RKN resistance. Inoculation of Arabidopsis thaliana roots with RKNs decreased chlorophyll contents in aerial parts of the plant. We observed accumulation of phytol, a constituent of chlorophyll and a precursor of tocopherols, in RKN-parasitized roots. Application of sclareol, a diterpene that has been shown to induce ET-dependent RKN resistance, to the roots of Arabidopsis plants increased phytol contents in roots accompanied by a decrease in chlorophyll in aerial parts. Exogenously applied phytol inhibited RKN penetration of roots without exhibiting nematicidal activity. This phytol-induced inhibition of RKN penetration was attenuated in the ET-insensitive Arabidopsis mutant ein2-1. Exogenously applied phytol enhanced the production of α-tocopherol and expression of VTE5, a gene involved in tocopherol production, in Arabidopsis roots. α-Tocopherol exerted induction of RKN resistance similar to that of phytol and showed increased accumulation in roots inoculated with RKNs. Furthermore, the Arabidopsis vte5 mutant displayed no inhibition of RKN penetration in response to phytol. These results suggest that exogenously applied phytol induces EIN2-dependent RKN resistance, possibly via tocopherol production.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taketo Fujimoto
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
- Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo
| | - Hiroshi Abe
- Experimental Plant Division, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0074, Japan
| | - Takayuki Mizukubo
- National Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8666, Japan
| | - Shigemi Seo
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
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Oetama VSP, Pentzold S, Boland W. The fate of chlorophyll in phytophagous insects goes beyond nutrition. Z NATURFORSCH C 2021; 76:1-9. [PMID: 32887212 DOI: 10.1515/znc-2020-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chlorophyll (Chl) is a natural compound that is found in all autotrophic plants. Since phytophagous insects ingest the photosynthetically active material with the plant leaves, the question arises if and how herbivores deal with Chl and its degradation products. Here we review findings on Chl degradation in phytophagous insects and highlight the role of these ubiquitous plant metabolites for plant-feeding insects. Due to the anaerobic gut of many insects, the degradation is limited to the removal of the peripheral substituents, while the tetrapyrrole core remains intact. Proteins, such as red fluorescent protein, P252 (a novel 252-kDa protein), and chlorophyllide binding protein have been reported to occur in the insect gut and might be indirectly connected to Chl degradation. Besides of an nutritional value, e.g., by taking up Mg2+ ions or by sequestration of carbon from the phytol side chain, the Chl degradation products may serve the insect, after binding to certain proteins, as antimicrobial, antifungal, and antiviral factors. The protein complexes may also confer protection against reactive oxygen species. The antibiotic potential of proteins and degradation products does not only benefit phytophagous insects but also human being in medical application of cancer treatment for instance. This review highlights these aspects from a molecular, biochemical, and ecological point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincensius S P Oetama
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knvll-Stra_e 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Pentzold
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knvll-Stra_e 8, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Friedrich Schiller University Jena, University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Boland
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knvll-Stra_e 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
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28
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Gu S, Dai X, Xu Z, Niu Q, Jiang J, Liu Y. Molecular, structural and biochemical characterization of a novel recombinant chlorophyllase from cyanobacterium Oscillatoria acuminata PCC 6304. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:14. [PMID: 33430874 PMCID: PMC7802212 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01507-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Chlorophyllase catalyzes the hydrolysis of chlorophyll and produces chlorophyllide and phytol. Cyanobacterial chlorophyllases are likely to be more highly heterologously expressed than plant chlorophyllases. A novel recombinant chlorophyllase from the cyanobacterium Oscillatoria acuminata PCC 6304 was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). Results The putative N-terminal 28-amino-acid signal peptide sequence of O. acuminata chlorophyllase (OaCLH) is essential for its activity, but may confer poor solubility on OaCLH. The C-terminal fusion of a 6 × His tag caused a partial loss of activity in recombinant OaCLH, but an N-terminal 6 × His tag did not destroy its activity. The optimal pH and temperature for recombinant OaCLH activity are 7.0 and 40 °C, respectively. Recombinant OaCLH has hydrolysis activities against chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, bacteriochlorophyll a, and pheophytin a, but prefers chlorophyll b and chlorophyll a as substrates. The results of site-directed mutagenesis experiments indicated that the catalytic triad of OaCLH consists of Ser159, Asp226, and His258. Conclusions The high-level expression and broad substrate specificity of recombinant OaCLH make it suitable for genetically engineering and a promising biocatalyst for industrial production, with applications in vegetable oil refining and laundry detergents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitian Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Jiangsu, 214122, Wuxi, People's Republic of China. .,Wilmar Biotechnology Research & Development Center Co., Ltd, 200137, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaojun Dai
- Wilmar Biotechnology Research & Development Center Co., Ltd, 200137, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengjun Xu
- Wilmar Biotechnology Research & Development Center Co., Ltd, 200137, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiwen Niu
- Wilmar Biotechnology Research & Development Center Co., Ltd, 200137, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Jiangsu, 214122, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanfa Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Jiangsu, 214122, Wuxi, People's Republic of China.
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29
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Lin YP, Charng YY. Chlorophyll dephytylation in chlorophyll metabolism: a simple reaction catalyzed by various enzymes. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 302:110682. [PMID: 33288004 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll (Chl) is composed of a tetrapyrrole ring and a phytol tail, which facilitate light energy absorbance and assembly with photosynthetic protein complexes, respectively. Chl dephytylation, the hydrolytic removal of the phytol tail, is considered a pivotal step in diverse physiological processes, such as Chl salvage during repair of the photosystem, the Chl cycle in the adjustment of antenna size, and Chl breakdown in leaf senescence and fruit maturation. Moreover, phytol is a component of the tocopherols, a major form of vitamin E that is essential in the human diet. This phytol mostly comes from Chl hydrolysis. However, the authentic enzyme responsible for Chl dephytylation has proved elusive. CHLOROPHYLLASE (CLH) which was discovered over a century ago, was the first enzyme found to have dephytylation activity in vitro, but its role in Chl metabolism has been questioned and remains under debate. Recently, novel dephytylases, i.e., PHEOPHYTINASE (PPH) and CHLOROPHYLL DEPHYTYLASE1 (CLD1) have emerged from genetic studies, indicating that dephytylation in Chl catabolism involves different players and is more complicated than previously thought. Based on sequence homology, substrate specificity, and subcellular localization, CLH, PPH, and CLD1 belong to different types of dephytylase, which prompted us to re-examine the dilemmas and missing links that still exist in Chl metabolism. This review thus focuses on the hitherto unanswered questions involving the Chl dephytylation reaction by highlighting relevant literature, updating recent progress, and synthesizing ideas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Pin Lin
- Institut of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Yee-Yung Charng
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taiwan, ROC.
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Moreau S, van Aubel G, Janky R, Van Cutsem P. Chloroplast Electron Chain, ROS Production, and Redox Homeostasis Are Modulated by COS-OGA Elicitation in Tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum) Leaves. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:597589. [PMID: 33381134 PMCID: PMC7768011 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.597589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The stimulation of plant innate immunity by elicitors is an emerging technique in agriculture that contributes more and more to residue-free crop protection. Here, we used RNA-sequencing to study gene transcription in tomato leaves treated three times with the chitooligosaccharides-oligogalacturonides (COS-OGA) elicitor FytoSave® that induces plants to fend off against biotrophic pathogens. Results showed a clear upregulation of sequences that code for chloroplast proteins of the electron transport chain, especially Photosystem I (PSI) and ferredoxin. Concomitantly, stomatal conductance decreased by half, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate [NAD(P)H] content and reactive oxygen species production doubled, but fresh and dry weights were unaffected. Chlorophyll, β-carotene, violaxanthin, and neoxanthin contents decreased consistently upon repeated elicitations. Fluorescence measurements indicated a transient decrease of the effective PSII quantum yield and a non-photochemical quenching increase but only after the first spraying. Taken together, this suggests that plant defense induction by COS-OGA induces a long-term acclimation mechanism and increases the role of the electron transport chain of the chloroplast to supply electrons needed to mount defenses targeted to the apoplast without compromising biomass accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Moreau
- Research Unit in Plant Cellular and Molecular Biology, Biology Department, Institute of Life, Earth and Environment, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Géraldine van Aubel
- Research Unit in Plant Cellular and Molecular Biology, Biology Department, Institute of Life, Earth and Environment, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
- FytoFend S.A., Isnes, Belgium
| | | | - Pierre Van Cutsem
- Research Unit in Plant Cellular and Molecular Biology, Biology Department, Institute of Life, Earth and Environment, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
- FytoFend S.A., Isnes, Belgium
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31
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Lu X, Chen Z, Gao J, Fu S, Hu H, Ren J. Combined metabolome and transcriptome analyses of photosynthetic pigments in red maple. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 154:476-490. [PMID: 32663649 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Leaf color is affected primarily by the content and proportion of various pigments. Not only do photosynthetic pigments display various colors, they are also key to the physiological activities of plants. To precisely elucidate the mechanisms of chlorophyll and carotenoid biosynthesis and their interactions in red maple, transcriptomic and metabolomic profiling were performed on green, red and yellow leaves from a selected red maple mutant. In the chlorophyll pathway, ArPOR1, ArCLH2, and ArCLH4 positively regulated chlorophyll a, and made it the dominant pigment in green leaves, whereas ArNOL8 and ArNOL14 negatively regulated chlorophyll synthesis. In the carotenoid pathway, under the positive regulation of ArLUT5-1 and ArLUT5-4, the synthesis of carotenoids changed from α-branch to β-branch during the gradual senescence of leaves. Through integrated data analysis, we obtained genes that directly coordinated between carotenoid and chlorophyll biosynthesis. Ultimately, the results of this paper will be a valuable resource for future research on gene-to-metabolite correlations in red maple, and provide basic information toward facilitating the improvement of color in foliage plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Lu
- School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Rd., Hefei, Anhui, 230036, PR China; Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 40 South Agricultural Rd., Hefei, Anhui, 230001, PR China
| | - Zhu Chen
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 40 South Agricultural Rd., Hefei, Anhui, 230001, PR China
| | - Junlan Gao
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 40 South Agricultural Rd., Hefei, Anhui, 230001, PR China
| | - Songling Fu
- School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Rd., Hefei, Anhui, 230036, PR China
| | - Hongrui Hu
- School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Rd., Hefei, Anhui, 230036, PR China
| | - Jie Ren
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 40 South Agricultural Rd., Hefei, Anhui, 230001, PR China.
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32
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Agathokleous E, Feng Z, Peñuelas J. Chlorophyll hormesis: Are chlorophylls major components of stress biology in higher plants? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 726:138637. [PMID: 32330746 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
High oxidative stress inhibits the synthesis and accumulation of chlorophylls, the pigments that absorb and use light. We collated evidence from a diverse array of studies demonstrating that chlorophyll concentration increases in response to low-level stress and decreases in response to high-level stress. These observations were from 33 species, >20 stress-inducing agents, 43 experimental setups and 177 dose responses, suggesting generality. Data meta-analysis indicated that the maximum stimulatory response did not differ significantly among species and agents. The stimulatory response maximized within a defined time window (median = 150-160% of the control response), after which it decreased but remained elevated (median = 120-130% of control response). The common stimulation of chlorophylls by low-level stress indicates that chlorophylls are major components of stress biology, with their increased concentration at low-level stress suggestive of their requirement for normal functioning and health. Increased chlorophyll concentration in response to low-level stress may equip systems with an enhanced capacity for defense against high-level (health-threatening) challenges within defined time windows, such as pollution or herbivores. These developments have wide-ranging implications in ecophysiology, biotic interactions and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenios Agathokleous
- Institute of Ecology, Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - ZhaoZhong Feng
- Institute of Ecology, Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain; CREAF, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
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33
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Moser S, Erhart T, Neuhauser S, Kräutler B. Phyllobilins from Senescence-Associated Chlorophyll Breakdown in the Leaves of Basil ( Ocimum basilicum) Show Increased Abundance upon Herbivore Attack. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:7132-7142. [PMID: 32520552 PMCID: PMC7349660 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c02238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In view of the common use of the herb basil (Ocimum basilicum) in nutrition and in phytomedicine, the contents of its leaves are of obvious interest. In extracts of fresh yellowish-green basil leaves, phyllobilins (PBs), which are bilin-type catabolites of chlorophyll (Chl), were detected using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Two such PBs, provisionally named Ob-nonfluorescent chlorophyll catabolite (NCC)-40 and Ob-YCC-45, exhibited previously unknown structures that were delineated by a thorough spectroscopic characterization. When basil leaves were infested with aphids or thrips or underwent fungal infections, areas with chlorosis were observed. HPLC analyses of the infested parts of leaves compared to those of the healthy parts showed a significant accumulation of PBs in the infested areas, demonstrating that the senescence-associated pheophorbide a oxygenase/phyllobilin (PAO/PB) pathway is activated by herbivore feeding and fungal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Moser
- Pharmaceutical
Biology, Pharmacy Department, Ludwig-Maximilians
University of Munich, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Theresia Erhart
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sigrid Neuhauser
- Institute
of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bernhard Kräutler
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Peterson DL, Cipollini D. Larval Performance of a Major Forest Pest on Novel Hosts and the Effect of Stressors. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 49:482-488. [PMID: 31904831 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvz160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Novel hosts lacking a coevolutionary history with herbivores can often support improved larval performance over historic hosts; e.g., emerald ash borer [Agrilus planipennis (Fairmaire) Coleoptera: Buprestidae] on North American ash (Fraxinus spp.) trees. Whether trees are novel or ancestral, stress on plants increases emerald ash borer preference and performance. White fringetree [Chionanthus virginicus (L.) Lamiales: Oleaceae] and olive [Olea europaea (L.) Lamiales: Oleaceae] are closely related non-ash hosts that support development of emerald ash borer to adulthood, but their relative suitability as hosts and the impact of plant stress on larval success has not been well studied. In a series of experiments, survival and growth of emerald ash borer larvae on these novel hosts were examined along with the impact of stress. In the first experiment, larvae grew more slowly in cut stems of olive than in green ash [Fraxinus pennsylvanica (Marshall) Lamiales: Oleaceae] and several adults successfully emerged from larger olive stems. In two experiments on young potted olive with photosynthesizing bark, larvae died within a week, but mechanical girdling increased the rate of gallery establishment. The final two experiments on field-grown fringetrees found increased larval survivorship and growth in previously emerald ash borer attacked and mechanically girdled plants than in healthy stems or stems treated with the defense hormone, methyl jasmonate. Our results demonstrate that these non-ash hosts are less suitable for emerald ash borer than preferred ash hosts, but previous emerald ash borer attack or girdling led to better survival and growth demonstrating the importance of stress for larval success. In potted olive, high mortality could be due to higher loads of toxic compounds or the presence of chlorophyllous tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donnie L Peterson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH
| | - Don Cipollini
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH
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35
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Yang Y, Zhang L, Huang X, Zhou Y, Quan Q, Li Y, Zhu X. Response of photosynthesis to different concentrations of heavy metals in Davidia involucrata. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228563. [PMID: 32176700 PMCID: PMC7075629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) are highly toxic and are widespread in agricultural soils, representing risks to plant and human health. In this study, Davidia involucrata was cultivated in soil with different concentrations of Pb and Cd and sampled after 90 days. We used ANOVA to analyse the photosynthesis of D. involucrata and the ability of Pb and Cd to enrich and migrate in roots, stems and leaves. Various results are described here. 1) Under individual and combined Pb and Cd stress, the accumulation factors in the roots were greater than 1, which was significantly greater than those in the stems and leaves (P < 0.05), and the translocation factors both were less than 1. The Pb and Cd enrichment ability of D. involucrata roots was significantly higher than that of stems and leaves, and the migration ability of the two heavy metals in D. involucrata was weak. 2) The Mg-dechelatase activities of chlorophyll degradation products increased under stress due to high concentrations of Pb and Cd. However, chlorophyllase activity was higher at relatively low concentrations of the two heavy metals (P < 0.05). δ-Aminolevulinic acid and porphobilinogen of chlorophyll synthesis products are easily converted to uroporphyrinogen III under low concentrations of Cd, which promotes the synthesis of chlorophyll. 3) The effect of Cd stress alone on the chlorophyll concentration was not significant. Under combined stress, concentrations of Pb and Cd in the range of 400~800 mg·kg-1 and 5~20 mg·kg-1 significantly promoted an increase in photosynthetic pigments (P < 0.05). 4) Inhibition of the net photosynthetic rate increased with increasing Pb and Cd concentrations under both individual and combined stress. In addition, the root of D. involucrata had a strong absorption and fixation effect on heavy metals, thereby reducing metal toxicity and improving the tolerance of D. involucrata to heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yang
- College of Environment Science and Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
- * E-mail: (YY); (XHZ)
| | - Liuqing Zhang
- College of Environment Science and Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
| | - Xing Huang
- College of Environment Science and Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
| | - Yiyang Zhou
- College of Environment Science and Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
| | - Qiumei Quan
- College of Environment Science and Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
| | - Yunxiang Li
- College of Environment Science and Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
| | - Xiaohua Zhu
- College of Environment Science and Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
- * E-mail: (YY); (XHZ)
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36
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Hu X, Jia T, Hörtensteiner S, Tanaka A, Tanaka R. Subcellular localization of chlorophyllase2 reveals it is not involved in chlorophyll degradation during senescence in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 290:110314. [PMID: 31779896 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyllase (CLH), which catalyzes the release of the phytol chain from chlorophyll (Chl), has been long considered to catalyze the first step of Chl degradation. Arabidopsis contains two isoforms of CLH (CLH1 and CLH2), and CLH1 was previously demonstrated to be localized in tonoplast and endoplasmic reticulum, and not be involved in Chl degradation. In contrast, CLH2 possesses a predicted signal-peptide for chloroplast localization, and phylogenetic analysis of CLHs in Arabidopsis and other species also indicate that CLH2 forms a different clade than CLH1. Therefore, the possibility remains that CLH2 is involved in the breakdown of Chl. In the current study, clh mutants lacking CLH2 or both CLH isoforms were analyzed after the induction of senescence. Results indicated that the clh knockout lines were still able to degrade Chl at the same rate as wild-type plants. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants were generated that constitutively expressed either CLH2 or CLH2 fused to a yellow fluorescent protein (YFP). Observations made using confocal microscopy indicated that CLH2-YFP was located external to chloroplasts. Additionally, in overexpression plants, CLH2 was enriched in tonoplast and endoplasmic reticulum fractions following membrane fractionation. Based on the collective data, we conclude that CLH2 is not involved in Chl breakdown during senescence in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyun Hu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Ting Jia
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Stefan Hörtensteiner
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ayumi Tanaka
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, N19W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
| | - Ryouichi Tanaka
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, N19W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan.
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37
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Yu X, Hu S, He C, Zhou J, Qu F, Ai Z, Chen Y, Ni D. Chlorophyll Metabolism in Postharvest Tea ( Camellia sinensis L.) Leaves: Variations in Color Values, Chlorophyll Derivatives, and Gene Expression Levels under Different Withering Treatments. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:10624-10636. [PMID: 31483633 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The freshness and color quality of postharvest tea leaves can be markedly prolonged and retained by proper preservation measures. Here, we investigated the dynamic changes of chlorophyll and its derivatives in postharvest tea leaves under different low-temperature treatments using natural withering as a control. Chlorophyll decomposition was found closely related with chlorophyllide, pheophorbide, and pheophytin. Low-temperature withering could slow chlorophyll degradation in postharvest tea leaves via significant inhibition on the enzyme activity and gene expression of Mg-dechelatase, chlorophyllase, and pheophorbide a oxygenase. At the initial stage of withering, a significant increase was observed in the chlorophyll content, expression of chlorophyll-synthesis-related enzymes (such as glutamyl-tRNA synthetase, etc.), and chlorophyll synthase activity in newly picked tea leaves. Moreover, an obvious decrease was found in the content of l-glutamate as the foremost precursor substance of chlorophyll synthesis. Hence, our findings revealed that the chlorophyll synthesis reaction was induced by the light-dehydration-stress in the initial withering of tea leaves. This study provides a theoretical basis for exploring preservation technology in actual green tea production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei 430070 , People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China , Ministry of Agriculture , Wuhan , Hubei 430070 , People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Hu
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei 430070 , People's Republic of China
| | - Chang He
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei 430070 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jingtao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei 430070 , People's Republic of China
| | - Fengfeng Qu
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei 430070 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zeyi Ai
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei 430070 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqiong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei 430070 , People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China , Ministry of Agriculture , Wuhan , Hubei 430070 , People's Republic of China
| | - Dejiang Ni
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei 430070 , People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China , Ministry of Agriculture , Wuhan , Hubei 430070 , People's Republic of China
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38
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Gomez FM, Carrión CA, Costa ML, Desel C, Kieselbach T, Funk C, Krupinska K, Guiamet J. Extra-plastidial degradation of chlorophyll and photosystem I in tobacco leaves involving 'senescence-associated vacuoles'. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 99:465-477. [PMID: 30985038 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll (Chl) loss is the main visible symptom of senescence in leaves. The initial steps of Chl degradation operate within the chloroplast, but the observation that 'senescence-associated vacuoles' (SAVs) contain Chl raises the question of whether SAVs might also contribute to Chl breakdown. Previous confocal microscope observations (Martínez et al., 2008) showed many SAVs containing Chl. Isolated SAVs contained Chl a and b (with a Chl a/b ratio close to 5) and lower levels of chlorophyllide a. Pheophytin a and pheophorbide a were formed after the incubation of SAVs at 30°C in darkness, suggesting the presence of Chl-degrading activities in SAVs. Chl in SAVs was bound to a number of 'green bands'. In the most abundant green band of SAVs, Western blot analysis showed the presence of photosystem I (PSI) Chl-binding proteins, including the PsaA protein of the PSI reaction center and the apoproteins of the light-harvesting complexes (Lhca 1-4). This was confirmed by: (i) measurements of 77-K fluorescence emission spectra showing a single emission peak at around 730 nm in SAVs; (ii) mass spectrometry of the most prominent green band with the slowest electrophoretic mobility; and (iii) immunofluorescence detection of PsaA in SAVs observed through confocal microscopy. Incubation of SAVs at 30°C in darkness caused a steady decrease in PsaA levels. Overall, these results indicate that SAVs may be involved in the degradation of PSI proteins and their associated chlorophylls during the senescence of leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Facundo M Gomez
- Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de La Plata, cc 327, B1904DPS, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Cristian A Carrión
- Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de La Plata, cc 327, B1904DPS, La Plata, Argentina
| | - María L Costa
- Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de La Plata, cc 327, B1904DPS, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Christine Desel
- Botanisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24098, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Christiane Funk
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Karin Krupinska
- Botanisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24098, Kiel, Germany
| | - Juan Guiamet
- Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de La Plata, cc 327, B1904DPS, La Plata, Argentina
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Zhang S, Wu X, Cui J, Zhang F, Wan X, Liu Q, Zhong Y, Lin T. Physiological and transcriptomic analysis of yellow leaf coloration in Populus deltoides Marsh. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216879. [PMID: 31112574 PMCID: PMC6529213 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Populus deltoides Marsh has high ornamental value because its leaves remain yellow during the non-dormant period. However, little is known about the regulatory mechanism of leaf coloration in P. deltoides Marsh. Thus, we analyzed the physiological and transcriptional differences of yellow leaves (mutant) and green leaves (wild-type) of P. deltoides Marsh. Physiological experiments showed that the contents of chlorophyll (Chl) and carotenoid were lower in mutant leaves, and the flavonoid content did not differ significantly between mutant and wild-type leaves. Transcriptomic sequencing was further used to identify 153 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Functional classifications based on Gene Ontology enrichment and Genome enrichment analysis indicated that the DEGs were involved in Chl biosynthesis and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways. Among these, geranylgeranyl diphosphate (CHLP) genes associated with Chl biosynthesis showed down-regulation, while chlorophyllase (CLH) genes associated with Chl degradation were up-regulated in yellow leaves. The expression levels of these genes were further confirmed using quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). Furthermore, the estimation of the main precursors of Chl confirmed that CHLP is a vital enzyme for the yellow leaf color phenotype. Consequently, the formation of yellow leaf color is due to the disruption of Chl synthesis or catabolism rather than flavonoid synthesis. These results contribute to our understanding of mechanisms and regulation of leaf color variation in poplar at the transcriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhen Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaolu Wu
- College of Landscape Architecture of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jie Cui
- College of Landscape Architecture of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Xueqin Wan
- College of Forestry of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qinglin Liu
- College of Landscape Architecture of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu Zhong
- College of Forestry of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tiantian Lin
- College of Forestry of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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40
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Akhter D, Qin R, Nath UK, Eshag J, Jin X, Shi C. A rice gene, OsPL, encoding a MYB family transcription factor confers anthocyanin synthesis, heat stress response and hormonal signaling. Gene 2019; 699:62-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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41
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Abstract
Phytol, the prenyl side chain of chlorophyll, is derived from geranylgeraniol by reduction of three double bonds. Recent results demonstrated that the conversion of geranylgeraniol to phytol is linked to chlorophyll synthesis, which is catalyzed by protein complexes associated with the thylakoid membranes. One of these complexes contains light harvesting chlorophyll binding like proteins (LIL3), enzymes of chlorophyll synthesis (protoporphyrinogen oxidoreductase, POR; chlorophyll synthase, CHLG) and geranylgeranyl reductase (GGR). Phytol is not only employed for the synthesis of chlorophyll, but also for tocopherol (vitamin E), phylloquinol (vitamin K) and fatty acid phytyl ester production. Previously, it was believed that phytol is derived from reduction of geranylgeranyl-diphosphate originating from the 4-methylerythritol-5-phosphate (MEP) pathway. The identification and characterization of two kinases, VTE5 and VTE6, involved in phytol and phytyl-phosphate phosphorylation, respectively, indicated that most phytol employed for tocopherol synthesis is derived from reduction of geranylgeranylated chlorophyll to (phytol-) chlorophyll. After hydrolysis from chlorophyll, free phytol is phosphorylated by the two kinases, and phytyl-diphosphate employed for the synthesis of tocopherol and phylloquinol. The reason why some chloroplast lipids, i.e. chlorophyll, tocopherol and phylloquinol, are derived from phytol, while others, i.e. carotenoids and tocotrienols (in some plant species) are synthesized from geranylgeraniol, remains unclear.
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Wu H, Shi N, An X, Liu C, Fu H, Cao L, Feng Y, Sun D, Zhang L. Candidate Genes for Yellow Leaf Color in Common Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and Major Related Metabolic Pathways according to Transcriptome Profiling. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061594. [PMID: 29843474 PMCID: PMC6032196 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The photosynthetic capacity and efficiency of a crop depends on the biosynthesis of photosynthetic pigments and chloroplast development. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of chloroplast development and chlorophyll (Chl) biosynthesis in common wheat because of its huge and complex genome. Ygm, a spontaneous yellow-green leaf color mutant of winter wheat, exhibits reduced Chl contents and abnormal chloroplast development. Thus, we searched for candidate genes associated with this phenotype. Comparative transcriptome profiling was performed using leaves from the yellow leaf color type (Y) and normal green color type (G) of the Ygm mutant progeny. We identified 1227 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in Y compared with G (i.e., 689 upregulated genes and 538 downregulated genes). Gene ontology and pathway enrichment analyses indicated that the DEGs were involved in Chl biosynthesis (i.e., magnesium chelatase subunit H (CHLH) and protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR) genes), carotenoid biosynthesis (i.e., β-carotene hydroxylase (BCH) genes), photosynthesis, and carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms. We also identified heat shock protein (HSP) genes (sHSP, HSP70, HSP90, and DnaJ) and heat shock transcription factor genes that might have vital roles in chloroplast development. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of the relevant DEGs confirmed the RNA-Seq results. Moreover, measurements of seven intermediate products involved in Chl biosynthesis and five carotenoid compounds involved in carotenoid-xanthophyll biosynthesis confirmed that CHLH and BCH are vital enzymes for the unusual leaf color phenotype in Y type. These results provide insights into leaf color variation in wheat at the transcriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyu Wu
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Narong Shi
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Xuyao An
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Cong Liu
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Hongfei Fu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Li Cao
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Yi Feng
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Daojie Sun
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Lingli Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
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Zhou P, Mo X, Wang W, Chen X, Lou Y. The Commonly Used Bactericide Bismerthiazol Promotes Rice Defenses against Herbivores. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1271. [PMID: 29695083 PMCID: PMC5983687 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical elicitors that enhance plant resistance to pathogens have been extensively studied, however, chemical elicitors that induce plant defenses against insect pests have received little attention. Here, we found that the exogenous application of a commonly used bactericide, bismerthiazol, on rice induced the biosynthesis of constitutive and/or elicited jasmonic acid (JA), jasmonoyl-isoleucine conjugate (JA-Ile), ethylene and H₂O₂ but not salicylic acid. These activated signaling pathways altered the volatile profile of rice plants. White-backed planthopper (WBPH, Sogatella furcifera) nymphs and gravid females showed a preference for feeding and/or oviposition on control plants: survival rates were better and more eggs were laid than on bismerthiazol-treated plants. Moreover, bismerthiazol treatment also increased both the parasitism rate of WBPH eggs laid on plants in the field by Anagrus nilaparvatae, and also the resistance of rice to the brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens and the striped stem borer (SSB) Chilo suppressalis. These findings suggest that the bactericide bismerthiazol can induce the direct and/or indirect resistance of rice to multiple insect pests, and so can be used as a broad-spectrum chemical elicitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Xiaochang Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Wanwan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Xia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Yonggen Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Akhter D, Qin R, Nath UK, Alamin M, Jin X, Shi C. The Brown Midrib Leaf (bml) Mutation in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Causes Premature Leaf Senescence and the Induction of Defense Responses. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9040203. [PMID: 29642546 PMCID: PMC5924545 DOI: 10.3390/genes9040203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Isolating and characterizing mutants with altered senescence phenotypes is one of the ways to understand the molecular basis of leaf aging. Using ethyl methane sulfonate mutagenesis, a new rice (Oryza sativa) mutant, brown midrib leaf (bml), was isolated from the indica cultivar ‘Zhenong34’. The bml mutants had brown midribs in their leaves and initiated senescence prematurely, at the onset of heading. The mutants had abnormal cells with degraded chloroplasts and contained less chlorophyll compared to the wild type (WT). The bml mutant showed excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), increased activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and malondialdehyde, upregulation of senescence-induced STAY-GREEN genes and senescence-related transcription factors, and down regulation of photosynthesis-related genes. The levels of abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonic acid (JA) were increased in bml with the upregulation of some ABA and JA biosynthetic genes. In pathogen response, bml demonstrated higher resistance against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and upregulation of four pathogenesis-related genes compared to the WT. A genetic study confirmed that the bml trait was caused by a single recessive nuclear gene (BML). A map-based cloning using insertion/deletion markers confirmed that BML was located in the 57.32kb interval between the L5IS7 and L5IS11 markers on the short arm of chromosome 5. A sequence analysis of the candidate region identified a 1 bp substitution (G to A) in the 5′-UTR (+98) of bml. BML is a candidate gene associated with leaf senescence, ROS regulation, and disease response, also involved in hormone signaling in rice. Therefore, this gene might be useful in marker-assisted backcrossing/gene editing to improve rice cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delara Akhter
- Department of Agronomy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh.
| | - Ran Qin
- Department of Agronomy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Ujjal Kumar Nath
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Alamin
- Department of Agronomy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Xiaoli Jin
- Department of Agronomy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Chunhai Shi
- Department of Agronomy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
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Guyer L, Salinger K, Krügel U, Hörtensteiner S. Catalytic and structural properties of pheophytinase, the phytol esterase involved in chlorophyll breakdown. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:879-889. [PMID: 29036670 PMCID: PMC5853334 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
During leaf senescence and fruit ripening, chlorophyll is degraded in a multistep pathway into linear tetrapyrroles called phyllobilins. A key feature of chlorophyll breakdown is the removal of the hydrophobic phytol chain that renders phyllobilins water soluble, an important prerequisite for their ultimate storage in the vacuole of senescent cells. Chlorophyllases had been considered for more than a century to catalyze dephytylation in vivo; however, this was recently refuted. Instead, pheophytinase was discovered as a genuine in vivo phytol hydrolase. While chlorophyllase acts rather unspecifically towards different porphyrin substrates, pheophytinase was shown to specifically dephytylate pheophytin, namely Mg-free chlorophyll. The aim of this work was to elucidate in detail the biochemical and structural properties of pheophytinase. By testing different porphyrin substrates with recombinant pheophytinase from Arabidopsis thaliana we show that pheophytinase has high specificity for the acid moiety of the ester bond, namely the porphyrin ring, while the nature of the alcohol, namely the phytol chain in pheophytin, is irrelevant. In silico modelling of the 3-dimensional structure of pheophytinase and subsequent analysis of site-directed pheophytinase mutant forms allowed the identification of the serine, histidine, and aspartic acid residues that compose the catalytic triad, a classical feature of serine-type hydrolases to which both pheophytinase and chlorophyllase belong. Based on substantial structural differences in the models of Arabidopsis pheophytinase and chlorophyllase 1, we discuss potential differences in the catalytic properties of these two phytol hydrolases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luzia Guyer
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kathrin Salinger
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Undine Krügel
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Hörtensteiner
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse, Zurich, Switzerland
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Kuai B, Chen J, Hörtensteiner S. The biochemistry and molecular biology of chlorophyll breakdown. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:751-767. [PMID: 28992212 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll breakdown is one of the most obvious signs of leaf senescence and fruit ripening. The resulting yellowing of leaves can be observed every autumn, and the color change of fruits indicates their ripening state. During these processes, chlorophyll is broken down in a multistep pathway, now termed the 'PAO/phyllobilin' pathway, acknowledging the core enzymatic breakdown step catalysed by pheophorbide a oxygenase, which determines the basic linear tetrapyrrole structure of the products of breakdown that are now called 'phyllobilins'. This review provides an update on the PAO/phyllobilin pathway, and focuses on recent biochemical and molecular progress in understanding phyllobilin-modifying reactions as the basis for phyllobilin diversity, on the evolutionary diversity of the pathway, and on the transcriptional regulation of the pathway genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benke Kuai
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Biodiversity Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Biodiversity Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Stefan Hörtensteiner
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse, Zurich, Switzerland
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Killiny N, Nehela Y. One Target, Two Mechanisms: The Impact of 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' and Its Vector, Diaphorina citri, on Citrus Leaf Pigments. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2017; 30:543-556. [PMID: 28358623 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-02-17-0045-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB) is currently the largest threat to global citrus production. We examined the effect of HLB pathogen 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' infection or infestation by its vector, Diaphorina citri, on 'Valencia' sweet orange leaf pigments using high-performance liquid chromatography, followed by gene expression analysis for 46 involved genes in carotenoid and chlorophyll biosynthesis pathways. Both 'Ca. L. asiaticus' and D. citri alter the total citrus leaf pigment balance with a greater impact by 'Ca. L. asiaticus'. Although zeaxanthin was accumulated in 'Ca. L. asiaticus'-infected leaves, chlorophyllide a was increased in D. citri-infested plants. Our findings support the idea that both 'Ca. L. asiaticus' and D. citri affect the citrus pigments and promote symptom development but using two different mechanisms. 'Ca. L. asiaticus' promotes chlorophyll degradation but accelerates the biosynthesis of carotenoid pigments, resulting in accumulation of abscisic acid and its precursor, zeaxanthin. Zeaxanthin also has a photoprotective role. By contrast, D. citri induced the degradation of most carotenoids and accelerated chlorophyll biosynthesis, leading to chlorophyllide a accumulation. Chlorophyllide a might have an antiherbivory role. Accordingly, we suggest that citrus plants try to defend themselves against 'Ca. L. asiaticus' or D. citri using multifaceted defense systems, based on the stressor type. These findings will help in better understanding the tritrophic interactions among plant, pathogen, and vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Killiny
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd., Lake Alfred 33850, U.S.A.; and
| | - Yasser Nehela
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd., Lake Alfred 33850, U.S.A.; and
- 2 Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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48
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Duke KA, Becker MG, Girard IJ, Millar JL, Dilantha Fernando WG, Belmonte MF, de Kievit TR. The biocontrol agent Pseudomonas chlororaphis PA23 primes Brassica napus defenses through distinct gene networks. BMC Genomics 2017. [PMID: 28629321 PMCID: PMC5477169 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3848-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The biological control agent Pseudomonas chlororaphis PA23 is capable of protecting Brassica napus (canola) from the necrotrophic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum via direct antagonism. While we have elucidated bacterial genes and gene products responsible biocontrol, little is known about how the host plant responds to bacterial priming on the leaf surface, including global changes in gene activity in the presence and absence of S. sclerotiorum. Results Application of PA23 to the aerial surfaces of canola plants reduced the number of S. sclerotiorum lesion-forming petals by 91.1%. RNA sequencing of the host pathogen interface showed that pretreatment with PA23 reduced the number of genes upregulated in response to S. sclerotiorum by 16-fold. By itself, PA23 activated unique defense networks indicative of defense priming. Genes encoding MAMP-triggered immunity receptors detecting flagellin and peptidoglycan were downregulated in PA23 only-treated plants, consistent with post-stimulus desensitization. Downstream, we observed reactive oxygen species (ROS) production involving low levels of H2O2 and overexpression of genes associated with glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P)-mediated systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Leaf chloroplasts exhibited increased thylakoid membrane structures and chlorophyll content, while lipid metabolic processes were upregulated. Conclusion In addition to directly antagonizing S. sclerotiorum, PA23 primes the plant defense response through induction of unique local and systemic defense networks. This study provides novel insight into the effects of biocontrol agents applied to the plant phyllosphere. Understanding these interactions will aid in the development of biocontrol systems as an alternative to chemical pesticides for protection of important crop systems. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-3848-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Duke
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Michael G Becker
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Ian J Girard
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Jenna L Millar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | | | - Mark F Belmonte
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Teresa R de Kievit
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada.
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The Role of Specialized Photoreceptors in the Protection of Energy‐Rich Tissues. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy7010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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50
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Agathokleous E, Vanderstock A, Kita K, Koike T. Stem and crown growth of Japanese larch and its hybrid F 1 grown in two soils and exposed to two free-air O 3 regimes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:6634-6647. [PMID: 28083741 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8401-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O3) pollution and soil infertility may negatively affect boreal forests across the Northern Hemisphere. Impacts to economically and ecologically important larches (Larix sp., Pinacaeae) are particularly concerning. Using a free air O3 enrichment (FACE) system, we investigated the effect of 2-year elevated O3 exposure (≈66 nmol mol-1) on Japanese larch (L. kaempferi) and its hybrid larch F1 (L. gmelinii var. japonica × L. kaempferi) planted directly into either fertile brown forest soil (BF) or BF mixed with infertile volcanic ash soil (VA). Overall, photosynthetic pigmentation and the growth performance of the stem and crown were reduced in both taxa exposed to elevated O3. Furthermore, hybrid larch, in both O3 treatments, performed better than Japanese larch. This finding contradicts findings of prior experiments with potential experimental artifacts of O3 exposure facilities and root restrictions. Elevated O3 also disproportionately inhibited stem diameter growth and caused an imbalance in chlorophylls a/b and chlorophyll/carotenoid ratios. Hybrid and Japanese larches grown in BF and VA had a significantly lower drop of stem diameter over the run of stem height (from base to top) when exposed to elevated O3, compared to ambient O3. This finding indicates altered stem shape under elevated O3. Among 11 response variables, there were no significant interactions between O3 treatment and taxa. There was also no significant interaction of soil condition and taxa, suggesting that the two larches shared a similar response to O3 and soil type. Understanding the performance of hybrid larch in relation to its parent species has ramifications for breeding success in a soil-degraded and O3-polluted environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenios Agathokleous
- School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8589, Japan.
- Hokkaido Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), Hitsujigaoka 7, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 062-8516, Japan.
| | - Amelie Vanderstock
- HUSTEP, School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0808, Japan
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Kazuhito Kita
- Hokkaido Forestry Research Institute, HRO, Bibai, Hokkaido, 079-0198, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Koike
- School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8589, Japan
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