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Nourozi M, Nazarain-Firouzabadi F, Ismaili A, Ahmadvand R, Poormazaheri H. CRISPR/Cas StNRL1 gene knockout increases resistance to late blight and susceptibility to early blight in potato. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 14:1278127. [PMID: 38304452 PMCID: PMC10830690 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1278127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
With the development of genome editing technologies, editing susceptible genes is a promising method to modify plants for resistance to stress. NPH3/RPT2-LIKE1 protein (NRL1) interacts with effector Pi02860 of Phytophthora infestans and creates a protein complex, promoting the proteasome-mediated degradation of the guanine nucleotide exchange factor SWAP70. SWAP70, as a positive regulator, enhances cell death triggered by the perception of the P. infestans pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) INF1. Using a clustered regularly interspaced short palindrome repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) system, a construct was made to introduce four guide RNAs into the potato cultivar Agria. A total of 60 putative transgenic lines were regenerated, in which 10 transgenic lines with deletions were selected and analyzed. A mutant line with a four-allelic knockdown of StNRL1 gene was obtained, showing an ~90% reduction in StNRL1 expression level, resulting in enhanced resistance to P. infestans. Surprisingly, mutant lines were susceptible to Alternaria alternata, suggesting that StNRL1 may play a role as a resistance gene; hence, silencing StNRL1 enhances resistance to P. infestans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Nourozi
- Production Engineering and Plant Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Farhad Nazarain-Firouzabadi
- Production Engineering and Plant Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ismaili
- Production Engineering and Plant Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Rahim Ahmadvand
- Associate Professor, Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran
| | - Helen Poormazaheri
- Department of Biology, Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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2
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Lin X, Jia Y, Heal R, Prokchorchik M, Sindalovskaya M, Olave-Achury A, Makechemu M, Fairhead S, Noureen A, Heo J, Witek K, Smoker M, Taylor J, Shrestha RK, Lee Y, Zhang C, Park SJ, Sohn KH, Huang S, Jones JDG. Solanum americanum genome-assisted discovery of immune receptors that detect potato late blight pathogen effectors. Nat Genet 2023; 55:1579-1588. [PMID: 37640880 PMCID: PMC10484786 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-023-01486-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Potato (Solanum tuberosum) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicon) crops suffer severe losses to late blight caused by the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans. Solanum americanum, a relative of potato and tomato, is globally distributed and most accessions are highly blight resistant. We generated high-quality reference genomes of four S. americanum accessions, resequenced 52 accessions, and defined a pan-NLRome of S. americanum immune receptor genes. We further screened for variation in recognition of 315P. infestans RXLR effectors in 52 S. americanum accessions. Using these genomic and phenotypic data, we cloned three NLR-encoding genes, Rpi-amr4, R02860 and R04373, that recognize cognate P. infestans RXLR effectors PITG_22825 (AVRamr4), PITG_02860 and PITG_04373. These genomic resources and methodologies will support efforts to engineer potatoes with durable late blight resistance and can be applied to diseases of other crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Lin
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Yuxin Jia
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Area, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Key Laboratory for Potato Biology of Yunnan Province, The CAAS-YNNU-YINMORE Joint Academy of Potato Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Robert Heal
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Maxim Prokchorchik
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
- Plant Pathology Group, The Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Maria Sindalovskaya
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Andrea Olave-Achury
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Moffat Makechemu
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Sebastian Fairhead
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Azka Noureen
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Jung Heo
- Department of Biological Science and Institute of Basic Science, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kamil Witek
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Matthew Smoker
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Jodie Taylor
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Ram-Krishna Shrestha
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Yoonyoung Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Chunzhi Zhang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Area, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Soon Ju Park
- Department of Biological Science and Institute of Basic Science, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
- Division of Applied Life Sciences and Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee Hoon Sohn
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea.
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sanwen Huang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Area, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Jonathan D G Jones
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
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3
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Sharma S, Prasad A, Prasad M. Ubiquitination from the perspective of plant pathogens. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:4367-4376. [PMID: 37226440 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The constant battle of survival between pathogens and host plants has played a crucial role in shaping the course of their co-evolution. However, the major determinants of the outcome of this ongoing arms race are the effectors secreted by pathogens into host cells. These effectors perturb the defense responses of plants to promote successful infection. In recent years, extensive research in the area of effector biology has reported an increase in the repertoire of pathogenic effectors that mimic or target the conserved ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. The role of the ubiquitin-mediated degradation pathway is well known to be indispensable for various aspects of a plant's life, and thus targeting or mimicking it seems to be a smart strategy adopted by pathogens. Therefore, this review summarizes recent findings on how some pathogenic effectors mimic or act as one of the components of the ubiquitin-proteasome machinery while others directly target the plant's ubiquitin-proteasome system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashish Prasad
- Department of Botany, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, India
| | - Manoj Prasad
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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4
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Breen S, McLellan H, Birch PRJ, Gilroy EM. Tuning the Wavelength: Manipulation of Light Signaling to Control Plant Defense. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043803. [PMID: 36835216 PMCID: PMC9958957 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The growth-defense trade-off in plants is a phenomenon whereby plants must balance the allocation of their resources between developmental growth and defense against attack by pests and pathogens. Consequently, there are a series of points where growth signaling can negatively regulate defenses and where defense signaling can inhibit growth. Light perception by various photoreceptors has a major role in the control of growth and thus many points where it can influence defense. Plant pathogens secrete effector proteins to manipulate defense signaling in their hosts. Evidence is emerging that some of these effectors target light signaling pathways. Several effectors from different kingdoms of life have converged on key chloroplast processes to take advantage of regulatory crosstalk. Moreover, plant pathogens also perceive and react to light in complex ways to regulate their own growth, development, and virulence. Recent work has shown that varying light wavelengths may provide a novel way of controlling or preventing disease outbreaks in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Breen
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, At James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Hazel McLellan
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, At James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Paul R. J. Birch
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, At James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Eleanor M. Gilroy
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-1382568827
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5
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Zhou J, Qi Y, Nie J, Guo L, Luo M, McLellan H, Boevink PC, Birch PRJ, Tian Z. A Phytophthora effector promotes homodimerization of host transcription factor StKNOX3 to enhance susceptibility. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:6902-6915. [PMID: 35816329 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Oomycete pathogens secrete hundreds of cytoplasmic RxLR effectors to modulate host immunity by targeting diverse plant proteins. Revealing how effectors manipulate host proteins is pivotal to understanding infection processes and to developing new strategies to control plant disease. Here we show that the Phytophthora infestans RxLR effector Pi22798 interacts in the nucleus with a potato class II knotted-like homeobox (KNOX) transcription factor, StKNOX3. Silencing the ortholog NbKNOX3 in Nicotiana benthamiana reduces host colonization by P. infestans, whereas transient and stable overexpression of StKNOX3 enhances infection. StKNOX3 forms a homodimer which is dependent on its KNOX II domain. The KNOX II domain is also essential for Pi22798 interaction and for StKNOX3 to enhance P. infestans colonization, indicating that StKNOX3 homodimerization contributes to susceptibility. However, critically, the effector Pi22798 promotes StKNOX3 homodimerization, rather than heterodimerization to another KNOX transcription factor StKNOX7. These results demonstrate that the oomycete effector Pi22798 increases pathogenicity by promoting homodimerization specifically of StKNOX3 to enhance susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University (HZAU), Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei Province (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory (HZAU), Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Yetong Qi
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University (HZAU), Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei Province (HZAU), Wuhan, China
| | - Jiahui Nie
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University (HZAU), Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei Province (HZAU), Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Guo
- College of Agronomy, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Ming Luo
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University (HZAU), Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei Province (HZAU), Wuhan, China
| | - Hazel McLellan
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, At James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Petra C Boevink
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Paul R J Birch
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, At James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Zhendong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University (HZAU), Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei Province (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory (HZAU), Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
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6
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An G, Qi Y, Zhang W, Gao H, Qian J, Larkin RM, Chen J, Kuang H. LsNRL4 enhances photosynthesis and decreases leaf angles in lettuce. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 20:1956-1967. [PMID: 35748307 PMCID: PMC9491448 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) is one of the most important vegetables worldwide and an ideal plant for producing protein drugs. Both well-functioning chloroplasts that perform robust photosynthesis and small leaf angles that enable dense planting are essential for high yields. In this study, we used an F2 population derived from a cross between a lettuce cultivar with pale-green leaves and large leaf angles to a cultivar with dark-green leaves and small leaf angles to clone LsNRL4, which encodes an NPH3/RPT2-Like (NRL) protein. Unlike other NRL proteins in lettuce, the LsNRL4 lacks the BTB domain. Knockout mutants engineered using CRISPR/Cas9 and transgenic lines overexpressing LsNRL4 verified that LsNRL4 contributes to chloroplast development, photosynthesis and leaf angle. The LsNRL4 gene was not present in the parent with pale-green leaves and enlarged leaf angles. Loss of LsNRL4 results in the enlargement of chloroplasts, decreases in the amount of cellular space allocated to chloroplasts and defects in secondary cell wall biosynthesis in lamina joints. Overexpressing LsNRL4 significantly improved photosynthesis and decreased leaf angles. Indeed, the plant architecture of the overexpressing lines is ideal for dense planting. In summary, we identified a novel NRL gene that enhances photosynthesis and influences plant architecture. Our study provides new approaches for the breeding of lettuce that can be grown in dense planting in the open field or in modern plant factories. LsNRL4 homologues may also be used in other crops to increase photosynthesis and improve plant architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui An
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology & Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yetong Qi
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology & Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Weiyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology & Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Hairong Gao
- Biomass & Bioenergy Research CentreHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Jinlong Qian
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology & Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Robert M. Larkin
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology & Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Jiongjiong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology & Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Hanhui Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology & Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
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7
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Yang LN, Ouyang H, Nkurikiyimfura O, Fang H, Waheed A, Li W, Wang YP, Zhan J. Genetic variation along an altitudinal gradient in the Phytophthora infestans effector gene Pi02860. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:972928. [PMID: 36160230 PMCID: PMC9492930 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.972928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Effector genes, together with climatic and other environmental factors, play multifaceted roles in the development of plant diseases. Understanding the role of environmental factors, particularly climate conditions affecting the evolution of effector genes, is important for predicting the long-term value of the genes in controlling agricultural diseases. Here, we collected Phytophthora infestans populations from five locations along a mountainous hill in China and sequenced the effector gene Pi02860 from >300 isolates. To minimize the influence of other ecological factors, isolates were sampled from the same potato cultivar on the same day. We also expressed the gene to visualise its cellular location, assayed its pathogenicity and evaluated its response to experimental temperatures. We found that Pi02860 exhibited moderate genetic variation at the nucleotide level which was mainly generated by point mutation. The mutations did not change the cellular location of the effector gene but significantly modified the fitness of P. infestans. Genetic variation and pathogenicity of the effector gene were positively associated with the altitude of sample sites, possibly due to increased mutation rate induced by the vertical distribution of environmental factors such as UV radiation and temperature. We further found that Pi02860 expression was regulated by experimental temperature with reduced expression as experimental temperature increased. Together, these results indicate that UV radiation and temperature are important environmental factors regulating the evolution of effector genes and provide us with considerable insight as to their future sustainable action under climate and other environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Yang
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Li-Na Yang,
| | - Haibing Ouyang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Oswald Nkurikiyimfura
- Institute of Plant Pathology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hanmei Fang
- Institute of Plant Pathology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Abdul Waheed
- Institute of Plant Pathology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wenyang Li
- Institute of Plant Pathology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yan-Ping Wang
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Development and Utilization of Characteristic Horticultural Biological Resources, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiasui Zhan
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- Jiasui Zhan,
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8
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Varshney V, Majee M. Emerging roles of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in enhancing crop yield by optimizing seed agronomic traits. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2022; 41:1805-1826. [PMID: 35678849 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-022-02884-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin-proteasome pathway has the potential to modulate crop productivity by influencing agronomic traits. Being sessile, the plant often uses the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway to maintain the stability of different regulatory proteins to survive in an ever-changing environment. The ubiquitin system influences plant reproduction, growth, development, responses to the environment, and processes that control critical agronomic traits. E3 ligases are the major players in this pathway, and they are responsible for recognizing and tagging the targets/substrates. Plants have a variety of E3 ubiquitin ligases, whose functions have been studied extensively, ranging from plant growth to defense strategies. Here we summarize three agronomic traits influenced by ubiquitination: seed size and weight, seed germination, and accessory plant agronomic traits particularly panicle architecture, tillering in rice, and tassels branch number in maize. This review article highlights some recent progress on how the ubiquitin system influences the stability/modification of proteins that determine seed agronomic properties like size, weight, germination and filling, and ultimately agricultural productivity and quality. Further research into the molecular basis of the aforementioned processes might lead to the identification of genes that could be modified or selected for crop development. Likewise, we also propose advances and future perspectives in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Varshney
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Manoj Majee
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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9
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Exploiting breakdown in nonhost effector-target interactions to boost host disease resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2114064119. [PMID: 35994659 PMCID: PMC9436328 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2114064119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant nonhost resistance (NHR) prevents infection by all members of most microbial species, but its molecular mechanisms are not well understood. We found that effector proteins from the potato blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans, which enhance infection in host plants, fail to enhance susceptibility in nonhost Arabidopsis. These P. infestans effectors often failed to interact with Arabidopsis orthologs of their potato target proteins, whereas many interactions were detected between these Arabidopsis orthologs and effectors from its adapted pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis. Thus, breakdown in effector–target interactions in distantly related nonhost plants is likely a key component of NHR. Importantly, we demonstrate that exploiting this breakdown and expressing nonhost target orthologs in host plants provide a strategy to prevent crop disease. Plants are resistant to most microbial species due to nonhost resistance (NHR), providing broad-spectrum and durable immunity. However, the molecular components contributing to NHR are poorly characterised. We address the question of whether failure of pathogen effectors to manipulate nonhost plants plays a critical role in NHR. RxLR (Arg-any amino acid-Leu-Arg) effectors from two oomycete pathogens, Phytophthora infestans and Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis, enhanced pathogen infection when expressed in host plants (Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis, respectively) but the same effectors performed poorly in distantly related nonhost pathosystems. Putative target proteins in the host plant potato were identified for 64 P. infestans RxLR effectors using yeast 2-hybrid (Y2H) screens. Candidate orthologues of these target proteins in the distantly related non-host plant Arabidopsis were identified and screened using matrix Y2H for interaction with RxLR effectors from both P. infestans and H. arabidopsidis. Few P. infestans effector-target protein interactions were conserved from potato to candidate Arabidopsis target orthologues (cAtOrths). However, there was an enrichment of H. arabidopsidis RxLR effectors interacting with cAtOrths. We expressed the cAtOrth AtPUB33, which unlike its potato orthologue did not interact with P. infestans effector PiSFI3, in potato and Nicotiana benthamiana. Expression of AtPUB33 significantly reduced P. infestans colonization in both host plants. Our results provide evidence that failure of pathogen effectors to interact with and/or correctly manipulate target proteins in distantly related non-host plants contributes to NHR. Moreover, exploiting this breakdown in effector-nonhost target interaction, transferring effector target orthologues from non-host to host plants is a strategy to reduce disease.
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10
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Short Linear Motifs (SLiMs) in “Core” RxLR Effectors of
Phytophthora parasitica
var.
nicotianae
: a Case of PpRxLR1 Effector. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0177421. [PMID: 35404090 PMCID: PMC9045269 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01774-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Oomycetes of the genus Phytophthora encompass several of the most successful plant pathogens described to date. The success of infection by Phytophthora species is attributed to the pathogens’ ability to secrete effector proteins that alter the host’s physiological processes. Structural analyses of effector proteins mainly from bacterial and viral pathogens have revealed the presence of intrinsically disordered regions that host short linear motifs (SLiMs). These motifs play important biological roles by facilitating protein-protein interactions as well as protein translocation. Nonetheless, SLiMs in Phytophthora species RxLR effectors have not been investigated previously and their roles remain unknown. Using a bioinformatics pipeline, we identified 333 candidate RxLR effectors in the strain INRA 310 of Phytophthora parasitica. Of these, 71 (21%) were also found to be present in 10 other genomes of P. parasitica, and hence, these were designated core RxLR effectors (CREs). Within the CRE sequences, the N terminus exhibited enrichment in intrinsically disordered regions compared to the C terminus, suggesting a potential role of disorder in effector translocation. Although the disorder content was reduced in the C-terminal regions, it is important to mention that most SLiMs were in this terminus. PpRxLR1 is one of the 71 CREs identified in this study, and its genes encode a 6-amino acid (aa)-long SLiM at the C terminus. We showed that PpRxLR1 interacts with several host proteins that are implicated in defense. Structural analysis of this effector using homology modeling revealed the presence of potential ligand-binding sites. Among key residues that were predicted to be crucial for ligand binding, L102 and Y106 were of interest since they form part of the 6-aa-long PpRxLR1 SLiM. In silico substitution of these two residues to alanine was predicted to have a significant effect on both the function and the structure of PpRxLR1 effector. Molecular docking simulations revealed possible interactions between PpRxLR1 effector and ubiquitin-associated proteins. The ubiquitin-like SLiM carried in this effector was shown to be a potential mediator of these interactions. Further studies are required to validate and elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism of action. IMPORTANCE The continuous gain and loss of RxLR effectors makes the control of Phytophthora spp. difficult. Therefore, in this study, we endeavored to identify RxLR effectors that are highly conserved among species, also known as “core” RxLR effectors (CREs). We reason that these highly conserved effectors target conserved proteins or processes; thus, they can be harnessed in breeding for durable resistance in plants. To further understand the mechanisms of action of CREs, structural dissection of these proteins is crucial. Intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) that do not adopt a fixed, three-dimensional fold carry short linear motifs (SLiMs) that mediate biological functions of proteins. The presence and potential role of these SLiMs in CREs of Phytophthora spp. have been overlooked. To our knowledge, we have effectively identified CREs as well as SLiMs with the potential of promoting effector virulence. Together, this work has advanced our comprehension of Phytophthora RxLR effector function and may facilitate the development of innovative and effective control strategies.
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Zhu J, Tang X, Sun Y, Li Y, Wang Y, Jiang Y, Shao H, Yong B, Li H, Tao X. Comparative Metabolomic Profiling of Compatible and Incompatible Interactions Between Potato and Phytophthora infestans. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:857160. [PMID: 35464908 PMCID: PMC9024415 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.857160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Late blight is one of the main biological stresses limiting the potato yield; however, the biochemical mechanisms underlying the infection process of Phytophthora infestans remain unrevealed. In this study, the late blight-resistant potato cultivar Ziyun No.1 (R) and the susceptible cultivar Favorita (S) were inoculated with P. infestans. Untargeted metabolomics was used to study the changes of metabolites in the compatible and incompatible interactions of the two cultivars and the pathogen at 0, 48, and 96 h postinoculation (hpi). A total of 819 metabolites were identified, and the metabolic differences mainly emerged after 48 hpi. There were 198 and 115 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) in the compatible and incompatible interactions. These included 147 and 100 upregulated metabolites during the compatible and incompatible interactions, respectively. Among them, 73 metabolites were identified as the P. infestans-responsive DEMs. Furthermore, the comparisons between the two cultivars identified 57 resistance-related metabolites. Resistant potato cultivar had higher levels of salicylic acid and several upstream phenylpropanoid biosynthesis metabolites, triterpenoids, and hydroxycinnamic acids and their derivatives, such as sakuranetin, ferulic acid, ganoderic acid Mi, lucidenic acid D2, and caffeoylmalic acid. These metabolites play crucial roles in cell wall thickening and have antibacterial and antifungal activities. This study reports the time-course metabolomic responses of potatoes to P. infestans. The findings reveal the responses involved in the compatible and incompatible interactions of potatoes and P. infestans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xue Tang
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yining Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yajie Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yusong Jiang
- Research Institute for Special Plants, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Huanhuan Shao
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Yong
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Honghao Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southwest, Institute of Plant Protection, Ministry of Agriculture, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Honghao Li,
| | - Xiang Tao
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
- Xiang Tao,
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12
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Li H, Hu R, Fan Z, Chen Q, Jiang Y, Huang W, Tao X. Dual RNA Sequencing Reveals the Genome-Wide Expression Profiles During the Compatible and Incompatible Interactions Between Solanum tuberosum and Phytophthora infestans. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:817199. [PMID: 35401650 PMCID: PMC8993506 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.817199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans (P. infestans), is a devastating plant disease. P. infestans genome encodes hundreds of effectors, complicating the interaction between the pathogen and its host and making it difficult to understand the interaction mechanisms. In this study, the late blight-resistant potato cultivar Ziyun No.1 and the susceptible potato cultivar Favorita were infected with P. infestans isolate SCPZ16-3-1 to investigate the global expression profiles during the compatible and incompatible interactions using dual RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). Most of the expressed Arg-X-Leu-Arg (RXLR) effector genes were suppressed during the first 24 h of infection, but upregulated after 24 h. Moreover, P. infestans induced more specifically expressed genes (SEGs), including RXLR effectors and cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs)-encoding genes, in the compatible interaction. The resistant potato activated a set of biotic stimulus responses and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis SEGs, including kirola-like protein, nucleotide-binding site-leucine-rich repeat (NBS-LRR), disease resistance, and kinase genes. Conversely, the susceptible potato cultivar upregulated more kinase, pathogenesis-related genes than the resistant cultivar. This study is the first study to characterize the compatible and incompatible interactions between P. infestans and different potato cultivars and provides the genome-wide expression profiles for RXLR effector, CWDEs, NBS-LRR protein, and kinase-encoding genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghao Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Rongping Hu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhonghan Fan
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Qinghua Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Yusong Jiang
- Research Institute for Special Plants, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Weizao Huang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiang Tao
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
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Naqvi S, He Q, Trusch F, Qiu H, Pham J, Sun Q, Christie JM, Gilroy EM, Birch PRJ. Blue-light receptor phototropin 1 suppresses immunity to promote Phytophthora infestans infection. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:2282-2293. [PMID: 34923631 PMCID: PMC9255860 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Blue-light (BL) phototropin receptors (phot1 and phot2) regulate plant growth by activating NPH3/RPT2-like (NRL) family members. Little is known about roles for BL and phots in regulating plant immunity. We showed previously that Phytophthora infestans RXLR effector Pi02860 targets potato (St)NRL1, promoting its ability to enhance susceptibility by facilitating proteasome-mediated degradation of the immune regulator StSWAP70. This raises the question: do BL and phots negatively regulate immunity? We employed coimmunoprecipitation, virus-induced gene silencing, transient overexpression and targeted mutation to investigate contributions of phots to regulating immunity. Whereas transient overexpression of Stphot1 and Stphot2 enhances P. infestans colonization of Nicotiana benthamiana, silencing endogenous Nbphot1 or Nbphot2 reduces infection. Stphot1, but not Stphot2, suppressed the INF1-triggered cell death (ICD) immune response in a BL- and NRL1-dependent manner. Stphot1, when coexpressed with StNRL1, promotes degradation of StSWAP70, whereas Stphot2 does not. Kinase-dead Stphot1 fails to suppress ICD, enhance P. infestans colonization or promote StSWAP70 degradation. Critically, BL enhances P. infestans infection, which probably involves phots but not other BL receptors such as cryptochromes and F-box proteins ZTL1 and FKF1. We demonstrate that Stphot1 and Stphot2 play different roles in promoting susceptibility, and Stphot1 kinase activity is required for BL- and StNRL1-mediated immune suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaista Naqvi
- Division of Plant SciencesJames Hutton InstituteUniversity of Dundee School of Life SciencesErrol RdInvergowrie, DundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | - Qin He
- Division of Plant SciencesJames Hutton InstituteUniversity of Dundee School of Life SciencesErrol RdInvergowrie, DundeeDD2 5DAUK
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU)Ministry of EducationKey Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU)Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei430070China
| | - Franziska Trusch
- Division of Plant SciencesJames Hutton InstituteUniversity of Dundee School of Life SciencesErrol RdInvergowrie, DundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | - Huishan Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU)Ministry of EducationKey Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU)Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei430070China
| | - Jasmine Pham
- Division of Plant SciencesJames Hutton InstituteUniversity of Dundee School of Life SciencesErrol RdInvergowrie, DundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | - Qingguo Sun
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU)Ministry of EducationKey Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU)Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei430070China
| | - John M. Christie
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems BiologyCollege of Medical, Veterinary, and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowG12 8QQUK
| | - Eleanor M. Gilroy
- Cell and Molecular ScienceJames Hutton InstituteInvergowrie, DundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | - Paul R. J. Birch
- Division of Plant SciencesJames Hutton InstituteUniversity of Dundee School of Life SciencesErrol RdInvergowrie, DundeeDD2 5DAUK
- Cell and Molecular ScienceJames Hutton InstituteInvergowrie, DundeeDD2 5DAUK
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Sun K, Schipper D, Jacobsen E, Visser RGF, Govers F, Bouwmeester K, Bai Y. Silencing susceptibility genes in potato hinders primary infection of Phytophthora infestans at different stages. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhab058. [PMID: 35043191 PMCID: PMC8968627 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhab058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Most potato cultivars are susceptible to late blight disease caused by the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans. A new source of resistance to prevent or diminish pathogen infection is found in the genetic loss of host susceptibility. Previously, we showed that RNAi-mediated silencing of the potato susceptibility (S) genes StDND1, StDMR1 and StDMR6 leads to increased late blight resistance. The mechanisms underlying this S-gene mediated resistance have thus far not been identified. In this study, we examined the infection process of P. infestans on StDND1-, StDMR1- and StDMR6-silenced potato lines. Microscopic analysis showed that penetration of P. infestans spores was hampered on StDND1-silenced plants. On StDMR1- and StDMR6-silenced plants, P. infestans infection was arrested at a primary infection stage by enhanced cell death responses. Histochemical staining revealed that StDMR1- and StDMR6-silenced plants display elevated ROS levels in cells at the infection sites. Resistance in StDND1-silenced plants, however, seems not to rely on a cell death response as ROS accumulation was found to be absent at most inoculated sites. Quantitative analysis of marker gene expression suggests that the increased resistance observed in StDND1- and StDMR6-silenced plants relies on an early onset of SA- and ET-mediated signalling pathways. Resistance mediated by silencing StDMR1 was found to be correlated with the early induction of SA-mediated signalling. These data provide evidence that different defense mechanisms are involved in late blight resistance mediated by functional impairment of different potato S-genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaile Sun
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Nongye Road 63, 450002 Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Danny Schipper
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Evert Jacobsen
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard G F Visser
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Francine Govers
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas Bouwmeester
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yuling Bai
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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15
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Luo M, Sun X, Qi Y, Zhou J, Wu X, Tian Z. Phytophthora infestans RXLR effector Pi04089 perturbs diverse defense-related genes to suppress host immunity. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:582. [PMID: 34886813 PMCID: PMC8656059 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03364-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The oomycete pathogen secretes many effectors into host cells to manipulate host defenses. For the majority of effectors, the mechanisms related to how they alter the expression of host genes and reprogram defenses are not well understood. In order to investigate the molecular mechanisms governing the influence that the Phytophthora infestans RXLR effector Pi04089 has on host immunity, a comparative transcriptome analysis was conducted on Pi04089 stable transgenic and wild-type potato plants. RESULTS Potato plants stably expressing Pi04089 were more susceptible to P. infestans. RNA-seq analysis revealed that 658 upregulated genes and 722 downregulated genes were characterized in Pi04089 transgenic lines. A large number of genes involved in the biological process, including many defense-related genes and certain genes that respond to salicylic acid, were suppressed. Moreover, the comparative transcriptome analysis revealed that Pi04089 significantly inhibited the expression of many flg22 (a microbe-associated molecular pattern, PAMP)-inducible genes, including various Avr9/Cf-9 rapidly elicited (ACRE) genes. Four selected differentially expressed genes (StWAT1, StCEVI57, StKTI1, and StP450) were confirmed to be involved in host resistance against P. infestans when they were transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana. CONCLUSION The P. infestans effector Pi04089 was shown to suppress the expression of many resistance-related genes in potato plants. Moreover, Pi04089 was found to significantly suppress flg22-triggered defense signaling in potato plants. This research provides new insights into how an oomycete effector perturbs host immune responses at the transcriptome level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Luo
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center (HZAU), Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Xinyuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center (HZAU), Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yetong Qi
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center (HZAU), Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center (HZAU), Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Xintong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center (HZAU), Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Zhendong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center (HZAU), Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
- Hubei Hongshan laboratory. Huazhong Agricultural University (HZAU), No.1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
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16
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Chepsergon J, Motaung TE, Moleleki LN. "Core" RxLR effectors in phytopathogenic oomycetes: A promising way to breeding for durable resistance in plants? Virulence 2021; 12:1921-1935. [PMID: 34304703 PMCID: PMC8516161 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1948277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytopathogenic oomycetes are known to successfully infect their hosts due to their ability to secrete effector proteins. Of interest to many researchers are effectors with the N-terminal RxLR motif (Arginine-any amino acid-Leucine-Arginine). Owing to advances in genome sequencing, we can now comprehend the high level of diversity among oomycete effectors, and similarly, their conservation within and among species referred to here as "core" RxLR effectors (CREs). Currently, there is a considerable number of CREs that have been identified in oomycetes. Functional characterization of these CREs propose their virulence role with the potential of targeting central cellular processes that are conserved across diverse plant species. We reason that effectors that are highly conserved and recognized by the host, could be harnessed in engineering plants for durable as well as broad-spectrum resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Chepsergon
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Thabiso E. Motaung
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Lucy Novungayo Moleleki
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
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Shen LL, Waheed A, Wang YP, Nkurikiyimfura O, Wang ZH, Yang LN, Zhan J. Multiple Mechanisms Drive the Evolutionary Adaptation of Phytophthora infestans Effector Avr1 to Host Resistance. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7100789. [PMID: 34682211 PMCID: PMC8538934 DOI: 10.3390/jof7100789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Effectors, a group of small proteins secreted by pathogens, play a central role in antagonistic interactions between plant hosts and pathogens. The evolution of effector genes threatens plant disease management and sustainable food production, but population genetic analyses to understand evolutionary mechanisms of effector genes are limited compared to molecular and functional studies. Here we investigated the evolution of the Avr1 effector gene from 111 Phytophthora infestans isolates collected from six areas covering three potato cropping regions in China using a population genetic approach. High genetic variation of the effector gene resulted from diverse mechanisms including base substitution, pre-termination, intragenic recombination and diversifying selection. Nearly 80% of the 111 sequences had a point mutation in the 512th nucleotide (T512G), which generated a pre-termination stop codon truncating 38 amino acids in the C-terminal, suggesting that the C-terminal may not be essential to ecological and biological functions of P. infestans. A significant correlation between the frequency of Avr1 sequences with the pre-termination and annual mean temperature in the collection sites suggests that thermal heterogeneity might be one of contributors to the diversifying selection, although biological and biochemical mechanisms of the likely thermal adaptation are not known currently. Our results highlight the risk of rapid adaptation of P. infestans and possibly other pathogens as well to host resistance, and the application of eco-evolutionary principles is necessary for sustainable disease management in agricultural ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Lin Shen
- Key Lab for Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, China; (L.-L.S.); (A.W.); (O.N.)
| | - Abdul Waheed
- Key Lab for Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, China; (L.-L.S.); (A.W.); (O.N.)
| | - Yan-Ping Wang
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Development and Utilization of Characteristic Horticultural Biological Resources, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Oswald Nkurikiyimfura
- Key Lab for Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, China; (L.-L.S.); (A.W.); (O.N.)
| | - Zong-Hua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China;
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Li-Na Yang
- Key Lab for Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, China; (L.-L.S.); (A.W.); (O.N.)
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Correspondence: (L.-N.Y.); (J.Z.); Tel.: +86-177-2080-5328 (L.-N.Y.); +46-18-673-639 (J.Z.)
| | - Jiasui Zhan
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
- Correspondence: (L.-N.Y.); (J.Z.); Tel.: +86-177-2080-5328 (L.-N.Y.); +46-18-673-639 (J.Z.)
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18
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Petre B, Contreras MP, Bozkurt TO, Schattat MH, Sklenar J, Schornack S, Abd-El-Haliem A, Castells-Graells R, Lozano-Durán R, Dagdas YF, Menke FLH, Jones AME, Vossen JH, Robatzek S, Kamoun S, Win J. Host-interactor screens of Phytophthora infestans RXLR proteins reveal vesicle trafficking as a major effector-targeted process. THE PLANT CELL 2021. [PMID: 33677602 DOI: 10.1101/2020.09.24.308585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens modulate plant cell structure and function by secreting effectors into host tissues. Effectors typically function by associating with host molecules and modulating their activities. This study aimed to identify the host processes targeted by the RXLR class of host-translocated effectors of the potato blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans. To this end, we performed an in planta protein-protein interaction screen by transiently expressing P. infestans RXLR effectors in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves followed by coimmunoprecipitation and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. This screen generated an effector-host protein interactome matrix of 59 P. infestans RXLR effectors x 586 N. benthamiana proteins. Classification of the host interactors into putative functional categories revealed over 35 biological processes possibly targeted by P. infestans. We further characterized the PexRD12/31 family of RXLR-WY effectors, which associate and colocalize with components of the vesicle trafficking machinery. One member of this family, PexRD31, increased the number of FYVE positive vesicles in N. benthamiana cells. FYVE positive vesicles also accumulated in leaf cells near P. infestans hyphae, indicating that the pathogen may enhance endosomal trafficking during infection. This interactome dataset will serve as a useful resource for functional studies of P. infestans effectors and of effector-targeted host processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Petre
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, IAM, Nancy, France
| | - Mauricio P Contreras
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Tolga O Bozkurt
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Martin H Schattat
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biology, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Jan Sklenar
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Sebastian Schornack
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Roger Castells-Graells
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Rosa Lozano-Durán
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yasin F Dagdas
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Frank L H Menke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Alexandra M E Jones
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Jack H Vossen
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Silke Robatzek
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Joe Win
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
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19
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Petre B, Contreras MP, Bozkurt TO, Schattat MH, Sklenar J, Schornack S, Abd-El-Haliem A, Castells-Graells R, Lozano-Durán R, Dagdas YF, Menke FLH, Jones AME, Vossen JH, Robatzek S, Kamoun S, Win J. Host-interactor screens of Phytophthora infestans RXLR proteins reveal vesicle trafficking as a major effector-targeted process. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:1447-1471. [PMID: 33677602 PMCID: PMC8254500 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens modulate plant cell structure and function by secreting effectors into host tissues. Effectors typically function by associating with host molecules and modulating their activities. This study aimed to identify the host processes targeted by the RXLR class of host-translocated effectors of the potato blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans. To this end, we performed an in planta protein-protein interaction screen by transiently expressing P. infestans RXLR effectors in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves followed by coimmunoprecipitation and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. This screen generated an effector-host protein interactome matrix of 59 P. infestans RXLR effectors x 586 N. benthamiana proteins. Classification of the host interactors into putative functional categories revealed over 35 biological processes possibly targeted by P. infestans. We further characterized the PexRD12/31 family of RXLR-WY effectors, which associate and colocalize with components of the vesicle trafficking machinery. One member of this family, PexRD31, increased the number of FYVE positive vesicles in N. benthamiana cells. FYVE positive vesicles also accumulated in leaf cells near P. infestans hyphae, indicating that the pathogen may enhance endosomal trafficking during infection. This interactome dataset will serve as a useful resource for functional studies of P. infestans effectors and of effector-targeted host processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Petre
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, IAM, Nancy, France
| | - Mauricio P Contreras
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Tolga O Bozkurt
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Martin H Schattat
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biology, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Jan Sklenar
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Sebastian Schornack
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Roger Castells-Graells
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Rosa Lozano-Durán
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yasin F Dagdas
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Frank L H Menke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Alexandra M E Jones
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Jack H Vossen
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Silke Robatzek
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Joe Win
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
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20
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Liu R, Chen T, Yin X, Xiang G, Peng J, Fu Q, Li M, Shang B, Ma H, Liu G, Wang Y, Xu Y. A Plasmopara viticola RXLR effector targets a chloroplast protein PsbP to inhibit ROS production in grapevine. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:1557-1570. [PMID: 33783031 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens secrete a large number of effectors that manipulate host processes to create an environment conducive to pathogen colonization. However, the underlying mechanisms by which Plasmopara viticola effectors manipulate host plant cells remain largely unclear. In this study, we reported that RXLR31154, a P. viticola RXLR effector, was highly expressed during the early stages of P. viticola infection. In our study, stable expression of RXLR31154 in grapevine (Vitis vinifera) and Nicotiana benthamiana promoted leaf colonization by P. viticola and Phytophthora capsici, respectively. By yeast two-hybrid screening, the 23-kDa oxygen-evolving enhancer 2 (VpOEE2 or VpPsbP), encoded by the PsbP gene, in Vitis piasezkii accession Liuba-8 was identified as a host target of RXLR31154. Overexpression of VpPsbP enhanced susceptibility to P. viticola in grapevine and P. capsici in N. benthamiana, and silencing of NbPsbPs, the homologs of PsbP in N. benthamiana, reduced P. capcisi colonization, indicating that PsbP is a susceptibility factor. RXLR31154 and VpPsbP protein were co-localized in the chloroplast. Moreover, VpPsbP reduced H2 O2 accumulation and activated the 1 O2 signaling pathway in grapevine. RXLR31154 could stabilize PsbP. Together, our data revealed that RXLR31154 reduces H2 O2 accumulation and activates the 1 O2 signaling pathway through stabilizing PsbP, thereby promoting disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas (Northwest A&F University), Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas (Northwest A&F University), Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas (Northwest A&F University), Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Gaoqing Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas (Northwest A&F University), Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Jing Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas (Northwest A&F University), Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Qingqing Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas (Northwest A&F University), Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Mengyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas (Northwest A&F University), Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Boxing Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas (Northwest A&F University), Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Hui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas (Northwest A&F University), Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Guotian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas (Northwest A&F University), Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Yuejin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas (Northwest A&F University), Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Yan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas (Northwest A&F University), Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
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21
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Lin Y, Hu Q, Zhou J, Yin W, Yao D, Shao Y, Zhao Y, Guo B, Xia Y, Chen Q, Wang Y, Ye W, Xie Q, Tyler BM, Xing W, Wang Y. Phytophthora sojae effector Avr1d functions as an E2 competitor and inhibits ubiquitination activity of GmPUB13 to facilitate infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2018312118. [PMID: 33658365 PMCID: PMC7958378 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2018312118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Oomycete pathogens such as Phytophthora secrete a repertoire of effectors into host cells to manipulate host immunity and benefit infection. In this study, we found that an RxLR effector, Avr1d, promoted Phytophthora sojae infection in soybean hairy roots. Using a yeast two-hybrid screen, we identified the soybean E3 ubiquitin ligase GmPUB13 as a host target for Avr1d. By coimmunoprecipitation (Co-IP), gel infiltration, and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) assays, we confirmed that Avr1d interacts with GmPUB13 both in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, we found that Avr1d inhibits the E3 ligase activity of GmPUB13. The crystal structure Avr1d in complex with GmPUB13 was solved and revealed that Avr1d occupies the binding site for E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzyme on GmPUB13. In line with this, Avr1d competed with E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzymes for GmPUB13 binding in vitro, thereby decreasing the E3 ligase activity of GmPUB13. Meanwhile, we found that inactivation of the ubiquitin ligase activity of GmPUB13 stabilized GmPUB13 by blocking GmPUB13 degradation. Silencing of GmPUB13 in soybean hairy roots decreased P. sojae infection, suggesting that GmPUB13 acts as a susceptibility factor. Altogether, this study highlights a virulence mechanism of Phytophthora effectors, by which Avr1d competes with E2 for GmPUB13 binding to repress the GmPUB13 E3 ligase activity and thereby stabilizing the susceptibility factor GmPUB13 to facilitate Phytophthora infection. This study unravels the structural basis for modulation of host targets by Phytophthora effectors and will be instrumental for boosting plant resistance breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yachun Lin
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Qinli Hu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jia Zhou
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weixiao Yin
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology and the Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring and Safety Control in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Deqiang Yao
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yuanyuan Shao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Yao Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Baodian Guo
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Yeqiang Xia
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Wenwu Ye
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Brett M Tyler
- Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Weiman Xing
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China;
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
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22
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Ma T, Chen S, Liu J, Fu P, Wu W, Song S, Gao Y, Ye W, Lu J. Plasmopara viticola effector PvRXLR111 stabilizes VvWRKY40 to promote virulence. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:231-242. [PMID: 33253483 PMCID: PMC7814959 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plasmopara viticola, the causal organism of grapevine downy mildew, secretes a vast array of effectors to manipulate host immunity. Previously, several cell death-inducing PvRXLR effectors have been identified, but their functions and host targets are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the role of PvRXLR111, a cell death-inducing RXLR effector, in manipulating plant immunity. When coexpressed with other PvRXLR effectors, PvRXLR111-induced cell death was prevented. Transient expression of PvRXLR111 in Nicotiana benthamiana suppressed bacterial flagellin peptide flg22-elicited immune responses and enhanced Phytophthora capsici infection. PvRXLR111 induction in Arabidopsis increased susceptibility to Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis. PvRXLR111 expression in Pseudomonas syringae promoted bacterial colonization. By immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry analysis, yeast two-hybrid, pull-down, and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays, it was shown that PvRXLR111 interacted with Vitis vinifera putative WRKY transcription factor 40 (VvWRKY40), which increased VvWRKY40 stability. Transient expression of VvWRKY40 in N. benthamiana inhibited flg22-induced reactive oxygen species burst and enhanced P. capsici infection and silencing NbWRKY40 attenuated P. capsici colonization. These results suggest VvWRKY40 functions as a negative regulator in plant immunity and that PvRXLR111 suppresses host immunity by stabilizing VvWRKY40.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ma
- Center for Viticulture and EnologySchool of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Shuyun Chen
- Center for Viticulture and EnologySchool of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Center for Viticulture and EnologySchool of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Peining Fu
- Center for Viticulture and EnologySchool of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Wei Wu
- Center for Viticulture and EnologySchool of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Shiren Song
- Center for Viticulture and EnologySchool of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yu Gao
- Center for Viticulture and EnologySchool of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Wenxiu Ye
- Center for Viticulture and EnologySchool of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jiang Lu
- Center for Viticulture and EnologySchool of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
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23
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De Vega D, Holden N, Hedley PE, Morris J, Luna E, Newton A. Chitosan primes plant defence mechanisms against Botrytis cinerea, including expression of Avr9/Cf-9 rapidly elicited genes. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:290-303. [PMID: 33094513 PMCID: PMC7821246 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Current crop protection strategies against the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea rely on a combination of conventional fungicides and host genetic resistance. However, due to pathogen evolution and legislation in the use of fungicides, these strategies are not sufficient to protect plants against this pathogen. Defence elicitors can stimulate plant defence mechanisms through a phenomenon known as defence priming. Priming results in a faster and/or stronger expression of resistance upon pathogen recognition by the host. This work aims to study defence priming by a commercial formulation of the elicitor chitosan. Treatments with chitosan result in induced resistance (IR) in solanaceous and brassicaceous plants. In tomato plants, enhanced resistance has been linked with priming of callose deposition and accumulation of the plant hormone jasmonic acid (JA). Large-scale transcriptomic analysis revealed that chitosan primes gene expression at early time-points after infection. In addition, two novel tomato genes with a characteristic priming profile were identified, Avr9/Cf-9 rapidly elicited protein 75 (ACRE75) and 180 (ACRE180). Transient and stable over-expression of ACRE75, ACRE180 and their Nicotiana benthamiana homologs, revealed that they are positive regulators of plant resistance against B. cinerea. This provides valuable information in the search for strategies to protect Solanaceae plants against B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicola Holden
- The James Hutton InstituteDundeeUK
- Scotland's Rural College, Aberdeen CampusAberdeenUK
| | | | | | - Estrella Luna
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
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24
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Ban Z, Estelle M. CUL3 E3 ligases in plant development and environmental response. NATURE PLANTS 2021; 7:6-16. [PMID: 33452490 PMCID: PMC8932378 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-020-00833-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Thirty years of research have revealed the fundamental role of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in diverse aspects of cellular regulation in eukaryotes. The ubiquitin-protein ligases or E3s are central to the ubiquitin-proteasome system since they determine the specificity of ubiquitylation. The cullin-RING ligases (CRLs) constitute one large class of E3s that can be subdivided based on the cullin isoform and the substrate adapter. SCF complexes, composed of CUL1 and the SKP1/F-box protein substrate adapter, are perhaps the best characterized in plants. More recently, accumulating evidence has demonstrated the essential roles of CRL3 E3s, consisting of a CUL3 protein and a BTB/POZ substrate adaptor. In this Review, we describe the variety of CRL3s functioning in plants and the wide range of processes that they regulate. Furthermore, we illustrate how different classes of E3s may cooperate to regulate specific pathways or processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaonan Ban
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mark Estelle
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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25
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Du Y, Chen X, Guo Y, Zhang X, Zhang H, Li F, Huang G, Meng Y, Shan W. Phytophthora infestans RXLR effector PITG20303 targets a potato MKK1 protein to suppress plant immunity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:501-515. [PMID: 32772378 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens secret a plethora of effectors into the host cell to modulate plant immunity. Analysing the role of effectors in altering the function of their host target proteins will reveal critical components of the plant immune system. Here we show that Phytophthora infestans RXLR effector PITG20303, a virulent variant of AVRblb2 (PITG20300) that escapes recognition by the resistance protein Rpi-blb2, suppresses PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) and promotes pathogen colonization by targeting and stabilizing a potato MAPK cascade protein, StMKK1. Both PITG20300 and PITG20303 target StMKK1, as confirmed by multiple in vivo and in vitro assays, and StMKK1 was shown to be a negative regulator of plant immunity, as determined by overexpression and gene silencing. StMKK1 is a negative regulator of plant PTI, and the kinase activities of StMKK1 are required for its suppression of PTI and effector interaction. PITG20303 depends partially on MKK1, PITG20300 does not depend on MKK1 for suppression of PTI-induced reactive oxygen species burst, while the full virulence activities of nuclear targeted PITG20303 and PITG20300 are dependent on MKK1. Our results show that PITG20303 and PITG20300 target and stabilize the plant MAPK cascade signalling protein StMKK1 to negatively regulate plant PTI response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Du
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xiaokang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yalu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xiaojiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Houxiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Fangfang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Guiyan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yuling Meng
- China-USA Citrus Huanglongbing Joint Laboratory, National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Weixing Shan
- China-USA Citrus Huanglongbing Joint Laboratory, National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
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Yang Y, Fan G, Zhao Y, Wen Q, Wu P, Meng Y, Shan W. Cytidine-to-Uridine RNA Editing Factor NbMORF8 Negatively Regulates Plant Immunity to Phytophthora Pathogens. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 184:2182-2198. [PMID: 32972981 PMCID: PMC7723075 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.00458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria and chloroplasts play key roles in plant-pathogen interactions. Cytidine-to-uridine (C-to-U) RNA editing is a critical posttranscriptional modification in mitochondria and chloroplasts that is specific to flowering plants. Multiple organellar RNA-editing factors (MORFs) form a protein family that participates in C-to-U RNA editing, but little is known regarding their immune functions. Here, we report the identification of NbMORF8, a negative regulator of plant immunity to Phytophthora pathogens. Using virus-induced gene silencing and transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana, we show that NbMORF8 functions through the regulation of reactive oxygen species production, salicylic acid signaling, and accumulation of multiple Arg-X-Leu-Arg effectors of Phytophthora pathogens. NbMORF8 is localized to mitochondria and chloroplasts, and its immune function requires mitochondrial targeting. The conserved MORF box domain is not required for its immune function. Furthermore, we show that the preferentially mitochondrion-localized NbMORF proteins negatively regulate plant resistance against Phytophthora, whereas the preferentially chloroplast-localized ones are positive immune regulators. Our study reveals that the C-to-U RNA-editing factor NbMORF8 negatively regulates plant immunity to the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora and that mitochondrion- and chloroplast-localized NbMORF family members exert opposing effects on immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Guangjin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Qujiang Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Peng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yuling Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Weixing Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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Huang J, Lu X, Wu H, Xie Y, Peng Q, Gu L, Wu J, Wang Y, Reddy ASN, Dong S. Phytophthora Effectors Modulate Genome-wide Alternative Splicing of Host mRNAs to Reprogram Plant Immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT 2020; 13:1470-1484. [PMID: 32693165 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS) of pre-mRNAs increases transcriptome and proteome diversity, regulates gene expression through multiple mechanisms, and plays important roles in plant development and stress responses. However, the prevalence of genome-wide plant AS changes during infection and the mechanisms by which pathogens modulate AS remain poorly understood. Here, we examined the global AS changes in tomato leaves infected with Phytophthora infestans, the infamous Irish famine pathogen. We show that more than 2000 genes exhibiting significant changes in AS are not differentially expressed, indicating that AS is a distinct layer of transcriptome reprogramming during plant-pathogen interactions. Furthermore, our results show that P. infestans subverts host immunity by repressing the AS of positive regulators of plant immunity and promoting the AS of susceptibility factors. To study the underlying mechanism, we established a luminescence-based AS reporter system in Nicotiana benthamiana to screen pathogen effectors modulating plant AS. We identified nine splicing regulatory effectors (SREs) from 87 P. infestans effectors. Further studies revealed that SRE3 physically binds U1-70K to manipulate the plant AS machinery and subsequently modulates AS-mediated plant immunity. Our study not only unveils genome-wide plant AS reprogramming during infection but also establishes a novel AS screening tool to identify SREs from a wide range of plant pathogens, providing opportunities to understand the splicing regulatory mechanisms through which pathogens subvert plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xinyu Lu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hongwei Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yuchen Xie
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Qian Peng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lianfeng Gu
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Juyou Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing 210095, China; The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Anireddy S N Reddy
- Colorado State University, Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Suomeng Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing 210095, China; The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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McLellan H, Chen K, He Q, Wu X, Boevink PC, Tian Z, Birch PR. The Ubiquitin E3 Ligase PUB17 Positively Regulates Immunity by Targeting a Negative Regulator, KH17, for Degradation. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2020; 1:100020. [PMID: 32715295 PMCID: PMC7371183 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2020.100020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitination is a post-translational modification that regulates many processes in plants. Several ubiquitin E3 ligases act as either positive or negative regulators of immunity by promoting the degradation of different substrates. StPUB17 is an E3 ligase that has previously been shown to positively regulate immunity to bacteria, fungi and oomycetes, including the late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans. Silencing of StPUB17 promotes pathogen colonization and attenuates Cf4/avr4 cell death. Using yeast-2-hybrid and co-immunoprecipitation we identified the putative K-homology (KH) RNA-binding protein (RBP), StKH17, as a candidate substrate for degradation by StPUB17. StKH17 acts as a negative regulator of immunity that promotes P. infestans infection and suppresses specific immune pathways. A KH RBP domain mutant of StKH17 (StKH17GDDG) is no longer able to negatively regulate immunity, indicating that RNA binding is likely required for StKH17 function. As StPUB17 is a known target of the ubiquitin E3 ligase, StPOB1, we reveal an additional step in an E3 ligase regulatory cascade that controls plant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel McLellan
- Division of Plant Science, School of Life Science, University of Dundee (at JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Kai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Qin He
- Division of Plant Science, School of Life Science, University of Dundee (at JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Xintong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Petra C. Boevink
- Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Zhendong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Paul R.J. Birch
- Division of Plant Science, School of Life Science, University of Dundee (at JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
- Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
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29
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He Q, McLellan H, Boevink PC, Birch PR. All Roads Lead to Susceptibility: The Many Modes of Action of Fungal and Oomycete Intracellular Effectors. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2020; 1:100050. [PMID: 33367246 PMCID: PMC7748000 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2020.100050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The ability to secrete effector proteins that can enter plant cells and manipulate host processes is a key determinant of what makes a successful plant pathogen. Here, we review intracellular effectors from filamentous (fungal and oomycete) phytopathogens and the host proteins and processes that are targeted to promote disease. We cover contrasting virulence strategies and effector modes of action. Filamentous pathogen effectors alter the fates of host proteins that they target, changing their stability, their activity, their location, and the protein partners with which they interact. Some effectors inhibit target activity, whereas others enhance or utilize it, and some target multiple host proteins. We discuss the emerging topic of effectors that target negative regulators of immunity or other plant proteins with activities that support susceptibility. We also highlight the commonly targeted host proteins that are manipulated by effectors from multiple pathogens, including those representing different kingdoms of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin He
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee (at JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Hazel McLellan
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee (at JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Petra C. Boevink
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Paul R.J. Birch
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee (at JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
- Corresponding author
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30
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Yang LN, Liu H, Duan GH, Huang YM, Liu S, Fang ZG, Wu EJ, Shang L, Zhan J. The Phytophthora infestans AVR2 Effector Escapes R2 Recognition Through Effector Disordering. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:921-931. [PMID: 32212906 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-19-0179-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Intrinsic disorder is a common structural characteristic of proteins and a central player in the biochemical processes of species. However, the role of intrinsic disorder in the evolution of plant-pathogen interactions is rarely investigated. Here, we explored the role of intrinsic disorder in the development of the pathogenicity in the RXLR AVR2 effector of Phytophthora infestans. We found AVR2 exhibited high nucleotide diversity generated by point mutation, early-termination, altered start codon, deletion/insertion, and intragenic recombination and is predicted to be an intrinsically disordered protein. AVR2 amino acid sequences conferring a virulent phenotype had a higher disorder tendency in both the N- and C-terminal regions compared with sequences conferring an avirulent phenotype. In addition, we also found virulent AVR2 mutants gained one or two short linear interaction motifs, the critical components of disordered proteins required for protein-protein interactions. Furthermore, virulent AVR2 mutants were predicted to be unstable and have a short protein half-life. Taken together, these results support the notion that intrinsic disorder is important for the effector function of pathogens and demonstrate that SLiM-mediated protein-protein interaction in the C-terminal effector domain might contribute greatly to the evasion of resistance-protein detection in P. infestans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Yang
- Key Lab for Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Key Lab for Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Guo-Hua Duan
- Key Lab for Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Yan-Mei Huang
- Key Lab for Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Shiting Liu
- Key Lab for Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Zhi-Guo Fang
- Xiangyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangyang 441057, Hubei, China
| | - E-Jiao Wu
- Key Lab for Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Liping Shang
- Key Lab for Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Jiasui Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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31
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Organize, Don't Agonize: Strategic Success of Phytophthora Species. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8060917. [PMID: 32560346 PMCID: PMC7355776 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8060917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are constantly challenged by various environmental stressors ranging from abiotic-sunlight, elevated temperatures, drought, and nutrient deficits, to biotic factors-microbial pathogens and insect pests. These not only affect the quality of harvest but also the yield, leading to substantial annual crop losses, worldwide. Although plants have a multi-layered immune system, phytopathogens such as species of the oomycete genus Phytophthora, can employ elaborate mechanisms to breach this defense. For the last two decades, researchers have focused on the co-evolution between Phytophthora and interacting hosts to decouple the mechanisms governing their molecular associations. This has provided a comprehensive understanding of the pathobiology of plants affected by oomycetes. Ultimately, this is important for the development of strategies to sustainably improve agricultural production. Therefore, this paper discusses the present-day state of knowledge of the strategic mode of operation employed by species of Phytophthora for successful infection. Specifically, we consider motility, attachment, and host cell wall degradation used by these pathogenic species to obtain nutrients from their host. Also discussed is an array of effector types from apoplastic (hydrolytic proteins, protease inhibitors, elicitins) to cytoplastic (RxLRs, named after Arginine-any amino acid-Leucine-Arginine consensus sequence and CRNs, for CRinkling and Necrosis), which upon liberation can subvert the immune response and promote diseases in plants.
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32
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Martynov VV, Chizhik VK. Genetics of Pathogen–Host Interaction by the Example of Potato Late Blight Disease. RUSS J GENET+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795420030102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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van Esse HP, Reuber TL, van der Does D. Genetic modification to improve disease resistance in crops. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:70-86. [PMID: 31135961 PMCID: PMC6916320 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogens are a significant challenge in agriculture despite our best efforts to combat them. One of the most effective and sustainable ways to manage plant pathogens is to use genetic modification (GM) and genome editing, expanding the breeder's toolkit. For use in the field, these solutions must be efficacious, with no negative effect on plant agronomy, and deployed thoughtfully. They must also not introduce a potential allergen or toxin. Expensive regulation of biotech crops is prohibitive for local solutions. With 11-30% average global yield losses and greater local impacts, tackling plant pathogens is an ethical imperative. We need to increase world food production by at least 60% using the same amount of land, by 2050. The time to act is now and we cannot afford to ignore the new solutions that GM provides to manage plant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Peter van Esse
- 2Blades Foundation1630 Chicago AvenueEvanstonIL 60201USA
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East AngliaNorwich Research ParkNR4 7UHUK
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Naveed ZA, Wei X, Chen J, Mubeen H, Ali GS. The PTI to ETI Continuum in Phytophthora-Plant Interactions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:593905. [PMID: 33391306 PMCID: PMC7773600 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.593905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora species are notorious pathogens of several economically important crop plants. Several general elicitors, commonly referred to as Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs), from Phytophthora spp. have been identified that are recognized by the plant receptors to trigger induced defense responses in a process termed PAMP-triggered Immunity (PTI). Adapted Phytophthora pathogens have evolved multiple strategies to evade PTI. They can either modify or suppress their elicitors to avoid recognition by host and modulate host defense responses by deploying hundreds of effectors, which suppress host defense and physiological processes by modulating components involved in calcium and MAPK signaling, alternative splicing, RNA interference, vesicle trafficking, cell-to-cell trafficking, proteolysis and phytohormone signaling pathways. In incompatible interactions, resistant host plants perceive effector-induced modulations through resistance proteins and activate downstream components of defense responses in a quicker and more robust manner called effector-triggered-immunity (ETI). When pathogens overcome PTI-usually through effectors in the absence of R proteins-effectors-triggered susceptibility (ETS) ensues. Qualitatively, many of the downstream defense responses overlap between PTI and ETI. In general, these multiple phases of Phytophthora-plant interactions follow the PTI-ETS-ETI paradigm, initially proposed in the zigzag model of plant immunity. However, based on several examples, in Phytophthora-plant interactions, boundaries between these phases are not distinct but are rather blended pointing to a PTI-ETI continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunaira Afzal Naveed
- Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences, University of Florida, Apopka, FL, United States
| | - Xiangying Wei
- Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences, University of Florida, Apopka, FL, United States
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
- Xiangying Wei
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences, University of Florida, Apopka, FL, United States
| | - Hira Mubeen
- Departement of Biotechnology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Gul Shad Ali
- Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences, University of Florida, Apopka, FL, United States
- EukaryoTech LLC, Apopka, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Gul Shad Ali
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35
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Wang Y, Tyler BM, Wang Y. Defense and Counterdefense During Plant-Pathogenic Oomycete Infection. Annu Rev Microbiol 2019; 73:667-696. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-020518-120022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Plant-pathogenic oomycetes include numerous species that are ongoing threats to agriculture and natural ecosystems. Understanding the molecular dialogs between oomycetes and plants is instrumental for sustaining effective disease control. Plants respond to oomycete infection by multiple defense actions including strengthening of physical barriers, production of antimicrobial molecules, and programmed cell death. These responses are tightly controlled and integrated via a three-layered immune system consisting of a multiplex recognition layer, a resilient signal-integration layer, and a diverse defense-action layer. Adapted oomycete pathogens utilize apoplastic and intracellular effector arsenals to counter plant immunity mechanisms within each layer, including by evasion or suppression of recognition, interference with numerous signaling components, and neutralization or suppression of defense actions. A coevolutionary arms race continually drives the emergence of new mechanisms of plant defense and oomycete counterdefense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;,
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Brett M. Tyler
- Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing and Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;,
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China
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36
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Meisrimler C, Pelgrom AJE, Oud B, Out S, Van den Ackerveken G. Multiple downy mildew effectors target the stress-related NAC transcription factor LsNAC069 in lettuce. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 99:1098-1115. [PMID: 31077456 PMCID: PMC9545932 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
To cause disease in lettuce, the biotrophic oomycete Bremia lactucae secretes potential RxLR effector proteins. Here we report the discovery of an effector-target hub consisting of four B. lactucae effectors and one lettuce protein target by a yeast-two-hybrid (Y2H) screening. Interaction of the lettuce tail-anchored NAC transcription factor, LsNAC069, with B. lactucae effectors does not require the N-terminal NAC domain but depends on the C-terminal region including the transmembrane domain. Furthermore, in Y2H experiments, B. lactucae effectors interact with Arabidopsis and potato tail-anchored NACs, suggesting that they are conserved effector targets. Transient expression of RxLR effector proteins BLR05 and BLR09 and their target LsNAC069 in planta revealed a predominant localization to the endoplasmic reticulum. Phytophthora capsici culture filtrate and polyethylene glycol treatment induced relocalization to the nucleus of a stabilized LsNAC069 protein, lacking the NAC-domain (LsNAC069ΔNAC ). Relocalization was significantly reduced in the presence of the Ser/Cys-protease inhibitor TPCK indicating proteolytic cleavage of LsNAC069 allows for relocalization. Co-expression of effectors with LsNAC069ΔNAC reduced its nuclear accumulation. Surprisingly, LsNAC069 silenced lettuce lines had decreased LsNAC069 transcript levels but did not show significantly altered susceptibility to B. lactucae. In contrast, LsNAC069 silencing increased resistance to Pseudomonas cichorii bacteria and reduced wilting effects under moderate drought stress, indicating a broad role of LsNAC069 in abiotic and biotic stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia‐Nicole Meisrimler
- Plant–Microbe InteractionsDepartment of BiologyUtrecht UniversityPadualaan 83584 CHUtrechtthe Netherlands
- University of CanterburyIlamPrivate Bag 4800Christchurch8041New Zealand
| | - Alexandra J. E. Pelgrom
- Plant–Microbe InteractionsDepartment of BiologyUtrecht UniversityPadualaan 83584 CHUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Bart Oud
- Enza ZadenHaling 1‐EEnkhuizen1602 DBthe Netherlands
| | - Suzan Out
- Enza ZadenHaling 1‐EEnkhuizen1602 DBthe Netherlands
| | - Guido Van den Ackerveken
- Plant–Microbe InteractionsDepartment of BiologyUtrecht UniversityPadualaan 83584 CHUtrechtthe Netherlands
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37
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Chen XR, Zhang Y, Li HY, Zhang ZH, Sheng GL, Li YP, Xing YP, Huang SX, Tao H, Kuan T, Zhai Y, Ma W. The RXLR Effector PcAvh1 Is Required for Full Virulence of Phytophthora capsici. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:986-1000. [PMID: 30811314 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-18-0251-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogens employ diverse secreted effector proteins to manipulate host physiology and defense in order to foster diseases. The destructive Phytophthora pathogens encode hundreds of cytoplasmic effectors, which are believed to function inside the plant cells. Many of these cytoplasmic effectors contain the conserved N-terminal RXLR motif. Understanding the virulence function of RXLR effectors will provide important knowledge of Phytophthora pathogenesis. Here, we report the characterization of RXLR effector PcAvh1 from the broad-host range pathogen Phytophthora capsici. Only expressed during infection, PcAvh1 is quickly induced at the early infection stages. CRISPR/Cas9-knockout of PcAvh1 in P. capsici severely impairs virulence while overexpression enhances disease development in Nicotiana benthamiana and bell pepper, demonstrating that PcAvh1 is an essential virulence factor. Ectopic expression of PcAvh1 induces cell death in N. benthamiana, tomato, and bell pepper. Using yeast two-hybrid screening, we found that PcAvh1 interacts with the scaffolding subunit of the protein phosphatase 2A (PP2Aa) in plant cells. Virus-induced gene silencing of PP2Aa in N. benthamiana attenuates resistance to P. capsici and results in dwarfism, suggesting that PP2Aa regulates plant immunity and growth. Collectively, these results suggest that PcAvh1 contributes to P. capsici infection, probably through its interaction with host PP2Aa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ren Chen
- 1College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, China
- 2Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
| | - Ye Zhang
- 1College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, China
| | - Hai-Yang Li
- 3College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
| | - Zi-Hui Zhang
- 1College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, China
| | - Gui-Lin Sheng
- 1College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, China
| | - Yan-Peng Li
- 1College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, China
| | - Yu-Ping Xing
- 1College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, China
| | - Shen-Xin Huang
- 1College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, China
| | - Hang Tao
- 1College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, China
| | - Tung Kuan
- 2Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
| | - Yi Zhai
- 2Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
| | - Wenbo Ma
- 2Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
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Ren Y, Armstrong M, Qi Y, McLellan H, Zhong C, Du B, Birch PRJ, Tian Z. Phytophthora infestans RXLR Effectors Target Parallel Steps in an Immune Signal Transduction Pathway. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 180:2227-2239. [PMID: 31217198 PMCID: PMC6670088 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The potato (Solanum tuberosum) blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans delivers Arg-X-Leu-Arg (RXLR) effector proteins into host cells to subvert plant immune responses and promote colonization. We show that transient expression and stable transgenic expression of the RXLR effector Pi22926 in Nicotiana benthamiana promotes leaf colonization by P. infestans. Pi22926 suppresses cell death triggered by coexpression of the Cladosporium fulvum avirulence protein Avr4 and the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) resistance protein Cf4. Pi22926 interacts with a potato mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase, StMAP3Kβ2, in the nucleoplasm. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of the ortholog NbMAP3Kβ2 in N. benthamiana enhances P. infestans colonization and attenuates Cf4/Avr4-induced cell death, indicating that this host protein is a positive regulator of immunity. Cell death induced by Cf4/Avr4 is dependent on NbMAP3Kε and NbMAP3Kβ2, indicating that these MAP3Ks function in the same signaling pathway. VIGS of NbMAP3Kβ2 does not compromise cell death triggered by overexpression of MAP3Kε. Similarly, VIGS of NbMAP3Kε does not attenuate cell death triggered by MAP3Kβ2, demonstrating that these MAP3K proteins function in parallel. In agreement, Pi22926 or another RXLR effector, PexRD2, only suppresses cell death triggered by expression of StMAP3Kβ2 or StMAP3Kε, respectively. Our data reveal that two P. infestans effectors, PexRD2 and Pi22926, promote P. infestans colonization by targeting MAP3K proteins that act in parallel in the same signal transduction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University (HZAU), Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Miles Armstrong
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Science, University of Dundee (at James Hutton Institute), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - Yetong Qi
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University (HZAU), Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Cheng Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University (HZAU), Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Bowen Du
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University (HZAU), Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Paul R J Birch
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Science, University of Dundee (at James Hutton Institute), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - Zhendong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University (HZAU), Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
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Zhang P, Jia Y, Shi J, Chen C, Ye W, Wang Y, Ma W, Qiao Y. The WY domain in the Phytophthora effector PSR1 is required for infection and RNA silencing suppression activity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:839-852. [PMID: 30963588 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora pathogens manipulate host innate immunity by secreting numerous RxLR effectors, thereby facilitating pathogen colonization. Predicted single and tandem repeats of WY domains are the most prominent C-terminal motifs conserved across the Phytophthora RxLR superfamily. However, the functions of individual WY domains in effectors remain poorly understood. The Phytophthora sojae effector PSR1 promotes infection by suppressing small RNA biogenesis in plant hosts. We identified one single WY domain following the RxLR motif in PSR1. This domain was required for RNA silencing suppression activity and infection in Nicotiana benthamiana, Arabidopsis and soybean. Mutations of the conserved residues in the WY domain did not affect the subcellular localization of PSR1 but abolished its effect on plant development and resistance to viral and Phytophthora pathogens. This is at least in part due to decreased protein stability of the PSR1 mutants in planta. The identification of the WY domain in PSR1 allows predicts that a family of PSR1-like effectors also possess RNA silencing suppression activity. Mutation of the conserved residues in two members of this family, PpPSR1L from P. parasitica and PcPSR1L from P. capsici, perturbed their biological functions, indicating that the WY domain is critical in Phytophthora PSR1 and PSR1-like effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Yijuan Jia
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Jinxia Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Wenwu Ye
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wenbo Ma
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Yongli Qiao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
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Wang J, Gao C, Li L, Cao W, Dong R, Ding X, Zhu C, Chu Z. Transgenic RXLR Effector PITG_15718.2 Suppresses Immunity and Reduces Vegetative Growth in Potato. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20123031. [PMID: 31234322 PMCID: PMC6627464 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20123031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytophthora infestans causes the severe late blight disease of potato. During its infection process, P. infestans delivers hundreds of RXLR (Arg-x-Leu-Arg, x behalf of any one amino acid) effectors to manipulate processes in its hosts, creating a suitable environment for invasion and proliferation. Several effectors interact with host proteins to suppress host immunity and inhibit plant growth. However, little is known about how P. infestans regulates the host transcriptome. Here, we identified an RXLR effector, PITG_15718.2, which is upregulated and maintains a high expression level throughout the infection. Stable transgenic potato (Solanum tuberosum) lines expressing PITG_15718.2 show enhanced leaf colonization by P. infestans and reduced vegetative growth. We further investigated the transcriptional changes between three PITG_15718.2 transgenic lines and the wild type Désirée by using RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). Compared with Désirée, 190 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, including 158 upregulated genes and 32 downregulated genes in PITG_15718.2 transgenic lines. Eight upregulated and nine downregulated DEGs were validated by real-time RT-PCR, which showed a high correlation with the expression level identified by RNA-Seq. These DEGs will help to explore the mechanism of PITG_15718.2-mediated immunity and growth inhibition in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Vegetable Disease and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
| | - Cungang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
- College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
| | - Long Li
- College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
| | - Weilin Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
- College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China.
| | - Ran Dong
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Vegetable Disease and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
| | - Xinhua Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Vegetable Disease and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
| | - Changxiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
- College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China.
| | - Zhaohui Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
- College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
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Turnbull D, Wang H, Breen S, Malec M, Naqvi S, Yang L, Welsh L, Hemsley P, Zhendong T, Brunner F, Gilroy EM, Birch PRJ. AVR2 Targets BSL Family Members, Which Act as Susceptibility Factors to Suppress Host Immunity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 180:571-581. [PMID: 30782963 PMCID: PMC6501069 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.01143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
To be successful plant pathogens, microbes use "effector proteins" to manipulate host functions to their benefit. Identifying host targets of effector proteins and characterizing their role in the infection process allow us to better understand plant-pathogen interactions and the plant immune system. Yeast two-hybrid analysis and coimmunoprecipitation were used to demonstrate that the Phytophthora infestans effector AVIRULENCE 2 (PiAVR2) interacts with all three BRI1-SUPPRESSOR1-like (BSL) family members from potato (Solanum tuberosum). Transient expression of BSL1, BSL2, and BSL3 enhanced P. infestans leaf infection. BSL1 and BSL3 suppressed INFESTIN 1 elicitin-triggered cell death, showing that they negatively regulate immunity. Virus-induced gene silencing studies revealed that BSL2 and BSL3 are required for BSL1 stability and show that basal levels of immunity are increased in BSL-silenced plants. Immune suppression by BSL family members is dependent on the brassinosteroid-responsive host transcription factor CIB1/HBI1-like 1. The P. infestans effector PiAVR2 targets all three BSL family members in the crop plant S. tuberosum These phosphatases, known for their role in growth-promoting brassinosteroid signaling, all support P. infestans virulence and thus can be regarded as susceptibility factors in late blight infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dionne Turnbull
- Division of Plant Science, School of Life Science, University of Dundee (at JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - Haixia Wang
- Division of Plant Science, School of Life Science, University of Dundee (at JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Susan Breen
- Division of Plant Science, School of Life Science, University of Dundee (at JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
- Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - Marek Malec
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Eberhard Karls University, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Shaista Naqvi
- Division of Plant Science, School of Life Science, University of Dundee (at JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - Lina Yang
- Division of Plant Science, School of Life Science, University of Dundee (at JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
- Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China (L.Y.)
| | - Lydia Welsh
- Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - Piers Hemsley
- Division of Plant Science, School of Life Science, University of Dundee (at JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
- Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - Tian Zhendong
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Frederic Brunner
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Eberhard Karls University, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Eleanor M Gilroy
- Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - Paul R J Birch
- Division of Plant Science, School of Life Science, University of Dundee (at JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
- Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
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He Q, McLellan H, Hughes RK, Boevink PC, Armstrong M, Lu Y, Banfield MJ, Tian Z, Birch PRJ. Phytophthora infestans effector SFI3 targets potato UBK to suppress early immune transcriptional responses. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:438-454. [PMID: 30536576 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The potato blight agent Phytophthora infestans secretes a range of RXLR effectors to promote disease. Recent evidence indicates that some effectors suppress early pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) following perception of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). Phytophthora infestans effector PiSFI3/Pi06087/PexRD16 has been previously shown to suppress MAMP-triggered pFRK1-Luciferase reporter gene activity. How PiSFI3 suppresses immunity is unknown. We employed yeast-two-hybrid (Y2H) assays, co-immunoprecipitation, transcriptional silencing by RNA interference and virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), and X-ray crystallography for structure-guided mutagenesis, to investigate the function of PiSFI3 in targeting a plant U-box-kinase protein (StUBK) to suppress immunity. We discovered that PiSFI3 is active in the host nucleus and interacts in yeast and in planta with StUBK. UBK is a positive regulator of specific PTI pathways in both potato and Nicotiana benthamiana. Importantly, it contributes to early transcriptional responses that are suppressed by PiSFI3. PiSFI3 forms an unusual trans-homodimer. Mutation to disrupt dimerization prevents nucleolar localisation of PiSFI3 and attenuates both its interaction with StUBK and its ability to enhance P. infestans leaf colonisation. PiSFI3 is a 'WY-domain' RXLR effector that forms a novel trans-homodimer which is required for its ability to suppress PTI via interaction with the U-box-kinase protein StUBK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin He
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Division of Plant Science, School of Life Science, University of Dundee (at JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
- Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Hazel McLellan
- Division of Plant Science, School of Life Science, University of Dundee (at JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Richard K Hughes
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Petra C Boevink
- Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Miles Armstrong
- Division of Plant Science, School of Life Science, University of Dundee (at JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
- Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Yuan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Mark J Banfield
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Zhendong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Paul R J Birch
- Division of Plant Science, School of Life Science, University of Dundee (at JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
- Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
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43
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Regulation of Plant Immunity by the Proteasome. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 343:37-63. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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44
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Wang S, McLellan H, Bukharova T, He Q, Murphy F, Shi J, Sun S, van Weymers P, Ren Y, Thilliez G, Wang H, Chen X, Engelhardt S, Vleeshouwers V, Gilroy EM, Whisson SC, Hein I, Wang X, Tian Z, Birch PRJ, Boevink PC. Phytophthora infestans RXLR effectors act in concert at diverse subcellular locations to enhance host colonization. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:343-356. [PMID: 30329083 PMCID: PMC6305197 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Oomycetes such as the potato blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans deliver RXLR effectors into plant cells to manipulate host processes and promote disease. Knowledge of where they localize inside host cells is important in understanding their function. Fifty-two P. infestans RXLR effectors (PiRXLRs) up-regulated during early stages of infection were expressed as fluorescent protein (FP) fusions inside cells of the model host Nicotiana benthamiana. FP-PiRXLR fusions were predominantly nucleo-cytoplasmic, nuclear, or plasma membrane-associated. Some also localized to the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, peroxisomes, or microtubules, suggesting diverse sites of subcellular activity. Seven of the 25 PiRXLRs examined during infection accumulated at sites of haustorium penetration, probably due to co-localization with host target processes; Pi16663 (Avr1), for example, localized to Sec5-associated mobile bodies which showed perihaustorial accumulation. Forty-five FP-RXLR fusions enhanced pathogen leaf colonization when expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana, revealing that their presence was beneficial to infection. Co-expression of PiRXLRs that target and suppress different immune pathways resulted in an additive enhancement of colonization, indicating the potential to study effector combinations using transient expression assays. We provide a broad platform of high confidence P. infestans effector candidates from which to investigate the mechanisms, singly and in combination, by which this pathogen causes disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumei Wang
- Division of Plant Science, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Hazel McLellan
- Division of Plant Science, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Tatyana Bukharova
- Division of Plant Science, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Qin He
- Division of Plant Science, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Fraser Murphy
- Division of Plant Science, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Jiayang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaohui Sun
- Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
- Virus-free Seedling Research Institute of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Pauline van Weymers
- Division of Plant Science, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Yajuan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Gaetan Thilliez
- Division of Plant Science, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Haixia Wang
- Division of Plant Science, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinwei Chen
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Stefan Engelhardt
- Division of Plant Science, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
- School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | | | - Eleanor M Gilroy
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Stephen C Whisson
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Ingo Hein
- Division of Plant Science, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Xiaodan Wang
- Virus-free Seedling Research Institute of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhendong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Paul R J Birch
- Division of Plant Science, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Petra C Boevink
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
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Liu L, Xu L, Jia Q, Pan R, Oelmüller R, Zhang W, Wu C. Arms race: diverse effector proteins with conserved motifs. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2019; 14:1557008. [PMID: 30621489 PMCID: PMC6351098 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2018.1557008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Effector proteins play important roles in the infection by pathogenic oomycetes and fungi or the colonization by endophytic and mycorrhizal fungi. They are either translocated into the host plant cells via specific translocation mechanisms and function in the host's cytoplasm or nucleus, or they reside in the apoplast of the plant cells and act at the extracellular host-microbe interface. Many effector proteins possess conserved motifs (such as the RXLR, CRN, LysM, RGD, DELD, EAR, RYWT, Y/F/WXC or CFEM motifs) localized in their N- or C-terminal regions. Analysis of the functions of effector proteins, especially so-called "core effectors", is crucial for the understanding of pathogenicity/symbiosis mechanisms and plant defense strategies, and helps to develop breeding strategies for pathogen-resistant cultivars, and to increase crop yield and quality as well as abiotic stress resistance. This review summarizes current knowledge about these effector proteins with the conversed motifs and their involvement in pathogenic or mutualistic plant/fungal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Liu
- College of Horticulture & Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Le Xu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry/Research Center of Crop Stresses Resistance Technologies, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Qie Jia
- College of Horticulture & Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Rui Pan
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry/Research Center of Crop Stresses Resistance Technologies, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Ralf Oelmüller
- Plant Physiology, Matthias-Schleiden-Institute for Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Faculty of Biological Science, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Wenying Zhang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry/Research Center of Crop Stresses Resistance Technologies, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- CONTACT Wenying Zhang Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry/Research Center of Crop Stresses Resistance Technologies, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; Chu Wu College of Horticulture & Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Chu Wu
- College of Horticulture & Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- Institute of Plant Ecology and Environmental Restoration, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
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Yang L, Ouyang H, Fang Z, Zhu W, Wu E, Luo G, Shang L, Zhan J. Evidence for intragenic recombination and selective sweep in an effector gene of Phytophthora infestans. Evol Appl 2018; 11:1342-1353. [PMID: 30151044 PMCID: PMC6099815 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Effectors, a group of small proteins secreted by pathogens, play a critical role in the antagonistic interaction between plant hosts and pathogens through their dual functions in regulating host immune systems and pathogen infection capability. In this study, evolution in effector genes was investigated through population genetic analysis of Avr3a sequences generated from 96 Phytophthora infestans isolates collected from six locations representing a range of thermal variation and cropping systems in China. We found high genetic variation in the Avr3a gene resulting from diverse mechanisms extending beyond point mutations, frameshift, and defeated start and stop codons to intragenic recombination. A total of 51 nucleotide haplotypes encoding 38 amino acid isoforms were detected in the 96 full sequences with nucleotide diversity in the pathogen populations ranging from 0.007 to 0.023 (mean = 0.017). Although haplotype and nucleotide diversity were high, the effector gene was dominated by only three haplotypes. Evidence for a selective sweep was provided by (i) the population genetic differentiation (GST) of haplotypes being lower than the population differentiation (FST) of SSR marker loci; and (ii) negative values of Tajima's D and Fu's FS. Annual mean temperature in the collection sites was negatively correlated with the frequency of the virulent form (Avr3aEM), indicating Avr3a may be regulated by temperature. These results suggest that elevated air temperature due to global warming may hamper the development of pathogenicity traits in P. infestans and further study under confined thermal regimes may be required to confirm the hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- Fujian Key Lab of Plant VirologyInstitute of Plant VirologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Hai‐Bing Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- Fujian Key Lab of Plant VirologyInstitute of Plant VirologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Zhi‐Guo Fang
- Fujian Key Lab of Plant VirologyInstitute of Plant VirologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- Xiangyang Academy of Agricultural SciencesXiangyangChina
| | - Wen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- Fujian Key Lab of Plant VirologyInstitute of Plant VirologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - E‐Jiao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- Fujian Key Lab of Plant VirologyInstitute of Plant VirologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Gui‐Huo Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- Fujian Key Lab of Plant VirologyInstitute of Plant VirologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Li‐Ping Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Jiasui Zhan
- Key Lab for Biopesticide and Chemical BiologyMinistry of EducationFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
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Zheng X, Wagener N, McLellan H, Boevink PC, Hua C, Birch PRJ, Brunner F. Phytophthora infestans RXLR effector SFI5 requires association with calmodulin for PTI/MTI suppressing activity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 219:1433-1446. [PMID: 29932222 PMCID: PMC6099356 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens secrete effector proteins to interfere with plant innate immunity, in which Ca2+ /calmodulin (CaM) signalling plays key roles. Thus far, few effectors have been identified that directly interact with CaM for defence suppression. Here, we report that SFI5, an RXLR effector from Phytophthora infestans, suppresses microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP)-triggered immunity (MTI) by interacting with host CaMs. We predicted the CaM-binding site in SFI5 using in silico analysis. The interaction between SFI5 and CaM was tested by both in vitro and in vivo assays. MTI suppression by SFI5 and truncated variants were performed in a tomato protoplast system. We found that both the predicted CaM-binding site and the full-length SFI5 protein interact with CaM in the presence of Ca2+ . MTI responses, such as FRK1 upregulation, reactive oxygen species accumulation, and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation were suppressed by truncated SFI5 proteins containing the C-terminal CaM-binding site but not by those without it. The plasma membrane localization of SFI5 and its ability to enhance infection were also perturbed by loss of the CaM-binding site. We conclude that CaM-binding is required for localization and activity of SFI5. We propose that SFI5 suppresses plant immunity by interfering with immune signalling components after activation by CaMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangzi Zheng
- Department of BiochemistryCentre for Plant Molecular BiologyEberhard Karls UniversityAuf der Morgenstelle 32D‐72076TübingenGermany
- Center for Molecular Cell and Systems BiologyCollege of Life SciencesFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou350002China
| | - Nadine Wagener
- Department of BiochemistryCentre for Plant Molecular BiologyEberhard Karls UniversityAuf der Morgenstelle 32D‐72076TübingenGermany
| | - Hazel McLellan
- Division of Plant SciencesUniversity of Dundee (at James Hutton Institute)Errol RdInvergowrie, DundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | - Petra C. Boevink
- Cell and Molecular SciencesThe James Hutton InstituteErrol RdInvergowrie, DundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | - Chenlei Hua
- Department of BiochemistryCentre for Plant Molecular BiologyEberhard Karls UniversityAuf der Morgenstelle 32D‐72076TübingenGermany
| | - Paul R. J. Birch
- Division of Plant SciencesUniversity of Dundee (at James Hutton Institute)Errol RdInvergowrie, DundeeDD2 5DAUK
- Cell and Molecular SciencesThe James Hutton InstituteErrol RdInvergowrie, DundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | - Frédéric Brunner
- Department of BiochemistryCentre for Plant Molecular BiologyEberhard Karls UniversityAuf der Morgenstelle 32D‐72076TübingenGermany
- PlantResponse Biotech, S.L.Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Genomics (CBGP)Campus de Montegancedo28223Pozuelo de Alarcón, MadridSpain
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He Q, Naqvi S, McLellan H, Boevink PC, Champouret N, Hein I, Birch PRJ. Plant pathogen effector utilizes host susceptibility factor NRL1 to degrade the immune regulator SWAP70. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E7834-E7843. [PMID: 30049706 PMCID: PMC6099861 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1808585115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant pathogens deliver effectors into plant cells to suppress immunity. Whereas many effectors inactivate positive immune regulators, other effectors associate with negative regulators of immunity: so-called susceptibility (S) factors. Little is known about how pathogens exploit S factors to suppress immunity. Phytophthora infestans RXLR effector Pi02860 interacts with host protein NRL1, which is an S factor whose activity suppresses INF1-triggered cell death (ICD) and is required for late blight disease. We show that NRL1 interacts in yeast and in planta with a guanine nucleotide exchange factor called SWAP70. SWAP70 associates with endosomes and is a positive regulator of immunity. Virus-induced gene silencing of SWAP70 in Nicotiana benthamiana enhances P. infestans colonization and compromises ICD. In contrast, transient overexpression of SWAP70 reduces P. infestans infection and accelerates ICD. Expression of Pi02860 and NRL1, singly or in combination, results in proteasome-mediated degradation of SWAP70. Degradation of SWAP70 is prevented by silencing NRL1, or by mutation of Pi02860 to abolish its interaction with NRL1. NRL1 is a BTB-domain protein predicted to form the substrate adaptor component of a CULLIN3 ubiquitin E3 ligase. A dimerization-deficient mutant, NRL1NQ, fails to interact with SWAP70 but maintains its interaction with Pi02860. NRL1NQ acts as a dominant-negative mutant, preventing SWAP70 degradation in the presence of effector Pi02860, and reducing P. infestans infection. Critically, Pi02860 enhances the association between NRL1 and SWAP70 to promote proteasome-mediated degradation of the latter and, thus, suppress immunity. Preventing degradation of SWAP70 represents a strategy to combat late blight disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin He
- Division of Plant Science, James Hutton Institute, University of Dundee, Invergowrie, DD2 5DA Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Shaista Naqvi
- Division of Plant Science, James Hutton Institute, University of Dundee, Invergowrie, DD2 5DA Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Hazel McLellan
- Division of Plant Science, James Hutton Institute, University of Dundee, Invergowrie, DD2 5DA Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Petra C Boevink
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, DD2 5DA Dundee, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ingo Hein
- Division of Plant Science, James Hutton Institute, University of Dundee, Invergowrie, DD2 5DA Dundee, United Kingdom
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, DD2 5DA Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Paul R J Birch
- Division of Plant Science, James Hutton Institute, University of Dundee, Invergowrie, DD2 5DA Dundee, United Kingdom;
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, DD2 5DA Dundee, United Kingdom
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Fan G, Yang Y, Li T, Lu W, Du Y, Qiang X, Wen Q, Shan W. A Phytophthora capsici RXLR Effector Targets and Inhibits a Plant PPIase to Suppress Endoplasmic Reticulum-Mediated Immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT 2018; 11:1067-1083. [PMID: 29864524 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora pathogens secrete a large arsenal of effectors that manipulate host processes to create an environment conducive to pathogen colonization. However, the underlying mechanisms by which Phytophthora effectors manipulate host plant cells still remain largely unclear. In this study, we report that PcAvr3a12, a Phytophthora capsici RXLR effector and a member of the Avr3a effector family, suppresses plant immunity by targeting and inhibiting host plant peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase). Overexpression of PcAvr3a12 in Arabidopsis thaliana enhanced plant susceptibility to P. capsici. FKBP15-2, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized protein, was identified as a host target of PcAvr3a12 during early P. capsici infection. Analyses of A. thaliana T-DNA insertion mutant (fkbp15-2), RNAi, and overexpression lines consistently showed that FKBP15-2 positively regulates plant immunity in response to Phytophthora infection. FKBP15-2 possesses PPIase activity essential for its contribution to immunity but is directly suppressed by PcAvr3a12. Interestingly, we found that FKBP15-2 is involved in ER stress sensing and is required for ER stress-mediated plant immunity. Taken together, these results suggest that P. capsici deploys an RXLR effector, PcAvr3a12, to facilitate infection by targeting and suppressing a novel ER-localized PPIase, FKBP15-2, which is required for ER stress-mediated plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangjin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Tingting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Wenqin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yu Du
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiaoyu Qiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Qujiang Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Weixing Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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50
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Good Riddance? Breaking Disease Susceptibility in the Era of New Breeding Technologies. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy8070114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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