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Vermeulen A, Takken FLW, Sánchez-Camargo VA. Translation Arrest: A Key Player in Plant Antiviral Response. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1293. [PMID: 37372472 DOI: 10.3390/genes14061293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants evolved several mechanisms to protect themselves against viruses. Besides recessive resistance, where compatible host factors required for viral proliferation are absent or incompatible, there are (at least) two types of inducible antiviral immunity: RNA silencing (RNAi) and immune responses mounted upon activation of nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptors. RNAi is associated with viral symptom recovery through translational repression and transcript degradation following recognition of viral double-stranded RNA produced during infection. NLR-mediated immunity is induced upon (in)direct recognition of a viral protein by an NLR receptor, triggering either a hypersensitive response (HR) or an extreme resistance response (ER). During ER, host cell death is not apparent, and it has been proposed that this resistance is mediated by a translational arrest (TA) of viral transcripts. Recent research indicates that translational repression plays a crucial role in plant antiviral resistance. This paper reviews current knowledge on viral translational repression during viral recovery and NLR-mediated immunity. Our findings are summarized in a model detailing the pathways and processes leading to translational arrest of plant viruses. This model can serve as a framework to formulate hypotheses on how TA halts viral replication, inspiring new leads for the development of antiviral resistance in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie Vermeulen
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank L W Takken
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Victor A Sánchez-Camargo
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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2
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Hou W, Lu Q, Ma L, Sun X, Wang L, Nie J, Guo P, Liu T, Li Z, Sun C, Ren Y, Wang X, Yang J, Chen F. Mapping of quantitative trait loci for leaf rust resistance in the wheat population 'Xinmai 26/Zhoumai 22'. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:3019-3032. [PMID: 36879436 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Leaf rust, caused by the fungal pathogen Puccinia triticina (Pt), is one of the major and dangerous diseases of wheat, and has caused serious yield loss of wheat worldwide. Here, we investigated adult-plant resistance (APR) to leaf rust in a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from 'Xinmai 26' and 'Zhoumai 22' over 3 years. Linkage mapping for APR to leaf rust revealed four quantitative trait loci (QTL) in this RIL population. Two QTL, QLr.hnau-2BS and QLr.hnau-3BS were contributed by 'Zhoumai22', whereas QLr.hnau-2DS and QLr.hnau-5AL were contributed by 'Xinmai 26'. The QLr.hnau-2BS covering a race-specific resistance gene Lr13 showed the most stable APR to leaf rust. Overexpression of Lr13 significantly increased APR to leaf rust. Interestingly, we found that a CNL(coiled coil-nucleotide-binding site-leucine-rich repeat)-like gene, TaCN, in QLr.hnau-2BS completely co-segregated with leaf rust resistance. The resistant haplotype TaCN-R possessed half the sequence of the coiled-coil domain of TaCN protein. Lr13 strongly interacted with TaCN-R, but did not interact with the full-length TaCN (TaCN-S). In addition, TaCN-R was significantly induced after Pt inoculation and changed the sub-cellular localization of Lr13 after interaction. Therefore, we hypothesized that TaCN-R mediated leaf rust resistance possibly by interacting with Lr13. This study provides important QTL for APR to leaf rust, and new insights into understanding how a CNL gene modulates disease resistance in common wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixiu Hou
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/ CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Joint Research Center/Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Qisen Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agroproducts, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Lin Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/ CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Joint Research Center/Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xiaonan Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/ CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Joint Research Center/Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Liyan Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/ CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Joint Research Center/Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Jingyun Nie
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/ CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Joint Research Center/Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Peng Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/ CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Joint Research Center/Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Ti Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/ CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Joint Research Center/Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Zaifeng Li
- College of Plant Protection, State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071001, China
| | - Congwei Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/ CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Joint Research Center/Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yan Ren
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/ CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Joint Research Center/Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- College of Plant Protection, State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071001, China
| | - Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agroproducts, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Feng Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/ CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Joint Research Center/Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
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3
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Martin EC, Ion CF, Ifrimescu F, Spiridon L, Bakker J, Goverse A, Petrescu AJ. NLRscape: an atlas of plant NLR proteins. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 51:D1470-D1482. [PMID: 36350627 PMCID: PMC9825502 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac1014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
NLRscape is a webserver that curates a collection of over 80 000 plant protein sequences identified in UniProtKB to contain NOD-like receptor signatures, and hosts in addition a number of tools aimed at the exploration of the complex sequence landscape of this class of plant proteins. Each entry gathers sequence information, domain and motif annotations from multiple third-party sources but also in-house advanced annotations aimed at addressing caveats of the existing broad-based annotations. NLRscape provides a top-down perspective of the NLR sequence landscape but also services for assisting a bottom-up approach starting from a given input sequence. Sequences are clustered by their domain organization layout, global homology and taxonomic spread-in order to allow analysis of how particular traits of an NLR family are scattered within the plant kingdom. Tools are provided for users to locate their own protein of interest in the overall NLR landscape, generate custom clusters centered around it and perform a large number of sequence and structural analyses using included interactive online instruments. Amongst these, we mention: taxonomy distribution plots, homology cluster graphs, identity matrices and interactive MSA synchronizing secondary structure and motif predictions. NLRscape can be found at: https://nlrscape.biochim.ro/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza C Martin
- Department of Bioinformatics and Structural Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest 060031, Romania
| | - Catalin F Ion
- Department of Bioinformatics and Structural Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest 060031, Romania
| | - Florin Ifrimescu
- Department of Bioinformatics and Structural Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest 060031, Romania
| | - Laurentiu Spiridon
- Department of Bioinformatics and Structural Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest 060031, Romania
| | - Jaap Bakker
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6700ES, The Netherlands
| | - Aska Goverse
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6700ES, The Netherlands
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4
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van Grinsven IL, Martin EC, Petrescu AJ, Kormelink R. Tsw - A case study on structure-function puzzles in plant NLRs with unusually large LRR domains. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:983693. [PMID: 36275604 PMCID: PMC9585916 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.983693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Plant disease immunity heavily depends on the recognition of plant pathogens and the subsequent activation of downstream immune pathways. Nod-like receptors are often crucial in this process. Tsw, a Nod-like resistance gene from Capsicum chinense conferring resistance against Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), belongs to the small group of Nod-like receptors with unusually large LRR domains. While typical protein domain dimensions rarely exceed 500 amino acids due to stability constraints, the LRR of these unusual NLRs range from 1,000 to 3,400 amino acids and contain over 30 LRR repeats. The presence of such a multitude of repeats in one protein is also difficult to explain considering protein functionality. Interactions between the LRR and the other NLR domains (CC, TIR, NBS) take place within the first 10 LRR repeats, leaving the function of largest part of the LRR structure unexplained. Herein we discuss the structural modeling limits and various aspects of the structure-function relation conundrums of large LRRs focusing on Tsw, and raise questions regarding its recognition of its effector NSs and the possible inhibition on other domains as seen in other NLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Louise van Grinsven
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Eliza C. Martin
- Department of Bioinformatics and Structural Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andrei-José Petrescu
- Department of Bioinformatics and Structural Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Richard Kormelink
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Sukarta OCA, Zheng Q, Slootweg EJ, Mekken M, Mendel M, Putker V, Bertran A, Brand A, Overmars H, Pomp R, Roosien J, Boeren S, Smant G, Goverse A. GLYCINE-RICH RNA-BINDING PROTEIN 7 potentiates effector-triggered immunity through an RNA recognition motif. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:972-987. [PMID: 35218353 PMCID: PMC9157115 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The activity of intracellular plant nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR) immune receptors is fine-tuned by interactions between the receptors and their partners. Identifying NB-LRR interacting proteins is therefore crucial to advance our understanding of how these receptors function. A co-immunoprecipitation/mass spectrometry screening was performed in Nicotiana benthamiana to identify host proteins associated with the resistance protein Gpa2, a CC-NB-LRR immune receptor conferring resistance against the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida. A combination of biochemical, cellular, and functional assays was used to assess the role of a candidate interactor in defense. A N. benthamiana homolog of the GLYCINE-RICH RNA-BINDING PROTEIN7 (NbGRP7) protein was prioritized as a Gpa2-interacting protein for further investigations. NbGRP7 also associates in planta with the homologous Rx1 receptor, which confers immunity to Potato Virus X. We show that NbGRP7 positively regulates extreme resistance by Rx1 and cell death by Gpa2. Mutating the NbGRP7 RNA recognition motif (RRM) compromises its role in Rx1-mediated defense. Strikingly, ectopic NbGRP7 expression is likely to impact the steady-state levels of Rx1, which relies on an intact RRM. Our findings illustrate that NbGRP7 is a pro-immune component in effector-triggered immunity by regulating Gpa2/Rx1 function at a posttranscriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavina C A Sukarta
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Qi Zheng
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik J Slootweg
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Mekken
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Melanie Mendel
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vera Putker
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - André Bertran
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk Brand
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hein Overmars
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rikus Pomp
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Roosien
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sjef Boeren
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Geert Smant
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Aska Goverse
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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6
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Martin EC, Spiridon L, Goverse A, Petrescu AJ. NLRexpress-A bundle of machine learning motif predictors-Reveals motif stability underlying plant Nod-like receptors diversity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:975888. [PMID: 36186050 PMCID: PMC9519389 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.975888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Examination of a collection of over 80,000 Plant Nod-like receptors (NLRs) revealed an overwhelming sequence diversity underlying functional specificity of pathogen detection, signaling and cooperativity. The NLR canonical building blocks-CC/TIR/RPW8, NBS and LRR-contain, however, a number of conserved sequence motifs showing a significant degree of invariance amongst different NLR groups. To identify these motifs we developed NLRexpress-a bundle of 17 machine learning (ML)-based predictors, able to swiftly and precisely detect CC, TIR, NBS, and LRR motifs while minimizing computing time without accuracy losses-aimed as an instrument scalable for screening overall proteomes, transcriptomes or genomes for identifying integral NLRs and discriminating them against incomplete sequences lacking key motifs. These predictors were further used to screen a subset of ∼34,000 regular plant NLR sequences. Motifs were analyzed using unsupervised ML techniques to assess the structural correlations hidden underneath pattern variabilities. Both the NB-ARC switch domain which admittedly is the most conserved region of NLRs and the highly diverse LRR domain with its vastly variable lengths and repeat irregularities-show well-defined relations between motif subclasses, highlighting the importance of structural invariance in shaping NLR sequence diversity. The online NLRexpress webserver can be accessed at https://nlrexpress.biochim.ro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza C. Martin
- Department of Bioinformatics and Structural Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Laurentiu Spiridon
- Department of Bioinformatics and Structural Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Aska Goverse
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Andrei-José Petrescu
- Department of Bioinformatics and Structural Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
- *Correspondence: Andrei-José Petrescu,
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7
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Liu M, Li Y, Zhu Y, Sun Y, Wang G. Maize nicotinate N-methyltransferase interacts with the NLR protein Rp1-D21 and modulates the hypersensitive response. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:564-579. [PMID: 33675291 PMCID: PMC8035639 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Most plant intracellular immune receptors belong to nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins. The recognition between NLRs and their corresponding pathogen effectors often triggers a hypersensitive response (HR) at the pathogen infection sites. The nicotinate N-methyltransferase (NANMT) is responsible for the conversion of nicotinate to trigonelline in plants. However, the role of NANMT in plant defence response is unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that the maize ZmNANMT, but not its close homolog ZmCOMT, an enzyme in the lignin biosynthesis pathway, suppresses the HR mediated by the autoactive NLR protein Rp1-D21 and its N-terminal coiled-coil signalling domain (CCD21 ). ZmNANMT, but not ZmCOMT, interacts with CCD21 , and they form a complex with HCT1806 and CCoAOMT2, two key enzymes in lignin biosynthesis, which can also suppress the autoactive HR mediated by Rp1-D21. ZmNANMT is mainly localized in the cytoplasm and nucleus, and either localization is important for suppressing the HR phenotype. These results lay the foundation for further elucidating the molecular mechanism of NANMTs in plant disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation BiologyMinistry of EducationSchool of Life SciencesShandong UniversityQingdaoChina
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong ProvinceCollege of Plant Health and MedicineQingdao Agricultural UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Ya‐Jie Li
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation BiologyMinistry of EducationSchool of Life SciencesShandong UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Yu‐Xiu Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation BiologyMinistry of EducationSchool of Life SciencesShandong UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Yang Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation BiologyMinistry of EducationSchool of Life SciencesShandong UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Guan‐Feng Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation BiologyMinistry of EducationSchool of Life SciencesShandong UniversityQingdaoChina
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8
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Ross BT, Zidack NK, Flenniken ML. Extreme Resistance to Viruses in Potato and Soybean. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:658981. [PMID: 33889169 PMCID: PMC8056081 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.658981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogens, including viruses, negatively impact global crop production. Plants have evolved complex immune responses to pathogens. These responses are often controlled by nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat proteins (NLRs), which recognize intracellular, pathogen-derived proteins. Genetic resistance to plant viruses is often phenotypically characterized by programmed cell death at or near the infection site; a reaction termed the hypersensitive response. Although visualization of the hypersensitive response is often used as a hallmark of resistance, the molecular mechanisms leading to the hypersensitive response and associated cell death vary. Plants with extreme resistance to viruses rarely exhibit symptoms and have little to no detectable virus replication or spread beyond the infection site. Both extreme resistance and the hypersensitive response can be activated by the same NLR genes. In many cases, genes that normally provide an extreme resistance phenotype can be stimulated to cause a hypersensitive response by experimentally increasing cellular levels of pathogen-derived elicitor protein(s). The molecular mechanisms of extreme resistance and its relationship to the hypersensitive response are largely uncharacterized. Studies on potato and soybean cultivars that are resistant to strains of Potato virus Y (PVY), Potato virus X (PVX), and Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) indicate that abscisic acid (ABA)-mediated signaling and NLR nuclear translocation are important for the extreme resistance response. Recent research also indicates that some of the same proteins are involved in both extreme resistance and the hypersensitive response. Herein, we review and synthesize published studies on extreme resistance in potato and soybean, and describe studies in additional species, including model plant species, to highlight future research avenues that may bridge the gaps in our knowledge of plant antiviral defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T. Ross
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Nina K. Zidack
- Montana State Seed Potato Certification Lab, Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Michelle L. Flenniken
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
- Montana State Seed Potato Certification Lab, Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
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Luan QL, Zhu YX, Ma S, Sun Y, Liu XY, Liu M, Balint-Kurti PJ, Wang GF. Maize metacaspases modulate the defense response mediated by the NLR protein Rp1-D21 likely by affecting its subcellular localization. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:151-166. [PMID: 33107667 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plants usually employ resistance (R) genes to defend against the infection of pathogens, and most R genes encode intracellular nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins. The recognition between R proteins and their cognate pathogens often triggers a rapid localized cell death at the pathogen infection sites, termed the hypersensitive response (HR). Metacaspases (MCs) belong to a cysteine protease family, structurally related to metazoan caspases. MCs play crucial roles in plant immunity. However, the underlying molecular mechanism and the link between MCs and NLR-mediated HR are not clear. In this study, we systematically investigated the MC gene family in maize and identified 11 ZmMCs belonging to two types. Further functional analysis showed that the type I ZmMC1 and ZmMC2, but not the type II ZmMC9, suppress the HR-inducing activity of the autoactive NLR protein Rp1-D21 and of its N-terminal coiled-coil (CCD21 ) signaling domain when transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana. ZmMC1 and ZmMC2 physically associate with CCD21 in vivo. We further showed that ZmMC1 and ZmMC2, but not ZmMC9, are predominantly localized in a punctate distribution in both N. benthamiana and maize (Zea mays) protoplasts. Furthermore, the co-expression of ZmMC1 and ZmMC2 with Rp1-D21 and CCD21 causes their re-distribution from being uniformly distributed in the nucleocytoplasm to a punctate distribution co-localizing with ZmMC1 and ZmMC2. We reveal a novel role of plant MCs in modulating the NLR-mediated defense response and derive a model to explain it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Ling Luan
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, PR China
| | - Yu-Xiu Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, PR China
| | - Shijun Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, PR China
| | - Yang Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, PR China
| | - Xiao-Ying Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, PR China
| | - Mengjie Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, PR China
| | - Peter J Balint-Kurti
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, USA
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Plant Science Research Unit, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, USA
| | - Guan-Feng Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, PR China
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Grenier E, Kiewnick S, Smant G, Fournet S, Montarry J, Holterman M, Helder J, Goverse A. Monitoring and tackling genetic selection in the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida. EFSA SUPPORTING PUBLICATIONS 2020; 17. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2020.en-1874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Grenier
- INRAE UMR IGEPP ‐ Institute of Genetic, Environment and Plant Protection – Domaine de la Motte France
| | | | - G. Smant
- Wageningen University Laboratory of Nematology The Netherlands
| | - S. Fournet
- INRAE UMR IGEPP ‐ Institute of Genetic, Environment and Plant Protection – Domaine de la Motte France
| | - J. Montarry
- INRAE UMR IGEPP ‐ Institute of Genetic, Environment and Plant Protection – Domaine de la Motte France
| | - M. Holterman
- Wageningen University Laboratory of Nematology The Netherlands
| | - J. Helder
- Wageningen University Laboratory of Nematology The Netherlands
| | - A. Goverse
- Wageningen University Laboratory of Nematology The Netherlands
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11
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Zhu YX, Ge C, Ma S, Liu XY, Liu M, Sun Y, Wang GF. Maize ZmFNSI Homologs Interact with an NLR Protein to Modulate Hypersensitive Response. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2529. [PMID: 32260554 PMCID: PMC7177559 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide binding, leucine-rich-repeat (NLR) proteins are the major class of resistance (R) proteins used by plants to defend against pathogen infection. The recognition between NLRs and their cognate pathogen effectors usually triggers a rapid localized cell death, termed the hypersensitive response (HR). Flavone synthase I (FNSI) is one of the key enzymes in the flavone biosynthesis pathway. It also displays salicylic acid (SA) 5-hydroxylase (S5H) activity. A close homolog of FNSI/S5H displays SA 3-hydroxylase (S3H) activity. Both FNSI/S5H and S3H play important roles in plant innate immunity. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms and the relationship between S5H and S3H with the NLR-mediated HR are not known in any plant species. In this study, we identified three genes encoding ZmFNSI-1, ZmFNSI-2 and ZmS3H that are significantly upregulated in a maize line carrying an autoactive NLR Rp1-D21 mutant. Functional analysis showed that ZmFNSI-1 and ZmFNSI-2, but not ZmS3H, suppressed HR conferred by Rp1-D21 and its signaling domain CCD21 when transiently expressed in N. benthamiana. ZmFNSI-1 and ZmFNSI-2 physically interacted with CCD21. Furthermore, ZmFNSI-1 and ZmFNSI-2 interacted with HCT, a key enzyme in lignin biosynthesis pathway, which can also suppress Rp1-D21-mediated HR. These results lay the foundation for the further functional analysis of the roles of FNSI in plant innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Guan-Feng Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (Y.-X.Z.); (C.G.); (S.M.); (X.-Y.L.); (M.L.); (Y.S.)
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12
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Baudin M, Schreiber KJ, Martin EC, Petrescu AJ, Lewis JD. Structure-function analysis of ZAR1 immune receptor reveals key molecular interactions for activity. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 101:352-370. [PMID: 31557357 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
NLR (nucleotide-binding [NB] leucine-rich repeat [LRR] receptor) proteins are critical for inducing immune responses in response to pathogen proteins, and must be tightly modulated to prevent spurious activation in the absence of a pathogen. The ZAR1 NLR recognizes diverse effector proteins from Pseudomonas syringae, including HopZ1a, and Xanthomonas species. Receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs) such as ZED1, interact with ZAR1 and provide specificity for different effector proteins, such as HopZ1a. We previously developed a transient expression system in Nicotiana benthamiana that allowed us to demonstrate that ZAR1 function is conserved from the Brassicaceae to the Solanaceae. Here, we combined structural modelling of ZAR1, with molecular and functional assays in our transient system, to show that multiple intramolecular and intermolecular interactions modulate ZAR1 activity. We identified determinants required for the formation of the ZARCC oligomer and its activity. Lastly, we characterized intramolecular interactions between ZAR1 subdomains that participate in keeping ZAR1 immune complexes inactive. This work identifies molecular constraints on immune receptor function and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maël Baudin
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, USA
| | - Karl J Schreiber
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, USA
| | - Eliza C Martin
- Department of Bioinformatics and Structural Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andrei J Petrescu
- Department of Bioinformatics and Structural Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Jennifer D Lewis
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, USA
- United States Department of Agriculture, Plant Gene Expression Center, Albany, USA
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Chen Q, Chen QJ, Sun GQ, Zheng K, Yao ZP, Han YH, Wang LP, Duan YJ, Yu DQ, Qu YY. Genome-Wide Identification of Cyclophilin Gene Family in Cotton and Expression Analysis of the Fibre Development in Gossypium barbadense. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E349. [PMID: 30654456 PMCID: PMC6359516 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclophilins (CYPs) are a member of the immunophilin superfamily (in addition to FKBPs and parvulins) and play a significant role in peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) activity. Previous studies have shown that CYPs have important functions in plants, but no genome-wide analysis of the cotton CYP gene family has been reported, and the specific biological function of this gene is still elusive. Based on the release of the cotton genome sequence, we identified 75, 78, 40 and 38 CYP gene sequences from G. barbadense, G. hirsutum, G. arboreum, and G. raimondii, respectively; 221 CYP genes were unequally located on chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis showed that 231 CYP genes clustered into three major groups and eight subgroups. Collinearity analysis showed that segmental duplications played a significant role in the expansion of CYP members in cotton. There were light-responsiveness, abiotic-stress and hormone-response elements upstream of most of the CYPs. In addition, the motif composition analysis revealed that 49 cyclophilin proteins had extra domains, including TPR (tetratricopeptide repeat), coiled coil, U-box, RRM (RNA recognition motif), WD40 (RNA recognition motif) and zinc finger domains, along with the cyclophilin-like domain (CLD). The expression patterns based on qRT-PCR showed that six CYP expression levels showed greater differences between Xinhai21 (long fibres, G. barbadense) and Ashmon (short fibres, G. barbadense) at 10 and 20 days postanthesis (DPA). These results signified that CYP genes are involved in the elongation stage of cotton fibre development. This study provides a valuable resource for further investigations of CYP gene functions and molecular mechanisms in cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Chen
- College of Agronomy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China.
| | - Quan-Jia Chen
- College of Agronomy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China.
| | - Guo-Qing Sun
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Kai Zheng
- College of Agronomy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China.
| | - Zheng-Pei Yao
- College of Agronomy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China.
| | - Yu-Hui Han
- College of Agronomy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China.
| | - Li-Ping Wang
- College of Agronomy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China.
| | - Ya-Jie Duan
- College of Agronomy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China.
| | - Dao-Qian Yu
- College of Agronomy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China.
- Cotton Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China.
| | - Yan-Ying Qu
- College of Agronomy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China.
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