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Offord CA, Meagher PF, Zimmer HC. Growing up or growing out? How soil pH and light affect seedling growth of a relictual rainforest tree. AOB PLANTS 2014; 6:plu011. [PMID: 24790132 PMCID: PMC4004931 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plu011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Seedling growth rates can have important long-term effects on forest dynamics. Environmental variables such as light availability and edaphic factors can exert a strong influence on seedling growth. In the wild, seedlings of Wollemi pine (Wollemia nobilis) grow on very acid soils (pH ∼4.3) in deeply shaded sites (∼3 % full sunlight). To examine the relative influences of these two factors on the growth of young W. nobilis seedlings, we conducted a glasshouse experiment growing seedlings at two soil pH levels (4.5 and 6.5) under three light levels: low (5 % full sun), medium (15 %) and high (50 %). Stem length and stem diameter were measured, stem number and branch number were counted, and chlorophyll and carotenoid content were analysed. In general, increased plant growth was associated with increased light, and with low pH irrespective of light treatment, and pigment content was higher at low pH. Maximum stem growth occurred in plants grown in the low pH/high light treatment combination. However, stem number was highest in low pH/medium light. We hypothesize that these differences in stem development of W. nobilis among light treatments were due to this species' different recruitment strategies in response to light: greater stem growth at high light and greater investment in multiple stem production at low light. The low light levels in the W. nobilis habitat may be a key limitation on stem growth and hence W. nobilis recruitment from seedling to adult. Light and soil pH are two key factors in the growth of this threatened relictual rainforest species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A. Offord
- The Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, The Australian Botanic Garden, Mount Annan, NSW 2567, Australia
- Corresponding author's e-mail address:
| | - Patricia F. Meagher
- The Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, The Australian Botanic Garden, Mount Annan, NSW 2567, Australia
| | - Heidi C. Zimmer
- Department of Forest and Ecosystem Science, University of Melbourne, Richmond, VIC 3121, Australia
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Rodríguez VM, Velasco P, Garrido JL, Revilla P, Ordás A, Butrón A. Genetic regulation of cold-induced albinism in the maize inbred line A661. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:3657-67. [PMID: 23881393 PMCID: PMC3745721 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In spite of multiple studies elucidating the regulatory pathways controlling chlorophyll biosynthesis and photosynthetic activity, little is known about the molecular mechanism regulating cold-induced chlorosis in higher plants. Herein the characterization of the maize inbred line A661 which shows a cold-induced albino phenotype is reported. The data show that exposure of seedlings to low temperatures during early leaf biogenesis led to chlorophyll losses in this inbred. A661 shows a high plasticity, recovering resting levels of photosynthesis activity when exposed to optimal temperatures. Biochemical and transcriptome data indicate that at suboptimal temperatures chlorophyll could not be fully accommodated in the photosynthetic antenna in A661, remaining free in the chloroplast. The accumulation of free chlorophyll activates the expression of an early light inducible protein (elip) gene which binds chlorophyll to avoid cross-reactions that could lead to the generation of harmful reactive oxygen species. Higher levels of the elip transcript were observed in plants showing a cold-induced albino phenotype. Forward genetic analysis reveals that a gene located on the short arm of chromosome 2 regulates this protective mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor M Rodríguez
- Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Apartado 28, E-36080 Pontevedra, Spain.
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Vitányi B, Kósa A, Solymosi K, Böddi B. Etioplasts with protochlorophyll and protochlorophyllide forms in the under-soil epicotyl segments of pea (Pisum sativum) seedlings grown under natural light conditions. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2013; 148:307-15. [PMID: 23067197 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2012.01714.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
To study if etiolation symptoms exist in plants grown under natural illumination conditions, under-soil epicotyl segments of light-grown pea (Pisum sativum) plants were examined and compared to those of hydroponically dark-grown plants. Light-, fluorescence- and electron microscopy, 77 K fluorescence spectroscopy, pigment extraction and pigment content determination methods were used. Etioplasts with prolamellar bodies and/or prothylakoids, protochlorophyll (Pchl) and protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) forms (including the flash-photoactive 655 nm emitting form) were found in the (pro)chlorenchyma of epicotyl segments under 3 cm soil depth; their spectral properties were similar to those of hydroponically grown seedlings. However, differences were found in etioplast sizes and Pchlide:Pchl molar ratios, which indicate differences in the developmental rates of the under-soil and of hydroponically developed cells. Tissue regions closer to the soil surface showed gradual accumulation of chlorophyll, and in parallel, decrease of Pchl and Pchlide. These results proved that etioplasts and Pchlide exist in soil-covered parts of seedlings even if they have a 3-4-cm long photosynthetically active shoot above the soil surface. This underlines that etiolation symptoms do develop under natural growing conditions, so they are not merely artificial, laboratory phenomena. Consequently, dark-grown laboratory plants are good models to study the early stages of etioplast differentiation and the Pchlide-chlorophyllide phototransformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beáta Vitányi
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, Eötvös University, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
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Solymosi K, Morandi D, Bóka K, Böddi B, Schoefs B. High biological variability of plastids, photosynthetic pigments and pigment forms of leaf primordia in buds. PLANTA 2012; 235:1035-49. [PMID: 22160501 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-011-1559-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
To study the formation of the photosynthetic apparatus in nature, the carotenoid and chlorophyllous pigment compositions of differently developed leaf primordia in closed and opening buds of common ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) and horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) as well as in closed buds of tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima P. Mill.) were analyzed with HPLC. The native organization of the chlorophyllous pigments was studied using 77 K fluorescence spectroscopy, and plastid ultrastructure was investigated with electron microscopy. Complete etiolation, i.e., accumulation of protochlorophyllide, and absence of chlorophylls occurred in the innermost leaf primordia of common ash buds. The other leaf primordia were partially etiolated in the buds and contained protochlorophyllide (0.5-1 μg g(-1) fresh mass), chlorophyllides (0.2-27 μg g(-1) fresh mass) and chlorophylls (0.9-643 μg g(-1) fresh mass). Etio-chloroplasts with prolamellar bodies and either regular or only low grana were found in leaves having high or low amounts of chlorophyll a and b, respectively. After bud break, etioplast-chloroplast conversion proceeded and the pigment contents increased in the leaves, similarly to the greening processes observed in illuminated etiolated seedlings under laboratory conditions. The pigment contents and the ratio of the different spectral forms had a high biological variability that could be attributed to (i) various light conditions due to light filtering in the buds resulting in differently etiolated leaf primordia, (ii) to differences in the light-exposed and inner regions of the same primordia in opening buds due to various leaf folding, and (iii) to tissue-specific slight variations of plastid ultrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Solymosi
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, Eötvös University, H-1117, Pázmány P. s. 1/C, Budapest, Hungary.
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Amirjani MR. Protochlorophyllide spectral forms. Pak J Biol Sci 2010; 13:563-576. [PMID: 21061907 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2010.563.576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Abstract: This study summarized recent results on POR and plastid development in order to find an explanation for the existence of Pchlide spectral forms. This review has summarized many researches about the Pchlide spectral forms and their phototransformability in different higher plants which have been published. Chlorophyll (Chl) is the most important pigment on the Earth. Each spring millions of tons Chl are formed during bud break and leaf development. The sun light needed for photosynthesis is captured by Chl and transformed to chemical energy. In the Biosynthesis of chlorophyll (Chl) begins with the synthesis of delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) from glutamic acid. Chl biosynthetic pathway, a light dependent enzyme protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR) catalyses a key light-driven reaction, trans addition of hydrogen across the C-17-C-18 double bond of the Chl precursor, protochlorophyllide (Pchlide), that triggers a profound transformation in plant development. Pchlide is spectrally heterogeneous and exist in different spectral forms having slightly different absorption and fluorescence peaks. The identified Pchlide spectral forms can be sorted into three groups. The first group is designated as short-wavelength forms. This group with fluorescence in the 625-646 nm spectral region has a heterogeneous nature and is made by four components. The second group includes the long-wavelength Pchlide forms with emission maxima between 652 and 657 nm. The third group is found in the extreme red region (670-730 nm) of the fluorescence emission spectra and includes a number of pigment forms with spectral bands of low intensity. This region is also influenced by vibrational bands of the short-and long-wavelength Pchlide forms.
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Schoefs B, Bertrand M, Franck F. Spectroscopic Properties of Protochlorophyllide Analyzed In Situ in the Course of Etiolation and in Illuminated Leaves ¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2000)0720085spopai2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Granick S, Beale SI. Hemes, chlorophylls, and related compounds: biosynthesis and metabolic regulation. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 46:33-203. [PMID: 345768 DOI: 10.1002/9780470122914.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Domanskii VP, Rüdiger W. On the nature of the two pathways in chlorophyll formation from protochlorophyllide. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2001; 68:131-9. [PMID: 16228336 DOI: 10.1023/a:1011817531801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The kinetics of formation of esterified chlorophyll in etiolated barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) leaves after illumination with a single flash was studied. It was found that after partial (14-24%) and after full photoreduction of protochlorophyllide, the same quantity of esterified products appear during the first 5 s after the flash. The rest of formed chlorophyllide was esterified in a slow process during at least 30 min at 15 degrees C. The product of fast esterification can be correlated with 'short-wavelength' chlorophyll, characterized by a fluorescence emission peak at 673-675 nm. This is the only chlorophyll form detectable within 20 s after partial (14%) photoconversion, and it appears at the same time as the shoulder of the chlorophyll(ide) fluorescence after full photoconversion. The main product after full photoconversion shows a fluorescence at 689 nm shifting in darkness within 15 s to 693 nm and then within 30 min to 682 nm (Shibata shift). The slow esterification proceeds with similar kinetics as the Shibata shift. We propose that the fast esterification of only part of total chlorophyllide after full photoconversion of protochlorophyllide in etiolated leaves reflects the restricted capacity of the esterifying system. The slow esterification of the residual chlorophyllide may be time-limited by its release from protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase, by disaggregation of prolamellar bodies and by diffusion of tetraprenyl diphosphates towards chlorophyll synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- V P Domanskii
- Institute of Photobiology of National Academy of Sciences of Belarus; Botanisches Institut der Universität München, 86038, München, Germany
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Schoefs B, Bertrand M, Franck F. Spectroscopic properties of protochlorophyllide analyzed in situ in the course of etiolation and in illuminated leaves. Photochem Photobiol 2000; 72:85-93. [PMID: 10911732 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2000)072<0085:spopai>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The spectroscopic properties of photoactive (i.e. flash-transformable) and nonphotoactive protochlorophyll(ide)s (Pchl(ide)) were reinvestigated during the development of bean leaves in darkness. Two phases in the process of Pchl(ide) accumulation were apparent from quantitative measurements of pigment content: a lag phase (first week) during which photoactive Pchl(ide) accumulated faster than nonphotoactive Pchl(ide); and a fast phase (second week), showing parallel accumulation of both types of Pchl(ide). 'Flashed-minus-dark' absorbance difference spectra recorded in situ at 77 K showed that P650-655 was the predominant form of photoactive protochlorophyllide regardless of developmental stage. Quantitative analysis of energy migration processes between the Pchl(ide) forms showed the existence of energy transfer units containing a 1:8 ratio of nonphotoactive and photoactive Pchl(ide)s during development. Gaussian deconvolution of in situ 77 K fluorescence spectra indicated that the 633 nm band of nonphotoactive Pchl(ide) was made of four bands, at 625, 631, 637 and 643 nm, whose relative amplitudes only slightly changed during development. The emission band of photoactive Pchlide was also analyzed using the same method. Three components were found at 644, 652 and 657 nm. The emission band of P650-655 included the last two components, which become predominant only in fully etiolated plants. Photoactive Pchlide with an emission maximum at 653 nm was detected in the light during development of leaves of photoperiodically grown plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Schoefs
- Laboratory of Biomembranes, University of South Bohemia, Branisovská, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
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Adra AN, Rebeiz CA. Chloroplast Biogenesis 81: Transient Formation of Divinyl Chlorophyll a Following a 2.5 ms Light Flash Treatment of Etiolated Cucumber Cotyledons. Photochem Photobiol 1998. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1998.tb05295.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Protochlorophyllide reduction and greening in angiosperms: an evolutionary perspective. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s1011-1344(97)00105-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Analysis of the 77 K fluorescence emission and excitation spectra of isolated etioplast inner membranes. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/1011-1344(93)80174-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Shioi Y, Takamiya K. Monovinyl and divinyl protochlorophyllide pools in etiolated tissues of higher plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1992; 100:1291-5. [PMID: 16653119 PMCID: PMC1075780 DOI: 10.1104/pp.100.3.1291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The composition of chlorophyll-precursor pigments, particularly the contents of monovinyl (MV) and divinyl (DV) protochlorophyllides (Pchlides), in etiolated tissues of higher plants were determined by polyethylene-column HPLC (Y. Shioi, S. I. Beale [1987] Anal Biochem 162: 493-499), which enables the complete separation of these pigments. DV-Pchlide was ubiquitous in etiolated tissue of higher plants. From the analyses of 24 plant species belonging to 17 different families, it was shown that the concentration of DV-Pchlide was strongly dependent on the plant species and the age of the plants. The ratio of DV-Pchlide to MV-Pchlide in high DV-Pchlide plants such as cucumber and leaf mustard decreased sharply with increasing age. Levels of DV-Pchlide in Gramineae plants were considerably lower at all ages compared with those of other plants. Etiolated tissues of higher plants such as barley and corn were, therefore, good sources of MV-Pchlide. Absorption spectra of the purified MV- and DV-Pchlides in ether are presented and compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Shioi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Nagatsuta, Midoriku, Yokohama 227, Japan
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Incorporation of photoreduced protochlorophyll into reaction centres. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/1011-1344(91)80083-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Separation of non-esterified chlorophyls by ion-suppression high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)92702-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Shioi Y, Sasa T. Compositional heterogeneity of protochlorophyllide ester in etiolated leaves of higher plants. Arch Biochem Biophys 1983; 220:286-92. [PMID: 6830239 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(83)90412-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The formation and degradation of protochlorophyllide esters, i.e., protochlorophylls, were studied in etiolated leaves of kidney bean in relation to their aging. By the sensitive analysis of the pigments using high-performance liquid chromatography, the presence of four protochlorophylls esterified with phytol, tetrahydrogeranylgeraniol (THGG), dihydrogeranylgeraniol (DHGG), and geranylgeraniol (GG) was detected in kidney bean grown in the dark. Similar components were also observed in the etiolated seedlings of cucumber, sunflower, and corn. The content of each protochlorophyll species changed with the plant species and age of plants. In the case of kidney bean, the content of protochlorophyll phytol reached a maximal level at 9 days, then decreased rapidly during the subsequent development, in spite of the total protochlorophyll content remaining unchanged. In contrast to the degradation of protochlorophyll phytol, the other three protochlorophylls esterified with THGG, DHGG, and GG accumulated. These results may indicate that (i) protochlorophyll phytol is formed from the first esterified protochlorophyll GG through the next three hydrogenation steps as in the case of chlorophyll a phytol formation; (ii) the esterification reaction stops at 9 days and then reaction proceeds in sequence in the reverse direction, leading to the dehydrogenation of the alcohol moiety of protochlorophyll phytol to protochlorophylls THGG, DHGG, and GG.
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PHOTOCONTROL OF CHLOROPLAST DEVELOPMENT IN EUGLENA. Physiology (Bethesda) 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-139903-0.50015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
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Schiff JA. ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF THE PLASTID AND ITS FUNCTION. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1981. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1981.tb54364.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
How do bioenergetic organelles relate to the cells they are in and how was this relationship established over the course of evolution? Plastids and mitochondria are viewed as prokaryotic residents in eukaryotic cells. These organelles are semiautonomous: they perpetuate themselves by division but regulate and are subject to regulation by the cell in which they are residents. Although these organelles are usually constitutive, their development is arrested in certain organisms when an inducing substrate is absent (light, for example, in the case of the chloroplast) with the formation of precursor organelles such as proplastids. Various trends in the evolution of photo-control systems are discussed including those concerned with photoperception and photomorphogenesis. The photocontrol of chloroplast development by blue and red light is discussed in relation to its possible evolutionary origins in a system for finding the right light for photosynthesis. Models for various types of cellular regulation by light during chloroplast development are discussed. Also considered is the evolution of plastid pigments in response to available light. A parallel evolution of accessory pigments and chlorophylls is suggested which led to chlorophyll reaction centers serving as energy sinks for light absorbed by accessory pigments and, therefore, having their absorptions pushed to the longest possible wavelengths as accessory pigments evolved to fill the middle of the spectrum in response to ecological selection. An endosymbiotic origin of bioenergetic organelles is suggested based on polyphyletic origins of chloroplasts from a number of oxygenic procaryotic precursors. The similarity between proplastids and these oxygenic procaryotes suggests that the original invading organelle may have resembled a modern proplastid rather than a mature chloroplast.
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Griffiths WT. Substrate-specificity studies on protochlorophyllide reductase in barley (Hordeum vulgare) etioplast membranes. Biochem J 1980; 186:267-78. [PMID: 7370013 PMCID: PMC1161527 DOI: 10.1042/bj1860267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
1. The substrate specificity of the enzyme protochlorophyllide reductase in barley (Hordeum vulgare) etioplasts was investigated. 2. It was shown that naturally occurring esterified protochlorophyllide and chemically prepared protochlorophyllide methyl ester are not substrates for the enzyme, suggesting an important role for the C-7 carboxylic acid group in binding of the porphyrin to the enzyme. 3. Removal of magnesium from the protochlorophyllide leads to inactivity of the compound as a substrate for the enzyme. However, activity can be restored by replacing the magnesium with zinc, whereas nickel, copper or cobalt failed to restore substrate activity. 4. Binding of the second substrate, NADPH, to the enzyme probably occurs through the 2'-phosphate group in the coenzyme.
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Schiff JA. Blue Light and the Photocontrol of Chloroplast Development in Euglena. THE BLUE LIGHT SYNDROME 1980. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-67648-2_46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Wang WY. Photoconversion of Photochlorophyllide in the y-1 Mutant of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1979; 63:1102-6. [PMID: 16660865 PMCID: PMC542978 DOI: 10.1104/pp.63.6.1102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Dark-grown y-1 mutant cells of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii accumulate protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) in both 635 nanometers (P635) and 650 nanometers (P650) forms. Plastids in these cells lack the normal thylakoid membrane structure except some remnants of membrane vesicles. Using difference spectrophotometry, P635 is shown to be photoconverted to chlorophyllide at 672 nanometers (C672) and P650 is photoconverted to C688 followed by a rapid shift to C672 (Shibata shift) and regeneration of P650. Some of the Pchlide is not photoconverted despite repeated illumination. Although P650 is destroyed by freezing and thawing, it is not transformed into P635. Freezing and thawing treatment also made Pchlide no longer photoactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Y Wang
- Department of Botany, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
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Kindman LA, Cohen CE, Zeldin MH, Ben-Shaul Y, Schiff JA. EVENTS SURROUNDING THE EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF EUGLENA CHLOROPLASTS. 12. SPECTROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF THE PROTOCHLOROPHYLL(IDE) PHOTOTRANSFORMATION IN INTACT CELLS. Photochem Photobiol 1978. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1978.tb07678.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Redlinger TE, McDaniel RG. Comparison of Light-dependent Oxygen Uptake, Protochlorophyll(ide)-650 Photoconversion, and Chlorophyll Disappearance in Wheat Etioplasts. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1978; 61:1006-9. [PMID: 16660405 PMCID: PMC1092029 DOI: 10.1104/pp.61.6.1006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Red light exposures given to dark-grown wheat seedlings (Triticum aestivum L.) prior to etioplast isolation reduced the ability of these organelles to consume O(2). The same preharvest red light exposures also decreased protochlorophyll(ide) content of etioplasts. In addition, regeneration of both O(2) uptake rates as well as protochlorophyll(ide) levels followed a parallel time course. These similarities suggested that photoconversion of protochlorophyll(ide)-650 to chlorophyll(ide) may mediate some process with O(2) as the electron acceptor. This process appears to involve photooxidation of nonphotoconvertible protochlorophyll(ide) as well as of newly formed chlorophyll(ide). This hypothesis is further supported by the observations that: (a) the in vitro light induced O(2) uptake phenomenon was observed in solubilized protochlorophyll(ide) holochrome preparations; and (b) photoinduced O(2) uptake was reduced to zero rate by light exposure time equivalent to that required for chlorophyll(ide) and nonphotoconvertible protochlorophyll(ide) destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Redlinger
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
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Wang WY. Effect of Dim Light on the y-1 Mutant of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1978; 61:842-6. [PMID: 16660398 PMCID: PMC1091990 DOI: 10.1104/pp.61.5.842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The y-1 mutant of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii tends to die or revert to wild type when grown in the dark for a long period of time. A small amount of white light (0.5 lux) enables the y-1 mutant to grow indefinitely in a "near dark" condition. Under this condition, the y-1 mutant is physiologically and ultrastructurally similar to the dark-grown y-1 yet remains genetically stable.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Y Wang
- Department of Botany, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
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Nigon V, Heizmann P. Morphology, Biochemistry, and Genetics of Plastid Development in Euglena gracilis. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)62243-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Cohen CE, Bazzaz MB, Fullett SH, Rebeiz CA. Chloroplast Biogenesis: XX. Accumulation of Porphyrin and Phorbin Pigments in Cucumber Cotyledons during Photoperiodic Greening. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1977; 60:743-6. [PMID: 16660176 PMCID: PMC542706 DOI: 10.1104/pp.60.5.743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A study of greening in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) cotyledons grown under a light (14-hour) dark (10-hour) photoperiodic regime was undertaken. The pools of protoporphyrin IX, Mg-protoporphyrin IX monoester, protochlorophyllide, and protochlorophyllide ester were determined spectrofluorometrically. Chlorophyll a and b were monitored spectrophotometrically. Pigments were extracted during the 3rd hour of each light period and at the end of each subsequent dark period during the first seven growth cycles. Protoporphyrin IX did not accumulate during greening. Mg-protoporphyrin IX monoester and longer wavelength metalloporphyrins accumulated during the light cycles and disappeared in the dark. Their disappearance was accompanied by the accumulation of protochlorophyll. Higher levels of protochlorophyll were observed in the dark than in the light, and the greatest accumulation occurred during the third and fourth dark cycles. Protochlorophyllide was present in 3- to 10-fold excess over protochlorophyllide ester; it was detectable during the period of net chlorophyll accumulation as well as afterward. In contrast, protochlorophyllide ester was observable only during the first four photoperiodic cycles, suggesting that it was a metabolic intermediate only during the early stages of chlorophyll accumulation. Between the third and fourth growth cycles, a rapid increase in area and fresh weight per cotyledon began. This was accompanied by a 250-fold increase in the level of chlorophyll a + b during the three subsequent growth cycles. No lag period in the accumulation of chlorophyll b was observed, and at all stages of greening, the chlorophyll a/b ratio was approximately 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Cohen
- Department of Horticulture, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
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Schoch S, Lempert U, Rüdiger W. Über die letzten stufen der chlorophyll-biosynthese zwischenprodukte zwischen chlorophyllid und phytolhaltigem chlorophyll. On the last steps of chlorophyll biosynthesis intermediates between chlorophyllide and phytol-containing chlorophyll. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/s0044-328x(77)80049-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Cohen CE, Schiff JA. Events surrounding the early development of Euglena chloroplasts XI. Protochlorophyll(ide) and its photoconversion. Photochem Photobiol 1976; 24:555-66. [PMID: 828273 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1976.tb06873.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Kasemir H, Prelim G. Control of chlorophyll synthesis by phytochrome : III. Does phytochrome regulate the chlorophyllide esterification in mustard seedlings? PLANTA 1976; 132:291-295. [PMID: 24425093 DOI: 10.1007/bf00399729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/1976] [Accepted: 06/25/1976] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The rate of chlorophyllide esterification in mustard cotyledons can be increased by a pretreatment with 5 min red light applied 24 h prior to the protochlorophyll(ide)→chlorophyll(ide) photoconversion at 60 h after sowing. Simultaneously the red light pulse pretreatment leads to a decrease of the total amount of chlorophyll(ide) a in darkness. It has been proven that phytochrome (Pfr) is the photoeffector for both. Since the amounts of esterified chlorophyllide are determined by the ratio [chlorophyll a]/[chlorophyllide a+chlorophyll a] it is assumed that Pfr increases the rate of esterification indirectly via stimulating the decrease of chlorophyll(ide) a. The regulation of chlorophyll synthesis by Pfr does not seem to involve a control of esterification. The duration of the chlorophyllide esterification differs from the duration of the Shibata shift although both are greatly shortened by the red light pulse pretreatment. The effect of 5 min red light on the duration of the esterification is fully reversible by 5 min far-red light while the reversibility with respect to the Shibata shift is lost within 2 min [Jabben, M. and H. Mohr, Photochem. Photobiol. 22, 55-58 (1975)]. We conclude that the control of the chlorophyllide esterification and the control of the Shibata shift cannot be traced back to the same initial action of Pfr.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kasemir
- Biologisches Institut II, Universität Freiburg i. Br., Schänzlestraße 9, D-7800, Freiburg i. Br., Federal Republic of Germany
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