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Jones JDG, Staskawicz BJ, Dangl JL. The plant immune system: From discovery to deployment. Cell 2024; 187:2095-2116. [PMID: 38670067 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Plant diseases cause famines, drive human migration, and present challenges to agricultural sustainability as pathogen ranges shift under climate change. Plant breeders discovered Mendelian genetic loci conferring disease resistance to specific pathogen isolates over 100 years ago. Subsequent breeding for disease resistance underpins modern agriculture and, along with the emergence and focus on model plants for genetics and genomics research, has provided rich resources for molecular biological exploration over the last 50 years. These studies led to the identification of extracellular and intracellular receptors that convert recognition of extracellular microbe-encoded molecular patterns or intracellular pathogen-delivered virulence effectors into defense activation. These receptor systems, and downstream responses, define plant immune systems that have evolved since the migration of plants to land ∼500 million years ago. Our current understanding of plant immune systems provides the platform for development of rational resistance enhancement to control the many diseases that continue to plague crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D G Jones
- Sainsbury Lab, University of East Anglia, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
| | - Brian J Staskawicz
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology and Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jeffery L Dangl
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Zhou Z, Schenke D, Shen E, Fan L, Cai D. MicroRNAs constitute an additional layer in plant response to simultaneous bio- and abiotic stresses as exemplified by UV-B radiation and flg22-treatment on Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:765-781. [PMID: 38031484 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Plants are confronted with various environmental stresses and develop sophisticated adaptive mechanisms. Our previous work demonstrated that the crosstalk of flg22 and ultraviolet (UV)-B-induced signalling cascades reprograms the expression of flavonol pathway genes (FPGs), benefiting plant defence responses. Although several transcription factors have been identified to be involved in this crosstalk, the underlying mechanism is largely unclear. Here, we analyzed microRNAs (miRNAs) and identified 126, 129 and 113 miRNAs with altered abundances compared to untreated control in flg22-, UV-B- and flg22/UV-B-treated seedlings, respectively. Two distinct modules were identified: The first consists of 10 miRNAs repressed by UV-B but up-regulated by flg22, and the second with five miRNAs repressed by flg22 but up-regulated by UV-B. In Arabidopsis, the knockdown of miR858a, a representative of module I, increased the abundance of CHS (a marker gene for FPGs), whereas its overexpression reduced CHS. Conversely, knockout of miR164b from module II decreased CHS and its overexpression increased CHS transcript levels. These data suggest a decisive role of miRNAs in the crosstalk. In the next, we described the interaction between miR858a and its target MYB111 (a positive regulator of FPGs) from module I in detail. We showed that MYB111 was profoundly post-transcriptionally regulated by miR858a during the crosstalk, whose expression was specifically but antagonistically controlled by UVR8- and FLS2-mediated signallings. Moreover, transcriptional monitoring using the GUS reporter gene demonstrates that miRNA-mediated posttranscriptional regulation is the main driving force in reprogramming the expression of FPGs and regulates plant adaptation to multiple concurrent environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhou
- Department of Molecular Phytopathology and Biotechnology, Institute of Phytopathology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dirk Schenke
- Department of Molecular Phytopathology and Biotechnology, Institute of Phytopathology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Enhui Shen
- Institute of Crop Science and Institute of Bioinformatics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Longjiang Fan
- Institute of Crop Science and Institute of Bioinformatics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Daguang Cai
- Department of Molecular Phytopathology and Biotechnology, Institute of Phytopathology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Schenke D, Utami HP, Zhou Z, Gallegos MT, Cai D. Suppression of UV-B stress induced flavonoids by biotic stress: Is there reciprocal crosstalk? PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 134:53-63. [PMID: 30558728 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Plants respond to abiotic UV-B stress with enhanced expression of genes for flavonoid production, especially the key-enzyme chalcone synthase (CHS). Some flavonoids are antioxidative, antimicrobial and/or UV-B protective secondary metabolites. However, when plants are challenged with concomitant biotic stress (simulated e.g. by the bacterial peptide flg22, which induces MAMP triggered immunity, MTI), the production of flavonoids is strongly suppressed in both Arabidopsis thaliana cell cultures and plants. On the other hand, flg22 induces the production of defense related compounds, such as the phytoalexin scopoletin, as well as lignin, a structural barrier thought to restrict pathogen spread within the host tissue. Since all these metabolites require the precursor phenylalanine for their production, suppression of the flavonoid production appears to allow the plant to focus its secondary metabolism on the production of pathogen defense related compounds during MTI. Interestingly, several flavonoids have been reported to display anti-microbial activities. For example, the plant flavonoid phloretin targets the Pseudomonas syringae virulence factors flagella and type 3 secretion system. That is, suppression of flavonoid synthesis during MTI might have also negative side-effects on the pathogen defense. To clarify this issue, we deployed an Arabidopsis flavonoid mutant and obtained genetic evidence that flavonoids indeed contribute to ward off the virulent bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000. Finally, we show that UV-B attenuates expression of the flg22 receptor FLS2, indicating that there is negative and reciprocal interaction between this abiotic stress and the plant-pathogen defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Schenke
- Department of Molecular Phytopathology and Biotechnology, Institute of Phytopathology, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, 24118, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Hashlin Pascananda Utami
- Department of Molecular Phytopathology and Biotechnology, Institute of Phytopathology, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Department of Molecular Phytopathology and Biotechnology, Institute of Phytopathology, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - María-Trinidad Gallegos
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - Daguang Cai
- Department of Molecular Phytopathology and Biotechnology, Institute of Phytopathology, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, 24118, Kiel, Germany
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Gargallo-Garriga A, Wright SJ, Sardans J, Pérez-Trujillo M, Oravec M, Večeřová K, Urban O, Fernández-Martínez M, Parella T, Peñuelas J. Long-term fertilization determines different metabolomic profiles and responses in saplings of three rainforest tree species with different adult canopy position. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177030. [PMID: 28493911 PMCID: PMC5426662 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tropical rainforests are frequently limited by soil nutrient availability. However, the response of the metabolic phenotypic plasticity of trees to an increase of soil nutrient availabilities is poorly understood. We expected that increases in the ability of a nutrient that limits some plant processes should be detected by corresponding changes in plant metabolome profile related to such processes. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We studied the foliar metabolome of saplings of three abundant tree species in a 15 year field NPK fertilization experiment in a Panamanian rainforest. The largest differences were among species and explained 75% of overall metabolome variation. The saplings of the large canopy species, Tetragastris panamensis, had the lowest concentrations of all identified amino acids and the highest concentrations of most identified secondary compounds. The saplings of the "mid canopy" species, Alseis blackiana, had the highest concentrations of amino acids coming from the biosynthesis pathways of glycerate-3P, oxaloacetate and α-ketoglutarate, and the saplings of the low canopy species, Heisteria concinna, had the highest concentrations of amino acids coming from the pyruvate synthesis pathways. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The changes in metabolome provided strong evidence that different nutrients limit different species in different ways. With increasing P availability, the two canopy species shifted their metabolome towards larger investment in protection mechanisms, whereas with increasing N availability, the sub-canopy species increased its primary metabolism. The results highlighted the proportional distinct use of different nutrients by different species and the resulting different metabolome profiles in this high diversity community are consistent with the ecological niche theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Gargallo-Garriga
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CEAB-CSIC-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
- Servei de Ressonància Magnètica Nuclear, Faculty of Sciences and Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - S. Joseph Wright
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado, Balboa, Republic of Panama
| | - Jordi Sardans
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CEAB-CSIC-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Míriam Pérez-Trujillo
- Servei de Ressonància Magnètica Nuclear, Faculty of Sciences and Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Michal Oravec
- Global Change Research Institute, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kristýna Večeřová
- Global Change Research Institute, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Otmar Urban
- Global Change Research Institute, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marcos Fernández-Martínez
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CEAB-CSIC-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Teodor Parella
- Servei de Ressonància Magnètica Nuclear, Faculty of Sciences and Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CEAB-CSIC-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
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Wink M, Lehmann P. Wounding- and Elicitor-induced Formation of Coloured Chalcones and Flavans (as Phytoalexins) inHippeastrum x hortorum*. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.1996.tb00591.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Detection of furocoumarins in plants and plant products with an ultrasensitive biological photoassay employing a DNA-repair-deficient bacterium. J Chem Ecol 2013; 12:915-32. [PMID: 24306979 DOI: 10.1007/bf01020261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/1985] [Accepted: 07/15/1985] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The application of an ultrasensitive photobiological assay which detects photosensitizing furocoumarins with sensitivities as high as 1 × 10(-11) g is discussed in relation to these molecules as phytoalexins. Examples of the utilization of this technique, verified by both HPLC and TLC, are the analyses of healthy and diseased celery and carrots, dry seeds, plant extracts and oils, and whole plants and leaves. The usefulness of this method in following the metabolic detoxification of furocoumarins is also illustrated. The extreme sensitivity of the test has permitted the detection, for the first time, of both 5-methoxypsoralen and 8-methoxypsoralen in fresh carrot roots.
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Sarma K, Dehury B, Sahu J, Sarmah R, Sahoo S, Sahu M, Sen P, Modi MK, Barooah M. A comparative proteomic approach to analyse structure, function and evolution of rice chitinases: a step towards increasing plant fungal resistance. J Mol Model 2012; 18:4761-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-012-1470-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Chaudhary P, Jayaprakasha GK, Porat R, Patil BS. Degreening and postharvest storage influences 'Star Ruby' grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) bioactive compounds. Food Chem 2012; 135:1667-75. [PMID: 22953908 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.05.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Ethylene is commercially used for artificial degreening of early season grapefruits. The present study investigated the effect of degreening and storage period on Star Ruby grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) bioactive compounds. Freshly harvested grapefruits were degreened in commercial packing shed for 60h using 2ppm of ethylene at a constant temperature of 20°C. Both degreened and non-degreened (control) fruits were stored at 10°C for 21days and later transferred to 20°C for a period of 14days to simulate shipment and retail store market conditions. Bioactive compounds including carotenoids, limonoids, flavonoids and furocoumarins were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography. Nomilin was significantly higher (P<0.05) in degreened fruits at 35days after storage. In contrast, flavonoids such as narirutin, naringin and poncirin were significantly (P<0.05) lower in degreened fruits at 35days after storage. Degreening treatment reduced the levels of deacetyl nomilinic acid glucoside and bergamottin after 35days of storage; however, it had no significant effect on total soluble solids, decay, fruit softening, taste, odour, ascorbic acid, β-carotene, lycopene, limonin, neohesperidin, didymin, 6,7-dihydroxybergamottin, 5-geranyloxy-7-methoxycoumarin and radical scavenging activity. Therefore, degreening could be utilized to enhance the grapefruit aesthetic quality, with minimal effect on nutritional quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Chaudhary
- Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, United States
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Abstract
Christopher John Lamb (1950-2009) made major contributions to the field of plant defense gene activation, particularly through his studies on signal transduction mechanisms. Between 1994 and 2004, he published a series of seminal papers that outlined the involvement of hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, lipid transfer proteins, and aspartic proteases as critical components of local and/or systemic resistance during plant-microbe interactions. Prior to this, he had been one of the first to establish the fact that induced defense responses resulted from transcriptional activation of sets of coordinately regulated genes. Chris obtained his B.S and PhD degrees in biochemistry from the University of Cambridge, United Kingdom, moving to the Botany School at the University of Oxford as a postdoctoral fellow in 1975 and to the Biochemistry Department in Oxford as a Departmental Demonstrator in 1978. He was appointed founding director of the Plant Biology Laboratory at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla, California in 1982, and occupied the last ten years of his life as Director of the John Innes Center, Norwich, United Kingdom. In spite of spending most of his career as a director at two of the world's most prestigious institutes, formal recognition of his achievements came late in life, with election to the Royal Society of London in 2008 and endowment of the honor of Commander of the British Empire (CBE) for his contributions to British plant science by Queen Elizabeth II in 2009. Sadly, Chris did not live to attend the official ceremony at which he would receive his CBE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Dixon
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA.
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Kuhn DN, Chappell J, Boudet A, Hahlbrock K. Induction of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and 4-coumarate:CoA ligase mRNAs in cultured plant cells by UV light or fungal elicitor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 81:1102-6. [PMID: 16593418 PMCID: PMC344773 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.81.4.1102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mRNAs encoding two enzymes of phenylpropanoid metabolism, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL; EC 4.3.1.5) and 4-coumarate:CoA ligase (4CL; EC 6.2.1.12), were induced in cultured parsley cells (Petroselinum hortense) either by irradiation with UV light or by treatment with elicitor, a cell-wall fraction of the fungus Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. glycinea. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of the encoded PAL and 4CL proteins revealed that the mRNAs induced by either treatment were very similar if not identical. RNA blot hybridization with cDNAs complementary to these mRNAs was used to measure changes in the mRNA amounts at various times after either treatment. Total cellular PAL and 4CL mRNA amounts increased coordinately after UV irradiation to a maximum at 7 hr and then decreased to uninduced levels by 30 hr with the same kinetics as observed previously for the changes in the translational activities. Treatment with the fungal elicitor also caused coordinated, but more rapid, changes in PAL and 4CL mRNA translational activities, with a sharp peak occurring 3 hr after the addition of elicitor. Corresponding changes in mRNA amounts were observed only for 4CL, whereas the amount of PAL mRNA continued to increase at least up to 20 hr after elicitor addition. Our results suggest that parsley cells respond to UV irradiation or addition of fungal elicitor by increased rates of transcription of genes involved in the synthesis of compounds related to UV or disease resistance, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- D N Kuhn
- Biologisches Institut II der Universität, Schänzlestrasse 1, D-7800 Freiburg in Breisgau, Federal Republic of Germany
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Abstract
The pattern of messenger RNA synthesis in suspension-cultured bean cells (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) was analyzed by blot hybridization and in vitro translation of newly synthesized messenger RNA. The RNA was separated from preexisting RNA by organomercurial affinity chromatography after in vivo labeling with 4-thiouridine. The elicitor induced the synthesis of messenger RNA's encoding phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, chalcone synthase, and chalcone isomerase, three enzymes of phenylpropanoid metabolism involved in the synthesis of isoflavonoidderived phytoalexins. This is part of a rapid and extensive change in the pattern of messenger RNA synthesis directing production of a set of proteins associated with expression of disease resistance.
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Bell JN, Dixon RA, Bailey JA, Rowell PM, Lamb CJ. Differential induction of chalcone synthase mRNA activity at the onset of phytoalexin accumulation in compatible and incompatible plant-pathogen interactions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 81:3384-8. [PMID: 16593471 PMCID: PMC345512 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.81.11.3384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in the mRNA activity of chalcone synthase, the first enzyme of phenylpropanoid metabolism specific to flavonoid/isoflavonoid biosynthesis, have been investigated in relation to expression of the phytoalexin defense response in race-cultivar specific interactions between hypocotyls of Phaseolus vulgaris and the partially biotrophic fungus Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, causal agent of anthracnose. In an incompatible interaction (host resistant) there is an early but localized increase in chalcone synthase mRNA activity prior to the onset of accumulation of the phenylpropanoid-derived phytoalexin phaseoflin and expression of hypersensitive resistance. In contrast, in a compatible interaction (host susceptible) there is no induction of mRNA activity in the early stages of infection but rather a delayed, widespread increase during attempted lesion limitation at the onset of symptom development. The data indicate that control of phytoalexin gene expression is a key early component in the defense responses of biologically stressed cells during a race-cultivar specific host-pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Bell
- Plant Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, P. O. Box 85800, San Diego, CA 92138
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Ryder TB, Cramer CL, Bell JN, Robbins MP, Dixon RA, Lamb CJ. Elicitor rapidly induces chalcone synthase mRNA in Phaseolus vulgaris cells at the onset of the phytoalexin defense response. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 81:5724-8. [PMID: 16593513 PMCID: PMC391783 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.81.18.5724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
DNAs complementary to poly(A)(+) RNA present in elicitor-treated cells of Phaseolus vulgaris L. were inserted into pBR325 and used to transform Escherichia coli strain JA221. A clone was identified that contained sequences complementary to mRNA encoding chalcone synthase, a regulatory enzyme of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, which catalyzes the first reaction of a branch pathway specific to flavonoid and isoflavonoid biosynthesis. Rapid, marked but transient increases in chalcone synthase mRNA in response to elicitor treatment were observed by RNA blot hybridization with (32)P-labeled chalcone synthase cDNA sequences. Induction of chalcone synthase mRNA governs the rate of enzyme synthesis throughout the phase of rapid increase in enzyme activity at the onset of accumulation of isoflavonoid-derived phytoalexins. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that elicitor causes a rapid transient stimulation of transcription of chalcone synthase gene(s) as an early event in the expression of the phytoalexin defense response.
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Affiliation(s)
- T B Ryder
- Plant Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, P. O. Box 85800, San Diego, CA 92138
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Schornack S, Huitema E, Cano LM, Bozkurt TO, Oliva R, Van Damme M, Schwizer S, Raffaele S, Chaparro-Garcia A, Farrer R, Segretin ME, Bos J, Haas BJ, Zody MC, Nusbaum C, Win J, Thines M, Kamoun S. Ten things to know about oomycete effectors. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2009; 10:795-803. [PMID: 19849785 PMCID: PMC6640533 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2009.00593.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Long considered intractable organisms by fungal genetic research standards, the oomycetes have recently moved to the centre stage of research on plant-microbe interactions. Recent work on oomycete effector evolution, trafficking and function has led to major conceptual advances in the science of plant pathology. In this review, we provide a historical perspective on oomycete genetic research and summarize the state of the art in effector biology of plant pathogenic oomycetes by describing what we consider to be the 10 most important concepts about oomycete effectors.
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Dixon RA, Dey PM, Lamb CJ. Phytoalexins: enzymology and molecular biology. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 55:1-136. [PMID: 6353887 DOI: 10.1002/9780470123010.ch1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Zabala G, Zou J, Tuteja J, Gonzalez DO, Clough SJ, Vodkin LO. Transcriptome changes in the phenylpropanoid pathway of Glycine max in response to Pseudomonas syringae infection. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2006; 6:26. [PMID: 17083738 PMCID: PMC1636052 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-6-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2006] [Accepted: 11/03/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reports of plant molecular responses to pathogenic infections have pinpointed increases in activity of several genes of the phenylpropanoid pathway leading to the synthesis of lignin and flavonoids. The majority of those findings were derived from single gene studies and more recently from several global gene expression analyses. We undertook a global transcriptional analysis focused on the response of genes of the multiple branches of the phenylpropanoid pathway to infection by the Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea with or without the avirulence gene avrB to characterize more broadly the contribution of the multiple branches of the pathway to the resistance response in soybean. Transcript abundance in leaves was determined from analysis of soybean cDNA microarray data and hybridizations to RNA blots with specific gene probes. RESULTS The majority of the genes surveyed presented patterns of increased transcript accumulation. Some increased rapidly, 2 and 4 hours after inoculation, while others started to accumulate slowly by 8-12 hours. In contrast, transcripts of a few genes decreased in abundance 2 hours post inoculation. Most interestingly was the opposite temporal fluctuation in transcript abundance between early responsive genes in defense (CHS and IFS1) and F3H, the gene encoding a pivotal enzyme in the synthesis of anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins and flavonols. F3H transcripts decreased rapidly 2 hours post inoculation and increased during periods when CHS and IFS transcripts decreased. It was also determined that all but one (CHS4) family member genes (CHS1, CHS2, CHS3, CHS5, CHS6 and CHS7/8) accumulated higher transcript levels during the defense response provoked by the avirulent pathogen challenge. CONCLUSION Based on the mRNA profiles, these results show the strong bias that soybean has towards increasing the synthesis of isoflavonoid phytoalexins concomitant with the down regulation of genes required for the synthesis of anthocyanins and proanthocyanins. Although proanthocyanins are known to be toxic compounds, the cells in the soybean leaves seem to be programmed to prioritize the synthesis and accumulation of isoflavonoid and pterocarpan phytoalexins during the resistance response. It was known that CHS transcripts accumulate in great abundance rapidly after inoculation of the soybean plants but our results have demonstrated that all but one (CHS4) member of the gene family member genes accumulated higher transcript levels during the defense response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gracia Zabala
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Jijun Zou
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Jigyasa Tuteja
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Delkin O Gonzalez
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Steven J Clough
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- USDA-ARS, Urbana, Il 61801, USA
| | - Lila O Vodkin
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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Abstract
Plants belonging to the Apiaceae or Rutaceae accumulate methoxylated psoralens, such as bergapten or xanthotoxin, as the final products of their furanocoumarin biosynthesis, and the rate of accumulation depends on environmental and other cues. Distinct O-methyltransferase activities had been reported to methylate bergaptol to bergapten and xanthotoxol to xanthotoxin, from induced cell cultures of Ruta graveolens, Petroselinum crispum and Ammi majus. Bergaptol 5-O-methyltransferase (BMT) cDNA was cloned from dark-grown Ammi majus L. cells treated with a crude fungal elicitor. The translated polypeptide of 38.7 kDa, composed of 354 amino acids, revealed considerable sequence similarity to heterologous caffeic acid 3-O-methyltransferases (COMTs). For homologous comparison, COMT was cloned from A. majus plants and shown to share 64% identity and about 79% similarity with the BMT sequence at the polypeptide level. Functional expression of both enzymes in Escherichia coli revealed that the BMT activity in the bacterial extracts was labile and rapidly lost on purification, whereas the COMT activity remained stable. Furthermore, the recombinant AmBMT, which was most active in potassium phosphate buffer of pH 8 at 42 degrees C, showed narrow substrate specificity for bergaptol (Km SAM 6.5 micro m; Km Bergaptol 2.8 micro m) when assayed with a variety of substrates, including xanthotoxol, while the AmCOMT accepted 5-hydroxyferulic acid, esculetin and other substrates. Dark-grown A. majus cells expressed significant BMT activity which nevertheless increased sevenfold within 8 h upon the addition of elicitor and reached a transient maximum at 8-11 h, whereas the COMT activity was rather low and did not respond to the elicitation. Complementary Northern blotting revealed that the BMT transcript abundance increased to a maximum at 7 h, while only a weak constitutive signal was observed for the COMT transcript. The AmBMT sequence thus represents a novel database accession specific for the biosynthesis of psoralens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Hehmann
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Germany
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20
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Wink M, Witte L. Evidence for a wide-spread occurrence of the genes of quinolizidine alkaloid biosynthesis. FEBS Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(83)80445-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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21
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Kirsch C, Takamiya-Wik M, Schmelzer E, Hahlbrock K, Somssich IE. A novel regulatory element involved in rapid activation of parsley ELI7 gene family members by fungal elicitor or pathogen infection. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2000; 1:243-51. [PMID: 20572971 DOI: 10.1046/j.1364-3703.2000.00029.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Abstract In parsley (Petroselinum crispum), members of the ELI7 gene family were rapidly transcriptionally activated following treatment with an elicitor derived from the phytopathogen Phytophthora sojae. Several cDNA and genomic ELI7 clones were isolated. The deduced amino acid sequences revealed close similarity to fatty acid desaturases/hydroxylases, however, the precise functions are still unknown. Analysis of the promoters of two strongly elicitor-induced family members, ELI7.1 and ELI7.2, allowed us to functionally pinpoint a novel, independently acting regulatory region (S box), the only major sequence similarity between the two gene promoters. In situ RNA/RNA hybridization using an ELI7.1 gene-specific probe demonstrated that expression of this gene is rapidly and locally induced around infection sites in planta as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kirsch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Züchtungsforschung, Abteilung Biochemie, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, D-50829 Köln, Germany
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22
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Byun SY. Elucidating elicitation of alkaloids production in suspension cultures ofEschscholtzia californica. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02932382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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23
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Koopmann E, Logemann E, Hahlbrock K. Regulation and functional expression of cinnamate 4-hydroxylase from parsley. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 119:49-56. [PMID: 9880345 PMCID: PMC32241 DOI: 10.1104/pp.119.1.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/1998] [Accepted: 09/28/1998] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A previously isolated parsley (Petroselinum crispum) cDNA with high sequence similarity to cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H) cDNAs from several plant sources was expressed in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) containing a plant NADPH:cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase and verified as encoding a functional C4H (CYP73A10). Low genomic complexity and the occurrence of a single type of cDNA suggest the existence of only one C4H gene in parsley. The encoded mRNA and protein, in contrast to those of a functionally related NADPH:cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase, were strictly coregulated with phenylalanine ammonia-lyase mRNA and protein, respectively, as demonstrated by coinduction under various conditions and colocalization in situ in cross-sections from several different parsley tissues. These results support the hypothesis that the genes encoding the core reactions of phenylpropanoid metabolism form a tight regulatory unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Koopmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Züchtungsforschung, Abteilung Biochemie, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, D-50829 Köln, Germany
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Yin S, Mei L, Newman J, Back K, Chappell J. Regulation of sesquiterpene cyclase gene expression. Characterization of an elicitor- and pathogen-inducible promoter. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1997; 115:437-51. [PMID: 9342864 PMCID: PMC158501 DOI: 10.1104/pp.115.2.437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The promoter for a tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) sesquiterpene cyclase gene, a key regulatory step in sesquiterpene phytoalexin biosynthesis, has been analyzed. The EAS4 promoter was fused to the beta-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene, and the temporal and spatial expression patterns of GUS activity were examined in stably transformed plants and in transient expression assays using electroporated protoplasts of tobacco. No GUS activity was observed in any tissues under normal growth conditions. A low level of GUS activity was detected in wounded leaf, root, and stem tissues, whereas a much higher level was observed when these tissues were challenged with elicitors or microbial pathogens. The GUS expression pattern directed by the EAS4 promoter was identical to the induction patterns observed for the endogenous sesquiterpene cyclase genes. Neither exogenous salicylic acid nor methyl jasmonate induced GUS expression; and H2O2 induced GUS expression to only a limited extent. Although the EAS4 promoter contains cis-sequences resembling previously identified transcriptional control motifs, other cis-sequences important for quantitative and qualitative gene expression were identified by deletion and gain-of-function analyses. The EAS4 promoter differs from previously described pathogen-/elicitor-inducible promoters because it only supports inducible gene expression and directs unique spatial expression patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yin
- Plant Physiology/Biochemistry/Molecular Biology Program, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40546-0091, USA
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25
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Elicitor-induced phenylalanine-ammonia lyase, cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase andp-coumaroyl transferase activity inEphedra distachya cultures. Arch Pharm Res 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02976893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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26
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HATCHER PAULE. THREE-WAY INTERACTIONS BETWEEN PLANT PATHOGENIC FUNGI, HERBIVOROUS INSECTS AND THEIR HOST PLANTS. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 1995. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.1995.tb01655.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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27
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Hahlbrock K, Scheel D, Logemann E, Nürnberger T, Parniske M, Reinold S, Sacks WR, Schmelzer E. Oligopeptide elicitor-mediated defense gene activation in cultured parsley cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92:4150-7. [PMID: 7753777 PMCID: PMC41902 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.10.4150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We have used suspension-cultured parsley cells (Petroselinum crispum) and an oligopeptide elicitor derived from a surface glycoprotein of the phytopathogenic fungus Phytophthora megasperma f.sp. glycinea to study the signaling pathway from elicitor recognition to defense gene activation. Immediately after specific binding of the elicitor by a receptor in the plasma membrane, large and transient increases in several inorganic ion fluxes (Ca2+, H+, K+, Cl-) and H2O2 formation are the first detectable plant cell responses. These are rapidly followed by transient changes in the phosphorylation status of various proteins and by the activation of numerous defense-related genes, concomitant with the inactivation of several other, non-defense-related genes. A great diversity of cis-acting elements and trans-acting factors appears to be involved in elicitor-mediated gene regulation, similar to the apparently complex nature of the signal transduced intracellularly. With few exceptions, all individual defense responses analyzed in fungus-infected parsley leaves have been found to be closely mimicked in elicitor-treated, cultured parsley cells, thus validating the use of the elicitor/cell culture system as a valuable model system for these types of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hahlbrock
- Max-Planck-Institut für Züchtungsforschung, Abteilung Biochemie, Cologne, Germany
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28
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Corchete MP, Diez JJ, Valle T. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity in suspension cultures of Ulmus pumila and U. campestris treated with spores of Ceratocystis ulmi. PLANT CELL REPORTS 1993; 13:111-4. [PMID: 24196299 DOI: 10.1007/bf00235302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/1993] [Revised: 07/19/1993] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Cell suspension cultures of a Ceratocystis ulmi-resistant (Ulmus pumila) and a -susceptible elm (U.campestris) were established from leaf callus tissue. Treatment of cultures with spores of C.ulmi induced a large increase in the activity of phenylalanine ammonialyase, only in the cells of the resistant species U.pumila with a maximum after 24 h. Inoculated U.pumila cells also excreted a red unidentified chemical into the culture medium. Neither responses were induced in inoculated U.campestris cultures. The results are discussed in relation to the development of the elm cell culture system as a model for studying the differential biochemical mechanisms of disease resistance in elms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Corchete
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Spain
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29
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30
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Relative Risks of Microbial Rot for Fleshy Fruits: Significance with Respect to Dispersal and Selection for Secondary Defense. ADV ECOL RES 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2504(08)60146-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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31
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Biswas BB. Prospects, perspectives, and problems of plant genetic engineering. Subcell Biochem 1991; 17:1-30. [PMID: 1796480 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-9365-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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32
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Pakusch AE, Matern U, Schiltz E. Elicitor-Inducible Caffeoyl-Coenzyme A 3-O-Methyltransferase from Petroselinum crispum Cell Suspensions : Purification, Partial Sequence, and Antigenicity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1991; 95:137-43. [PMID: 16667940 PMCID: PMC1077496 DOI: 10.1104/pp.95.1.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Parsley (Petroselinum crispum) cell cultures respond rapidly to treatment with fungal elicitor by the accumulation of coumarin phytoalexins in the culture fluid and by incorporation of ferulic esters into their cell walls. S-Adenosyl-l-methionine:trans-caffeoyl-CoA 3-O-methyltransferase activity, specifically involved in the formation of ferulic esters, is induced under these conditions. Such an inducible methyltransferase activity has been found in plant cells of various species. The methyltransferase was purified to homogeneity from parsley cells that had been treated for 12 hours with crude cell wall elicitor from Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. glycinea. It consists of two very similar or identical subunits of approximately 24 kilodaltons, which are N-terminally blocked. Attempts to generate antisera against the native enzyme in rabbit or mouse failed, but an antiserum, cross-reactive in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, was raised in mouse by intraperitoneal injection of the heat-denatured enzyme. Roughly 33% of the amino acid sequence was elucidated by microsequencing of tryptic peptides of the methyltransferase. The parsley enzyme may be related to adenine-specific methyltransferases known from bacterial sources. Antiserum generated in rabbit against a synthetic decapeptide, as inferred from one of the tryptic peptides and conjugated to ovalbumin, specifically cross-reacted with the methyltransferase protein in Western blots developed after SDS-polyacrylamide electrophoresis. This serum did not react, however, with native parsley methyltransferase.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Pakusch
- Institut für Biologie II, Lehrstuhl für Biochemie der Pflanzen, Universität Freiburg, D-7800 Freiburg, Federal Republic of Germany
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33
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Vögeli U, Chappell J. Regulation of a sesquiterpene cyclase in cellulase-treated tobacco cell suspension cultures. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1990; 94:1860-6. [PMID: 16667928 PMCID: PMC1077465 DOI: 10.1104/pp.94.4.1860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of an elicitor-inducible sesquiterpene cyclase in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) cell suspension cultures was investigated. Sesquiterpene cyclase activity was absent from control cell cultures but induced to a maximum within 15 hours of cellulase addition to the cell cultures. The induction of the cyclase activity was correlated with an absolute amount of the cyclase protein as measured in immunoblots. Both the in vivo synthesis rate, measured as the incorporation of [(35)S]methionine by cell cultures into immunoprecipitable cyclase protein, and the cyclase mRNA translational activity, measured as the incorporation of [(35)S]methionine into immunoprecipitable cyclase protein synthesized by in vitro translation of isolated RNA, were maximal at that time when the increase in cyclase enzyme activity was maximal. Using thiouridine to selectively label and isolate de novo synthesized mRNA, the in vitro translation products encoded by the newly synthesized RNA from elicitor-treated, but not control, cell cultures contained immunoprecipitable cyclase protein. These results suggest that the induction of the sesquiterpene cyclase in elicitor-treated cell cultures is primarily regulated by transcriptional control of the cyclase gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Vögeli
- Plant Physiology/Biochemistry Program, Agronomy Department, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546-0091
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34
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Kim DJ, Chang HN. Increased shikonin production inLithospermum erythrorhizon suspension cultures within situ extraction and fungal cell treatment (elicitor). Biotechnol Lett 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01024401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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35
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BYUN SY, PEDERSEN H, CHIN CK. Regulation and Dynamics of Elicitor Response in Suspension-cultured Plant Cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1990. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1990.tb24234.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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36
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McCue KF, Conn EE. Induction of 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate synthase activity by fungal elicitor in cultures of Petroselinum crispum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989; 86:7374-7. [PMID: 2571991 PMCID: PMC298064 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.86.19.7374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of a cell wall fraction of the fungus Phytophthora megasperma on the enzymatic activities of 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate (DAHP) synthase (EC 4.1.2.15) in extracts of cultured parsley cells (Petroselinum crispum) were examined. The specific activity of a plastidic form of DAHP synthase, designated DS-Mn by Ganson et al. [Ganson, R. J., d'Amato, T. A. & Jensen, R. A. (1986) Plant Physiol. 82, 203-210], was increased 2- to 3-fold in extracts of treated cells, with maximum induction occurring with 60 micrograms of fungal elicitor per ml after 6-8 hr. The cytosolic form of DAHP synthase, DS-Co, was unaffected by fungal elicitor. In the same experiments, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity (EC 4.3.1.5) increased, while no effect on isoforms of chorismate mutase (EC 5.4.99.5) was observed. The subcellular localization of the two DAHP synthase isoforms in parsley was confirmed by differential centrifugation. Prior treatment of cultures with actinomycin D or cycloheximide prevented the increase in DS-Mn activity, indicating transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K F McCue
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, Davis 95616
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37
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Ohl S, Hahlbrock K, Schäfer E. A stable blue-light-derived signal modulates ultraviolet-light-induced activation of the chalcone-synthase gene in cultured parsley cells. PLANTA 1989; 177:228-236. [PMID: 24212345 DOI: 10.1007/bf00392811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/1988] [Accepted: 08/23/1988] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Run-off transcription assays were used to demonstrate that both the ultraviolet (UV)-B and blue-light receptors control transcription rates for chalcone-synthase mRNA in the course of light-induced flavonoid synthesis in parsley (Petroselinum crispum Miller (A.W. Hill)) cell-suspension cultures. Blue and red light alone, presumably acting via a blue-light receptor and active phytochrome (far-red absorbing form) respectively, can induce accumulation of chalcone-synthase mRNA. The extent of the response is however considerably smaller than that obtained when these wavebands are applied in combination with UV light. A preirradiation with blue light strongly increases the response to a subsequent UV pulse and this modulating effect of blue light is stable for at least 20 h. The modulating effect is abolished by a UV induction but can be reestablished by a second irradiation with blue light.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ohl
- Institut für Biologie II/Botanik der Universität Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, D-7800, Freiburg i.Br., Federal Republic of Germany
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38
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Somssich IE, Bollmann J, Hahlbrock K, Kombrink E, Schulz W. Differential early activation of defense-related genes in elicitor-treated parsley cells. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1989; 12:227-234. [PMID: 24272801 DOI: 10.1007/bf00020507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/1988] [Accepted: 11/08/1988] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A cDNA library from cultured parsley (Petroselinum crispum) cells was differentially screened using labeled run-off transcripts derived from nucleic of elicitor-treated and untreated cells. This resulted in the isolation of 18 independent cDNA families representing putative defense-related genes. All genes are rapidly and transiently activated after elicitor application, but the time courses of transcriptional activity exhibit considerable variations, indicating differences in the mechanisms of gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I E Somssich
- Max-Planck-Institut für Züchtungsforschung, Abteilung Biochemie, D-5000, Köln 30, FRG
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39
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Walter MH. The induction of phenylpropanoid biosynthetic enzymes by ultraviolet light or fungal elicitor in cultured parsley cells is overriden by a heat-shock treatment. PLANTA 1989; 177:1-8. [PMID: 24212266 DOI: 10.1007/bf00392148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/1987] [Accepted: 09/20/1988] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The normal (25° C) response of parsley (Petroselinum crispum Mill.) cell suspension cultures to ultraviolet (UV) light was suppressed by a simultaneous 37° C heat-shock treatment, as indicated by the loss of the inducibility of two enzymes of flavonoid biosynthesis, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.5) and chalcone synthase. The effects on enzyme activity and on enzyme synthesis in vitro and in vivo were similar, indicating that regulatory control is at an early step of gene expression, presumably transcription. When heat shock was given during the course of an ongoing UV induction, both enzyme synthesis and enzyme activities ceased rapidly. Likewise, the induction of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase by an elicitor from Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. glycinea was terminated upon transfer from 25° C to 37° C. Based on these and previously published data, it is concluded that stress responses in this system are preferentially expressed in the order of heat shock, fungal elicitor and UV light.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Walter
- Institut für Biologie II der Universität, Schänzlestrasse 1, D-7800, Freiburg i.Br., Federal Republic of Germany
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40
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Phenolic biosynthesis, leaf damage, and insect herbivory in birch (Betula pendula). J Chem Ecol 1989; 15:275-83. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02027789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/1987] [Accepted: 11/16/1987] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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41
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Lozoya E, Hoffmann H, Douglas C, Schulz W, Scheel D, Hahlbrock K. Primary structures and catalytic properties of isoenzymes encoded by the two 4-coumarate: CoA ligase genes in parsley. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1988; 176:661-7. [PMID: 3169018 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1988.tb14328.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We have determined the primary structures of two 4-coumarate: CoA ligase (4CL) isoenzymes in parsley (Petroselinum crispum) by sequencing near full-length cDNAs corresponding to the two 4CL genes, Pc4CL-1 and Pc4CL-2, present in this plant. Comparison of the cDNA and genomic nucleotide sequences showed that each 4CL gene is organized in five exons separated by introns of varying lengths. The positions of introns are the same in both genes and 97-99% of the corresponding nucleotide sequences are identical. The two isoenzymes, which are nearly identical in their primary structures, were separated by ion-exchange chromatography, and were found to be indistinguishable with regard to substrate specificity. Assignment to Pc4CL-1 and Pc4CL-2 was achieved by comparison with catalytically active 4CL proteins, isolated from Escherichia coli cells which had been transformed with plasmids harboring the corresponding cDNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lozoya
- Max-Planck-Institut für Züchtungsforschung, Abteilung Biochemie, Köln, Federal Republic of Germany
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42
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Dixon RA, Richard Blyden E, Robbins MP, Van Tunen AJ, Mol J. Comparative biochemistry of chalcone isomerases. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 1988. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1016/0031-9422(88)80666-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
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43
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Leguay JJ, Piécoup M, Puckett J, Jouanneau JP. Common responses of cultured soybean cells to 2,4-D starvation and fungal elicitor treatment. PLANT CELL REPORTS 1988; 7:19-22. [PMID: 24241407 DOI: 10.1007/bf00272969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/1987] [Revised: 11/05/1987] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The patterns of in vivo protein synthesis in soybean cell suspensions were compared by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after the cells had been submitted to different stress conditions : treatment with Phytophthora megasperma (Pmg) cell wall elicitors, 2,4-D starvation and heat shock (HS) temperatures. Changes in protein synthesis patterns induced after elicitation of cell suspensions or after infection of soybean hypocotyls by Pmg were found to be similar to changes brought about by auxin starvation of the cells. Changes common to both stress situations involve a prominent 17 kDa peptide family and 27, 29, 35 and about 45 kDa peptides. Moreover, "defense" reactions, i.e. glyceollin accumulation and synthesis of chalcone synthase (CHS) were also strongly stimulated in auxin-starved cells. On the contrary, although characteristic sets of low molecular weight heat shock (HS) proteins were synthesized by cells grown at 37°C, no clear similarity was observed with peptides characteristic of auxin-starved cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Leguay
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale C.N.R.S., F-91198, Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
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44
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A method for the bacterial elicitation of a hypersensitive-like response in plant cell cultures. J Microbiol Methods 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0167-7012(87)90039-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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45
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Collinge DB, Slusarenko AJ. Plant gene expression in response to pathogens. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1987; 9:389-410. [PMID: 24277091 DOI: 10.1007/bf00014913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/03/1987] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D B Collinge
- John Innes Institute, Colney Lane, NR4 7UH, Norwich, UK
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46
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Knogge W, Kombrink E, Schmelzer E, Hahlbrock K. Occurrence of phytoalexins and other putative defense-related substances in uninfected parsley plants. PLANTA 1987; 171:279-287. [PMID: 24227337 DOI: 10.1007/bf00391105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/1986] [Accepted: 02/03/1987] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Considerable amounts of the following substances were found in uninfected parsley (Petroselinum crispum) cotyledons: furanocoumarins, the putative phytoalexins of this and some related plant species, two enzymes of the furanocoumarin pathway (S-adenosyl-L-methionine: xanthotoxol and S-adenosyl-L-methionine: bergaptol O-methyltransferases), two hydrolytic enzymes (1,3-β-glucanase, EC 3.2.1.39, and chitinase, EC 3.2.1.14), and 'pathogenesis-related' proteins. The furanocoumarins and the methyltransferase activities reached their highest levels at the onset of cotyledon senescence as the hydrolytic enzymes increased from low to relatively high activity values. The relative amounts of pathogenesis-related proteins 1 and 2, as well as the corresponding mRNAs, also increased markedly. Two enzymes of general phenylpropanoid metabolism, L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and 4-coumarate: CoA ligase, decreased in activity in a biphasic fashion during cotyledon development. At all developmental stages, the levels of these putative defense-related agents in total cotyledon extracts were too high to enable detection of, possibly, additional changes upon infection with zoospores of Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. glycinea, a fungal pathogen to which parsley shows a non-host, hypersensitive resistance response.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Knogge
- Max-Planck-Institut für Züchtungsforschung, Egelspfad, D-5000, Köln 30, Federal Republic of Germany
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DIXON RICHARDA. THE PHYTOALEXIN RESPONSE: ELICITATION, SIGNALLING AND CONTROL OF HOST GENE EXPRESSION. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 1986. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.1986.tb00719.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kombrink E, Hahlbrock K. Responses of cultured parsley cells to elicitors from phytopathogenic fungi : timing and dose dependency of elicitor-induced reactions. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1986; 81:216-21. [PMID: 16664778 PMCID: PMC1075309 DOI: 10.1104/pp.81.1.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Cultured parsley cells (Petroselinum crispum) responded to treatment with heat-released soluble cell-wall fragments (elicitors) from several different phytopathogenic fungi by forming coumarin derivatives (phytoalexins). This response was preceded in all cases by large but transient increases in the activities of two enzymes of general phenylpropanoid metabolism, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and 4-coumarate:CoA ligase (4CL). The activities of two hydrolytic enzymes, chitinase and 1,3-beta-glucanase, also increased strongly in elicitor-treated cells, whereas the activities of three enzymes participating in primary metabolism were affected differently by the elicitor treatment. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase increased, phosphofructokinase remained almost constant, and pyrophosphate:fructose-6-phosphate phosphotransferase declined sharply in activity. Different amounts of cell-wall preparations from various phytopathogenic fungi were required for maximum elicitor activity. While three oomycetes (Phytophthora spp.) yielded the most active elicitors studied (maximum coumarin accumulation at concentrations of about 10 microgram per milliliter), cell-wall preparations from an ascomycete and three deuteromycetes gave comparable results only at 10 to 100 times higher concentrations. Optimal induction of PAL, 4CL, and chitinase with Phytophthora elicitor required only about 1 microgram per milliliter, whereas 1,3-beta-glucanase induction showed a dose dependence similar to that observed for coumarins. The elicitor concentration had pronounced effects not only on the extent, but also on the timing of all induced reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kombrink
- Max-Planck-Institut für Züchtungsforschung, Abteilung Biochemie, 5000 Köln 30, Federal Republic of Germany
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Schmelzer E, Somssich I, Hahlbrock K. Coordinated changes in transcription and translation rates of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and 4-coumarate: CoA ligase mRNAs in elicitor-treated Petroselinum crispum cells. PLANT CELL REPORTS 1985; 4:293-296. [PMID: 24254065 DOI: 10.1007/bf00269881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/1985] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of cultured parsley cells (Petroselinum crispum) with elicitor preparations from the fungus, Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. glycinea, resulted in coordinated, sequential changes in the transcription rates, mRNA amounts and translational activities, and the catalytic activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and 4-coumarate:CoA ligase. In contrast to previous observations (Kuhn et al. 1984, Chappell and Hahlbrock 1984), the coordination included the timing of changes in transcription rates and mRNA amounts if a different elicitor preparation or a different cell culture was used.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Schmelzer
- Max-Planck-Institu für Züchtungsforschung, D-5000, Köln 30, FRG
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