1
|
Feirer RP, Mignon G, Litvay JD. Arginine decarboxylase and polyamines required for embryogenesis in the wild carrot. Science 2010; 223:1433-5. [PMID: 17746056 DOI: 10.1126/science.223.4643.1433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Embryogenic cultures of Daucus carota treated with 1 millimolar alpha-difluoromethylarginine, a specific inhibitor of arginine decarboxylase, exhibited nearly a 50 percent reduction in embryo formation compared with controls. Putrescine and spermidine concentrations in the treated cells were greatly reduced. Addition of putrescine, spermidine, or spermine to the culture medium restored embryogenesis in the treated cultures. Embryogenesis was not significantly affected by alpha-difluoromethylornithine, an inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase. These results suggest that polyamines have a major function in plant embryo development and that the wild carrot synthesizes polyamines through the biosynthetic pathway involving arginine decarboxylase rather than ornithine decarboxylase.
Collapse
|
2
|
Bae H, Kim SH, Kim MS, Sicher RC, Lary D, Strem MD, Natarajan S, Bailey BA. The drought response of Theobroma cacao (cacao) and the regulation of genes involved in polyamine biosynthesis by drought and other stresses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2008; 46:174-88. [PMID: 18042394 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2007.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2007] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Drought can negatively impact pod production despite the fact that cacao production usually occurs in tropical areas having high rainfall. Polyamines (PAs) have been associated with the response of plants to drought in addition to their roles in responses to many other stresses. The constitutive and drought inducible expression patterns of genes encoding enzymes involved in PA biosynthesis were determined: an ornithine decarboxylase (TcODC), an arginine decarboxylase (TcADC), an S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (TcSAMDC), a spermidine synthase (TcSPDS), and a spermine synthase (TcSPMS). Expression analysis using quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR (QPCR) results showed that the PA biosynthesis genes were expressed in all plant tissues examined. Constitutive expression of PA biosynthesis genes was generally highest in mature leaves and open flowers. Expression of TcODC, TcADC, and TcSAMDC was induced with the onset of drought and correlated with changes in stomatal conductance, photosynthesis, photosystem II efficiency, leaf water potential and altered emission of blue-green fluorescence from cacao leaves. Induction of TcSAMDC in leaves was most closely correlated with changes in water potential. The earliest measured responses to drought were enhanced expression of TcADC and TcSAMDC in roots along with decreases in stomatal conductance, photosynthesis, and photosystem II efficiency. Elevated levels of putrescine, spermidine, and spermine were detected in cacao leaves 13days after the onset of drought. Expression of all five PA associated transcripts was enhanced (1.5-3-fold) in response to treatment with abscisic acid. TcODC and TcADC, were also responsive to mechanical wounding, infection by Phytophthora megakarya (a causal agent of black pod disease in cacao), the necrosis- and ethylene-inducing protein (Nep1) of Fusarium oxysporum, and flower abscission. TcSAMDC expression was responsive to all stresses except flower abscission. TcODC, although constitutively expressed at much lower levels than TcADC, TcSAMDC, TcSPDS, and TcSPMS, was highly inducible by the fungal protein Nep1 (135-fold) and the cacao pathogen Phytophthora megakarya (671-fold). The full length cDNA for ODC was cloned and characterized. Among the genes studied, TcODC, TcADC, and TcSAMDC were most sensitive to induction by drought in addition to other abiotic and biotic stresses. TcODC, TcADC, and TcSAMDC may share signal transduction pathways and/or the stress induced signal induction pathways may converge at these three genes leading to similar although not identical patterns of expression. It is possible altering PA levels in cacao will result in enhanced tolerance to multiple stresses including drought and disease as has been demonstrated in other crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanhong Bae
- US Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Huang CK, Chang BS, Wang KC, Her SJ, Chen TW, Chen YA, Cho CL, Liao LJ, Huang KL, Chen WS, Liu ZH. Changes in polyamine pattern are involved in floral initiation and development in Polianthes tuberosa. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2004; 161:709-13. [PMID: 15266718 DOI: 10.1078/0176-1617-01256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In the day-neutral plant Polianthes tuberosa (cv. Double) putrescine and spermine in corms at the early floral initiation stage decreased by 26 and 36%, respectively, compared with that in the vegetative stage. In contrast, a sharp increase in spermidine and cadaverine titers in corms was recorded at the early floral initiation stage. However, cadaverine in corms disappeared at the flower development stage. Polyamines in the roots were generally lower than those in the leaves and corms. In no case was the change in endogenous polyamine titers in the roots and leaves associated with floral initiation and flower development in P. tuberosa. Exogenous application of spermidine at 5, 25 or 150 microg per plant at the vegetative stage did not affect flower primordium counts. However, addition of a spermidine synthase inhibitor, cyclohexylamine, at 150 or 250 microg per plant (each dose was applied two times in total at an interval of 4 days) significantly reduced flower primordium counts, indicating that spermidine is involved in floral initiation and floral development in P. tuberosa. In P. tuberosa corms at the vegetative stage arginine decarboxylase activity rises and decreases at the early floral initiation stage. In contrast, ornithine decarboxylase activity reaches the highest level at the early floral initiation stage and declines significantly at the vegetative stage. Results indicate that an increase in spermidine and a transient increase in cadaverine titers in the corms seem characteristic of early floral initiation in P. tuberosa. It is also suggested that a significant reduction in putrescine and spermine in the corms is involved in the early floral initiation in P. tuberosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiung-Kuei Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kwak SH, Lee SH. The regulation of ornithine decarboxylase gene expression by sucrose and small upstream open reading frame in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill). PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2001; 42:314-23. [PMID: 11266583 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pce040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We identified a near-full-length cDNA clone encoding ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) from tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill). It contained a small upstream open reading frame (uORF) within its 5' untranslated region. An in vitro translation assay demonstrated that the uORF repressed expression of downstream ORF. Neither nucleotide nor predicted peptide sequence of the uORF was responsible for the repression. The presence of upstream AUG codon was shown to be responsible. ODC expression appeared to be organ specific. The ODC gene was expressed in roots, hypocotyls and sink leaves but not in source leaves. ODC transcripts were observed in apical meristem of primary roots, and were distributed in cells of cortex layer preferentially. ODC expression responded immediately to sucrose availability via the sucrose-specific pathway independent of hexokinase. Sucrose induction of ODC gene was seen in roots, hypocotyls and flowers but not in mature leaves. Moreover, only the root apical meristem responded to sucrose availability. These observations indicate that the spatial pattern of ODC expression is closely associated with cell proliferation and that sucrose sensing plays a major role in the spatial pattern of ODC expression. Also, the differential regulation of ODC and arginine decarboxylase gene expression by factors modulating plant growth suggests that they would have different physiological roles in plant development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S H Kwak
- Department of Biology, Yonsei University Shinchon-dong 134, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-749 Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Daoudi EH, Biondi S. Métabolisme et rôle des polyamines dans le développement de la plante. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1080/12538078.1995.10515711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
6
|
Maki H, Ando S, Kodama H, Komamine A. Polyamines and the Cell Cycle of Catharanthus roseus Cells in Culture. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1991; 96:1008-13. [PMID: 16668290 PMCID: PMC1080885 DOI: 10.1104/pp.96.4.1008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Investigation was made on the effect of partial depletion of polyamines (PAs), induced by treatment with inhibitors of the biosynthesis of PAs, on the distribution of cells at each phase of the cell cycle in Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don. cells in suspension cultures, using flow cytometry. More cells treated with inhibitors of arginine decarboxylase (ADC) and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) were accumulated in the G(1) phase than those in the control, while the treatment with an inhibitor of spermidine (SPD) synthase showed no effect on the distribution of cells. The endogenous levels of the PAs, putrescine (PUT), SPD, and spermine (SPM), were determined during the cell cycle in synchronous cultures of C. roseus. Two peaks of endogenous level of PAs, in particular, of PUT and SPD, were observed during the cell cycle. Levels of PAs increased markedly prior to synthesis of DNA in the S phase and prior to cytokinesis. Activities of ADC and ODC were also assayed during the cell cycle. Activities of ADC was much higher than that of ODC throughout the cell cycle, but both activities of ODC and ADC changed in concert with changes in levels of PAs. Therefore, it is suggested that these enzymes may regulate PA levels during the cell cycle. These results indicate that inhibitors of PUT biosynthesis caused the suppression of cell proliferation by prevention of the progression of the cell cycle, probably from the G(1) to the S phase, and PUT may play more important roles in the progression of the cell cycle than other PAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Maki
- Biological Institute, Faculty of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kang JH, Cho YD. Purification and Properties of Arginase from Soybean, Glycine max, Axes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1990; 93:1230-4. [PMID: 16667583 PMCID: PMC1062656 DOI: 10.1104/pp.93.3.1230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Arginase (EC 3.5.3.1) was purified to homogeneity from cytosol of soybean, Glycine max, axes by chromatographic separations on Sephadex G-200, DEAE-sephacel, hydroxyapatite, and arginine-affinity columns. The molecular weight of the enzyme estimated by pore gradient gel electrophoresis was 240,000, while sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gave a single band at the molecular weight of 60,000. The optimal pH for activity was 9.5 and the K(m) value was 83 millimolar. The enzyme was stimulated by polyamines such as putrescine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J H Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mikitzel LJ, Knowles NR. Polyamine metabolism of potato seed-tubers during long-term storage and early sprout development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1989; 91:183-9. [PMID: 16666993 PMCID: PMC1061972 DOI: 10.1104/pp.91.1.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Growth potential of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) plants is influenced by seed-tuber age. After 24 days of growth, single-eye seedcores from 7-month-old seed-tubers produced 64% more foliar dry matter than those from 19-month-old seed-tubers, reflecting a higher growth rate. This study was initiated to determine if differences in polyamine (PA) metabolism are associated with aging and age-reduced vigor of potato seed-tubers. As tubers aged in storage, putrescine (Put) increased 2.2-fold, while spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm) decreased 33% and 38%, respectively. Ethylene content of the tuber tissue also increased with advancing age, suggesting that during the aging process S-adenosylmethionine was directed toward ethylene biosynthesis at the expense of the PAs. Single-eye cores from 7- and 19-month-old tubers were sown and PA levels in core and shoot tissues were monitored during plant development. Put titer of younger cores increased 8.8-fold by 12 days. In contrast, the increase in Put over the initial titer in older cores was 2.9-fold. The reduced ability of older cores to synthesize Put during plant establishment is probably due to a 45% decline in ornithine decarboxylase activity between 12 and 16 days after planting. Lack of available Put substrate limited the biosynthesis of Spd and Spm, and thus their concentrations remained lower in older cores than in younger cores. Lower PA titer in older cores during plant establishment is thus coincident with reduced growth potential. Concentrations of Put and Spd were higher in shoots developing from older cores throughout the study, but there was no age-related difference in Spm content. In contrast, activities of arginine and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylases were higher in shoots from younger cores during establishment. The results indicate that aging affects PA metabolism in both tuber and developing plant tissues, and this may relate to loss of growth potential with advancing seed-tuber age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L J Mikitzel
- Department of Plant Science, 4-10 Agriculture/Forestry Center, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Dibble AR, Davies PJ, Mutschler MA. Polyamine content of long-keeping alcobaca tomato fruit. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1988; 86:338-40. [PMID: 16665907 PMCID: PMC1054483 DOI: 10.1104/pp.86.2.338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Fruit of tomato landrace Alcobaca, containing the recessive allele alc, ripen more slowly, with a reduced level of ethylene production, and have prolonged keeping qualities. The levels of polyamines in pericarp tissues of alc and ;wild type' Alc (cv Rutgers and Alcobaca-red) fruit were measured by HPLC in relation to ripening. Putrescine was the predominant polyamine with a lower content of spermidine, while spermine was just detectable. The level of putrescine was high at the immature green stage and declined in the mature green stage. In Alc fruit the decline persisted but in alc fruit the putrescine level increased during ripening to a level similar to that present at the immature green stage. There was no pronounced change or difference in spermidine levels. The enhanced polyamine level in alc fruit may account for their ripening and storage characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A R Dibble
- Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Minocha SC. Relationship between polyamine and ethylene biosynthesis in plants and its significance for morphogenesis in cell cultures. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1988; 250:601-16. [PMID: 3076339 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-5637-0_53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S C Minocha
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, University of New Hampshire, Durham 03824
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cohen E, Kende H. The effect of submergence, ethylene and gibberellin on polyamines and their biosynthetic enzymes in deepwater-rice internodes. PLANTA 1986; 169:498-504. [PMID: 24232756 DOI: 10.1007/bf00392098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/1986] [Accepted: 07/29/1986] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Submergence and treatment with ethylene or gibberellic acid (GA3) stimulates rapid growth in internodes of deepwater rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. "Habiganj Aman II"). This growth is based on greatly enhanced rate of cell-division activity in the intercalary meristem (IM) and on increased cell elongation. We chose polyamine biosynthesis as a biochemical marker for cell-division activity in the IM of rice stems. Upon submergence of the plant, the activity of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (SAMDC; EC 4.1.1.50) in the IM increased six- to tenfold within 8 h; thereafter, SAMDC activity declined. Arginine decarboxylase (ADC; EC 4.1.1.19) showed a similar but less pronounced increase in activity. The activity of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC; EC 4.1.1.17) in the IM was not affected by submergence. The levels of putrescine and spermidine also rose in the IM of submerged, whole plants while the concentration of spermine remained low. The increase in SAMDC activity was localized in the IM while the activity of ADC rose both in the node and the IM above it. The node also contained low levels of ODC activity which increased slightly following submergence. Increased activities of polyamine-synthesizing enzymes in the nodal region of submerged plants probably resulted from the promotion of adventitious root formation in the node. Treatment of excised rice-stem sections with ethylene or GA3 enhanced the activities of SAMDC and ADC in the IM and inhibited the decline in the levels of putrescine and spermidine. We conclude that SAMDC and perhaps also ADC may serve as biochemical markers for the enhancement of cell-division activity in the IM of deepwater rice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Cohen
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, 48824-1312, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Walker MA, Ellis BE, Dumbroff EB, Downer RG, Martin RJ. Changes in Amines and Biosynthetic Enzyme Activities in p-Fluorophenylalanine Resistant and Wild Type Tobacco Cell Cultures. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1986; 80:825-8. [PMID: 16664725 PMCID: PMC1075213 DOI: 10.1104/pp.80.4.825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The levels of free amines and the activities of their biosynthetic enzymes were measured in a p-fluorophenylalanine resistant Nicotiana tabacum L. cv Xanthi cell line (TX4) which accumulates high levels of cinnamoylamides, and a wild type cell line (TX1). Putrescine in TX1 and spermidine in TX1 and TX4 increased 4-fold by day 4 but declined by day 8 of the culture period. Spermine levels were consistently low, while tyramine was not found in TX1 until day 9 when a gradual rise was noted. Ornithine decarboxylase activity in TX1 and TX4 increased slightly through day 2 but declined gradually thereafter. S-Adenosylmethionine decarboxylase activity remained low throughout the culture period, and tyrosine and arginine decarboxylases in TX1 were very low in activity. In contrast, the activities of tyrosine and arginine decarboxylases were elevated in TX4, but a 3-fold increase in tyramine after a subculture was not accompanied by a rise in tyrosine decarboxylase. However, tyrosine decarboxylase activity did increase during a second rise in tyramine levels in aging cells, late in the culture period. Although significant differences exist in amine levels, between TX4 and TX1, it is unclear how altered amine metabolism relates to p-fluorophenylalanine resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A Walker
- Department of Crop Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Roberts DR, Dumbroff EB, Thompson JE. Exogenous polyamines alter membrane fluidity in bean leaves - a basis for potential misinterpretation of their true physiological role. PLANTA 1986; 167:395-401. [PMID: 24240310 DOI: 10.1007/bf00391345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/1985] [Accepted: 10/21/1985] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the rotational motion of paramagnetic and fluorescent lipid-soluble probes were used to assess the effects of putrescine, spermidine and spermine on the fluidity of microsomal membranes from primary leaves of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Surface probes were more strongly immobilized by physiological concentrations of the polyamines than probes that partitioned deep into the bilayer interior. Spermidine and spermine were more effective than putrescine at reducing membrane fluidity, and at equimolar concentrations, the polyamines and calcium had similar effects on the mobility of the membrane probes. Spermine had essentially equivalent effects on the fluidity of native membranes, heat-denatured membranes and liposomes prepared from the total lipid extract of the membranes, indicating that polyamines associate with membrane lipid. These results raise the possibility that some of the physiological effects previously attributed to exogenously added polyamines could reflect membrane rigidification rather than a true physiological response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D R Roberts
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, N2L 3Gl, Waterloo, Ont., Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Birecka H, Bitonti AJ, McCann PP. Assaying ornithine and arginine decarboxylases in some plant species. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1985; 79:509-14. [PMID: 16664441 PMCID: PMC1074916 DOI: 10.1104/pp.79.2.509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A release of (14)CO(2) not related to ornithine decarboxylase activity was found in crude leaf extracts from Lycopersicon esculentum, Avena sativa, and especially from the pyrrolizidine alkaloid-bearing Heliotropium angiospermum when incubated with [1-(14)C]- or [U-(14)C]ornithine. The total (14)CO(2) produced was about 5- to 100-fold higher than that due to ornithine decarboxylase activities calculated from labeled putrescine (Put) found by thin-layer electrophoresis in the incubation mixtures. Partial purification with (NH(4))(2)SO(4) did not eliminate completely the interfering decarboxylation. When incubated with labeled arginine, a very significant (14)CO(2) release not related to arginine decarboxylase activity was observed only in extracts from H. angiospermum leaves, especially in Tris.HCl buffer. Under the assay conditions, these extracts exhibited oxidative degradation of added Put and agmatine (Agm) and also revealed a high arginase activity. Amino-guanidine at 0.1 to 0.2 millimolar prevented Put degradation and greatly decreased oxidative degradation of Agm; ornithine at 15 to 20 millimolar significantly inhibited arginase activity. A verification of the reliability of the standard (14)CO(2)-based method by assessing labeled Put and/or Agm-formed in the presence of added aminoguanidine and/or ornithine when needed-is recommended especially when crude or semicrude plant extracts are assayed.When based on Put and/or Agm formed at 1.0 to 2.5 millimolar of substrate, the activities of ornithine decarboxylase and arginine decarboxylase in the youngest leaves of the tested species ranged between 1.1 and 3.6 and 1 and 1600 nanomoles per hour per gram fresh weight, respectively. The enzyme activities are discussed in relation to the biosynthesis of pyrrolizidine alkaloids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Birecka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Union College Schenectady, New York 12308
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Shen HJ, Galston AW. Correlations between polyamine ratios and growth patterns in seedling roots. PLANT GROWTH REGULATION 1985; 3:353-63. [PMID: 11539807 DOI: 10.1007/bf00117592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The levels of putrescine, cadaverine, spermidine and spermine were determined in seedling roots of pea, tomato, millet and corn, as well as in corn coleoptiles and pea internodes. In all roots, putrescine content increased as elongation progressed, and the putrescine/spermine ratio closely paralleled the sigmoid growth curve up until the time of lateral root initiation. Spermidine and spermine were most abundant near the apices and declined progressively with increasing age of the cells. In the zone of differentiation of root hairs in pea roots, putrescine rose progressively with increasing age, while cadaverine declined. In both pea internodes and corn coleoptiles, the putrescine/spermidine ratio rises with increasing age and elongation. Thus, a block in the conversion of the diamine putrescine to the triamine spermidine may be an important step in the change from cell division to cell elongation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H J Shen
- Department of Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Slocum RD, Galston AW. Changes in polyamine biosynthesis associated with postfertilization growth and development in tobacco ovary tissues. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1985; 79:336-43. [PMID: 11540835 PMCID: PMC1074885 DOI: 10.1104/pp.79.2.336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Polyamine (PA) titers and the activities of arginine decarboxylase (ADC, EC 4.1.1.19) and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC, EC 4.1.1.17), enzymes which catalyze rate-limiting steps in PA biosynthesis, were monitored during tobacco ovary maturation. In the period between anthesis and fertilization, the protein content of ovary tissues rapidly increased by about 40% and was accompanied by approximately a 3-fold increase in ODC activity, while ADC activity remained nearly constant. PA titers also remained relatively unchanged until fertilization, at which time they increased dramatically and the DNA content of ovary tissues doubled. This increase in PA biosynthesis was correlated with a further 3-fold increase in ODC activity, reaching a maximum 3 to 4 days after fertilization. During this time, ADC activity increased only slightly and accounted for approximately 1% of the total decarboxylase activity when ODC activity peaked. The postfertilization burst of biosynthetic activities slightly preceded a period of rapid ovary enlargement, presumably due to new cell division. During later stages of ovary development, DNA levels fell precipitously, while PA titers and decarboxylase activities decreased to preanthesis levels more slowly. In this period, growth producing a 300% increase in ovary fresh weight appears to be the result of cell enlargement. Synchronous changes in PA titers and in the rates of PA biosynthesis, macromolecular synthesis, and growth in the tobacco ovary suggest that PAs may play a role in the regulation of postfertilization growth and development of this reproductive organ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R D Slocum
- Department of Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Slocum RD, Kaur-Sawhney R, Galston AW. The physiology and biochemistry of polyamines in plants. Arch Biochem Biophys 1984; 235:283-303. [PMID: 6393877 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(84)90201-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
18
|
Fienberg AA, Choi JH, Lubich WP, Sung ZR. Developmental regulation of polyamine metabolism in growth and differentiation of carrot culture. PLANTA 1984; 162:532-539. [PMID: 24253270 DOI: 10.1007/bf00399919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/1984] [Accepted: 07/03/1984] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Polyamine levels and the activities of two polyamine biosynthetic enzymes, arginine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.19) and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.50), were determined during somatic embryogenesis of carrot (Daucus carota L.) cell cultures. Embryogenic cultures showed severalfold increases in polyamine levels over nondifferentiating controls. A mutant cell line that failed to form embryos but grew at the same rate as the wild-type line also failed to show increases in polyamine levels, thus providing evidence that this increased polyamine content was in fact associated with the development of embryos. Furthermore, inhibition of these increases in polyamines caused by drugs inhibited embryogenesis and the effect was reversible with spermidine. The activities of arginine decarboxylase and Sadenosylmethionine decarboxylase were found to be suppressed by auxin; however, the specific effects differed between exogenous 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and endogenous indole-3-acetic acid. The results indicate that increased polyamine levels are required for cellular differentiation and development occurring during somatic embryogenesis in carrot cell cultures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A A Fienberg
- Department of Genetics and Plant Pathology, University of California, 94720, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
The putrescine-biosynthesis pathway in Tetrahymena thermophila was delineated by studying crude extracts prepared from exponentially growing cultures. A pyridoxal phosphate-stimulated ornithine decarboxylase activity competitively inhibited by putrescine was detected. CO2 was also liberated from L-arginine, but analyses by t.l.c. and enzyme studies suggested that the activity was not due to arginine decarboxylase, nor could enzyme activities converting agmatine into putrescine be detected. We conclude that the decarboxylation of L-ornithine is probably the only major route for putrescine biosynthesis in this organism during exponential growth.
Collapse
|
20
|
Winer L, Vinkler C, Apelbaum A. Partial purification and characterization of arginine decarboxylase from avocado fruit, a thermostable enzyme. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1984; 76:233-7. [PMID: 16663805 PMCID: PMC1064262 DOI: 10.1104/pp.76.1.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A partially purified preparation of arginine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.19), a key enzyme in polyamine metabolism in plants, was isolated from avocado (Persea americana Mill. cv Fuerte) fruit. The preparation obtained from the crude extract after ammonium sulfate precipitation, dialysis, and heat treatment, had maximal activity between pH 8.0 and 9.0 at 60 degrees C, in the presence of 1.2 millimolar MnCl(2), 2 millimolar dithiothreitol, and 0.06 millimolar pyridoxal phosphate. The K(m), of arginine for the decarboxylation reaction was determined for enzymes prepared from the seed coat of both 4-week-old avocado fruitlet and fully developed fruit, and was found to have a value of 1.85 and 2.84 millimolar, respectively. The value of V(app) (max) of these enzymes was 1613 and 68 nanomoles of CO(2) produced per milligram of protein per hour for the fruitlet and the fully developed fruit, respectively. Spermine, an end product of polyamine metabolism, caused less than 5% inhibition of the enzyme from fully developed fruit and 65% inhibition of the enzyme from the seed coat of 4-week-old fruitlets at 1 millimolar under similar conditions. The effect of different inhibitors on the enzyme and the change in the nature of the enzyme during fruit development are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Winer
- Department of Fruit and Vegetable Storage, ARO, The Volcani Center, P. O. Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Cohen E, Arad SM, Heimer YH, Mizrahi Y. Polyamine Biosynthetic Enzymes in the Cell Cycle of Chlorella: Correlation between Ornithine Decarboxylase and DNA Synthesis at Different Light Intensities. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1984; 74:385-8. [PMID: 16663427 PMCID: PMC1066687 DOI: 10.1104/pp.74.2.385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
During the life cycle of Chlorella vulgaris Beijerinck var vulgaris fa. vulgaris growing synchronously, the specific activity of ornithine decarboxylase peaked at the 2nd hour of the cycle, whereas that of arginine decarboxylase changed only slightly, increasing towards the end of the cycle. The endogenous level of putrescine and spermidine on a per cell basis increased gradually up to the 8th hour of the cycle, and declined thereafter. Thus, the peak of ornithine decarboxylase activity and the polyamine increase preceded both DNA replication (which took place between the 6th and 8th hours of the cycle) and autospore release (which started at the 8th hour). A 2-fold increase in the light intensity caused doubling of the DNA content, resulting in doubling of the number of autospores per mother cell. It also brought about a 2-fold increase in the specific activity of ornithine decarboxylase and polyamine content, the peaks being at the same hour of the cycle under high and low light intensities. The increase in cell number and polyamine content in a Chlorella culture grown under high light intensity was inhibited by alpha-difluoromethyl ornithine, a specific inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase, this inhibition being partially reversed by putrescine.It is suggested that in C. vulgaris the sequence of events which relates polyamine biosynthesis to cell division is as follows: increased ornithine decarboxylase activity, accumulation of polyamines, DNA replication, and autospore release.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Cohen
- Department of Biology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, POB 1025, Beer-Sheva 84110, Israel
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|