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Biodesalination performance of Phormidium keutzingianum concentrated using two methods (immobilization and centrifugation). ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.104282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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2
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Vuorio E, Thiel K, Fitzpatrick D, Huokko T, Kämäräinen J, Dandapani H, Aro EM, Kallio P. Hydrocarbon Desaturation in Cyanobacterial Thylakoid Membranes Is Linked With Acclimation to Suboptimal Growth Temperatures. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:781864. [PMID: 34899663 PMCID: PMC8661006 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.781864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to produce medium chain length aliphatic hydrocarbons is strictly conserved in all photosynthetic cyanobacteria, but the molecular function and biological significance of these compounds still remain poorly understood. This study gives a detailed view to the changes in intracellular hydrocarbon chain saturation in response to different growth temperatures and osmotic stress, and the associated physiological effects in the model cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. We show that the ratio between the representative hydrocarbons, saturated heptadecane and desaturated heptadecene, is reduced upon transition from 38°C toward 15°C, while the total content is not much altered. In parallel, it appears that in the hydrocarbon-deficient ∆ado (aldehyde deformylating oxygenase) mutant, phenotypic and metabolic changes become more evident under suboptimal temperatures. These include hindered growth, accumulation of polyhydroxybutyrate, altered pigment profile, restricted phycobilisome movement, and ultimately reduced CO2 uptake and oxygen evolution in the ∆ado strain as compared to Synechocystis wild type. The hydrocarbons are present in relatively low amounts and expected to interact with other nonpolar cellular components, including the hydrophobic part of the membrane lipids. We hypothesize that the function of the aliphatic chains is specifically associated with local fluidity effects of the thylakoid membrane, which may be required for the optimal movement of the integral components of the photosynthetic machinery. The findings support earlier studies and expand our understanding of the biological role of aliphatic hydrocarbons in acclimation to low temperature in cyanobacteria and link the proposed role in the thylakoid membrane to changes in photosynthetic performance, central carbon metabolism, and cell growth, which need to be effectively fine-tuned under alternating conditions in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Eva-Mari Aro
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pauli Kallio
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Yu C, Lin Y, Li H. Increased ratio of galactolipid MGDG : DGDG induces jasmonic acid overproduction and changes chloroplast shape. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:1327-1335. [PMID: 32585752 PMCID: PMC7689733 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Galactolipids monogalactosyl diacylglycerol (MGDG) and digalactosyl diacylglycerol (DGDG) constitute c. 50% and c. 30% of chloroplast membrane lipids, respectively. They are important for photosynthesis and stress tolerance. Mutations in DGD1, the major DGDG-synthesizing enzyme, severely reduce DGDG content and induce jasmonic acid (JA) overproduction, resulting in stunted growth. However, how DGDG reduction leads to JA overproduction is unknown. We introduced an inducible microRNA (ami-MGD1) into an Arabidopsis dgd1 mutant to reduce MGDG synthesis, thereby further diminishing galactolipid content, but partially restoring the MGDG : DGDG ratio. Galactolipid and Chl contents, expression of JA-biosynthesis and JA-responsive genes, photosystem II (PSII) maximum quantum efficiency, and chloroplast shape were investigated. Expression of JA-biosynthesis and JA-responsive genes were reduced in amiR-MGD1-transformed dgd1 plants. Stunted growth caused by JA overproduction was also partially rescued, but Chl reduction and PSII impairment remained similar to the original dgd1 mutant. Altered chloroplast shape, which is another defect observed in dgd1 but is not caused by JA overproduction, was also partially rescued. Our results reveal that an increased MGDG : DGDG ratio is the primary cause of JA overproduction. The ratio is also important for determining chloroplast shapes, whereas reduced Chl and photosynthesis are most likely a direct consequence of insufficient DGDG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun‐Wei Yu
- Institute of Molecular BiologyAcademia SinicaTaipei11529Taiwan
| | - Yang‐Tsung Lin
- Institute of Molecular BiologyAcademia SinicaTaipei11529Taiwan
| | - Hsou‐min Li
- Institute of Molecular BiologyAcademia SinicaTaipei11529Taiwan
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El-Sheekh M, Abu-Faddan M, Abo-Shady A, Nassar MZA, Labib W. Molecular identification, biomass, and biochemical composition of the marine chlorophyte Chlorella sp. MF1 isolated from Suez Bay. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2020; 18:27. [PMID: 32648005 PMCID: PMC7347738 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-020-00044-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background An Egyptian indigenous unicellular green microalga was isolated from the coastal water of Suez Bay (N 29.92°, E 32.473°), Red Sea, Egypt. The molecular analysis based on 18S rRNA sequence showed that the gene sequence for this strain was highly similar (100% identity and 98% query cover) to different Chlorella strains isolated from different habitats. Results The observed morphological characters together with the molecular phylogeny assigned the isolated microalga as Chlorella sp. MF1 with accession number KX228798. This isolated strain was cultivated for estimation of its growth and biochemical composition. The mean specific growth rate (μ) was 0.273 day−1. Both the biomass productivity and the cellular lipid content increased by increasing salinity of the growth medium, recording a maximum of 6.53 gDW l−1 and 20.17%, respectively, at salinity 40.4. Fourteen fatty acids were identified. The total saturated fatty acid percentage was 54.73% with stearic (C18:0), arachidic (C20:0), and palmitic acids (C16:0) as major components, while the total unsaturated fatty acid percentage was 45.27% with linoleic acid (C18:2c) and oleic acid (C18:1) as majors. Conclusion This algal strain proved to be a potential newly introduced microalga as one of the most proper options available for microalgae-based biodiesel production. The proximate analysis showed the protein content at 39.85% and carbohydrate at 23.7%, indicating its accessibility to various purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa El-Sheekh
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
| | - Mahmoud Abu-Faddan
- Marine Environment Division, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Atef Abo-Shady
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | | | - Wagdy Labib
- Marine Environment Division, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Cairo, Egypt
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5
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Zhong ZP, Rapp JZ, Wainaina JM, Solonenko NE, Maughan H, Carpenter SD, Cooper ZS, Jang HB, Bolduc B, Deming JW, Sullivan MB. Viral Ecogenomics of Arctic Cryopeg Brine and Sea Ice. mSystems 2020; 5:e00246-20. [PMID: 32546670 PMCID: PMC7300359 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00246-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Arctic regions, which are changing rapidly as they warm 2 to 3 times faster than the global average, still retain microbial habitats that serve as natural laboratories for understanding mechanisms of microbial adaptation to extreme conditions. Seawater-derived brines within both sea ice (sea-ice brine) and ancient layers of permafrost (cryopeg brine) support diverse microbes adapted to subzero temperatures and high salinities, yet little is known about viruses in these extreme environments, which, if analogous to other systems, could play important evolutionary and ecosystem roles. Here, we characterized viral communities and their functions in samples of cryopeg brine, sea-ice brine, and melted sea ice. Viral abundance was high in cryopeg brine (1.2 × 108 ml-1) and much lower in sea-ice brine (1.3 × 105 to 2.1 × 105 ml-1), which roughly paralleled the differences in cell concentrations in these samples. Five low-input, quantitative viral metagenomes were sequenced to yield 476 viral populations (i.e., species level; ≥10 kb), only 12% of which could be assigned taxonomy by traditional database approaches, indicating a high degree of novelty. Additional analyses revealed that these viruses: (i) formed communities that differed between sample type and vertically with sea-ice depth; (ii) infected hosts that dominated these extreme ecosystems, including Marinobacter, Glaciecola, and Colwellia; and (iii) encoded fatty acid desaturase (FAD) genes that likely helped their hosts overcome cold and salt stress during infection, as well as mediated horizontal gene transfer of FAD genes between microbes. Together, these findings contribute to understanding viral abundances and communities and how viruses impact their microbial hosts in subzero brines and sea ice.IMPORTANCE This study explores viral community structure and function in remote and extreme Arctic environments, including subzero brines within marine layers of permafrost and sea ice, using a modern viral ecogenomics toolkit for the first time. In addition to providing foundational data sets for these climate-threatened habitats, we found evidence that the viruses had habitat specificity, infected dominant microbial hosts, encoded host-derived metabolic genes, and mediated horizontal gene transfer among hosts. These results advance our understanding of the virosphere and how viruses influence extreme ecosystems. More broadly, the evidence that virally mediated gene transfers may be limited by host range in these extreme habitats contributes to a mechanistic understanding of genetic exchange among microbes under stressful conditions in other systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Ping Zhong
- Byrd Polar and Climate Research Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Josephine Z Rapp
- School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - James M Wainaina
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | - Shelly D Carpenter
- School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Zachary S Cooper
- School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ho Bin Jang
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Benjamin Bolduc
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jody W Deming
- School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Matthew B Sullivan
- Byrd Polar and Climate Research Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center of Microbiome Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Yang W, Wang F, Liu LN, Sui N. Responses of Membranes and the Photosynthetic Apparatus to Salt Stress in Cyanobacteria. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:713. [PMID: 32582247 PMCID: PMC7292030 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are autotrophs whose photosynthetic process is similar to that of higher plants, although the photosynthetic apparatus is slightly different. They have been widely used for decades as model systems for studying the principles of photosynthesis, especially the effects of environmental stress on photosynthetic activities. Salt stress, which is the most common abiotic stress in nature, combines ionic and osmotic stresses. High cellular ion concentrations and osmotic stress can alter normal metabolic processes and photosynthesis. Additionally, salt stress increases the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) contents. Excessive amounts of ROS will damage the photosynthetic apparatus, inhibit the synthesis of photosystem-related proteins, including the D1 protein, and destroy the thylakoid membrane structure, leading to inhibited photosynthesis. In this review, we mainly introduce the effects of salt stress on the cyanobacterial membranes and photosynthetic apparatus. We also describe specific salt tolerance mechanisms. A thorough characterization of the responses of membranes and photosynthetic apparatus to salt stress may be relevant for increasing agricultural productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Lu-Ning Liu
- College of Marine Life Sciences, and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Na Sui
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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7
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Tanniche I, Collakova E, Denbow C, Senger RS. Characterizing metabolic stress-induced phenotypes of Synechocystis PCC6803 with Raman spectroscopy. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8535. [PMID: 32266110 PMCID: PMC7115747 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During their long evolution, Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 developed a remarkable capacity to acclimate to diverse environmental conditions. In this study, Raman spectroscopy and Raman chemometrics tools (RametrixTM) were employed to investigate the phenotypic changes in response to external stressors and correlate specific Raman bands with their corresponding biomolecules determined with widely used analytical methods. METHODS Synechocystis cells were grown in the presence of (i) acetate (7.5-30 mM), (ii) NaCl (50-150 mM) and (iii) limiting levels of MgSO4 (0-62.5 mM) in BG-11 media. Principal component analysis (PCA) and discriminant analysis of PCs (DAPC) were performed with the RametrixTM LITE Toolbox for MATLABⓇ. Next, validation of these models was realized via RametrixTM PRO Toolbox where prediction of accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity for an unknown Raman spectrum was calculated. These analyses were coupled with statistical tests (ANOVA and pairwise comparison) to determine statistically significant changes in the phenotypic responses. Finally, amino acid and fatty acid levels were measured with well-established analytical methods. The obtained data were correlated with previously established Raman bands assigned to these biomolecules. RESULTS Distinguishable clusters representative of phenotypic responses were observed based on the external stimuli (i.e., acetate, NaCl, MgSO4, and controls grown on BG-11 medium) or its concentration when analyzing separately. For all these cases, RametrixTM PRO was able to predict efficiently the corresponding concentration in the culture media for an unknown Raman spectra with accuracy, sensitivity and specificity exceeding random chance. Finally, correlations (R > 0.7) were observed for all amino acids and fatty acids between well-established analytical methods and Raman bands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Tanniche
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
| | - Eva Collakova
- School of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
| | - Cynthia Denbow
- School of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
| | - Ryan S. Senger
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
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Oney-Birol S. Exogenous L-Carnitine Promotes Plant Growth and Cell Division by Mitigating Genotoxic Damage of Salt Stress. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17229. [PMID: 31754247 PMCID: PMC6872569 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53542-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
L-carnitine is a fundamental ammonium compound responsible for energy metabolism in all living organisms. It is an oxidative stress regulator, especially in bacteria and yeast and lipid metabolism in plants. Besides its metabolic functions, l-carnitine has detoxification and antioxidant roles in the cells. Due to the complex interrelationship of l-carnitine between lipid metabolism and salinity dependent oxidative stress, this study investigates the exogenous l-carnitine (1 mM) function on seed germination, cell division and chromosome behaviour in barley seeds (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Bulbul-89) under different salt stress concentrations (0, 0.25, 0.30 and 0.35 M). The present work showed that l-carnitine pretreatment could not be successful to stimulate cell division on barley seeds under non-stressed conditions compared to stressed conditions. Depending on increasing salinity without pretreatment with l-carnitine, the mitotic index significantly decreased in barley seeds. Pretreatment of barley seeds with l-carnitine under salt stress conditions was found promising as a plant growth promoter and stimulator of mitosis. In addition, pretreatment of barley seeds with l-carnitine alleviated detrimental effects of salt stress on chromosome structure and it protected cells from the genotoxic effects of salt. This may be caused by the antioxidant and protective action of the l-carnitine. Consequently, this study demonstrated that the exogenous application of 1 mM l-carnitine mitigates the harmful effects of salt stress by increasing mitosis and decreasing DNA damage caused by oxidative stress on barley seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Signem Oney-Birol
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, 15030, Turkey.
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Arora N, Kumari P, Kumar A, Gangwar R, Gulati K, Pruthi PA, Prasad R, Kumar D, Pruthi V, Poluri KM. Delineating the molecular responses of a halotolerant microalga using integrated omics approach to identify genetic engineering targets for enhanced TAG production. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:2. [PMID: 30622644 PMCID: PMC6318984 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1343-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Harnessing the halotolerant characteristics of microalgae provides a viable alternative for sustainable biomass and triacylglyceride (TAG) production. Scenedesmus sp. IITRIND2 is a fast growing fresh water microalga that has the capability to thrive in high saline environments. To understand the microalga's adaptability, we studied its physiological and metabolic flexibility by studying differential protein, metabolite and lipid expression profiles using metabolomics, proteomics, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and lipidomics under high salinity conditions. RESULTS On exposure to salinity, the microalga rewired its cellular reserves and ultrastructure, restricted the ions channels, and modulated its surface potential along with secretion of extrapolysaccharide to maintain homeostasis and resolve the cellular damage. The algal-omics studies suggested a well-organized salinity-driven metabolic adjustment by the microalga starting from increasing the negatively charged lipids, up regulation of proline and sugars accumulation, followed by direction of carbon and energy flux towards TAG synthesis. Furthermore, the omics studies indicated both de-novo and lipid cycling pathways at work for increasing the overall TAG accumulation inside the microalgal cells. CONCLUSION The salt response observed here is unique and is different from the well-known halotolerant microalga; Dunaliella salina, implying diversity in algal response with species. Based on the integrated algal-omics studies, four potential genetic targets belonging to two different metabolic pathways (salt tolerance and lipid production) were identified, which can be further tested in non-halotolerant algal strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Arora
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667 India
| | - Poonam Kumari
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667 India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226014 India
| | - Rashmi Gangwar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667 India
| | - Khushboo Gulati
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667 India
| | - Parul A. Pruthi
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667 India
| | - Ramasare Prasad
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667 India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226014 India
| | - Vikas Pruthi
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667 India
- Centre for Transportation Systems, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667 India
| | - Krishna Mohan Poluri
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667 India
- Centre for Transportation Systems, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667 India
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Sui N, Wang Y, Liu S, Yang Z, Wang F, Wan S. Transcriptomic and Physiological Evidence for the Relationship between Unsaturated Fatty Acid and Salt Stress in Peanut. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:7. [PMID: 29403517 PMCID: PMC5786550 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is one of the five major oilseed crops cultivated worldwide. Salt stress is a common adverse condition for the growth of this crop in many countries and regions. In this study, physiological parameters and transcriptome profiles of peanut seedlings exposed to salt stress (250 mM NaCl for 4 days, S4) and recovery for 3 days (when transferred to standard conditions for 3 days, R3) were analyzed to detect genes associated with salt stress and recovery in peanut. We observed that the quantum yield of PSII electron transport (ΦPSII) and the maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) decreased in S4 compared with the control, and increased in R3 compared with those in S4. Seedling fresh weight, dry weight and PSI oxidoreductive activity (ΔI/Io) were inhibited in S4 and did not recover in R3. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities decreased in S4 and increased in R3, whereas superoxide anion ([Formula: see text]) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contents increased in S4 and decreased in R3. Transcriptome analysis revealed 1,742 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) under salt stress and 390 DEGs under recovery. Among these DEGs, two DEGs encoding ω-3 fatty acid desaturase that synthesized linolenic acid (18:3) from linoleic acid (18:2) were down-regulated in S4 and up-regulated in R3. Furthermore, ω-3 fatty acid desaturase activity decreased under salt stress and increased under recovery. Consistent with this result, 18:3 content decreased under salt stress and increased under recovery compared with that under salt treatment. In conclusion, salt stress markedly changed the activity of ω-3 fatty acid desaturase and fatty acid composition. The findings provide novel insights for the improvement of salt tolerance in peanut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Sui
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Shubo Wan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
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Zavřel T, Očenášová P, Červený J. Phenotypic characterization of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 substrains reveals differences in sensitivity to abiotic stress. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189130. [PMID: 29216280 PMCID: PMC5720811 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 is a widely used model cyanobacterium, whose substrains can vary on both genotype and phenotype levels. Previously described phenotypic variations include ability of mixotrophic growth, ability of movement on agar plates and variations in pigments composition or cell size. In this study, we report for the first time significant variation among Synechocystis substrains in complex cellular traits such as growth rate, photosynthesis efficiency, cellular dry weight and cellular composition (including protein or carbohydrates content). We also confirmed previously reported differences in cell size. Synechocystis cultures were cultivated in controlled environment of flat panel photobioreactors under red, blue and white light of intensities up to 790 μmol(photons) m-2 s-1, temperatures 23°C–60°C, input CO2 concentrations ranging from 400 to 15 000 ppm and in BG11 cultivation medium with and without addition of NaCl. Three Synechocystis substrains were used for the comparative experiments: GT-L, GT-B (Brno, CZ) and PCC-B (Brno, CZ). Growth rates of Synechocystis GT-B were inhibited under high intensities of red light (585–670 nm), and growth rates of both substrains GT-B and PCC-B were inhibited under photons of wavelengths 485–585 nm and 670–700 nm. Synechocystis GT-B was more sensitive to low temperatures than the other two tested substrains, and Synechocystis GT-L was sensitive to the presence of NaCl in the cultivation media. The results suggest that stress sensitivity of commonly used Synechocystis substrains can strongly vary, similarly as glucose tolerance or motility as reported previously. Our study further supports the previous statement that emphasizes importance of proper Synechocystis substrains selection and awareness of phenotypical differences among Synechocystis substrains which is crucial for comparative and reproducible research. This is highly relevant for studies related to stress physiology and development of sustainable biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Zavřel
- Department of Adaptive Biotechnologies, Global Change Research Institute CAS, Brno, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
| | - Petra Očenášová
- Department of Adaptive Biotechnologies, Global Change Research Institute CAS, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Červený
- Department of Adaptive Biotechnologies, Global Change Research Institute CAS, Brno, Czech Republic
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12
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Cyanophage-encoded lipid desaturases: oceanic distribution, diversity and function. ISME JOURNAL 2017; 12:343-355. [PMID: 29028002 PMCID: PMC5776448 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2017.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are among the most abundant photosynthetic organisms in the oceans; viruses infecting cyanobacteria (cyanophages) can alter cyanobacterial populations, and therefore affect the local food web and global biochemical cycles. These phages carry auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs), which rewire various metabolic pathways in the infected host cell, resulting in increased phage fitness. Coping with stress resulting from photodamage appears to be a central necessity of cyanophages, yet the overall mechanism is poorly understood. Here we report a novel, widespread cyanophage AMG, encoding a fatty acid desaturase (FAD), found in two genotypes with distinct geographical distribution. FADs are capable of modulating the fluidity of the host’s membrane, a fundamental stress response in living cells. We show that both viral FAD (vFAD) families are Δ9 lipid desaturases, catalyzing the desaturation at carbon 9 in C16 fatty acid chains. In addition, we present a comprehensive fatty acid profiling for marine cyanobacteria, which suggests a unique desaturation pathway of medium- to long-chain fatty acids no longer than C16, in accordance with the vFAD activity. Our findings suggest that cyanophages are capable of fiddling with the infected host’s membranes, possibly leading to increased photoprotection and potentially enhancing viral-encoded photosynthetic proteins, resulting in a new viral metabolic network.
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Singh J, Tripathi R, Thakur IS. Characterization of endolithic cyanobacterial strain, Leptolyngbya sp. ISTCY101, for prospective recycling of CO₂ and biodiesel production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 166:345-352. [PMID: 24926608 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The present investigation evaluates the potential of an endolithic cyanobacterium isolated from marble rock to utilize sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) as carbon source for prospective recycling of CO₂ into biodiesel. Microalgae thriving on marble were cultured and subjected to increasing NaHCO₃ concentration. The most competent isolate was identified and characterized in terms of growth, lipid content and fatty acid profile. A semicontinuous mesh incubator was designed for biofilm development. Isolate ISTCY101 was identified as Leptolyngbya sp. by 16S rRNA sequencing. Leptolyngbya ISTCY101 efficiently used BG-11 (50 mM NaHCO₃) and artificial seawater medium (25 gL(-1) NaCl) with biomass productivity 78.9 and 75.74 mg L(-1)d(-1), respectively. Maximum areal biomass productivity of 2.01 gm(-2)d(-1) was recorded in the mesh incubator, with complete exclusion of centrifugation for harvesting. Lipid content varied from 16% to 21%, consisting predominantly of C16:0, C16:1, C18:0, C18:1 fatty acids (>60%) making promising feedstock for biodiesel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Singh
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110 067, India.
| | - Ritu Tripathi
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110 067, India
| | - Indu Shekhar Thakur
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110 067, India.
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14
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Wang S, Uddin MI, Tanaka K, Yin L, Shi Z, Qi Y, Mano J, Matsui K, Shimomura N, Sakaki T, Deng X, Zhang S. Maintenance of Chloroplast Structure and Function by Overexpression of the Rice MONOGALACTOSYLDIACYLGLYCEROL SYNTHASE Gene Leads to Enhanced Salt Tolerance in Tobacco. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 165:1144-1155. [PMID: 24843077 PMCID: PMC4081328 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.238899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In plants, the galactolipids monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and digalactodiacylglycerol (DGDG) are major constituents of photosynthetic membranes in chloroplasts. One of the key enzymes for the biosynthesis of these galactolipids is MGDG synthase (MGD). To investigate the role of MGD in the plant's response to salt stress, we cloned an MGD gene from rice (Oryza sativa) and generated tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants overexpressing OsMGD. The MGD activity in OsMGD transgenic plants was confirmed to be higher than that in the wild-type tobacco cultivar SR1. Immunoblot analysis indicated that OsMGD was enriched in the outer envelope membrane of the tobacco chloroplast. Under salt stress, the transgenic plants exhibited rapid shoot growth and high photosynthetic rate as compared with the wild type. Transmission electron microscopy observation showed that the chloroplasts from salt-stressed transgenic plants had well-developed thylakoid membranes and properly stacked grana lamellae, whereas the chloroplasts from salt-stressed wild-type plants were fairly disorganized and had large membrane-free areas. Under salt stress, the transgenic plants also maintained higher chlorophyll levels. Lipid composition analysis showed that leaves of transgenic plants consistently contained significantly higher MGDG (including 18:3-16:3 and 18:3-18:3 species) and DGDG (including 18:3-16:3, 18:3-16:0, and 18:3-18:3 species) contents and higher DGDG-MGDG ratios than the wild type did under both control and salt stress conditions. These results show that overexpression of OsMGD improves salt tolerance in tobacco and that the galactolipids MGDG and DGDG play an important role in the regulation of chloroplast structure and function in the plant salt stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China (S.W., L.Y., Z.S., X.D., S.Z.);Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China (S.W., L.Y., X.D., S.Z.);Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8533, Japan (M.I.U., K.T., L.Y., N.S.);State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (Y.Q.);Science Research Center (J.M.) and Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, and Department of Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine (K.M.), Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan; andDepartment of Biology, School of Biological Science, Tokai University, Minami-ku, Sapporo 005-8601, Japan (T.S.)
| | - M Imtiaz Uddin
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China (S.W., L.Y., Z.S., X.D., S.Z.);Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China (S.W., L.Y., X.D., S.Z.);Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8533, Japan (M.I.U., K.T., L.Y., N.S.);State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (Y.Q.);Science Research Center (J.M.) and Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, and Department of Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine (K.M.), Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan; andDepartment of Biology, School of Biological Science, Tokai University, Minami-ku, Sapporo 005-8601, Japan (T.S.)
| | - Kiyoshi Tanaka
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China (S.W., L.Y., Z.S., X.D., S.Z.);Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China (S.W., L.Y., X.D., S.Z.);Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8533, Japan (M.I.U., K.T., L.Y., N.S.);State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (Y.Q.);Science Research Center (J.M.) and Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, and Department of Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine (K.M.), Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan; andDepartment of Biology, School of Biological Science, Tokai University, Minami-ku, Sapporo 005-8601, Japan (T.S.)
| | - Lina Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China (S.W., L.Y., Z.S., X.D., S.Z.);Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China (S.W., L.Y., X.D., S.Z.);Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8533, Japan (M.I.U., K.T., L.Y., N.S.);State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (Y.Q.);Science Research Center (J.M.) and Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, and Department of Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine (K.M.), Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan; andDepartment of Biology, School of Biological Science, Tokai University, Minami-ku, Sapporo 005-8601, Japan (T.S.)
| | - Zhonghui Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China (S.W., L.Y., Z.S., X.D., S.Z.);Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China (S.W., L.Y., X.D., S.Z.);Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8533, Japan (M.I.U., K.T., L.Y., N.S.);State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (Y.Q.);Science Research Center (J.M.) and Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, and Department of Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine (K.M.), Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan; andDepartment of Biology, School of Biological Science, Tokai University, Minami-ku, Sapporo 005-8601, Japan (T.S.)
| | - Yanhua Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China (S.W., L.Y., Z.S., X.D., S.Z.);Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China (S.W., L.Y., X.D., S.Z.);Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8533, Japan (M.I.U., K.T., L.Y., N.S.);State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (Y.Q.);Science Research Center (J.M.) and Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, and Department of Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine (K.M.), Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan; andDepartment of Biology, School of Biological Science, Tokai University, Minami-ku, Sapporo 005-8601, Japan (T.S.)
| | - Jun'ichi Mano
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China (S.W., L.Y., Z.S., X.D., S.Z.);Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China (S.W., L.Y., X.D., S.Z.);Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8533, Japan (M.I.U., K.T., L.Y., N.S.);State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (Y.Q.);Science Research Center (J.M.) and Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, and Department of Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine (K.M.), Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan; andDepartment of Biology, School of Biological Science, Tokai University, Minami-ku, Sapporo 005-8601, Japan (T.S.)
| | - Kenji Matsui
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China (S.W., L.Y., Z.S., X.D., S.Z.);Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China (S.W., L.Y., X.D., S.Z.);Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8533, Japan (M.I.U., K.T., L.Y., N.S.);State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (Y.Q.);Science Research Center (J.M.) and Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, and Department of Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine (K.M.), Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan; andDepartment of Biology, School of Biological Science, Tokai University, Minami-ku, Sapporo 005-8601, Japan (T.S.)
| | - Norihiro Shimomura
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China (S.W., L.Y., Z.S., X.D., S.Z.);Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China (S.W., L.Y., X.D., S.Z.);Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8533, Japan (M.I.U., K.T., L.Y., N.S.);State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (Y.Q.);Science Research Center (J.M.) and Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, and Department of Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine (K.M.), Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan; andDepartment of Biology, School of Biological Science, Tokai University, Minami-ku, Sapporo 005-8601, Japan (T.S.)
| | - Takeshi Sakaki
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China (S.W., L.Y., Z.S., X.D., S.Z.);Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China (S.W., L.Y., X.D., S.Z.);Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8533, Japan (M.I.U., K.T., L.Y., N.S.);State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (Y.Q.);Science Research Center (J.M.) and Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, and Department of Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine (K.M.), Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan; andDepartment of Biology, School of Biological Science, Tokai University, Minami-ku, Sapporo 005-8601, Japan (T.S.)
| | - Xiping Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China (S.W., L.Y., Z.S., X.D., S.Z.);Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China (S.W., L.Y., X.D., S.Z.);Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8533, Japan (M.I.U., K.T., L.Y., N.S.);State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (Y.Q.);Science Research Center (J.M.) and Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, and Department of Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine (K.M.), Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan; andDepartment of Biology, School of Biological Science, Tokai University, Minami-ku, Sapporo 005-8601, Japan (T.S.)
| | - Suiqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China (S.W., L.Y., Z.S., X.D., S.Z.);Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China (S.W., L.Y., X.D., S.Z.);Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8533, Japan (M.I.U., K.T., L.Y., N.S.);State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (Y.Q.);Science Research Center (J.M.) and Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, and Department of Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine (K.M.), Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan; andDepartment of Biology, School of Biological Science, Tokai University, Minami-ku, Sapporo 005-8601, Japan (T.S.)
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15
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Amezaga JM, Amtmann A, Biggs CA, Bond T, Gandy CJ, Honsbein A, Karunakaran E, Lawton L, Madsen MA, Minas K, Templeton MR. Biodesalination: a case study for applications of photosynthetic bacteria in water treatment. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 164:1661-76. [PMID: 24610748 PMCID: PMC3982732 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.233973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Shortage of freshwater is a serious problem in many regions worldwide, and is expected to become even more urgent over the next decades as a result of increased demand for food production and adverse effects of climate change. Vast water resources in the oceans can only be tapped into if sustainable, energy-efficient technologies for desalination are developed. Energization of desalination by sunlight through photosynthetic organisms offers a potential opportunity to exploit biological processes for this purpose. Cyanobacterial cultures in particular can generate a large biomass in brackish and seawater, thereby forming a low-salt reservoir within the saline water. The latter could be used as an ion exchanger through manipulation of transport proteins in the cell membrane. In this article, we use the example of biodesalination as a vehicle to review the availability of tools and methods for the exploitation of cyanobacteria in water biotechnology. Issues discussed relate to strain selection, environmental factors, genetic manipulation, ion transport, cell-water separation, process design, safety, and public acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime M. Amezaga
- School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom (J.M.A., C.J.G.)
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom (A.A., A.H., M.A.M.)
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom (C.A.B., E.K.)
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom (T.B., M.R.T.); and
- Institute for Innovation, Design and Sustainability, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7AQ, United Kingdom (L.L., K.M.)
| | | | - Catherine A. Biggs
- School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom (J.M.A., C.J.G.)
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom (A.A., A.H., M.A.M.)
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom (C.A.B., E.K.)
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom (T.B., M.R.T.); and
- Institute for Innovation, Design and Sustainability, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7AQ, United Kingdom (L.L., K.M.)
| | - Tom Bond
- School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom (J.M.A., C.J.G.)
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom (A.A., A.H., M.A.M.)
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom (C.A.B., E.K.)
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom (T.B., M.R.T.); and
- Institute for Innovation, Design and Sustainability, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7AQ, United Kingdom (L.L., K.M.)
| | - Catherine J. Gandy
- School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom (J.M.A., C.J.G.)
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom (A.A., A.H., M.A.M.)
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom (C.A.B., E.K.)
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom (T.B., M.R.T.); and
- Institute for Innovation, Design and Sustainability, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7AQ, United Kingdom (L.L., K.M.)
| | - Annegret Honsbein
- School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom (J.M.A., C.J.G.)
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom (A.A., A.H., M.A.M.)
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom (C.A.B., E.K.)
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom (T.B., M.R.T.); and
- Institute for Innovation, Design and Sustainability, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7AQ, United Kingdom (L.L., K.M.)
| | - Esther Karunakaran
- School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom (J.M.A., C.J.G.)
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom (A.A., A.H., M.A.M.)
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom (C.A.B., E.K.)
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom (T.B., M.R.T.); and
- Institute for Innovation, Design and Sustainability, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7AQ, United Kingdom (L.L., K.M.)
| | - Linda Lawton
- School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom (J.M.A., C.J.G.)
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom (A.A., A.H., M.A.M.)
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom (C.A.B., E.K.)
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom (T.B., M.R.T.); and
- Institute for Innovation, Design and Sustainability, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7AQ, United Kingdom (L.L., K.M.)
| | - Mary Ann Madsen
- School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom (J.M.A., C.J.G.)
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom (A.A., A.H., M.A.M.)
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom (C.A.B., E.K.)
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom (T.B., M.R.T.); and
- Institute for Innovation, Design and Sustainability, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7AQ, United Kingdom (L.L., K.M.)
| | - Konstantinos Minas
- School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom (J.M.A., C.J.G.)
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom (A.A., A.H., M.A.M.)
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom (C.A.B., E.K.)
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom (T.B., M.R.T.); and
- Institute for Innovation, Design and Sustainability, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7AQ, United Kingdom (L.L., K.M.)
| | - Michael R. Templeton
- School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom (J.M.A., C.J.G.)
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom (A.A., A.H., M.A.M.)
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom (C.A.B., E.K.)
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom (T.B., M.R.T.); and
- Institute for Innovation, Design and Sustainability, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7AQ, United Kingdom (L.L., K.M.)
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Pal D, Khozin-Goldberg I, Didi-Cohen S, Solovchenko A, Batushansky A, Kaye Y, Sikron N, Samani T, Fait A, Boussiba S. Growth, lipid production and metabolic adjustments in the euryhaline eustigmatophyte Nannochloropsis oceanica CCALA 804 in response to osmotic downshift. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:8291-306. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5092-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Zhang P, Liu S, Cong B, Wu G, Liu C, Lin X, Shen J, Huang X. A novel omega-3 fatty acid desaturase involved in acclimation processes of polar condition from Antarctic ice algae Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-L. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2011; 13:393-401. [PMID: 20668899 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-010-9309-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The ability of Antarctic ice algae, Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-L, to survive and proliferate at low temperature and high salinity implies that they have overcome key barriers inherent in Antarctic environments. A full-length complementary DNA (cDNA) sequence of omega-3 fatty acid desaturase, designated CiFAD3, was isolated via reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and rapid amplification of cDNA ends methods. The full-length of CiFAD3 cDNA contained an open reading frame of 1,302 bp with 5'-terminal untranslated region (UTR) of 36 bp and 3'-terminal UTR of 507 bp encoding a fatty acid desaturase protein of 434 amino acids. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis showed that the gene was homologous to known chloroplastic omega-3 fatty acid desaturase. Meanwhile, CiFAD3 sequence showed typical features of membrane-bound desaturase such as three conserved histidine boxes along with four membrane spanning regions that were universally present among plant desaturases. Under different stress conditions, messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels of CiFAD3 were measured by quantitative RT-PCR. The results showed that both temperature and salinity could motivate the upregulation of CiFAD3 expression. The mRNA accumulation of CiFAD3 increased 2.6-fold at 0°C and 1.8-fold at 12°C compared to the algae at 6°C. Similarly, mRNA expression levels of CiFAD3 increased 3.8-fold after 62‰ NaCl treatment for 2 h. However, CiFAD3 mRNA expression levels were partially decreased after UV radiation. These data suggest that CiFAD3 is the enzyme responsible for the omega-3 fatty acid desaturation involved in ice algae Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-L acclimatizing to cold temperature and high salinity in Antarctic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengying Zhang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and College of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China
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Singh NK, Dhar DW. Cyanobacterial Reclamation of Salt-Affected Soil. GENETIC ENGINEERING, BIOFERTILISATION, SOIL QUALITY AND ORGANIC FARMING 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-8741-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Pandhal J, Ow SY, Wright PC, Biggs CA. Comparative Proteomics Study of Salt Tolerance between a Nonsequenced Extremely Halotolerant Cyanobacterium and Its Mildly Halotolerant Relative Using in vivo Metabolic Labeling and in vitro Isobaric Labeling. J Proteome Res 2008; 8:818-28. [DOI: 10.1021/pr800283q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jagroop Pandhal
- Biological and Environmental Systems Group, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - Saw Yen Ow
- Biological and Environmental Systems Group, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - Phillip C. Wright
- Biological and Environmental Systems Group, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine A. Biggs
- Biological and Environmental Systems Group, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
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20
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NaCl induced metabolic changes in the diazotrophic cyanobacterium Anabaena cylindrica. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-008-9879-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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21
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Allakhverdiev SI, Murata N. Salt stress inhibits photosystems II and I in cyanobacteria. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2008; 98:529-39. [PMID: 18670904 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-008-9334-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2008] [Accepted: 07/12/2008] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies of responses of cyanobacterial cells to salt stress have revealed that the NaCl-induced decline in the photosynthetic activities of photosystems II and I involves rapid and slow changes. The rapid decreases in the activities of both photosystems, which occur within a few minutes, are reversible and are associated with osmotic effects, which induce the efflux of water from the cytosol through water channels and rapidly increase intracellular concentrations of salts. Slower decreases in activity, which occur within hours, are irreversible and are associated with ionic effects that are due to the influx of Na(+) and Cl(-) ions through K(+)(Na(+)) channels and, probably, Cl(-) channels, with resultant dissociation of extrinsic proteins from photosystems. In combination with light stress, salt stress significantly stimulates photoinhibition by inhibiting repair of photodamaged photosystem II. Tolerance of photosystems to salt stress can be enhanced by genetically engineered increases in the unsaturation of fatty acids in membrane lipids and by intracellular synthesis of compatible solutes, such as glucosylglycerol and glycinebetaine. In this review, we summarize recent progress in research on the effects of salt stress on photosynthesis in cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suleyman I Allakhverdiev
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia
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22
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Abed RM, Kohls K, Schoon R, Scherf AK, Schacht M, Palinska KA, Al-Hassani H, Hamza W, Rullkötter JÃ, Golubic S. Lipid biomarkers, pigments and cyanobacterial diversity of microbial mats across intertidal flats of the arid coast of the Arabian Gulf (Abu Dhabi, UAE). FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2008; 65:449-62. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2008.00537.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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23
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Rajendran UM, Kathirvel E, Anand N. Desiccation-induced Changes in Antioxidant Enzymes, Fatty Acids, and Amino Acids in the Cyanobacterium Tolypothrix scytonemoides. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-006-9221-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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24
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Allakhverdiev SI, Kinoshita M, Inaba M, Suzuki I, Murata N. Unsaturated fatty acids in membrane lipids protect the photosynthetic machinery against salt-induced damage in Synechococcus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2001; 125:1842-53. [PMID: 11299364 PMCID: PMC88840 DOI: 10.1104/pp.125.4.1842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2000] [Revised: 10/07/2000] [Accepted: 11/16/2000] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the tolerance to salt stress of the photosynthetic machinery was examined in relation to the effects of the genetic enhancement of the unsaturation of fatty acids in membrane lipids in wild-type and desA+ cells of Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942. Wild-type cells synthesized saturated and mono-unsaturated fatty acids, whereas desA+ cells, which had been transformed with the desA gene for the Delta12 acyl-lipid desaturase of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, also synthesized di-unsaturated fatty acids. Incubation of wild-type and desA+ cells with 0.5 M NaCl resulted in the rapid loss of the activities of photosystem I, photosystem II, and the Na+/H+ antiport system both in light and in darkness. However, desA+ cells were more tolerant to salt stress and osmotic stress than the wild-type cells. The extent of the recovery of the various photosynthetic activities from the effects of 0.5 M NaCl was much greater in desA+ cells than in wild-type cells. The photosystem II activity of thylakoid membranes from desA+ cells was more resistant to 0.5 M NaCl than that of membranes from wild-type cells. These results demonstrated that the genetically engineered increase in unsaturation of fatty acids in membrane lipids significantly enhanced the tolerance of the photosynthetic machinery to salt stress. The enhanced tolerance was due both to the increased resistance of the photosynthetic machinery to the salt-induced damage and to the increased ability of desA+ cells to repair the photosynthetic and Na+/H+ antiport systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- S I Allakhverdiev
- Department of Regulation Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
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25
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Ward DM, Panke S, Kloppel KD, Christ R, Fredrickson H. Complex polar lipids of a hot spring cyanobacterial mat and its cultivated inhabitants. Appl Environ Microbiol 1994; 60:3358-67. [PMID: 11536647 PMCID: PMC201810 DOI: 10.1128/aem.60.9.3358-3367.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex polar lipids of the hot spring cyanobacterial mat in the 50 to 55 degrees C region of Octopus Spring, Yellowstone National Park, and of thermophilic bacteria cultivated from this or similar habitats, were compared in an attempt to understand the microbial sources of the major lipid biomarkers in this community. Intact complex lipids were analyzed directly by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB-MS), two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and combined TLC-FAB-MS. FAB-MS and TLC gave qualitatively similar results, suggesting that the mat contains major lipids most like those of the cyanobacterial isolate we studied, Synechococcus sp. strain Y-7c-s. These include monoglycosyl, diglycosyl, and sulfoquinosovyl diglycerides (MG, DG, and SQ, respectively) and phosphatidyl glycerol (PG). Though Chloroflexus aurantiacus also contains MG, DG, and PG, the fatty acid chain lengths of mat MGs, DGs, and PGs resemble more those of cyanobacterial than green nonsulfur bacterial lipids. FAB-MS spectra of the lipids of nonphototrophic bacterial isolates were distinctively different from those of the mat and phototrophic isolates. The lipids of these nonphototrophic isolates were not detected in the mat, but most could be detected when added to mat samples. The mat also contains major glycolipids and aminophospholipids of unknown structure and origin. FAB-MS and TLC did not always give quantitatively similar results. In particular, PG and SQ may give disproportionately high FAB-MS responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Ward
- Department of Microbiology, Montana State University, Bozeman 59717, USA.
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26
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Taranto PA, Keenan TW, Potts M. Rehydration induces rapid onset of lipid biosynthesis in desiccated Nostoc commune (Cyanobacteria). BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1993; 1168:228-37. [PMID: 8504158 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(93)90129-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Water, which contained [1,3-3H]glycerol, [35S]sodium sulfate, or [32P]sodium orthophosphate, was used to rehydrate air-dried cells of the desiccation-tolerant filamentous cyanobacterium Nostoc commune. The cells retained their capacities for the uptake and transport of all three compounds and, in response to rewetting, they mobilized the radiolabels into lipid precursors and initiated complex lipid biosynthesis. The onset of these events, measured in short-term, long-term and pulse-chase labeling experiments, was judged to be very rapid. The radiolabeled pool sizes of the major membrane species phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol (SQDG) reached steady-state within several minutes, while those of the two abundant membrane glycolipids, mono- and di-glycosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG, DGDG), achieved uniform labeling within 2 h. The pattern of sulfolipid synthesis was generally more complex than the other lipid species. Analysis of the maturation of SQDG through differential labeling provided the only example of a lag in lipid maturation during the early stages (minutes) of cell rehydration. In this instance, the lag appeared to be associated specifically with the incorporation of 35SO3- by the sulfoquinovose. During the initial 2 h of rewetting there was complete turnover of 3H-label in the pools of the principal lipid precursors 1,2-sn-diacylglycerol and 1,3-diacylglycerol. In contrast, the accumulation of label by the major lipid of the heterocyst cell-wall, a non-saponifiable glycolipid, became detectable only after 24 h of rewetting. The present data are discussed in relation to the basis for desiccation tolerance in N. Commune.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Taranto
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061
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27
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Ritter D, Yopp JH. Plasma membrane lipid composition of the halophilic cyanobacterium Aphanothece halophytica. Arch Microbiol 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00288590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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28
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Miura Y, Sode K, Nakamura N, Matsunaga N, Matsunaga T. Production of gamma-linolenic acid from the marine green alga Chlorella sp. NKG 042401. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1993; 107:163-7. [PMID: 8386122 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1993.tb06024.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
gamma-Linolenic acid (GLA) production using a high GLA producing marine green alga, Chlorella sp. NKG 042401, was studied. GLA was presented in the galactolipid fraction (37.9%/total fatty acids). The effects of growth conditions on GLA production were studied. Optimum salinity for GLA production was 5 g l-1, at which salinity the highest cell concentration was achieved, resulting in a 1.6-fold increase in GLA productivity. Total fatty acid, however, was not drastically affected by change of salinity. Nitrogen starvation decreased the ratio of unsaturated fatty acids, and consequently GLA ratio in total fatty acid decreased. The urea adduct method was used to concentrate GLA from crude extract. As a result, after 5 sequential concentration procedures, GLA was concentrated 5-fold with a yield of 49%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Miura
- Kansai paint Co. Ltd., Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, Japan
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Sode K, Tatara M, Takeyama H, Burgess JG, Matsunaga T. Conjugative gene transfer in marine cyanobacteria: Synechococcus sp., Synechocystis sp. and Pseudanabaena sp. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1992; 37:369-73. [PMID: 1368911 DOI: 10.1007/bf00210994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Versatility of gene transfer by transconjugation in marine cyanobacteria was demonstrated. In this study, seven different marine cyanobacteria were used as recipient cells. First, transconjugation was carried out using the mobilizable transposon (Tn5) carrying plasmid pSUP1021. Transconjugates were observed in all marine cyanobacteria tested. Second, the broad-host-range vector pKT0230 (IncQ) was tested for transconjugation. pKT230 has been successfully transferred in a marine cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. NKBG15041C, and replicated as an autonomous replicon without alteration in the restriction enzyme pattern. A maximum transfer efficiency of 5.2 x 10(-4) transconjugants/recipient cell was observed, when mating was performed on agar plates containing low salinity (0.015 M NaCl) medium. This is the first study to demonstrate gene transfer in marine cyanobacteria via transconjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sode
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan
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