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Wang Y, Xu Y, Liao F, Li T, Li X, Wu B, Hong SB, Xu K, Zang Y, Zheng W. Genome-wide identification of GH9 gene family and the assessment of its role during fruit abscission zone formation in Vaccinium ashei. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2023; 42:1589-1609. [PMID: 37474780 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-023-03049-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE The genomic location and stage-specific expression pattern of GH9 genes reveal their critical roles during fruit abscission zone formation in Vaccinium ashei. Glycosyl hydrolase family 9 (GH9) cellulases play a crucial role in both cellulose synthesis and hydrolysis during plant growth and development. Despite this importance, there is currently no study on the involvement of GH9-encoding genes, specifically VaGH9s, in abscission zone formation of rabbiteye blueberries (Vaccinium ashei). In this study, we identified a total of 61 VaGH9s in the genome, which can be classified into 3 subclasses based on conserved motifs and domains, gene structures, and phylogenetic analyses. Our synteny analysis revealed that VaGH9s are more closely related to the GH9s of Populus L. than to those of Arabidopsis, Vitis vinifera, and Citrus sinensis. In silico structural analysis predicted that most of VaGH9s are hydrophilic, and localized in cell membrane and/or cell wall, and the variable sets of cis-acting regulatory elements and functional diversity with four categories of stress response, hormone regulation, growth and development, and transcription factor-related elements are present in the promoter sequence of VaGH9s genes. Transcriptomic analysis showed that there were 22 differentially expressed VaGH9s in fruit abscission zone tissue at the veraison stage, and the expression of VaGH9B2 and VaGH9C10 was continuously increased during fruit maturation, which were in parallel with the increasing levels of cellulase activity and oxidative stress indicators, suggesting that they are involved in the separation stage of fruit abscission in Vaccinium ashei. Our work identified 22 VaGH9s potentially involved in different stages of fruit abscission and would aid further investigation into the molecular regulation of abscission in rabbiteye blueberries fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Wusu Road 666, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yue Xu
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Wusu Road 666, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fangfang Liao
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Wusu Road 666, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ting Li
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Wusu Road 666, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaolong Li
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Wusu Road 666, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Boping Wu
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Wusu Road 666, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Seung-Beom Hong
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Houston Clear Lake, Houston, TX, 77058-1098, USA
| | - Kai Xu
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Wusu Road 666, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yunxiang Zang
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Wusu Road 666, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weiwei Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Wusu Road 666, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China.
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Pancaldi F, van Loo EN, Senio S, Al Hassan M, van der Cruijsen K, Paulo MJ, Dolstra O, Schranz ME, Trindade LM. Syntenic Cell Wall QTLs as Versatile Breeding Tools: Intraspecific Allelic Variability and Predictability of Biomass Quality Loci in Target Plant Species. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:779. [PMID: 36840127 PMCID: PMC9961111 DOI: 10.3390/plants12040779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Syntenic cell wall QTLs (SQTLs) can identify genetic determinants of biomass traits in understudied species based on results from model crops. However, their effective use in plant breeding requires SQTLs to display intraspecific allelic variability and to predict causative loci in other populations/species than the ones used for SQTLs identification. In this study, genome assemblies from different accessions of Arabidopsis, rapeseed, tomato, rice, Brachypodium and maize were used to evaluate the intraspecific variability of SQTLs. In parallel, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on cell wall quality traits was performed in miscanthus to verify the colocalization between GWAS loci and miscanthus SQTLs. Finally, an analogous approach was applied on a set of switchgrass cell wall QTLs retrieved from the literature. These analyses revealed large SQTLs intraspecific genetic variability, ranging from presence-absence gene variation to SNPs/INDELs and changes in coded proteins. Cell wall genes displaying gene dosage regulation, such as PAL and CAD, displayed presence-absence variation in Brachypodium and rapeseed, while protein INDELs were detected for the Brachypodium homologs of the rice brittle culm-like 8 locus, which may likely impact cell wall quality. Furthermore, SQTLs significantly colocalized with the miscanthus and switchgrass QTLs, with relevant cell wall genes being retained in colocalizing regions. Overall, SQTLs are useful tools to screen germplasm for relevant genes and alleles to improve biomass quality and can increase the efficiency of plant breeding in understudied biomass crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Pancaldi
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eibertus N. van Loo
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sylwia Senio
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mohamad Al Hassan
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kasper van der Cruijsen
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maria-João Paulo
- Biometris, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Oene Dolstra
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - M. Eric Schranz
- Biosystematics, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Luisa M. Trindade
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Mendu L, Jalathge G, Dhillon KK, Singh NP, Balasubramanian VK, Fewou R, Gitz DC, Chen J, Xin Z, Mendu V. Mutation in the Endo-β-1,4-glucanase (KORRIGAN) Is Responsible for Thick Leaf Phenotype in Sorghum. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3531. [PMID: 36559643 PMCID: PMC9780866 DOI: 10.3390/plants11243531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is an important crop for food, feed, and fuel production. Particularly, sorghum is targeted for cellulosic ethanol production. Extraction of cellulose from cell walls is a key process in cellulosic ethanol production, and understanding the components involved in cellulose synthesis is important for both fundamental and applied research. Despite the significance in the biofuel industry, the genes involved in sorghum cell wall biosynthesis, modification, and degradation have not been characterized. In this study, we have identified and characterized three allelic thick leaf mutants (thl1, thl2, and thl3). Bulked Segregant Analysis sequencing (BSAseq) showed that the causal mutation for the thl phenotype is in endo-1,4-β-glucanase gene (SbKOR1). Consistent with the causal gene function, the thl mutants showed decreased crystalline cellulose content in the stem tissues. The SbKOR1 function was characterized using Arabidopsis endo-1,4-β-glucanase gene mutant (rsw2-1). Complementation of Arabidopsis with SbKOR1 (native Arabidopsis promoter and overexpression by 35S promoter) restored the radial swelling phenotype of rsw2-1 mutant, proving that SbKOR1 functions as endo-1,4-β-glucanase. Overall, the present study has identified and characterized sorghum endo-1,4-β-glucanase gene function, laying the foundation for future research on cell wall biosynthesis and engineering of sorghum for biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavanya Mendu
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Gayani Jalathge
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | | | - Nagendra Pratap Singh
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | | | - Rebecca Fewou
- Faculty of Science, University of Angers, 49000 Angers, France
| | - Dennis C. Gitz
- U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Lubbock, TX 79415, USA
| | - Junping Chen
- U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Lubbock, TX 79415, USA
| | - Zhanguo Xin
- U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Lubbock, TX 79415, USA
| | - Venugopal Mendu
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
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Höftberger M, Althammer M, Foissner I, Tenhaken R. Galactose induces formation of cell wall stubs and cell death in Arabidopsis roots. PLANTA 2022; 256:26. [PMID: 35780431 PMCID: PMC9250921 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03919-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis seedlings growing on low concentration of galactose stop regular root growth. Incomplete cell division with cell wall stubs, binuclear and giant cells and lignified root tips are observed. Galactose is a sugar abundant in root cell walls of Arabidopsis. Nevertheless, we found that the germination of Arabidopsis seedlings on galactose containing media causes a strong modification of the root development, as shown by analysing the root with microscopy methods ranging from the bright field over confocal to transmission electron microscopy. At concentrations of about 1 mM, the growth of the primary root stops after a few days though stem cell markers like WOX5 are still expressed. The root tip swells and forms a slightly opaque, partially lignified structure in parts of the cortex and the central cylinder. The formation of the cell plate after mitosis is impaired, often leading to cell wall stubs and binuclear cells. Some cells in the cortex and the central cylinder degenerate, while some rhizodermal and cortical cells increase massively in size. The galactose toxicity phenotype in Arabidopsis depends on the activity of galactokinase and is completely diminished in galactokinase knock-out lines. From the comparison of the galactose toxicity phenotype with those of cytokinesis mutants and plants treated with appropriate inhibitors we speculate that the toxicity syndrome of galactose is caused by interference with intracellular vesicle transport or cell wall biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margit Höftberger
- Department of Environment & Biodiversity, Plant Physiology, All Paris-Lodron University Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Martina Althammer
- Department of Environment & Biodiversity, Plant Physiology, All Paris-Lodron University Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ilse Foissner
- Department of Environment & Biodiversity, Plant Physiology, All Paris-Lodron University Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Raimund Tenhaken
- Department of Environment & Biodiversity, Plant Physiology, All Paris-Lodron University Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
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Genome wide Identification and Characterization of Wheat GH9 Genes Reveals Their Roles in Pollen Development and Anther Dehiscence. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116324. [PMID: 35683004 PMCID: PMC9181332 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoside hydrolase family 9 (GH9) is a key member of the hydrolase family in the process of cellulose synthesis and hydrolysis, playing important roles in plant growth and development. In this study, we investigated the phenotypic characteristics and gene expression involved in pollen fertility conversion and anther dehiscence from a genomewide level. In total, 74 wheat GH9 genes (TaGH9s) were identified, which were classified into Class A, Class B and Class C and unevenly distributed on chromosomes. We also investigated the gene duplication and reveled that fragments and tandem repeats contributed to the amplification of TaGH9s. TaGH9s had abundant hormone-responsive elements and light-responsive elements, involving JA–ABA crosstalk to regulate anther development. Ten TaGH9s, which highly expressed stamen tissue, were selected to further validate their function in pollen fertility conversion and anther dehiscence. Based on the cell phenotype and the results of the scanning electron microscope at the anther dehiscence period, we found that seven TaGH9s may target miRNAs, including some known miRNAs (miR164 and miR398), regulate the level of cellulose by light and phytohormone and play important roles in pollen fertility and anther dehiscence. Finally, we proposed a hypothesis model to reveal the regulation pathway of TaGH9 on fertility conversion and anther dehiscence. Our study provides valuable insights into the GH9 family in explaining the male sterility mechanism of the wheat photo-thermo-sensitive genetic male sterile (PTGMS) line and generates useful male sterile resources for improving wheat hybrid breeding.
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Aniento F, Sánchez de Medina Hernández V, Dagdas Y, Rojas-Pierce M, Russinova E. Molecular mechanisms of endomembrane trafficking in plants. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:146-173. [PMID: 34550393 PMCID: PMC8773984 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Endomembrane trafficking is essential for all eukaryotic cells. The best-characterized membrane trafficking organelles include the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, early and recycling endosomes, multivesicular body, or late endosome, lysosome/vacuole, and plasma membrane. Although historically plants have given rise to cell biology, our understanding of membrane trafficking has mainly been shaped by the much more studied mammalian and yeast models. Whereas organelles and major protein families that regulate endomembrane trafficking are largely conserved across all eukaryotes, exciting variations are emerging from advances in plant cell biology research. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge on plant endomembrane trafficking, with a focus on four distinct trafficking pathways: ER-to-Golgi transport, endocytosis, trans-Golgi network-to-vacuole transport, and autophagy. We acknowledge the conservation and commonalities in the trafficking machinery across species, with emphasis on diversity and plant-specific features. Understanding the function of organelles and the trafficking machinery currently nonexistent in well-known model organisms will provide great opportunities to acquire new insights into the fundamental cellular process of membrane trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Víctor Sánchez de Medina Hernández
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, 1030 Vienna, Austria
- Vienna BioCenter PhD Program, Doctoral School of the University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, A-1030, Vienna, Austria
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7
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Gu Y, Rasmussen CG. Cell biology of primary cell wall synthesis in plants. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:103-128. [PMID: 34613413 PMCID: PMC8774047 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Building a complex structure such as the cell wall, with many individual parts that need to be assembled correctly from distinct sources within the cell, is a well-orchestrated process. Additional complexity is required to mediate dynamic responses to environmental and developmental cues. Enzymes, sugars, and other cell wall components are constantly and actively transported to and from the plasma membrane during diffuse growth. Cell wall components are transported in vesicles on cytoskeletal tracks composed of microtubules and actin filaments. Many of these components, and additional proteins, vesicles, and lipids are trafficked to and from the cell plate during cytokinesis. In this review, we first discuss how the cytoskeleton is initially organized to add new cell wall material or to build a new cell wall, focusing on similarities during these processes. Next, we discuss how polysaccharides and enzymes that build the cell wall are trafficked to the correct location by motor proteins and through other interactions with the cytoskeleton. Finally, we discuss some of the special features of newly formed cell walls generated during cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Gu
- Author for correspondence: (Y.G.), (C.G.R.)
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8
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Li Z, Sela A, Fridman Y, Garstka L, Höfte H, Savaldi-Goldstein S, Wolf S. Optimal BR signalling is required for adequate cell wall orientation in the Arabidopsis root meristem. Development 2021; 148:273348. [PMID: 34739031 PMCID: PMC8627601 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Plant brassinosteroid hormones (BRs) regulate growth in part through altering the properties of the cell wall, the extracellular matrix of plant cells. Conversely, feedback signalling from the wall connects the state of cell wall homeostasis to the BR receptor complex and modulates BR activity. Here, we report that both pectin-triggered cell wall signalling and impaired BR signalling result in altered cell wall orientation in the Arabidopsis root meristem. Furthermore, both depletion of endogenous BRs and exogenous supply of BRs triggered these defects. Cell wall signalling-induced alterations in the orientation of newly placed walls appear to occur late during cytokinesis, after initial positioning of the cortical division zone. Tissue-specific perturbations of BR signalling revealed that the cellular malfunction is unrelated to previously described whole organ growth defects. Thus, tissue type separates the pleiotropic effects of cell wall/BR signals and highlights their importance during cell wall placement. Summary: Both increased and reduced BR signalling strength results in altered cell wall orientation in the Arabidopsis root, uncoupled from whole-root growth control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenni Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ayala Sela
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Yulia Fridman
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Lucía Garstka
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Herman Höfte
- Department of Development, Signalling, and Modelling, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | | | - Sebastian Wolf
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard Karls University, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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9
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Arora D, Damme DV. Motif-based endomembrane trafficking. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:221-238. [PMID: 33605419 PMCID: PMC8154067 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Endomembrane trafficking, which allows proteins and lipids to flow between the different endomembrane compartments, largely occurs by vesicle-mediated transport. Transmembrane proteins intended for transport are concentrated into a vesicle or carrier by undulation of a donor membrane. This is followed by vesicle scission, uncoating, and finally, fusion at the target membrane. Three major trafficking pathways operate inside eukaryotic cells: anterograde, retrograde, and endocytic. Each pathway involves a unique set of machinery and coat proteins that pack the transmembrane proteins, along with their associated lipids, into specific carriers. Adaptor and coatomer complexes are major facilitators that function in anterograde transport and in endocytosis. These complexes recognize the transmembrane cargoes destined for transport and recruit the coat proteins that help form the carriers. These complexes use either linear motifs or posttranslational modifications to recognize the cargoes, which are then packaged and delivered along the trafficking pathways. In this review, we focus on the different trafficking complexes that share a common evolutionary branch in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), and we discuss up-to-date knowledge about the cargo recognition motifs they use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepanksha Arora
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, Ghent 9052, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Daniёl Van Damme
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, Ghent 9052, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, Ghent 9052, Belgium
- Author for communication:
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10
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Liu D, Kumar R, Claus LAN, Johnson AJ, Siao W, Vanhoutte I, Wang P, Bender KW, Yperman K, Martins S, Zhao X, Vert G, Van Damme D, Friml J, Russinova E. Endocytosis of BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 Is Partly Driven by a Canonical Tyr-Based Motif. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:3598-3612. [PMID: 32958564 PMCID: PMC7610300 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.20.00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) and its core endocytic machinery are evolutionarily conserved across all eukaryotes. In mammals, the heterotetrameric adaptor protein complex-2 (AP-2) sorts plasma membrane (PM) cargoes into vesicles via the recognition of motifs based on Tyr or di-Leu in their cytoplasmic tails. However, in plants, very little is known about how PM proteins are sorted for CME and whether similar motifs are required. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), the brassinosteroid (BR) receptor BR INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1) undergoes endocytosis, which depends on clathrin and AP-2. Here, we demonstrate that BRI1 binds directly to the medium AP-2 subunit (AP2M). The cytoplasmic domain of BRI1 contains five putative canonical surface-exposed Tyr-based endocytic motifs. The Tyr-to-Phe substitution in Y898KAI reduced BRI1 internalization without affecting its kinase activity. Consistently, plants carrying the BRI1Y898F mutation were hypersensitive to BRs. Our study demonstrates that AP-2-dependent internalization of PM proteins via the recognition of functional Tyr motifs also operates in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derui Liu
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lucas A N Claus
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Wei Siao
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Vanhoutte
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kyle W Bender
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Klaas Yperman
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sara Martins
- Plant Science Research Laboratory (LRSV), UMR5546 CNRS/Université Toulouse 3, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, 31320 Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Xiuyang Zhao
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Grégory Vert
- Plant Science Research Laboratory (LRSV), UMR5546 CNRS/Université Toulouse 3, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, 31320 Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Daniël Van Damme
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Eugenia Russinova
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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11
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Gigli-Bisceglia N, Engelsdorf T, Hamann T. Plant cell wall integrity maintenance in model plants and crop species-relevant cell wall components and underlying guiding principles. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:2049-2077. [PMID: 31781810 PMCID: PMC7256069 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03388-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The walls surrounding the cells of all land-based plants provide mechanical support essential for growth and development as well as protection from adverse environmental conditions like biotic and abiotic stress. Composition and structure of plant cell walls can differ markedly between cell types, developmental stages and species. This implies that wall composition and structure are actively modified during biological processes and in response to specific functional requirements. Despite extensive research in the area, our understanding of the regulatory processes controlling active and adaptive modifications of cell wall composition and structure is still limited. One of these regulatory processes is the cell wall integrity maintenance mechanism, which monitors and maintains the functional integrity of the plant cell wall during development and interaction with environment. It is an important element in plant pathogen interaction and cell wall plasticity, which seems at least partially responsible for the limited success that targeted manipulation of cell wall metabolism has achieved so far. Here, we provide an overview of the cell wall polysaccharides forming the bulk of plant cell walls in both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants and the effects their impairment can have. We summarize our current knowledge regarding the cell wall integrity maintenance mechanism and discuss that it could be responsible for several of the mutant phenotypes observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Gigli-Bisceglia
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6708 PB, The Netherlands
| | - Timo Engelsdorf
- Division of Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Philipps University of Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Hamann
- Institute for Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 5 Høgskoleringen, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.
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12
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Nagashima Y, Ma Z, Zhang X, von Schaewen A, Koiwa H. Lack of endoplasmic reticulum quality control (ERQC) promotes tonoplast (TP) targeting of KORRIGAN 1 (KOR1). PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2020; 15:1744348. [PMID: 32195619 PMCID: PMC7194375 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2020.1744348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cellular dynamics of KORRIGAN 1 (KOR1) is closely linked with cellulose biosynthesis and plant osmotic stress tolerance. Cycling of KOR1 between the plasma membrane (PM) and trans-Golgi Network (TGN) is maintained by sequence motifs and protein structures that are recognized by cellular transport and quality control mechanisms. Several mutations in KOR1, as well as in the host genetic background, promote the mistargeting of KOR1 and induce KOR1 accumulation in the tonoplast (TP). Yet, little is known about how retention and sorting of KOR1 are regulated in the PM-TGN cycle. Forward genetic screening for GFP-KOR1 mislocalizing phenotype resulted in several mutant lines with different localization patterns or signal intensity of GFP-KOR1. One of the identified mutants were disrupted at UDP-glucose:glycoprotein glucosyltransferase (UGGT) locus, which is essential for the protein quality control in the ER. Our finding suggests the mis/unfolded structure of KOR1 triggers the TP targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Nagashima
- Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center and Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Zeyang Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Xiuren Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Molecular and Environmental Plant Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Antje von Schaewen
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Hisashi Koiwa
- Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center and Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Molecular and Environmental Plant Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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13
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Nagashima Y, Ma Z, Liu X, Qian X, Zhang X, von Schaewen A, Koiwa H. Multiple Quality Control Mechanisms in the ER and TGN Determine Subcellular Dynamics and Salt-Stress Tolerance Function of KORRIGAN1. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:470-485. [PMID: 31852774 PMCID: PMC7008481 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Among many glycoproteins within the plant secretory system, KORRIGAN1 (KOR1), a membrane-anchored endo-β-1,4-glucanase involved in cellulose biosynthesis, provides a link between N-glycosylation, cell wall biosynthesis, and abiotic stress tolerance. After insertion into the endoplasmic reticulum, KOR1 cycles between the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and the plasma membrane (PM). From the TGN, the protein is targeted to growing cell plates during cell division. These processes are governed by multiple sequence motifs and also host genotypes. Here, we investigated the interaction and hierarchy of known and newly identified sorting signals in KOR1 and how they affect KOR1 transport at various stages in the secretory pathway. Conventional steady-state localization showed that structurally compromised KOR1 variants were directed to tonoplasts. In addition, a tandem fluorescent timer technology allowed for differential visualization of young versus aged KOR1 proteins, enabling the analysis of single-pass transport through the secretory pathway. Observations suggest the presence of multiple checkpoints/branches during KOR1 trafficking, where the destination is determined based on KOR1's sequence motifs and folding status. Moreover, growth analyses of dominant PM-confined KOR1-L48L49→A48A49 variants revealed the importance of active removal of KOR1 from the PM during salt stress, which otherwise interfered with stress acclimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Nagashima
- Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center and Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Zeyang Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Xueting Liu
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Xiaoning Qian
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Xiuren Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
- Molecular and Environmental Plant Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Antje von Schaewen
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Hisashi Koiwa
- Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center and Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
- Molecular and Environmental Plant Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
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14
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Niu Q, Tan K, Zang Z, Xiao Z, Chen K, Hu M, Luo M. Modification of phytosterol composition influences cotton fiber cell elongation and secondary cell wall deposition. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:208. [PMID: 31109298 PMCID: PMC6528235 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1830-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cotton fiber is a single cell that arises from the epidermis of ovule. It is not only a main economic product of cotton, but an ideal material for studying on the growth and development of plant cell. Our previous study indicated that phytosterol content and the ratio of campesterol to sitosterol fluctuated regularly in cotton fiber development. However, what effects of modified phytosterol content and composition on the growth and development of cotton fiber cell is unknown. In this study, we overexpressed the GhSMT2-1, a cotton homologue of sterol C-24 methyltransferase 2 gene in transgenic upland cotton plants to modify phytosterol content and composition in fiber cells and investigated the changes on fiber elongation and secondary cell wall deposition. RESULTS GhSMT2-1 overexpression led to changes of phytosterol content and the ratio of campesterol to sitosterol in fiber cell. At the rapid elongation stage of fiber cell, total phytosterol and sitosterol contents were increased while campesterol content was decreased in transgenic fibers when compared to control fibers. Accordingly, the ratio of campesterol to sitosterol declined strikingly. Simultaneously, the transgenic fibers were shorter and thicker than control fibers. Exogenous application of sitosterol or campesterol separately inhibited control fiber cell elongation in cotton ovule culture system in vitro. In addition, campesterol treatment partially rescued transgenic fiber elongation. CONCLUSION These results elucidated that modification of phytosterol content and composition influenced fiber cell elongation and secondary cell wall formation. High sitosterol or low ratio of campesterol to sitosterol suppresses fiber elongation and/or promote secondary cell wall deposition. The roles of sitosterol and campesterol were discussed in fiber cell development. There might be a specific ratio of campesterol to sitosterol in different developmental stage of cotton fibers, in which GhSMT2-1 play an important role. Our study, at a certain degree, provides novel insights into the regulatory mechanisms of fiber cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Niu
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Crop Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture/Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Tiansheng Road 2, Beibei, Chongqing, 400716 People’s Republic of China
| | - Kunling Tan
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Crop Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture/Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Tiansheng Road 2, Beibei, Chongqing, 400716 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenle Zang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Crop Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture/Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Tiansheng Road 2, Beibei, Chongqing, 400716 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongyi Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Crop Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture/Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Tiansheng Road 2, Beibei, Chongqing, 400716 People’s Republic of China
| | - Kuijun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Crop Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture/Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Tiansheng Road 2, Beibei, Chongqing, 400716 People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingyu Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Crop Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture/Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Tiansheng Road 2, Beibei, Chongqing, 400716 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Luo
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Crop Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture/Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Tiansheng Road 2, Beibei, Chongqing, 400716 People’s Republic of China
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15
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Smertenko A, Hewitt SL, Jacques CN, Kacprzyk R, Liu Y, Marcec MJ, Moyo L, Ogden A, Oung HM, Schmidt S, Serrano-Romero EA. Phragmoplast microtubule dynamics - a game of zones. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.203331. [PMID: 29074579 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.203331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant morphogenesis relies on the accurate positioning of the partition (cell plate) between dividing cells during cytokinesis. The cell plate is synthetized by a specialized structure called the phragmoplast, which consists of microtubules, actin filaments, membrane compartments and associated proteins. The phragmoplast forms between daughter nuclei during the transition from anaphase to telophase. As cells are commonly larger than the originally formed phragmoplast, the construction of the cell plate requires phragmoplast expansion. This expansion depends on microtubule polymerization at the phragmoplast forefront (leading zone) and loss at the back (lagging zone). Leading and lagging zones sandwich the 'transition' zone. A population of stable microtubules in the transition zone facilitates transport of building materials to the midzone where the cell plate assembly takes place. Whereas microtubules undergo dynamic instability in all zones, the overall balance appears to be shifted towards depolymerization in the lagging zone. Polymerization of microtubules behind the lagging zone has not been reported to date, suggesting that microtubule loss there is irreversible. In this Review, we discuss: (1) the regulation of microtubule dynamics in the phragmoplast zones during expansion; (2) mechanisms of the midzone establishment and initiation of cell plate biogenesis; and (3) signaling in the phragmoplast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Smertenko
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Pullman, WA 99164, USA .,Molecular Plant Sciences Graduate Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Seanna L Hewitt
- Molecular Plant Sciences Graduate Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.,Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Caitlin N Jacques
- Molecular Plant Sciences Graduate Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.,Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Rafal Kacprzyk
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Yan Liu
- Molecular Plant Sciences Graduate Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.,School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Matthew J Marcec
- Molecular Plant Sciences Graduate Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.,Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Lindani Moyo
- Molecular Plant Sciences Graduate Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.,Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Aaron Ogden
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.,Molecular Plant Sciences Graduate Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Hui Min Oung
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.,Molecular Plant Sciences Graduate Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Sharol Schmidt
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.,Molecular Plant Sciences Graduate Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Erika A Serrano-Romero
- Molecular Plant Sciences Graduate Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.,School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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16
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Sinclair R, Rosquete MR, Drakakaki G. Post-Golgi Trafficking and Transport of Cell Wall Components. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1784. [PMID: 30581448 PMCID: PMC6292943 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The cell wall, a complex macromolecular composite structure surrounding and protecting plant cells, is essential for development, signal transduction, and disease resistance. This structure is also integral to cell expansion, as its tensile resistance is the primary balancing mechanism against internal turgor pressure. Throughout these processes, the biosynthesis, transport, deposition, and assembly of cell wall polymers are tightly regulated. The plant endomembrane system facilitates transport of polysaccharides, polysaccharide biosynthetic and modifying enzymes and glycoproteins through vesicle trafficking pathways. Although a number of enzymes involved in cell wall biosynthesis have been identified, comparatively little is known about the transport of cell wall polysaccharides and glycoproteins by the endomembrane system. This review summarizes our current understanding of trafficking of cell wall components during cell growth and cell division. Emerging technologies, such as vesicle glycomics, are also discussed as promising avenues to gain insights into the trafficking of structural polysaccharides to the apoplast.
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17
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Nawaz MA, Rehman HM, Imtiaz M, Baloch FS, Lee JD, Yang SH, Lee SI, Chung G. Systems Identification and Characterization of Cell Wall Reassembly and Degradation Related Genes in Glycine max (L.) Merill, a Bioenergy Legume. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10862. [PMID: 28883533 PMCID: PMC5589831 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11495-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean is a promising biomass resource for generation of second-generation biofuels. Despite the utility of soybean cellulosic biomass and post-processing residues in biofuel generation, there is no comprehensive information available on cell wall loosening and degradation related gene families. In order to achieve enhanced lignocellulosic biomass with softened cell walls and reduced recalcitrance, it is important to identify genes involved in cell wall polymer loosening and degrading. Comprehensive genome-wide analysis of gene families involved in cell wall modifications is an efficient stratagem to find new candidate genes for soybean breeding for expanding biofuel industry. We report the identification of 505 genes distributed among 12 gene families related to cell wall loosening and degradation. 1262 tandem duplication events contributed towards expansion and diversification of studied gene families. We identified 687 Simple Sequence Repeat markers and 5 miRNA families distributed on 316 and 10 genes, respectively. Publically available microarray datasets were used to explore expression potential of identified genes in soybean plant developmental stages, 68 anatomical parts, abiotic and biotic stresses. Co-expression networks revealed transcriptional coordination of different gene families involved in cell wall loosening and degradation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Amjad Nawaz
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Chonnam, 59626, Republic of Korea
| | - Hafiz Mamoon Rehman
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Chonnam, 59626, Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Imtiaz
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Faheem Shehzad Baloch
- Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agricultural and Natural Science, Abant Izzet Baysal University, 14280, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Jeong Dong Lee
- Division of Plant Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Yang
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Chonnam, 59626, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo In Lee
- Metabolic Engineering Division, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (NAS), Jeonju, 54874, Republic of Korea.
| | - Gyuhwa Chung
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Chonnam, 59626, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Higaki T, Takigawa-Imamura H, Akita K, Kutsuna N, Kobayashi R, Hasezawa S, Miura T. Exogenous Cellulase Switches Cell Interdigitation to Cell Elongation in an RIC1-dependent Manner in Arabidopsis thaliana Cotyledon Pavement Cells. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:106-119. [PMID: 28011873 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Pavement cells in cotyledons and true leaves exhibit a jigsaw puzzle-like morphology in most dicotyledonous plants. Among the molecular mechanisms mediating cell morphogenesis, two antagonistic Rho-like GTPases regulate local cell outgrowth via cytoskeletal rearrangements. Analyses of several cell wall-related mutants suggest the importance of cell wall mechanics in the formation of interdigitated patterns. However, how these factors are integrated is unknown. In this study, we observed that the application of exogenous cellulase to hydroponically grown Arabidopsis thaliana cotyledons switched the interdigitation of pavement cells to the production of smoothly elongated cells. The cellulase-induced inhibition of cell interdigitation was not observed in a RIC1 knockout mutant. This gene encodes a Rho-like GTPase-interacting protein important for localized cell growth suppression via microtubule bundling on concave cell interfaces. Additionally, to characterize pavement cell morphologies, we developed a mathematical model that considers the balance between cell and cell wall growth, restricted global cell growth orientation, and regulation of local cell outgrowth mediated by a Rho-like GTPase-cytoskeleton system. Our computational simulations fully support our experimental observations, and suggest that interdigitated patterns form because of mechanical buckling in the absence of Rho-like GTPase-dependent regulation of local cell outgrowth. Our model clarifies the cell wall mechanics influencing pavement cell morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Higaki
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hisako Takigawa-Imamura
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kae Akita
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Natsumaro Kutsuna
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
- Research and Development Division, LPixel Inc., Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Kobayashi
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Seiichiro Hasezawa
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takashi Miura
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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19
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Bonneau J, Baumann U, Beasley J, Li Y, Johnson AAT. Identification and molecular characterization of the nicotianamine synthase gene family in bread wheat. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:2228-2239. [PMID: 27155533 PMCID: PMC5103229 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Nicotianamine (NA) is a non-protein amino acid involved in fundamental aspects of metal uptake, transport and homeostasis in all plants and constitutes the biosynthetic precursor of mugineic acid family phytosiderophores (MAs) in graminaceous plant species. Nicotianamine synthase (NAS) genes, which encode enzymes that synthesize NA from S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM), are differentially regulated by iron (Fe) status in most plant species and plant genomes have been found to contain anywhere from 1 to 9 NAS genes. This study describes the identification of 21 NAS genes in the hexaploid bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genome and their phylogenetic classification into two distinct clades. The TaNAS genes are highly expressed during germination, seedling growth and reproductive development. Fourteen of the clade I NAS genes were up-regulated in root tissues under conditions of Fe deficiency. Protein sequence analyses revealed the presence of endocytosis motifs in all of the wheat NAS proteins as well as chloroplast, mitochondrial and secretory transit peptide signals in four proteins. These results greatly expand our knowledge of NAS gene families in graminaceous plant species as well as the genetics underlying Fe nutrition in bread wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Bonneau
- School of BioSciencesThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Ute Baumann
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional GenomicsThe University of AdelaideAdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Jesse Beasley
- School of BioSciencesThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Yuan Li
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional GenomicsThe University of AdelaideAdelaideSAAustralia
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20
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Sancho-Andrés G, Soriano-Ortega E, Gao C, Bernabé-Orts JM, Narasimhan M, Müller AO, Tejos R, Jiang L, Friml J, Aniento F, Marcote MJ. Sorting Motifs Involved in the Trafficking and Localization of the PIN1 Auxin Efflux Carrier. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 171:1965-82. [PMID: 27208248 PMCID: PMC4936568 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In contrast with the wealth of recent reports about the function of μ-adaptins and clathrin adaptor protein (AP) complexes, there is very little information about the motifs that determine the sorting of membrane proteins within clathrin-coated vesicles in plants. Here, we investigated putative sorting signals in the large cytosolic loop of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) PIN-FORMED1 (PIN1) auxin transporter, which are involved in binding μ-adaptins and thus in PIN1 trafficking and localization. We found that Phe-165 and Tyr-280, Tyr-328, and Tyr-394 are involved in the binding of different μ-adaptins in vitro. However, only Phe-165, which binds μA(μ2)- and μD(μ3)-adaptin, was found to be essential for PIN1 trafficking and localization in vivo. The PIN1:GFP-F165A mutant showed reduced endocytosis but also localized to intracellular structures containing several layers of membranes and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) markers, suggesting that they correspond to ER or ER-derived membranes. While PIN1:GFP localized normally in a μA (μ2)-adaptin mutant, it accumulated in big intracellular structures containing LysoTracker in a μD (μ3)-adaptin mutant, consistent with previous results obtained with mutants of other subunits of the AP-3 complex. Our data suggest that Phe-165, through the binding of μA (μ2)- and μD (μ3)-adaptin, is important for PIN1 endocytosis and for PIN1 trafficking along the secretory pathway, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Sancho-Andrés
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain (G.S.-A., E.S.-O., J.M.B.-O., F.A., M.J.M.);Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klostenburg, Austria (M.N., A.O.M., R.T., J.F.); andSchool of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (C.G., L.J.)
| | - Esther Soriano-Ortega
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain (G.S.-A., E.S.-O., J.M.B.-O., F.A., M.J.M.);Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klostenburg, Austria (M.N., A.O.M., R.T., J.F.); andSchool of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (C.G., L.J.)
| | - Caiji Gao
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain (G.S.-A., E.S.-O., J.M.B.-O., F.A., M.J.M.);Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klostenburg, Austria (M.N., A.O.M., R.T., J.F.); andSchool of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (C.G., L.J.)
| | - Joan Miquel Bernabé-Orts
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain (G.S.-A., E.S.-O., J.M.B.-O., F.A., M.J.M.);Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klostenburg, Austria (M.N., A.O.M., R.T., J.F.); andSchool of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (C.G., L.J.)
| | - Madhumitha Narasimhan
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain (G.S.-A., E.S.-O., J.M.B.-O., F.A., M.J.M.);Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klostenburg, Austria (M.N., A.O.M., R.T., J.F.); andSchool of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (C.G., L.J.)
| | - Anna Ophelia Müller
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain (G.S.-A., E.S.-O., J.M.B.-O., F.A., M.J.M.);Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klostenburg, Austria (M.N., A.O.M., R.T., J.F.); andSchool of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (C.G., L.J.)
| | - Ricardo Tejos
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain (G.S.-A., E.S.-O., J.M.B.-O., F.A., M.J.M.);Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klostenburg, Austria (M.N., A.O.M., R.T., J.F.); andSchool of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (C.G., L.J.)
| | - Liwen Jiang
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain (G.S.-A., E.S.-O., J.M.B.-O., F.A., M.J.M.);Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klostenburg, Austria (M.N., A.O.M., R.T., J.F.); andSchool of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (C.G., L.J.)
| | - Jiří Friml
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain (G.S.-A., E.S.-O., J.M.B.-O., F.A., M.J.M.);Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klostenburg, Austria (M.N., A.O.M., R.T., J.F.); andSchool of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (C.G., L.J.)
| | - Fernando Aniento
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain (G.S.-A., E.S.-O., J.M.B.-O., F.A., M.J.M.);Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klostenburg, Austria (M.N., A.O.M., R.T., J.F.); andSchool of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (C.G., L.J.)
| | - María Jesús Marcote
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain (G.S.-A., E.S.-O., J.M.B.-O., F.A., M.J.M.);Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klostenburg, Austria (M.N., A.O.M., R.T., J.F.); andSchool of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (C.G., L.J.)
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Gillmor CS, Roeder AHK, Sieber P, Somerville C, Lukowitz W. A Genetic Screen for Mutations Affecting Cell Division in the Arabidopsis thaliana Embryo Identifies Seven Loci Required for Cytokinesis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146492. [PMID: 26745275 PMCID: PMC4712874 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis in plants involves the formation of unique cellular structures such as the phragmoplast and the cell plate, both of which are required to divide the cell after nuclear division. In order to isolate genes that are involved in de novo cell wall formation, we performed a large-scale, microscope-based screen for Arabidopsis mutants that severely impair cytokinesis in the embryo. We recovered 35 mutations that form abnormally enlarged cells with multiple, often polyploid nuclei and incomplete cell walls. These mutants represent seven genes, four of which have previously been implicated in phragmoplast or cell plate function. Mutations in two loci show strongly reduced transmission through the haploid gametophytic generation. Molecular cloning of both corresponding genes reveals that one is represented by hypomorphic alleles of the kinesin-5 gene RADIALLY SWOLLEN 7 (homologous to tobacco kinesin-related protein TKRP125), and that the other gene corresponds to the Arabidopsis FUSED ortholog TWO-IN-ONE (originally identified based on its function in pollen development). No mutations that completely abolish the formation of cross walls in diploid cells were found. Our results support the idea that cytokinesis in the diploid and haploid generations involve similar mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Stewart Gillmor
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution, Stanford, California, 94305, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305, United States of America
| | - Adrienne H. K. Roeder
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution, Stanford, California, 94305, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305, United States of America
| | - Patrick Sieber
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution, Stanford, California, 94305, United States of America
| | - Chris Somerville
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution, Stanford, California, 94305, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305, United States of America
| | - Wolfgang Lukowitz
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution, Stanford, California, 94305, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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22
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Kundu S, Sharma R. In silico Identification and Taxonomic Distribution of Plant Class C GH9 Endoglucanases. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1185. [PMID: 27570528 PMCID: PMC4981690 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The glycoside hydrolase 9 superfamily, mainly comprising the endoglucanases, is represented in all three domains of life. The current division of GH9 enzymes, into three subclasses, namely A, B, and C, is centered on parameters derived from sequence information alone. However, this classification is ambiguous, and is limited by the paralogous ancestry of classes B and C endoglucanases, and paucity of biochemical and structural data. Here, we extend this classification schema to putative GH9 endoglucanases present in green plants, with an emphasis on identifying novel members of the class C subset. These enzymes cleave the β(1 → 4) linkage between non-terminal adjacent D-glucopyranose residues, in both, amorphous and crystalline regions of cellulose. We utilized non redundant plant GH9 enzymes with characterized molecular data, as the training set to construct Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) and train an Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The parameters that were used for predicting dominant enzyme function, were derived from this training set, and subsequently refined on 147 sequences with available expression data. Our knowledge-based approach, can ascribe differential endoglucanase activity (A, B, or C) to a query sequence with high confidence, and was used to construct a local repository of class C GH9 endoglucanases (GH9C = 241) from 32 sequenced green plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhartha Kundu
- Department of Biochemistry, Dr. Baba Saheb Ambedkar Medical College & HospitalNew Delhi, India
- Mathematical and Computational Biology, Information Technology Research Academy, Media Lab AsiaNew Delhi, India
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew Delhi, India
- *Correspondence: Siddhartha Kundu
| | - Rita Sharma
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew Delhi, India
- Rita Sharma
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Shang X, Chai Q, Zhang Q, Jiang J, Zhang T, Guo W, Ruan YL. Down-regulation of the cotton endo-1,4-β-glucanase gene KOR1 disrupts endosperm cellularization, delays embryo development, and reduces early seedling vigour. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:3071-83. [PMID: 25805716 PMCID: PMC4449532 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Towards the aim of examining the potential function of KORRIGAN (KOR), a highly conserved membrane-bound endoglucanase, in reproductive development, here transgenic evidence is provided that a cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) endoglucanase, GhKOR1, plays significant roles in endosperm and embryo development. RNA interference (RNAi)- and co-suppression-mediated down-regulation of GhKOR1 resulted in smaller filial tissue and reduced seed weight, which were characterized by disrupted endosperm cellularization and delayed embryo development, leading to a delayed germination and a weak growth of seedlings early in development. The transgenic seeds exhibited fewer and smaller endosperm cells with irregular and brittle cell walls, and their embryos developed only to the globular stage at 10 days post-anthesis (DPA) when the wild-type endosperm has become highly cellularized and the embryo has progressed to the heart stage. The transgenic seed also displayed a significant reduction of callose in the seed coat transfer cells and reduced cellulose content both in the seed coat and in mature fibres. These findings demonstrate that GhKOR1 is required for the developmental of both seed filial and maternal tissues and the establishment of seedling vigour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cotton Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia Australia-China Research Centre for Crop Improvement, the University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Qichao Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cotton Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Qinghu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cotton Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jianxiong Jiang
- College of Bioscience and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Tianzhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cotton Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wangzhen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cotton Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yong-Ling Ruan
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia Australia-China Research Centre for Crop Improvement, the University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
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24
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von Schaewen A, Rips S, Jeong IS, Koiwa H. Arabidopsis thaliana KORRIGAN1 protein: N-glycan modification, localization, and function in cellulose biosynthesis and osmotic stress responses. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2015; 10:e1024397. [PMID: 26039485 PMCID: PMC4622505 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2015.1024397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant cellulose biosynthesis is a complex process involving cellulose-synthase complexes (CSCs) and various auxiliary factors essential for proper orientation and crystallinity of cellulose microfibrils in the apoplast. Among them is KORRIGAN1 (KOR1), a type-II membrane protein with multiple N-glycans within its C-terminal cellulase domain. N-glycosylation of the cellulase domain was important for KOR1 targeting to and retention within the trans-Golgi network (TGN), and prevented accumulation of KOR1 at tonoplasts. The degree of successful TGN localization of KOR1 agreed well with in vivo-complementation efficacy of the rsw2-1 mutant, suggesting non-catalytic functions in the TGN. A dynamic interaction network involving microtubules, CSCs, KOR1, and currently unidentified glycoprotein component(s) likely determines stress-triggered re-organization of cellulose biosynthesis and resumption of cell-wall growth under stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje von Schaewen
- Molekulare Physiologie der Pflanzen; Institut für Biologie & Biotechnologie der Pflanzen; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Münster, Germany
| | - Stephan Rips
- Molekulare Physiologie der Pflanzen; Institut für Biologie & Biotechnologie der Pflanzen; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Münster, Germany
| | - In Sil Jeong
- Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center; Department of Horticultural Sciences; and Molecular and Environmental Plant Science Program; Texas A&M University; College Station, TX, USA
| | - Hisashi Koiwa
- Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center; Department of Horticultural Sciences; and Molecular and Environmental Plant Science Program; Texas A&M University; College Station, TX, USA
- Correspondence to: Hisashi Koiwa;
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Sorek N, Sorek H, Kijac A, Szemenyei HJ, Bauer S, Hématy K, Wemmer DE, Somerville CR. The Arabidopsis COBRA protein facilitates cellulose crystallization at the plasma membrane. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:34911-20. [PMID: 25331944 PMCID: PMC4263889 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.607192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the Arabidopsis COBRA gene lead to defects in cellulose synthesis but the function of COBRA is unknown. Here we present evidence that COBRA localizes to discrete particles in the plasma membrane and is sensitive to inhibitors of cellulose synthesis, suggesting that COBRA and the cellulose synthase complex reside in close proximity on the plasma membrane. Live-cell imaging of cellulose synthesis indicated that, once initiated, cellulose synthesis appeared to proceed normally in the cobra mutant. Using isothermal calorimetry, COBRA was found to bind individual β1-4-linked glucan chains with a KD of 3.2 μm. Competition assays suggests that COBRA binds individual β1-4-linked glucan chains with higher affinity than crystalline cellulose. Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance studies of the cell wall of the cobra mutant also indicated that, in addition to decreases in cellulose amount, the properties of the cellulose fibrils and other cell wall polymers differed from wild type by being less crystalline and having an increased number of reducing ends. We interpret the available evidence as suggesting that COBRA facilitates cellulose crystallization from the emerging β1-4-glucan chains by acting as a "polysaccharide chaperone."
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadav Sorek
- From the Energy Biosciences Institute, the Plant and Microbial Biology Department, and
| | | | - Aleksandra Kijac
- the Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Heidi J Szemenyei
- From the Energy Biosciences Institute, the Plant and Microbial Biology Department, and
| | | | - Kian Hématy
- the INRA, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France, and
| | - David E Wemmer
- From the Energy Biosciences Institute, the Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Chris R Somerville
- From the Energy Biosciences Institute, the Plant and Microbial Biology Department, and Department of Arid Land Agriculture, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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KORRIGAN1 interacts specifically with integral components of the cellulose synthase machinery. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112387. [PMID: 25383767 PMCID: PMC4226561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulose is synthesized by the so called rosette protein complex and the catalytic subunits of this complex are the cellulose synthases (CESAs). It is thought that the rosette complexes in the primary and secondary cell walls each contains at least three different non-redundant cellulose synthases. In addition to the CESA proteins, cellulose biosynthesis almost certainly requires the action of other proteins, although few have been identified and little is known about the biochemical role of those that have been identified. One of these proteins is KORRIGAN (KOR1). Mutant analysis of this protein in Arabidopsis thaliana showed altered cellulose content in both the primary and secondary cell wall. KOR1 is thought to be required for cellulose synthesis acting as a cellulase at the plasma membrane–cell wall interface. KOR1 has recently been shown to interact with the primary cellulose synthase rosette complex however direct interaction with that of the secondary cell wall has never been demonstrated. Using various methods, both in vitro and in planta, it was shown that KOR1 interacts specifically with only two of the secondary CESA proteins. The KOR1 protein domain(s) involved in the interaction with the CESA proteins were also identified by analyzing the interaction of truncated forms of KOR1 with CESA proteins. The KOR1 transmembrane domain has shown to be required for the interaction between KOR1 and the different CESAs, as well as for higher oligomer formation of KOR1.
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Yu L, Chen H, Sun J, Li L. PtrKOR1 is required for secondary cell wall cellulose biosynthesis in Populus. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 34:1289-300. [PMID: 24728296 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpu020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
KORRIGAN (KOR), encoding an endo-1,4-β-glucanase, plays a critical role in the cellulose synthesis of plant cell wall formation. KOR sequence orthologs are duplicated in the Populus genome relative to Arabidopsis. This study reports an expression analysis of the KOR genes in Populus. The five PtrKOR genes displayed different expression patterns, suggesting that they play roles in different developmental processes. Through RNAi suppression, results demonstrated that PtrKOR1 is required for secondary cell wall cellulose formation in Populus. Together, the results suggest that the PtrKOR genes may play distinct roles in association with cell wall formation in different tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics/CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hongpeng Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics/CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China Present address: China Eucalyptus Research Center, 30 Middle Renmin Ave, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524022, China
| | - Jiayan Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics/CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Laigeng Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics/CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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28
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Bauchet G, Munos S, Sauvage C, Bonnet J, Grivet L, Causse M. Genes involved in floral meristem in tomato exhibit drastically reduced genetic diversity and signature of selection. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:279. [PMID: 25325924 PMCID: PMC4210547 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0279-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Domestication and selection of crops have notably reshaped fruit morphology. With its large phenotypic diversity, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) illustrates this evolutive trend. Genes involved in flower meristem development are known to regulate also fruit morphology. To decipher the genetic variation underlying tomato fruit morphology, we assessed the nucleotide diversity and selection footprints of candidate genes involved in flower and fruit development and performed genome-wide association studies. RESULTS Thirty candidate genes were selected according to their similarity with genes involved in meristem development or their known causal function in Arabidopsis thaliana. In tomato, these genes and flanking regions were sequenced in a core collection of 96 accessions (including cultivated, cherry-type and wild relative accessions) maximizing the molecular diversity, using the Roche 454 technology. A total amount of 17 Mb was sequenced allowing the discovery of 6,106 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The annotation of the 30 gene regions identified 231 exons carrying 517 SNPs. Subsequently, the nucleotide diversity (π) and the neutral evolution of each region were compared against genome-wide values within the collection, using a SNP array carrying 7,667 SNPs mainly distributed in coding sequences.About half of the genes revealed footprints of selection and polymorphisms putatively involved in fruit size variation by showing negative Tajima's D and nucleotide diversity reduction in cultivated tomato compared to its wild relative. Among the candidates, FW2.2 and BAM1 sequences revealed selection footprints within their promoter regions suggesting their potential involvement in their regulation. Two associations co-localized with previously identified loci: LC (locule number) and Ovate (fruit shape). CONCLUSION Compared to whole genome genotypic data, a drastic reduction of nucleotide diversity was shown for several candidate genes. Strong selection patterns were identified in 15 candidates highlighting the critical role of meristem maintenance genes as well as the impact of domestication on candidates. The study highlighted a set of polymorphisms putatively important in the evolution of these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Bauchet
- />INRA, UR1052, Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes (GAFL), 67 Allée des Chênes Domaine Saint Maurice – CS60094, 84143 Montfavet Cedex, France
- />Syngenta Seeds, 12 chemin de l’Hobit, 31790 Saint Sauveur, France
| | - Stéphane Munos
- />INRA, UR1052, Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes (GAFL), 67 Allée des Chênes Domaine Saint Maurice – CS60094, 84143 Montfavet Cedex, France
- />Present address: INRA, UMR CNRS-INRA 441-2594, 24 Chemin de Borde Rouge – Auzeville - CS 52627, 31326 Castanet Tolosan Cedex, France
| | - Christopher Sauvage
- />INRA, UR1052, Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes (GAFL), 67 Allée des Chênes Domaine Saint Maurice – CS60094, 84143 Montfavet Cedex, France
| | - Julien Bonnet
- />Syngenta Seeds, 12 chemin de l’Hobit, 31790 Saint Sauveur, France
| | - Laurent Grivet
- />Syngenta Seeds, 12 chemin de l’Hobit, 31790 Saint Sauveur, France
| | - Mathilde Causse
- />INRA, UR1052, Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes (GAFL), 67 Allée des Chênes Domaine Saint Maurice – CS60094, 84143 Montfavet Cedex, France
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Bashline L, Li S, Gu Y. The trafficking of the cellulose synthase complex in higher plants. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 114:1059-67. [PMID: 24651373 PMCID: PMC4195546 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellulose is an important constituent of plant cell walls in a biological context, and is also a material commonly utilized by mankind in the pulp and paper, timber, textile and biofuel industries. The biosynthesis of cellulose in higher plants is a function of the cellulose synthase complex (CSC). The CSC, a large transmembrane complex containing multiple cellulose synthase proteins, is believed to be assembled in the Golgi apparatus, but is thought only to synthesize cellulose when it is localized at the plasma membrane, where CSCs synthesize and extrude cellulose directly into the plant cell wall. Therefore, the delivery and endocytosis of CSCs to and from the plasma membrane are important aspects for the regulation of cellulose biosynthesis. SCOPE Recent progress in the visualization of CSC dynamics in living plant cells has begun to reveal some of the routes and factors involved in CSC trafficking. This review highlights the most recent major findings related to CSC trafficking, provides novel perspectives on how CSC trafficking can influence the cell wall, and proposes potential avenues for future exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan Bashline
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Shundai Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Ying Gu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Rips S, Bentley N, Jeong IS, Welch JL, von Schaewen A, Koiwa H. Multiple N-glycans cooperate in the subcellular targeting and functioning of Arabidopsis KORRIGAN1. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:3792-808. [PMID: 25238750 PMCID: PMC4213159 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.129718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana KORRIGAN1 (KOR1) is an integral membrane endo-β1,4-glucanase in the trans-Golgi network and plasma membrane that is essential for cellulose biosynthesis. The extracellular domain of KOR1 contains eight N-glycosylation sites, N1 to N8, of which only N3 to N7 are highly conserved. Genetic evidence indicated that cellular defects in attachment and maturation of these N-glycans affect KOR1 function in vivo, whereas the manner by which N-glycans modulate KOR1 function remained obscure. Site-directed mutagenesis analysis of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-KOR1 expressed from its native regulatory sequences established that all eight N-glycosylation sites (N1 to N8) are used in the wild type, whereas stt3a-2 cells could only inefficiently add N-glycans to less conserved sites. GFP-KOR1 variants with a single N-glycan at nonconserved sites were less effective than those with one at a highly conserved site in rescuing the root growth phenotype of rsw2-1 (kor1 allele). When functionally compromised, GFP-KOR1 tended to accumulate at the tonoplast. GFP-KOR1Δall (without any N-glycan) exhibited partial complementation of rsw2-1; however, root growth of this line was still negatively affected by the absence of complex-type N-glycan modifications in the host plants. These results suggest that one or several additional factor(s) carrying complex N-glycans cooperate(s) with KOR1 in trans to grant proper targeting/functioning in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Rips
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Nolan Bentley
- Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Molecular and Environmental Plant Science Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2133
| | - In Sil Jeong
- Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Molecular and Environmental Plant Science Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2133
| | - Justin L Welch
- Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Molecular and Environmental Plant Science Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2133
| | - Antje von Schaewen
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Hisashi Koiwa
- Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Molecular and Environmental Plant Science Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2133
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Ueda T. Cellulase in Cellulose Synthase: A Cat among the Pigeons? PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 165:1397-1398. [PMID: 25085884 PMCID: PMC4119025 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.245753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ueda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; and Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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Vain T, Crowell EF, Timpano H, Biot E, Desprez T, Mansoori N, Trindade LM, Pagant S, Robert S, Höfte H, Gonneau M, Vernhettes S. The Cellulase KORRIGAN Is Part of the Cellulose Synthase Complex. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 165:1521-1532. [PMID: 24948829 PMCID: PMC4119035 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.241216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth and organ formation depend on the oriented deposition of load-bearing cellulose microfibrils in the cell wall. Cellulose is synthesized by a large relative molecular weight cellulose synthase complex (CSC), which comprises at least three distinct cellulose synthases. Cellulose synthesis in plants or bacteria also requires the activity of an endo-1,4-β-d-glucanase, the exact function of which in the synthesis process is not known. Here, we show, to our knowledge for the first time, that a leaky mutation in the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) membrane-bound endo-1,4-β-d-glucanase KORRIGAN1 (KOR1) not only caused reduced CSC movement in the plasma membrane but also a reduced cellulose synthesis inhibitor-induced accumulation of CSCs in intracellular compartments. This suggests a role for KOR1 both in the synthesis of cellulose microfibrils and in the intracellular trafficking of CSCs. Next, we used a multidisciplinary approach, including live cell imaging, gel filtration chromatography analysis, split ubiquitin assays in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae NMY51), and bimolecular fluorescence complementation, to show that, in contrast to previous observations, KOR1 is an integral part of the primary cell wall CSC in the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Vain
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78000 Versailles, France (T.V., E.F.C., H.T., E.B., T.D., S.P., S.R., H.H., M.G., S.V.);AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, F-78000 Versailles, France (T.V., E.F.C., H.T., E.B., T.D., H.H., M.G., S.V.); andWageningen University and Research Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands (N.M., L.M.T.)
| | - Elizabeth Faris Crowell
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78000 Versailles, France (T.V., E.F.C., H.T., E.B., T.D., S.P., S.R., H.H., M.G., S.V.);AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, F-78000 Versailles, France (T.V., E.F.C., H.T., E.B., T.D., H.H., M.G., S.V.); andWageningen University and Research Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands (N.M., L.M.T.)
| | - Hélène Timpano
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78000 Versailles, France (T.V., E.F.C., H.T., E.B., T.D., S.P., S.R., H.H., M.G., S.V.);AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, F-78000 Versailles, France (T.V., E.F.C., H.T., E.B., T.D., H.H., M.G., S.V.); andWageningen University and Research Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands (N.M., L.M.T.)
| | - Eric Biot
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78000 Versailles, France (T.V., E.F.C., H.T., E.B., T.D., S.P., S.R., H.H., M.G., S.V.);AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, F-78000 Versailles, France (T.V., E.F.C., H.T., E.B., T.D., H.H., M.G., S.V.); andWageningen University and Research Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands (N.M., L.M.T.)
| | - Thierry Desprez
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78000 Versailles, France (T.V., E.F.C., H.T., E.B., T.D., S.P., S.R., H.H., M.G., S.V.);AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, F-78000 Versailles, France (T.V., E.F.C., H.T., E.B., T.D., H.H., M.G., S.V.); andWageningen University and Research Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands (N.M., L.M.T.)
| | - Nasim Mansoori
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78000 Versailles, France (T.V., E.F.C., H.T., E.B., T.D., S.P., S.R., H.H., M.G., S.V.);AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, F-78000 Versailles, France (T.V., E.F.C., H.T., E.B., T.D., H.H., M.G., S.V.); andWageningen University and Research Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands (N.M., L.M.T.)
| | - Luisa M Trindade
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78000 Versailles, France (T.V., E.F.C., H.T., E.B., T.D., S.P., S.R., H.H., M.G., S.V.);AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, F-78000 Versailles, France (T.V., E.F.C., H.T., E.B., T.D., H.H., M.G., S.V.); andWageningen University and Research Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands (N.M., L.M.T.)
| | - Silvère Pagant
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78000 Versailles, France (T.V., E.F.C., H.T., E.B., T.D., S.P., S.R., H.H., M.G., S.V.);AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, F-78000 Versailles, France (T.V., E.F.C., H.T., E.B., T.D., H.H., M.G., S.V.); andWageningen University and Research Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands (N.M., L.M.T.)
| | - Stéphanie Robert
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78000 Versailles, France (T.V., E.F.C., H.T., E.B., T.D., S.P., S.R., H.H., M.G., S.V.);AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, F-78000 Versailles, France (T.V., E.F.C., H.T., E.B., T.D., H.H., M.G., S.V.); andWageningen University and Research Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands (N.M., L.M.T.)
| | - Herman Höfte
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78000 Versailles, France (T.V., E.F.C., H.T., E.B., T.D., S.P., S.R., H.H., M.G., S.V.);AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, F-78000 Versailles, France (T.V., E.F.C., H.T., E.B., T.D., H.H., M.G., S.V.); andWageningen University and Research Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands (N.M., L.M.T.)
| | - Martine Gonneau
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78000 Versailles, France (T.V., E.F.C., H.T., E.B., T.D., S.P., S.R., H.H., M.G., S.V.);AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, F-78000 Versailles, France (T.V., E.F.C., H.T., E.B., T.D., H.H., M.G., S.V.); andWageningen University and Research Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands (N.M., L.M.T.)
| | - Samantha Vernhettes
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78000 Versailles, France (T.V., E.F.C., H.T., E.B., T.D., S.P., S.R., H.H., M.G., S.V.);AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, F-78000 Versailles, France (T.V., E.F.C., H.T., E.B., T.D., H.H., M.G., S.V.); andWageningen University and Research Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands (N.M., L.M.T.)
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Lei L, Zhang T, Strasser R, Lee CM, Gonneau M, Mach L, Vernhettes S, Kim SH, J Cosgrove D, Li S, Gu Y. The jiaoyao1 Mutant Is an Allele of korrigan1 That Abolishes Endoglucanase Activity and Affects the Organization of Both Cellulose Microfibrils and Microtubules in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:2601-2616. [PMID: 24963054 PMCID: PMC4114954 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.126193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In higher plants, cellulose is synthesized by plasma membrane-localized cellulose synthase complexes (CSCs). Arabidopsis thaliana GH9A1/KORRIGAN1 is a membrane-bound, family 9 glycosyl hydrolase that is important for cellulose synthesis in both primary and secondary cell walls. Most previously identified korrigan1 mutants show severe phenotypes such as embryo lethality; therefore, the role of GH9A1 in cellulose synthesis remains unclear. Here, we report a novel A577V missense mutation, designated jiaoyao1 (jia1), in the second of the glycosyl hydrolase family 9 active site signature motifs in GH9A1. jia1 is defective in cell expansion in dark-grown hypocotyls, roots, and adult plants. Consistent with its defect in cell expansion, this mutation in GH9A1 resulted in reduced cellulose content and reduced CSC velocity at the plasma membrane. Green fluorescent protein-GH9A1 is associated with CSCs at multiple locations, including the plasma membrane, Golgi, trans-Golgi network, and small CESA-containing compartments or microtubule-associated cellulose synthase compartments, indicating a tight association between GH9A1 and CSCs. GH9A1A577V abolishes the endoglucanase activity of GH9A1 in vitro but does not affect its interaction with CESAs in vitro, suggesting that endoglucanase activity is important for cellulose synthesis. Interestingly, jia1 results in both cellulose microfibril and microtubule disorganization. Our study establishes the important role of endoglucanase in cellulose synthesis and cellulose microfibril organization in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Lei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Tian Zhang
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christopher M Lee
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Martine Gonneau
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, 78026 Versailles, France
| | - Lukas Mach
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Samantha Vernhettes
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Seong H Kim
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Daniel J Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Shundai Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Ying Gu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
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34
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Nozoye T, Tsunoda K, Nagasaka S, Bashir K, Takahashi M, Kobayashi T, Nakanishi H, Nishizawa NK. Rice nicotianamine synthase localizes to particular vesicles for proper function. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2014. [PMID: 24704865 PMCID: PMC4091187 DOI: 10.4161/psb.28660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Graminaceous plants release mugineic acid family phytosiderophores to acquire iron from the soil. Recently, we reported that particular vesicles are involved in deoxymugineic acid (DMA) and nicotianamine (NA) biosynthesis and in DMA secretion from rice roots. A fusion protein of rice NA synthase 2 (OsNAS2) and synthetic green fluorescent protein (sGFP) was observed in a dot-like pattern, moving dynamically within the cell. OsNAS2 mutated in the tyrosine motif or di-leucine motif, which was reported to be involved in cellular transport, caused a disruption in vesicular movement and vesicular localization, respectively. Unlike OsNAS2, Arabidopsis NA synthases AtNAS1-4 were distributed uniformly in the cytoplasm with no localization in dot-like structures when transiently expressed in tobacco BY-2 cells. Interestingly, Fe deficiency-inducible genes were upregulated in the OsNAS2-sGFP plants, and the amounts of NA and DMA produced and DMA secreted by the OsNAS2-sGFP plants were significantly higher than in those by the non-transformants and domain-mutated lines. We propose a model for OsNAS2-localized vesicles in rice, and discuss why the introduction of OsNAS2-sGFP caused a disturbance in Fe homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Nozoye
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Tsunoda
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiji Nagasaka
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo, Japan
| | - Khurram Bashir
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michiko Takahashi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takanori Kobayashi
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology; Ishikawa Prefectural University; Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hiromi Nakanishi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko K Nishizawa
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo, Japan
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology; Ishikawa Prefectural University; Ishikawa, Japan
- Correspondence to: Naoko K Nishizawa,
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35
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Nozoye T, Tsunoda K, Nagasaka S, Bashir K, Takahashi M, Kobayashi T, Nakanishi H, Nishizawa NK. Rice nicotianamine synthase localizes to particular vesicles for proper function. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2014; 9:e28660. [PMID: 24704865 PMCID: PMC4091187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Graminaceous plants release mugineic acid family phytosiderophores to acquire iron from the soil. Recently, we reported that particular vesicles are involved in deoxymugineic acid (DMA) and nicotianamine (NA) biosynthesis and in DMA secretion from rice roots. A fusion protein of rice NA synthase 2 (OsNAS2) and synthetic green fluorescent protein (sGFP) was observed in a dot-like pattern, moving dynamically within the cell. OsNAS2 mutated in the tyrosine motif or di-leucine motif, which was reported to be involved in cellular transport, caused a disruption in vesicular movement and vesicular localization, respectively. Unlike OsNAS2, Arabidopsis NA synthases AtNAS1-4 were distributed uniformly in the cytoplasm with no localization in dot-like structures when transiently expressed in tobacco BY-2 cells. Interestingly, Fe deficiency-inducible genes were upregulated in the OsNAS2-sGFP plants, and the amounts of NA and DMA produced and DMA secreted by the OsNAS2-sGFP plants were significantly higher than in those by the non-transformants and domain-mutated lines. We propose a model for OsNAS2-localized vesicles in rice, and discuss why the introduction of OsNAS2-sGFP caused a disturbance in Fe homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Nozoye
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Tsunoda
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiji Nagasaka
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo, Japan
| | - Khurram Bashir
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michiko Takahashi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takanori Kobayashi
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology; Ishikawa Prefectural University; Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hiromi Nakanishi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko K Nishizawa
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo, Japan
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology; Ishikawa Prefectural University; Ishikawa, Japan
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Li S, Bashline L, Lei L, Gu Y. Cellulose synthesis and its regulation. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2014; 12:e0169. [PMID: 24465174 PMCID: PMC3894906 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose, the most abundant biopolymer synthesized on land, is made of linear chains of ß (1-4) linked D-glucose. As a major structural component of the cell wall, cellulose is important not only for industrial use but also for plant growth and development. Cellulose microfibrils are tethered by other cell wall polysaccharides such as hemicellulose, pectin, and lignin. In higher plants, cellulose is synthesized by plasma membrane-localized rosette cellulose synthase complexes. Despite the recent advances using a combination of molecular genetics, live cell imaging, and spectroscopic tools, many aspects of the cellulose synthesis remain a mystery. In this chapter, we highlight recent research progress towards understanding the mechanism of cellulose synthesis in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shundai Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Logan Bashline
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Lei Lei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Ying Gu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
- Address correspondence to
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Ikeuchi M, Sugimoto K, Iwase A. Plant callus: mechanisms of induction and repression. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:3159-73. [PMID: 24076977 PMCID: PMC3809525 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.116053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Revised: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plants develop unorganized cell masses like callus and tumors in response to various biotic and abiotic stimuli. Since the historical discovery that the combination of two growth-promoting hormones, auxin and cytokinin, induces callus from plant explants in vitro, this experimental system has been used extensively in both basic research and horticultural applications. The molecular basis of callus formation has long been obscure, but we are finally beginning to understand how unscheduled cell proliferation is suppressed during normal plant development and how genetic and environmental cues override these repressions to induce callus formation. In this review, we will first provide a brief overview of callus development in nature and in vitro and then describe our current knowledge of genetic and epigenetic mechanisms underlying callus formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momoko Ikeuchi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Keiko Sugimoto
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Akira Iwase
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
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Liebminger E, Grass J, Altmann F, Mach L, Strasser R. Characterizing the link between glycosylation state and enzymatic activity of the endo-β1,4-glucanase KORRIGAN1 from Arabidopsis thaliana. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:22270-80. [PMID: 23782689 PMCID: PMC3829318 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.475558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Defects in N-glycosylation and N-glycan processing frequently cause alterations in plant cell wall architecture, including changes in the structure of cellulose, which is the most abundant plant polysaccharide. KORRIGAN1 (KOR1) is a glycoprotein enzyme with an essential function during cellulose biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. KOR1 is a membrane-anchored endo-β1,4-glucanase and contains eight potential N-glycosylation sites in its extracellular domain. Here, we expressed A. thaliana KOR1 as a soluble, enzymatically active protein in insect cells and analyzed its N-glycosylation state. Structural analysis revealed that all eight potential N-glycosylation sites are utilized. Individual elimination of evolutionarily conserved N-glycosylation sites did not abolish proper KOR1 folding, but mutations of Asn-216, Asn-324, Asn-345, and Asn-567 resulted in considerably lower enzymatic activity. In contrast, production of wild-type KOR1 in the presence of the class I α-mannosidase inhibitor kifunensine, which abolished the conversion of KOR1 N-glycans into complex structures, did not affect the activity of the enzyme. To address N-glycosylation site occupancy and N-glycan composition of KOR1 under more natural conditions, we expressed a chimeric KOR1-Fc-GFP fusion protein in leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana. Although Asn-108 and Asn-133 carried oligomannosidic N-linked oligosaccharides, the six other glycosylation sites were modified with complex N-glycans. Interestingly, the partially functional KOR1 G429R mutant encoded by the A. thaliana rsw2-1 allele displayed only oligomannosidic structures when expressed in N. benthamiana, indicating its retention in the endoplasmic reticulum. In summary, our data indicate that utilization of several N-glycosylation sites is important for KOR1 activity, whereas the structure of the attached N-glycans is not critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Liebminger
- From the Departments of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology and
| | - Josephine Grass
- Chemistry, BOKU, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Friedrich Altmann
- Chemistry, BOKU, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Mach
- From the Departments of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology and
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Tegg RS, Shabala SN, Cuin TA, Davies NW, Wilson CR. Enhanced resistance to the cellulose biosynthetic inhibitors, thaxtomin A and isoxaben in Arabidopsis thaliana mutants, also provides specific co-resistance to the auxin transport inhibitor, 1-NPA. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 13:76. [PMID: 23638731 PMCID: PMC3655924 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-13-76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thaxtomin A (TA) is a phytotoxin produced by plant pathogenic Streptomyces spp. responsible for potato common scab. TA inhibits cellulose biosynthesis in expanding plant tissues and is essential for disease induction. Auxin treatment of various plant tissues has been repeatedly demonstrated to inhibit TA toxicity and to reduce common scab. This work utilises Arabidopsis thaliana mutants with resistance to cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors (CBIs) to investigate the interaction between TA, other CBIs and auxins. RESULTS Three CBI resistant A. thaliana mutants; txr1-1 (tolerance to TA), ixr1-1 (tolerance to isoxaben - IXB) and KOR1 (cellulose deficiency), showed no altered root growth response to treatment with natural or synthetic auxins, nor with the auxin efflux transport inhibitor 2,3,5-Triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA). However, all mutants had significantly enhanced tolerance to 1-napthylphthalamic acid (NPA), another auxin efflux transport inhibitor, which blocks polar auxin transport at a site distinct from TIBA. NPA tolerance of txr1-1 and ixr1-1 was further supported by electrophysiological analysis of net H+ fluxes in the mature, but not elongation zone of roots. All three mutants showed increased tolerance to IXB, but only txr1-1 showed tolerance to TA. No mutant showed enhanced tolerance to a third CBI, dichlobenil (DCB). CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated that plant tolerance to TA and IXB, as well as cell wall synthesis modifications in roots, have resulted in specific co-resistance to NPA but not TIBA. This suggests that CBI resistance has an impact on polar auxin efflux transport processes associated with the NPA binding protein. We also show that NPA inhibitory response in roots occurs in the mature root zone but not the elongation zone. Responses of mutants to CBIs indicate a similar, but not identical mode of action of TA and IXB, in contrast to DCB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Tegg
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture (TIA), University of Tasmania (UTAS), 13 St John’s Ave, New Town, Tasmania, 7008, Australia
| | - Sergey N Shabala
- TIA, UTAS, Private Bag 54, Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Tracey A Cuin
- TIA, UTAS, Private Bag 54, Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Noel W Davies
- Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 74, Tasmania, Hobart, 7001, Australia
| | - Calum R Wilson
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture (TIA), University of Tasmania (UTAS), 13 St John’s Ave, New Town, Tasmania, 7008, Australia
- TIA, UTAS, Private Bag 54, Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
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40
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Yoshikawa T, Eiguchi M, Hibara KI, Ito JI, Nagato Y. Rice slender leaf 1 gene encodes cellulose synthase-like D4 and is specifically expressed in M-phase cells to regulate cell proliferation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:2049-61. [PMID: 23519729 PMCID: PMC3638827 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose synthase-like (CSL) genes are predicted to catalyse the biosynthesis of non-cellulosic polysaccharides such as the β-D-glycan backbone of hemicelluloses and are classified into nine subfamilies (CSLA-CSLH and CSLJ). The CSLD subfamily is conserved in all land plants, and among the nine CSL subfamilies, it shows the highest sequence similarity to the cellulose synthase genes, suggesting that it plays fundamental roles in plant development. This study presents a detailed analysis of slender leaf 1 (sle1) mutants of rice that showed rolled and narrow leaf blades and a reduction in plant height. The narrow leaf blade of sle1 was caused by reduced cell proliferation beginning at the P3 primordial stage. In addition to the size reduction of organs, sle1 mutants exhibited serious developmental defects in pollen formation, anther dehiscence, stomata formation, and cell arrangement in various tissues. Map-based cloning revealed that SLE1 encodes the OsCSLD4 protein, which was identified previously from a narrow leaf and dwarf 1 mutant. In situ hybridization experiments showed that OsCSLD4 was expressed in a patchy pattern in developing organs. Double-target in situ hybridization and quantitative RT-PCR analyses revealed that SLE1 was expressed specifically during the M-phase of the cell cycle, and suggested that the cell-cycle regulation was altered in sle1 mutants. These results suggest that the OsCSLD4 protein plays a pivotal role in the M phase to regulate cell proliferation. Further study of OsCSLD4 is expected to yield new insight into the role of hemicelluloses in plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Yoshikawa
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113–8657, Japan
| | - Mitsugu Eiguchi
- National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411–8540, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Hibara
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113–8657, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Ito
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113–8657, Japan
| | - Yasuo Nagato
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113–8657, Japan
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed.
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De Storme N, Geelen D. Cytokinesis in plant male meiosis. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2013; 8:e23394. [PMID: 23333967 PMCID: PMC3676507 DOI: 10.4161/psb.23394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In somatic cell division, cytokinesis is the final step of the cell cycle and physically divides the mother cytoplasm into two daughter cells. In the meiotic cell division, however, pollen mother cells (PMCs) undergo two successive nuclear divisions without an intervening S-phase and consequently generate four haploid daughter nuclei out of one parental cell. In line with this, the physical separation of meiotic nuclei does not follow the conventional cytokinesis pathway, but instead is mediated by alternative processes, including polar-based phragmoplast outgrowth and RMA-mediated cell wall positioning. In this review, we outline the different cytological mechanisms of cell plate formation operating in different types of PMCs and additionally focus on some important features associated with male meiotic cytokinesis, including cytoskeletal dynamics and callose deposition. We also provide an up-to-date overview of the main molecular actors involved in PMC wall formation and additionally highlight some recent advances on the effect of cold stress on meiotic cytokinesis in plants.
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McMichael CM, Bednarek SY. Cytoskeletal and membrane dynamics during higher plant cytokinesis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 197:1039-1057. [PMID: 23343343 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Following mitosis, cytoplasm, organelles and genetic material are partitioned into daughter cells through the process of cytokinesis. In somatic cells of higher plants, two cytoskeletal arrays, the preprophase band and the phragmoplast, facilitate the positioning and de novo assembly of the plant-specific cytokinetic organelle, the cell plate, which develops across the division plane and fuses with the parental plasma membrane to yield distinct new cells. The coordination of cytoskeletal and membrane dynamics required to initiate, assemble and shape the cell plate as it grows toward the mother cell cortex is dependent upon a large array of proteins, including molecular motors, membrane tethering, fusion and restructuring factors and biosynthetic, structural and regulatory elements. This review focuses on the temporal and molecular requirements of cytokinesis in somatic cells of higher plants gleaned from recent studies using cell biology, genetics, pharmacology and biochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen M McMichael
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Dr, Madison, WI, 53713, USA
| | - Sebastian Y Bednarek
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Dr, Madison, WI, 53713, USA
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Xie G, Yang B, Xu Z, Li F, Guo K, Zhang M, Wang L, Zou W, Wang Y, Peng L. Global identification of multiple OsGH9 family members and their involvement in cellulose crystallinity modification in rice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e50171. [PMID: 23308094 PMCID: PMC3537678 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant glycoside hydrolase family 9 (GH9) comprises typical endo-β-1,4-glucanase (EGases, EC3.2.1.4). Although GH9A (KORRIGAN) family genes have been reported to be involved in cellulose biosynthesis in plants, much remains unknown about other GH9 subclasses. In this study, we observed a global gene co-expression profiling and conducted a correlation analysis between OsGH9 and OsCESA among 66 tissues covering most periods of life cycles in 2 rice varieties. Our results showed that OsGH9A3 and B5 possessed an extremely high co-expression with OsCESA1, 3, and 8 typical for cellulose biosynthesis in rice. Using two distinct rice non-GH9 mutants and wild type, we performed integrative analysis of gene expression level by qRT-PCR, cellulase activities in situ and in vitro, and lignocellulose crystallinity index (CrI) in four internodes of stem tissues. For the first time, OsGH9B1, 3, and 16 were characterized with the potential role in lignocellulose crystallinity alteration in rice, whereas OsGH9A3 and B5 were suggested for cellulose biosynthesis. In addition, phylogenetic analysis and gene co-expression comparison revealed GH9 function similarity in Arabidopsis and rice. Hence, the data can provide insights into GH9 function in plants and offer the potential strategy for genetic manipulation of plant cell wall using the five aforementioned novel OsGH9 genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guosheng Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Biomass and Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Biomass and Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengdan Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Biomass and Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengcheng Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Biomass and Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Biomass and Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingliang Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Biomass and Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingqiang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Biomass and Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Weihua Zou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Biomass and Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanting Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Biomass and Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangcai Peng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Biomass and Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science and Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Sharma R, Cao P, Jung KH, Sharma MK, Ronald PC. Construction of a rice glycoside hydrolase phylogenomic database and identification of targets for biofuel research. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:330. [PMID: 23986771 PMCID: PMC3752443 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Glycoside hydrolases (GH) catalyze the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds in cell wall polymers and can have major effects on cell wall architecture. Taking advantage of the massive datasets available in public databases, we have constructed a rice phylogenomic database of GHs (http://ricephylogenomics.ucdavis.edu/cellwalls/gh/). This database integrates multiple data types including the structural features, orthologous relationships, mutant availability, and gene expression patterns for each GH family in a phylogenomic context. The rice genome encodes 437 GH genes classified into 34 families. Based on pairwise comparison with eight dicot and four monocot genomes, we identified 138 GH genes that are highly diverged between monocots and dicots, 57 of which have diverged further in rice as compared with four monocot genomes scanned in this study. Chromosomal localization and expression analysis suggest a role for both whole-genome and localized gene duplications in expansion and diversification of GH families in rice. We examined the meta-profiles of expression patterns of GH genes in twenty different anatomical tissues of rice. Transcripts of 51 genes exhibit tissue or developmental stage-preferential expression, whereas, seventeen other genes preferentially accumulate in actively growing tissues. When queried in RiceNet, a probabilistic functional gene network that facilitates functional gene predictions, nine out of seventeen genes form a regulatory network with the well-characterized genes involved in biosynthesis of cell wall polymers including cellulose synthase and cellulose synthase-like genes of rice. Two-thirds of the GH genes in rice are up regulated in response to biotic and abiotic stress treatments indicating a role in stress adaptation. Our analyses identify potential GH targets for cell wall modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Sharma
- Department of Plant Pathology and The Genome Center, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
- Feedstocks Divison, Joint BioEnergy InstituteEmeryville, CA, USA
| | - Peijian Cao
- Department of Plant Pathology and The Genome Center, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research InstituteZhengzhou, China
| | - Ki-Hong Jung
- Department of Plant Pathology and The Genome Center, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
- Department of Plant Molecular Systems Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee UniversityYongin, South Korea
| | - Manoj K. Sharma
- Department of Plant Pathology and The Genome Center, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
- Feedstocks Divison, Joint BioEnergy InstituteEmeryville, CA, USA
| | - Pamela C. Ronald
- Department of Plant Pathology and The Genome Center, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
- Feedstocks Divison, Joint BioEnergy InstituteEmeryville, CA, USA
- Department of Plant Molecular Systems Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee UniversityYongin, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Pamela C. Ronald, Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA e-mail:
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Buchanan M, Burton RA, Dhugga KS, Rafalski AJ, Tingey SV, Shirley NJ, Fincher GB. Endo-(1,4)-β-glucanase gene families in the grasses: temporal and spatial co-transcription of orthologous genes. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 12:235. [PMID: 23231659 PMCID: PMC3557191 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-12-235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endo-(1,4)-β-glucanase (cellulase) glycosyl hydrolase GH9 enzymes have been implicated in several aspects of cell wall metabolism in higher plants, including cellulose biosynthesis and degradation, modification of other wall polysaccharides that contain contiguous (1,4)-β-glucosyl residues, and wall loosening during cell elongation. RESULTS The endo-(1,4)-β-glucanase gene families from barley (Hordeum vulgare), maize (Zea mays), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), rice (Oryza sativa) and Brachypodium (Brachypodium distachyon) range in size from 23 to 29 members. Phylogenetic analyses show variations in clade structure between the grasses and Arabidopsis, and indicate differential gene loss and gain during evolution. Map positions and comparative studies of gene structures allow orthologous genes in the five species to be identified and synteny between the grasses is found to be high. It is also possible to differentiate between homoeologues resulting from ancient polyploidizations of the maize genome. Transcript analyses using microarray, massively parallel signature sequencing and quantitative PCR data for barley, rice and maize indicate that certain members of the endo-(1,4)-β-glucanase gene family are transcribed across a wide range of tissues, while others are specifically transcribed in particular tissues. There are strong correlations between transcript levels of several members of the endo-(1,4)-β-glucanase family and the data suggest that evolutionary conservation of transcription exists between orthologues across the grass family. There are also strong correlations between certain members of the endo-(1,4)-β-glucanase family and other genes known to be involved in cell wall loosening and cell expansion, such as expansins and xyloglucan endotransglycosylases. CONCLUSIONS The identification of these groups of genes will now allow us to test hypotheses regarding their functions and joint participation in wall synthesis, re-modelling and degradation, together with their potential role in lignocellulose conversion during biofuel production from grasses and cereal crop residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Buchanan
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, and the Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, South Australia, 5064, Australia
| | - Rachel A Burton
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, and the Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, South Australia, 5064, Australia
| | - Kanwarpal S Dhugga
- Genetic Discovery Group, Crop Genetics Research and Development, Pioneer Hi-Bred International Inc, 7300 NW 62nd Avenue, Johnston, IA, 50131-1004, USA
| | - Antoni J Rafalski
- Genetic Discovery Group, DuPont Crop Genetics Research DuPont Experimental Station, Building E353, Wilmington, DE, 198803, USA
| | - Scott V Tingey
- Genetic Discovery Group, DuPont Crop Genetics Research DuPont Experimental Station, Building E353, Wilmington, DE, 198803, USA
| | - Neil J Shirley
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, and the Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, South Australia, 5064, Australia
| | - Geoffrey B Fincher
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, and the Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, South Australia, 5064, Australia
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Goss CA, Brockmann DJ, Bushoven JT, Roberts AW. A CELLULOSE SYNTHASE (CESA) gene essential for gametophore morphogenesis in the moss Physcomitrella patens. PLANTA 2012; 235:1355-67. [PMID: 22215046 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-011-1579-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In seed plants, different groups of orthologous genes encode the CELLULOSE SYNTHASE (CESA) proteins that are responsible for cellulose biosynthesis in primary and secondary cell walls. The seven CESA sequences of the moss Physcomitrella patens (Hedw.) B. S. G. form a monophyletic sister group to seed plant CESAs, consistent with independent CESA diversification and specialization in moss and seed plant lines. The role of PpCESA5 in the development of P. patens was investigated by targeted mutagenesis. The cesa5 knockout lines were tested for cellulose deficiency using carbohydrate-binding module affinity cytochemistry and the morphology of the leafy gametophores was analyzed by 3D reconstruction of confocal images. No defects were identified in the development of the filamentous protonema or in production of bud initials that normally give rise to the leafy gametophores. However, the gametophore buds were cellulose deficient and defects in subsequent cell expansion, cytokinesis, and leaf initiation resulted in the formation of irregular cell clumps instead of leafy shoots. Analysis of the cesa5 knockout phenotype indicates that a biophysical model of organogenesis can be extended to the moss gametophore shoot apical meristem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chessa A Goss
- Department of Biological Sciences, CBLS, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
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Radchuk V, Kumlehn J, Rutten T, Sreenivasulu N, Radchuk R, Rolletschek H, Herrfurth C, Feussner I, Borisjuk L. Fertility in barley flowers depends on Jekyll functions in male and female sporophytes. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 194:142-157. [PMID: 22269089 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.04032.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
• Owing to its evolutional plasticity and adaptability, barley (Hordeum vulgare) is one of the most widespread crops in the world. Despite this evolutionary success, sexual reproduction of small grain cereals is poorly investigated, making discovery of novel genes and functions a challenging priority. Barley gene Jekyll appears to be a key player in grain development; however, its role in flowers has remained unknown. • Here, we studied RNAi lines of barley, where Jekyll expression was repressed to different extents. The impact of Jekyll on flower development was evaluated based on differential gene expression analysis applied to anthers and gynoecia of wildtype and transgenic plants, as well as using isotope labeling experiments, hormone analysis, immunogold- and TUNEL-assays and in situ hybridization. • Jekyll is expressed in nurse tissues mediating gametophyte-sporophyte interaction in anthers and gynoecia, where JEKYLL was found within the intracellular membranes. The repression of Jekyll impaired pollen maturation, anther dehiscence and induced a significant loss of fertility. The presence of JEKYLL on the pollen surface also hints at possible involvement in the fertilization process. • We conclude that the role of Jekyll in cereal sexual reproduction is clearly much broader than has been hitherto realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr Radchuk
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Jochen Kumlehn
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Twan Rutten
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Nese Sreenivasulu
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Ruslana Radchuk
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Hardy Rolletschek
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Cornelia Herrfurth
- Georg August University, Albrecht von Haller Institute, Department of Plant Biochemistry, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Georg August University, Albrecht von Haller Institute, Department of Plant Biochemistry, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ljudmilla Borisjuk
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany
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48
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Maloney VJ, Samuels AL, Mansfield SD. The endo-1,4-β-glucanase Korrigan exhibits functional conservation between gymnosperms and angiosperms and is required for proper cell wall formation in gymnosperms. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 193:1076-1087. [PMID: 22150158 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03998.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of compositional polymers and their complex arrangement and deposition in the cell walls of terrestrial plants included the acquisition of key protein functions. A membrane-bound endoglucanase, termed Korrigan (KOR), has been shown to be required for proper cellulose synthesis. To date, no extensive characterization of the gymnosperm KOR has been undertaken. Characterization of the white spruce (Picea glauca) gene encoding KOR (PgKOR) shows conserved protein features such as polarized targeting signals and residues predicted to be essential for catalytic activity. The rescue of the Arabidopsis thaliana kor1-1 mutant by the expression of PgKOR suggests gene conservation, providing evidence for functional equivalence. Analyses of endogenous KOR expression in white spruce revealed the highest expression in young developing tissues, which corresponds with primary cell wall development. Additionally, RNA interference of the endogenous gymnosperm gene substantially reduced growth and structural glucose content, but had no effect on cellulose ultrastructure. Partial functional conservation of KOR in gymnosperms suggests that its role in cell wall synthesis dates back to 300 million yr ago (Mya), predating angiosperms, which arose 130 Mya, and shows that proteins contributing to proper cellulose deposition are important conserved features of vascular plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria J Maloney
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, The University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - A Lacey Samuels
- Department of Botany, The University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Shawn D Mansfield
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, The University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4 Canada
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Harpaz-Saad S, McFarlane HE, Xu S, Divi UK, Forward B, Western TL, Kieber JJ. Cellulose synthesis via the FEI2 RLK/SOS5 pathway and cellulose synthase 5 is required for the structure of seed coat mucilage in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 68:941-53. [PMID: 21883548 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04760.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana and many other plants are surrounded by a pectinaceous mucilage that aids in seed hydration and germination. Mucilage is synthesized during seed development within maternally derived seed coat mucilage secretory cells (MSCs), and is released to surround the seed upon imbibition. The FEI1/FEI2 receptor-like kinases and the SOS5 extracellular GPI-anchored protein were shown previously to act on a pathway that regulates the synthesis of cellulose in Arabidopsis roots. Here, we demonstrate that both FEI2 and SOS5 also play a role in the synthesis of seed mucilage. Disruption of FEI2 or SOS5 leads to a reduction in the rays of cellulose observed across the seed mucilage inner layer, which alters the structure of the mucilage in response to hydration. Mutations in CESA5, which disrupts an isoform of cellulose synthase involved in primary cell wall synthesis, result in a similar seed mucilage phenotype. The data indicate that CESA5-derived cellulose plays an important role in the synthesis and structure of seed coat mucilage and that the FEI2/SOS5 pathway plays a role in the regulation of cellulose synthesis in MSCs. Moreover, these results establish a novel structural role for cellulose in anchoring the pectic component of seed coat mucilage to the seed surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smadar Harpaz-Saad
- University of North Carolina, Biology Department, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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50
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Chen X, Irani NG, Friml J. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis: the gateway into plant cells. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 14:674-82. [PMID: 21945181 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2011.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Endocytosis in plants has an essential role not only for basic cellular functions but also for growth and development, hormonal signaling and communication with the environment including nutrient delivery, toxin avoidance, and pathogen defense. The major endocytic mechanism in plants depends on the coat protein clathrin. It starts by clathrin-coated vesicle formation at the plasma membrane, where specific cargoes are recognized and packaged for internalization. Recently, genetic, biochemical and advanced microscopy studies provided initial insights into mechanisms and roles of clathrin-mediated endocytosis in plants. Here we summarize the present state of knowledge and compare mechanisms of clathrin-mediated endocytosis in plants with animal and yeast paradigms as well as review plant-specific regulations and roles of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Chen
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark, Gent, Belgium
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