1
|
Dusek J, Plchova H, Cerovska N, Poborilova Z, Navratil O, Kratochvilova K, Gunter C, Jacobs R, Hitzeroth II, Rybicki EP, Moravec T. Extended Set of GoldenBraid Compatible Vectors for Fast Assembly of Multigenic Constructs and Their Use to Create Geminiviral Expression Vectors. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:522059. [PMID: 33193468 PMCID: PMC7641900 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.522059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Methods for simple and fast assembly of exchangeable standard DNA parts using Type II S restriction enzymes are becoming more and more popular in plant synthetic and molecular biology. These methods enable routine construction of large and complex multigene DNA structures. Two available frameworks emphasize either high cloning capacity (Modular Cloning, MoClo) or simplicity (GoldenBraid, GB). Here we present a set of novel α-level plasmids compatible with the GB convention that extend the ability of GB to rapidly assemble more complex genetic constructs, while maintaining compatibility with all existing GB parts as well as most MoClo parts and GB modules. With the use of our new plasmids, standard GB parts can be assembled into complex assemblies containing 1, 5, 10 and up to theoretically 50 units in each successive level of infinite loop assembly. Assembled DNA constructs can be also combined with conventional binary GB-assemblies (1, 2, 4, 8… units). We demonstrate the usefulness of our framework on single tube assembly of replicating plant expression constructs based on the geminivirus Bean yellow dwarf virus (BeYDV).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Dusek
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Helena Plchova
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Noemi Cerovska
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Zuzana Poborilova
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Oldrich Navratil
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Katerina Kratochvilova
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Cornelius Gunter
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Raygaana Jacobs
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Inga I. Hitzeroth
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Edward P. Rybicki
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tomas Moravec
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dolgova AS, Dolgov SV. Matrix attachment regions as a tool to influence plant transgene expression. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:176. [PMID: 30997313 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1709-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The inclusion of special regulatory sequences known as matrix attachment regions (MARs) in transgene constructs has been suggested as a possible approach to stabilise the expression of foreign heterological genes. The present review provides a brief summary regarding the MARs that have been used in investigations studying their influence on plant transgene expression in different plants with different promoters and reporter genes, and the comparison of these investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sergeevna Dolgova
- 1Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Moscow, Russia
- 2Saint-Petersburg Pasteur Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Aksoy HM, Kaya Y, Tengku Abdul Hamid TH. Expression of the dspA/E gene of Erwinia amylovora in non-host plant Arabidopsis thaliana. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2016.1246202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Murat Aksoy
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Yilmaz Kaya
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang XJ, Wang J, Wang YY, Guo YJ, Chu BB, Yang GY. Sus scrofa matrix attachment region enhances expression of the PiggyBac system transfected into HEK293T cells. Biotechnol Lett 2016; 38:949-58. [PMID: 26965151 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-016-2074-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the effects of the Sus scrofa matrix attachment region (SusMAR) on transgene expression in HEK293T cells. RESULTS Three expression vectors with the MAR at different sites in the PiggyBac (PB) transposon vector backbone were compared: two MARs flanking the β-galactosidase (β-gal) expression cassette, and one at the upstream or downstream site. Bos taurus MAR (BosMAR) and a β-gal expression cassette without MARs were the positive and negative controls, respectively. Compared to the control, β-gal activity of all SusMAR and BosMAR vectors was significantly improved in the presence of PB transposase (PBase). However, only the downstream SusMAR and upstream BosMAR vectors showed increased expression in the absence of PBase. Expression was significantly increased in all vectors with the PBase group compared to those without the PBase group. Gene copy numbers were not increased compared to the negative control. CONCLUSIONS SusMAR enhanced recombinant gene expression levels and stability in HEK293T cells, was not increase transgene copy number. These results could facilitate the development of vectors for stable production of therapeutic proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yue-Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yu-Jie Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Bei-Bei Chu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Guo-Yu Yang
- College of Animal Husbandary and Veterinary Science, Henan Agricultural University, Wenhua Road 95, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Recombinant plant-derived pharmaceutical proteins: current technical and economic bottlenecks. Biotechnol Lett 2014; 36:2367-79. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-014-1621-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
6
|
Dunaliella salina as a novel host for the production of recombinant proteins. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:4293-300. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5636-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
7
|
Maessen G. Genomic stability and stability of expression in genetically modified plants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/plb.1997.46.1.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
8
|
Piotrzkowski N, Schillberg S, Rasche S. Tackling heterogeneity: a leaf disc-based assay for the high-throughput screening of transient gene expression in tobacco. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45803. [PMID: 23029251 PMCID: PMC3448687 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient Agrobacterium-mediated gene expression assays for Nicotiana tabacum (N. tabacum) are frequently used because they facilitate the comparison of multiple expression constructs regarding their capacity for maximum recombinant protein production. However, for three model proteins, we found that recombinant protein accumulation (rpa) was significantly influenced by leaf age and leaf position effects. The ratio between the highest and lowest amount of protein accumulation (max/min ratio) was found to be as high as 11. Therefore, construct-based impacts on the rpa level that are less than 11-fold will be masked by background noise. To address this problem, we developed a leaf disc-based screening assay and infiltration device that allows the rpa level in a whole tobacco plant to be reliably and reproducibly determined. The prototype of the leaf disc infiltration device allows 14 Agrobacterium-mediated infiltration events to be conducted in parallel. As shown for three model proteins, the average max/min rpa ratio was reduced to 1.4 using this method, which allows for a sensitive comparison of different genetic elements affecting recombinant protein expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Piotrzkowski
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Schillberg
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Rasche
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Singer SD, Liu Z, Cox KD. Minimizing the unpredictability of transgene expression in plants: the role of genetic insulators. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2012; 31:13-25. [PMID: 21987122 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-011-1167-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The genetic transformation of plants has become a necessary tool for fundamental plant biology research, as well as the generation of engineered plants exhibiting improved agronomic and industrial traits. However, this technology is significantly hindered by the fact that transgene expression is often highly variable amongst independent transgenic lines. Two of the major contributing factors to this type of inconsistency are inappropriate enhancer-promoter interactions and chromosomal position effects, which frequently result in mis-expression or silencing of the transgene, respectively. Since the precise, often tissue-specific, expression of the transgene(s) of interest is often a necessity for the successful generation of transgenic plants, these undesirable side effects have the potential to pose a major challenge for the genetic engineering of these organisms. In this review, we discuss strategies for improving foreign gene expression in plants via the inclusion of enhancer-blocking insulators, which function to impede enhancer-promoter communication, and barrier insulators, which block the spread of heterochromatin, in transgenic constructs. While a complete understanding of these elements remains elusive, recent studies regarding their use in genetically engineered plants indicate that they hold great promise for the improvement of transgene expression, and thus the future of plant biotechnology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stacy D Singer
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Husaini AM, Rashid Z, Mir RUR, Aquil B. Approaches for gene targeting and targeted gene expression in plants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 2:150-62. [PMID: 22179193 DOI: 10.4161/gmcr.2.3.18605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic science and technology are fundamental to state-of-the-art plant molecular genetics and crop improvement. The new generation of technology endeavors to introduce genes 'stably' into 'site-specific' locations and in 'single copy' without the integration of extraneous vector 'backbone' sequences or selectable markers and with a 'predictable and consistent' expression. Several similar strategies and technologies, which can push the development of 'smart' genetically modified plants with desirable attributes, as well as enhance their consumer acceptability, are discussed in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Masood Husaini
- Division of Plant Breeding and Genetics; Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir; Shalimar, India.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Xu MY, Zhang X, Zhang L, Luo YZ, Fan YL, Wang L. Functional analysis of BnMAR element in transgenic tobacco plants. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 38:3285-91. [PMID: 21104021 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0433-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Scaffold/matrix attachment regions (S/MARs) are defined as genomic DNA sequences, located at the physical boundaries of chromatin loops. Previous reports suggest that S/MARs elements may increase and stabilize the expression of transgene. In this study, DNA sequence with MAR characteristics has been isolated from B. napus . The BnMARs sequence was used to flank the CaMV35S-GUS-NOS expression cassette within the T-DNA of the plant expression vector pPZP212. These constructs were introduced into tobacco plants, respectively and the GUS reporter gene expression was investigated in stably transformed plants. When the forward BnMARs sequence was inserted into the upstream of CaMV35S promoter, the average GUS activities were much higher than those without BnMARs in transgenic tobacco. The GUS expression of M(+)35S:GUS, M(+)35S:GUSM(+) and M(+)35S:GUSM(-) constructs increased average 1.0-fold, with or without BnMARs located downstream of NOS. The GUS expression would not be affected when reverse BnMARs sequence inserted whether upstream of CaMV35S promoter or downstream of NOS. The GUS expression was affected a little when reverse BnMARs sequence was inserted the downstream of NOS and BnMARs could not act by serving as of promoter. The results showed that the presence of forward BnMARs sequence does have an obvious impact on enhancing downstream gene expression and its effect is unidirectional.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miao-Yun Xu
- Biotechnology Research Institute/The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ye XG, Chen M, DU LP, Xu HJ. [Description and evaluation of transformation approaches used in wheat]. YI CHUAN = HEREDITAS 2011; 33:422-30. [PMID: 21586388 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1005.2011.00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Genetic transformation is a valuable tool for direct crop improvement and functional genomics study. Unfortunately, wheat is considered as a recalcitrant plant to genetic transformation due to its low efficiency and genotype dependency. To overcome these problems, various transformation methods such as biolistic bombardment, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, pollen-tube pathway, ion implantation, laser microbeams puncture, treatment with polyethylene glycol and ultrasonic wave, and electroporation have been reported in wheat using various types of explants including immature embryos, mature embryos, anthers derived calluses, inflorescences, apical meristems, and other floral organs. In this review, several major transformation approaches and their applications in wheat are reviewed, and potential strategies for the development of safe transgenic wheat plants are discussed. The objective of this review is to provide an update on current status of wheat trans-formation, and to stimulate further research for improving transformation efficiency in wheat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Guo Ye
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kole C, Michler CH, Abbott AG, Hall TC. Levels and Stability of Expression of Transgenes. TRANSGENIC CROP PLANTS 2010. [PMCID: PMC7122870 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-04809-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that in a given cell, at a particular time, only a fraction of the entire genome is expressed. Expression of a gene, nuclear, or organellar starts with the onset of transcription and ends in the synthesis of the functional protein. The regulation of gene expression is a complex process that requires the coordinated activity of different proteins and nucleic acids that ultimately determine whether a gene is transcribed, and if transcribed, whether it results in the production of a protein that develops a phenotype. The same also holds true for transgenic crops, which lie at the very core of insert design. There are multiple checkpoints at which the expression of a gene can be regulated and controlled. Much of the emphasis of studies related to gene expression has been on regulation of gene transcription, and a number of methods are used to effect the control of gene expression. Controlling transgene expression for a commercially valuable trait is necessary to capture its value. Many gene functions are either lethal or produce severe deformity (resulting in loss of value) if over-expressed. Thus, expression of a transgene at a particular site or in response to a particular elicitor is always desirable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chittaranjan Kole
- Department of Genetics & Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634 USA
| | - Charles H. Michler
- NSF I/UCRC Center for Tree Genetics, Hardwood Tree Improvement and Regeneration Center at Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Albert G. Abbott
- Department of Genetics & Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634 USA
| | - Timothy C. Hall
- Institute of Developmental & Molecular Biology Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Nakka KK, Chattopadhyay S. Modulation of chromatin by MARs and MAR binding oncogenic transcription factor SMAR1. Mol Cell Biochem 2009; 336:75-84. [PMID: 19802523 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-009-0262-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2009] [Accepted: 09/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The orchestration of the events in the cell during the progression of the cell cycle is modulated by various phenomenon which are regulated by structural modules of the cell. The nucleus is a major hub for all these regulatory units which harbour the nuclear matrix, matrix proteins and chromatin. The histone modifications etch a complex code on the chromatin and the matrix proteins in consort with the histone code regulate the gene expression. SMAR1 is a matrix attachment region binding protein that interacts with chromatin modulators like HDAC1, Sin3A and causes chromatin condensation. SMAR1 modulates the chromatin at the Vbeta locus and plays a prominent role in V(D)J recombination. Such indispensable function of SMAR1 by the modulation of chromatin in the context of malignancy and V(D)J recombination emphasizes that MAR binding proteins regulate the complex events of the cell and perturbed expression causes disease conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiran K Nakka
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune, 411007, Maharashtra, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hily JM, Singer SD, Yang Y, Liu Z. A transformation booster sequence (TBS) from Petunia hybrida functions as an enhancer-blocking insulator in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2009; 28:1095-104. [PMID: 19373469 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-009-0700-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2009] [Revised: 03/20/2009] [Accepted: 03/29/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Several matrix-attachment regions (MARs) from animals have been shown to block interactions between an enhancer and promoter when situated between the two. Since a similar function for plant MARs has not been discerned, we tested the Zea mays ADH1 5' MAR, Nicotiana tabacum Rb7 3' MAR and a transformation booster sequence (TBS) MAR from Petunia hybrida for their ability to impede enhancer-promoter interactions in Arabidopsis thaliana. Stable transgenic lines containing vectors in which one of the three MAR elements or a 4 kb control sequence were interposed between the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S enhancer and a flower-specific AGAMOUS second intron-derived promoter (AGIP)::beta-glucuronidase (GUS) fusion were assayed for GUS expression in vegetative tissues. We demonstrate that the TBS MAR element, but not the ADH1 or Rb7 MARs, is able to block interactions between the 35S enhancer and AGIP without compromising the function of either with elements from which they are not insulated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Hily
- USDA-ARS Appalachian Fruit Research Station, 2217 Wiltshire Road, Kearneysville, WV 25430, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sharma AK, Sharma MK. Plants as bioreactors: Recent developments and emerging opportunities. Biotechnol Adv 2009; 27:811-832. [PMID: 19576278 PMCID: PMC7125752 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Revised: 06/15/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the use of plants as bioreactors has emerged as an exciting area of research and significant advances have created new opportunities. The driving forces behind the rapid growth of plant bioreactors include low production cost, product safety and easy scale up. As the yield and concentration of a product is crucial for commercial viability, several strategies have been developed to boost up protein expression in transgenic plants. Augmenting tissue-specific transcription, elevating transcript stability, tissue-specific targeting, translation optimization and sub-cellular accumulation are some of the strategies employed. Various kinds of products that are currently being produced in plants include vaccine antigens, medical diagnostics proteins, industrial and pharmaceutical proteins, nutritional supplements like minerals, vitamins, carbohydrates and biopolymers. A large number of plant-derived recombinant proteins have reached advanced clinical trials. A few of these products have already been introduced in the market.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Sharma
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India.
| | - Manoj K Sharma
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Li J, Brunner AM, Meilan R, Strauss SH. Stability of transgenes in trees: expression of two reporter genes in poplar over three field seasons. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 29:299-312. [PMID: 19203955 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpn028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
High stability of transgene expression is essential for functional genomics studies using transformation approaches and for application of genetic engineering to commercial forestry. We quantified expression of two reporter genes, green fluorescent protein (GFP) and the herbicide bialaphos resistance gene (BAR), in 2256 transgenic poplar trees derived from 404 primary events, and in 106 in vitro-redifferentiated subevents, over 3 years in the greenhouse and in the field. No gene silencing (complete breakdown of expression) was observed for GFP or BAR expression in any of the primary transgenic events during the course of the study. Transgenic cassettes were physically eliminated in four subevents (2.5%) derived from three different primary events during re-organogenesis. Transgene copy number was positively correlated with transgene expression level; however, a majority of transformants (85%) carried single-copy transgenes. About one-third of the events containing two-copy inserts had repeats formed at the same chromosomal position, with direct repeats being the main type observed (87%). All events containing more than two transgene copies showed repeat formation at least at one locus, with direct repeats again dominant (77%). Loci with two direct repeats had substantially greater transgene expression level than other types of two-copy T-DNA configurations, but insert organization was not associated with stability of transgene expression. Use of the poplar rbcS promoter, which drove BAR in the transgenic constructs, had no adverse effect on transgene expression levels or stability compared with the heterologous CaMV 35S promoter, which directed GFP expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Li
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-5752, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Li J, Brunner AM, Meilan R, Strauss SH. Matrix attachment region elements have small and variable effects on transgene expression and stability in field-grown Populus. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2008; 6:887-96. [PMID: 19548343 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2008.00369.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Matrix attachment regions (MARs) are thought to buffer transgenes from the influence of surrounding chromosomal sequences, and therefore to reduce transgene silencing and variation in expression. The statistical properties of more than 400 independent transgenic events produced in Populus, with and without flanking MAR elements from the tobacco root gene RB7, were analysed. The expression of two reporter genes in two poplar clones during three phases of vegetative growth, and the association of T-DNA characteristics with expression, was examined. It was found that MARs did not show a consistent effect on transgene expression levels; they had no effect on the green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene, but reduced expression in the Basta resistance (BAR) reporter gene by 23%. The presence of MARs reduced expression variability within transformant populations, apparently by reducing the number of silenced or weakly expressing events. Transgene expression was highly stable over vegetative growth cycles that spanned 3 years of growth in the glasshouse and field, but MARs showed no association with the strength of correlations in expression over the years. Nonetheless, MARs increased the correlation in expression between a p35S::GFP and prbcS::BAR transgene linked on the same vector, but the effect was small and varied between the years. The presence of MARs had no effect on the transgene copy number, but was positively associated with T-DNA truncations, as well as with the formation of direct over inverted repeats at the same chromosomal locus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Li
- Department of Forest Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-5752, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Brunetti D, Perota A, Lagutina I, Colleoni S, Duchi R, Calabrese F, Seveso M, Cozzi E, Lazzari G, Lucchini F, Galli C. Transgene Expression of Green Fluorescent Protein and Germ Line Transmission in Cloned Pigs Derived from In Vitro Transfected Adult Fibroblasts. CLONING AND STEM CELLS 2008; 10:409-19. [DOI: 10.1089/clo.2008.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dario Brunetti
- Laboratorio di Tecnologie della Riproduzione, CIZ srl, Istituto Sperimentale Italiano Lazzaro Spallanzani, Cremona, Italy
| | - Andrea Perota
- Laboratorio di Tecnologie della Riproduzione, CIZ srl, Istituto Sperimentale Italiano Lazzaro Spallanzani, Cremona, Italy
| | - Irina Lagutina
- Laboratorio di Tecnologie della Riproduzione, CIZ srl, Istituto Sperimentale Italiano Lazzaro Spallanzani, Cremona, Italy
| | - Silvia Colleoni
- Laboratorio di Tecnologie della Riproduzione, CIZ srl, Istituto Sperimentale Italiano Lazzaro Spallanzani, Cremona, Italy
| | - Roberto Duchi
- Laboratorio di Tecnologie della Riproduzione, CIZ srl, Istituto Sperimentale Italiano Lazzaro Spallanzani, Cremona, Italy
| | - Fiorella Calabrese
- Facoltà di Medicina, Dipartimento di Diagnostica Medica e Terapia Speciale, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Michela Seveso
- Consorzio per la Ricerca sul Traplanto di Organo, Corit Legnaro, Italy
| | | | - Giovanna Lazzari
- Laboratorio di Tecnologie della Riproduzione, CIZ srl, Istituto Sperimentale Italiano Lazzaro Spallanzani, Cremona, Italy
| | - Franco Lucchini
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Centro Richerche Biotechnologiche, Cremona Italy
| | - Cesare Galli
- Laboratorio di Tecnologie della Riproduzione, CIZ srl, Istituto Sperimentale Italiano Lazzaro Spallanzani, Cremona, Italy
- Dipartimento Clinico Veterinario, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Isolation of pea matrix attachment region and study on its function in transgenic tobaccos. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 44:400-8. [PMID: 18726421 DOI: 10.1007/bf02879607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2001] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A DNA fragment containing consensus sequence of matrix attachment region (MAR) has been isolated from pea genome. Compared with original DNA sequence, one 115 bp-long repeat sequence is deleted in the obtained DNA sequence. DNA fragments located upstream and downstream of repeat DNA sequence respectively share 84% and 93% homology to the corresponding original sequence, and contain A-box or T-box and TATAA sequence, which is characteristics short sequence of MARs. To test the function of the DNA sequence, the plant expression vectors in which beta-glucuronidase gene (GUS, uidA) was used as reporter gene were constructed and transferred into tobaccos via Agrobacterium- mediated transformation procedure. Quantitative GUS assay showed that the average level of uidA expression was increased twofold for the presence of MAR, and the highest level of GUS activity of transgenic plants could be increased six times. The results cited above suggest that the isolated DNA sequence contains consensus sequence of MARs and has capability to increase expression level of gene in transgenic plants.
Collapse
|
21
|
A simple and effective method for protein subcellular localization using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of onion epidermal cells. Biologia (Bratisl) 2007. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-007-0104-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
22
|
De Bolle MFC, Butaye KMJ, Goderis IJWM, Wouters PFJ, Jacobs A, Delauré SL, Depicker A, Cammue BPA. The influence of matrix attachment regions on transgene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana wild type and gene silencing mutants. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 63:533-43. [PMID: 17136580 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-006-9107-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2006] [Accepted: 10/30/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Many studies in both animal and plant systems have shown that matrix attachment regions (MARs) can increase the expression of flanking transgenes. However, our previous studies revealed no effect of the chicken lysozyme MARs (chiMARs) on transgene expression in the first generation transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants transformed with a beta-glucuronidase gene (uidA) unless gene silencing mutants were used as genetic background for transformation. In the present study, we investigated why chiMARs do not influence transgene expression in transgenic wild-type Arabidopsis plants. We first studied the effect of chiMARs on transgene expression in the progeny of primary transformants harboring chiMAR-flanked T-DNAs. Our data indicate that chiMARs do not affect transgene expression in consecutive generations of wild-type A. thaliana plants. Next, we examined whether these observed results in A. thaliana transformants are influenced by the applied transformation method. The results from in vitro transformed A. thaliana plants are in accordance with those from in planta transformed A. thaliana plants and again reveal no influence of chiMARs on transgene expression in A. thaliana wild-type transformants. The effect of chi-MARs on transgene expression is also examined in in vitro transformed Nicotiana tabacum plants, but as for A. thaliana, the transgene expression in tobacco transformants is not altered by the presence of chi-MARs. Taken together, our results show that the applied method or the plant species used for transformation does not influence whether and how chiMARs have an effect on transgene expression. Finally, we studied the effect of MARs (tabMARs) of plant origin (tobacco) on the transgene expression in A. thaliana wild-type plants and suppressed gene silencing (sgs2) mutants. Our results clearly show that similar to chiMARs, the tobacco-derived MARs do not enhance transgene expression in a wild-type background but can be used to enhance transgene expression in a mutant impaired in gene silencing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel F C De Bolle
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark 20, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Tao Y, Shang-long Z, Jing-mei L, De-ming C. Approaches to improve heterogeneous gene expression in transgenic plants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1079/cjb200697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
AbstractWith the development of plant genetic engineering, many transformation methods can be used to transfer heterogeneous genes into plants to develop genetic crops. However, a lot of research results have shown that transgene expression remains largely unpredictable and there is great variation of expression level in different transgenic plant lines. Plant genetic engineering research is reviewed in the present paper. We analysed the reasons why low efficiency of heterogeneous gene expression has happened in transgenic plants in terms of DNA modification, localization of proteins and methods of transformation used. Some strategies for improving heterogeneous gene expression in transgenic plants are also discussed.
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
The DNA in eukaryotic genome is compartmentalized into various domains by a series of loops tethered onto the base of nuclear matrix. Scaffold/ Matrix attachment regions (S/MAR) punctuate these attachment sites and govern the nuclear architecture by establishing chromatin boundaries. In this context, specific proteins that interact with and bind to MAR sequences called MAR binding proteins (MARBPs), are of paramount importance, as these sequences spool the proteins that regulate transcription, replication, repair and recombination. Recent evidences also suggest a role for these cis-acting elements in viral integration, replication and transcription, thereby affecting host immune system. Owing to the complex nature of these nucleotide sequences, less is known about the MARBPs that bind to and bring about diverse effects on chromatin architecture and gene function. Several MARBPs have been identified and characterized so far and the list is growing. The fact that most the MARBPs exist in a co-repressor/ co-activator complex and bring about gene regulation makes them quintessential for cellular processes. This participation in gene regulation means that any perturbation in the regulation and levels of MARBPs could lead to disease conditions, particularly those caused by abnormal cell proliferation, like cancer. In the present chapter, we discuss the role of MARs and MARBPs in eukaryotic gene regulation, recombination, transcription and viral integration by altering the local chromatin structure and their dysregulation in disease manifestation
Collapse
|
25
|
Streatfield SJ. Approaches to achieve high-level heterologous protein production in plants. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2007; 5:2-15. [PMID: 17207252 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2006.00216.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants offer an alternative to microbial fermentation and animal cell cultures for the production of recombinant proteins. For protein pharmaceuticals, plant systems are inherently safer than native and even recombinant animal sources. In addition, post-translational modifications, such as glycosylation, which cannot be achieved with bacterial fermentation, can be accomplished using plants. The main advantage foreseen for plant systems is reduced production costs. Plants should have a particular advantage for proteins produced in bulk, such as industrial enzymes, for which product pricing is low. In addition, edible plant tissues are well suited to the expression of vaccine antigens and pharmaceuticals for oral delivery. Three approaches have been followed to express recombinant proteins in plants: expression from the plant nuclear genome; expression from the plastid genome; and expression from plant tissues carrying recombinant plant viral sequences. The most important factor in moving plant-produced heterologous proteins from developmental research to commercial products is to ensure competitive production costs, and the best way to achieve this is to boost expression. Thus, considerable research effort has been made to increase the amount of recombinant protein produced in plants. This research includes molecular technologies to increase replication, to boost transcription, to direct transcription in tissues suited for protein accumulation, to stabilize transcripts, to optimize translation, to target proteins to subcellular locations optimal for their accumulation, and to engineer proteins to stabilize them. Other methods include plant breeding to increase transgene copy number and to utilize germplasm suited to protein accumulation. Large-scale commercialization of plant-produced recombinant proteins will require a combination of these technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Streatfield
- Applied Biotechnology Institute, Building 36, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abranches R, Shultz RW, Thompson WF, Allen GC. Matrix attachment regions and regulated transcription increase and stabilize transgene expression. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2005; 3:535-43. [PMID: 17173639 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2005.00144.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Transgene silencing has been shown to be associated with strong promoters, but it is not known whether the propensity for silencing is caused by the level of transcription, or some other property of the promoter. If transcriptional activity fosters silencing, then transgenes with inducible promoters may be less susceptible to silencing. To test this idea, a doxycycline-inducible luciferase transgene was transformed into an NT1 tobacco suspension culture cell line that constitutively expressed the tetracycline repressor. The inducible luciferase gene was flanked by tobacco Rb7 matrix attachment regions (MAR) or spacer control sequences in order to test the effects of MARs in conjunction with regulated transcription. Transformed lines were grown under continuous doxycycline (CI), or delayed doxycycline induction (DI) conditions. Delayed induction resulted in higher luciferase expression initially, but continued growth in the presence of doxycycline resulted in a reduction of expression to levels similar to those found in continuously induced lines. In both DI and CI treatments, the Rb7 MAR significantly reduced the percentage of silenced lines and increased transgene expression levels. These data demonstrate that active transcription increases silencing, especially in the absence of the Rb7 MAR. Importantly, the Rb7 MAR lines showed higher expression levels under both CI and DI conditions and avoided silencing that may occur in the absence of active transcription such as what would be expected as a result of condensed chromatin spreading.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rita Abranches
- North Carolina State University, Department of Crop Science, Box 7620, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7620, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Oh SJ, Jeong JS, Kim EH, Yi NR, Yi SI, Jang IC, Kim YS, Suh SC, Nahm BH, Kim JK. Matrix attachment region from the chicken lysozyme locus reduces variability in transgene expression and confers copy number-dependence in transgenic rice plants. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2005; 24:145-54. [PMID: 15714322 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-005-0915-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2004] [Revised: 12/18/2004] [Accepted: 12/22/2004] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Matrix-attachment regions (MARs) may function as domain boundaries and partition chromosomes into independently regulated units. In this study, BP-MAR, a 1.3-kb upstream fragment of the 5'MAR flanking the chicken lysozyme locus, was tested for its effects on integration and expression of transgenes in transgenic rice plants. Using the Agrobacterium-mediated method, we transformed rice with nine different constructs containing seven and six different promoters and coding sequences, respectively. Genomic Southern blot analyses of 357 independent transgenic lines revealed that in the presence of BP-MAR, 57% of the lines contained a single copy of the transgene, whereas in its absence, only 20% of the lines contained a single copy of the transgene. RNA gel-blot and immunoblot experiments demonstrated that in the presence of BP-MAR, transgene expression levels were similar among different lines. These data were in direct contrast to those derived from transgenes expressed in the absence of BP-MAR, which varied markedly with the chromosomal integration site . Thus, it can be concluded that BP-MAR significantly reduces the variability in transgene expression between independent transformants. Moreover, the presence of BP-MAR appears to confer a copy number-dependent increase in transgene expression, although it does not increase expression levels of individual transgenes. These data contrast with results previously obtained with various MARs that increased expression levels of transgene significantly. Therefore, we conclude that the incorporation of BP-MAR sequences into the design of transformation vectors can minimize position effects and regulate transgene expression in a copy number-dependent way.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S-J Oh
- Division of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Myongji University, Yongin, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Halweg C, Thompson WF, Spiker S. The rb7 matrix attachment region increases the likelihood and magnitude of transgene expression in tobacco cells: a flow cytometric study. THE PLANT CELL 2005; 17:418-29. [PMID: 15659622 PMCID: PMC548816 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.104.028100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2004] [Accepted: 11/24/2004] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Many studies in both plant and animal systems have shown that matrix attachment regions (MARs) can increase expression of transgenes in whole organisms or cells in culture. Because histochemical assays often indicate variegated transgene expression, a question arises: Do MARs increase transgene expression by increasing the percentage of cells expressing the transgene (likelihood), by increasing the level of expression in expressing cells (magnitude), or both? To address this question, we used flow cytometry to measure green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression in individual tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) cells from lines transformed by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. We conclude that MAR-mediated overall increases in transgene expression involve both likelihood and magnitude. On average, cell lines transformed with the Rb7 MAR-containing vector expressed GFP at levels 2.0- to 3.7-fold higher than controls. MAR lines had fewer nonexpressing cells than control lines (10% versus 45%), and the magnitude of GFP expression in expressing cells was greater in MAR lines by 1.9- to 2.9-fold. We also show that flow cytometry measurements on cells from isogenic lines are consistent with those from populations of independently transformed cell lines. By obviating the need to establish isogenic lines, this use of flow cytometry could greatly simplify the evaluation of MARs or other sequence elements that affect transgene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Halweg
- Department of Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7614, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Jost W, Link S, Horstmann V, Decker EL, Reski R, Gorr G. Isolation and characterisation of three moss-derived beta-tubulin promoters suitable for recombinant expression. Curr Genet 2004; 47:111-20. [PMID: 15605251 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-004-0555-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2004] [Revised: 11/12/2004] [Accepted: 11/16/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The moss Physcomitrella patens is an excellent tool to study plant gene-function relationships due to its high rate of homologous recombination (HR). It has also been shown to be very useful in the production of recombinant proteins which are secreted into a simple medium. Thus, there is a need for suitable promoters functional in this well established model organism. We isolated genomic flanking regions of the beta-tubulin gene family from Physcomitrella, concentrating on those family members showing high transcript abundance integrated over gametophytic tissues. Using a novel, fast and reliable quantification assay based on the transient expression and secretion of a recombinant human protein, three genomic upstream regions were characterised in serial deletion constructs. Expression rates were up to three times higher than those obtained with the 35S cauliflower mosaic virus (35S) promoter, which served as a reference.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Jost
- Greenovation Biotech GmbH, Bötzinger Strasse 29b, 79111 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Torney F, Partier A, Says-Lesage V, Nadaud I, Barret P, Beckert M. Heritable transgene expression pattern imposed onto maize ubiquitin promoter by maize adh-1 matrix attachment regions: tissue and developmental specificity in maize transgenic plants. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2004; 22:931-8. [PMID: 15127223 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-004-0779-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2003] [Revised: 02/02/2004] [Accepted: 02/03/2004] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Matrix attachment regions (MARs) have been used to enhance transgene expression and to reduce transgene expression instability in various organisms. In plants, contradictory data question the role of MAR sequences. To assess the use of MAR sequences in maize, we have used two well-characterized MARs from the maize adh-1 region. The MARs have been cloned either 5' to or at both sides of a reporter gene expression cassette to reconstitute a MAR-based domain. Histochemical staining revealed a new transgene expression pattern in roots of regenerated plants and their progeny. Furthermore, MARs systematically induced variegation. We show here that maize adh-1 MARs are able to modify transgene expression patterns as a heritable trait, giving a new and complementary outcome following use of MARs in genetic transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- François Torney
- UMR INRA-UBP 1095 Amélioration et Santé des Plantes, Domaine de Crouelle, 63039, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
James VA, Worland B, Snape JW, Vain P. Strategies for precise quantification of transgene expression levels over several generations in rice. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2004; 55:1307-1313. [PMID: 15073211 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erh133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Variation in transgene expression levels can result from uncontrolled differences in experimental protocols. Studies conducted over generations could, by their design, generate additional unwanted variation. To study sources of spurious variation, transgene expression levels were quantified over five homozygous generations in two independent transgenic rice lines created by particle bombardment. Both lines contained the same gus expression unit and had been shown to exhibit stable inheritance of transgene structure and expression. All plants were cultured and sampled using previously developed standardized protocols. Plants representative of each generation (T2, T3, T4, T5, T6) were grown either all together or across several different growth periods. GUS activity in plants from different generations was quantified either in the same assay or over multiple independent assays. Strategies in which plants were grown and phenotyped independently, significantly increased (up to 3-fold) extraneous variation in transgene expression level quantification, thus reducing the precision of molecular genetic studies and generating artefactual results in transgenic studies conducted over generations. Identification of sources of unwanted variation and quantification of their effect allowed the development of new strategies designed to control spurious variation. Growth and phenotyping of all plants from all generations together, using standard operating procedures (SOP), led to a reduction in extraneous variation associated with transgene expression level quantification. Adoption of such strategies is key to improving the reproducibility of transgenic studies conducted over generations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A James
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
McKee BD. Homologous pairing and chromosome dynamics in meiosis and mitosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 1677:165-80. [PMID: 15020057 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbaexp.2003.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2003] [Revised: 11/18/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Pairing of homologous chromosomes is an essential feature of meiosis, acting to promote high levels of recombination and to ensure segregation of homologs. However, homologous pairing also occurs in somatic cells, most regularly in Dipterans such as Drosophila, but also to a lesser extent in other organisms, and it is not known how mitotic and meiotic pairing relate to each other. In this article, I summarize results of recent molecular studies of pairing in both mitosis and meiosis, focusing especially on studies using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and GFP-tagging of single loci, which have allowed investigators to assay the pairing status of chromosomes directly. These approaches have permitted the demonstration that pairing occurs throughout the cell cycle in mitotic cells in Drosophila, and that the transition from mitotic to meiotic pairing in spermatogenesis is accompanied by a dramatic increase in pairing frequency. Similar approaches in mammals, plants and fungi have established that with few exceptions, chromosomes enter meiosis unpaired and that chromosome movements involving the telomeric, and sometimes centromeric, regions often precede the onset of meiotic pairing. The possible roles of proteins involved in homologous recombination, synapsis and sister chromatid cohesion in homolog pairing are discussed with an emphasis on those for which mutant phenotypes have permitted an assessment of effects on homolog pairing. Finally, I consider the question of the distribution and identity of chromosomal pairing sites, using recent data to evaluate possible relationships between pairing sites and other chromosomal sites, such as centromeres, telomeres, promoters and heterochromatin. I cite evidence that may point to a relationship between matrix attachment sites and homologous pairing sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce D McKee
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology and Genome Sciences and Technology Program, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, M407 Walters Life Sciences Building, Knoxville, TN 37996-0840, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Boudreau N, Myers C, Bissell MJ. From laminin to lamin: regulation of tissue-specific gene expression by the ECM. Trends Cell Biol 2004; 5:1-4. [PMID: 14731421 DOI: 10.1016/s0962-8924(00)88924-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mammary epithelial cells need a laminin-rich extracellular matrix (ECM) to achieve a functionally differentiated phenotype that includes secretion of milk-specific proteins such as beta-casein. There is good evidence that ECM-induced expression of beta-casein involves an 'ECM-response element' in the promoter of the casein gene that is activated by integrin-mediated signalling. This article proposes that ECM-induced structural changes in the cytoskeleton, histone organization and the nuclear matrix contribute to this tissue-specific gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Boudreau
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Van der Geest AHM, Welter ME, Woosley AT, Pareddy DR, Pavelko SE, Skokut M, Ainley WM. A short synthetic MAR positively affects transgene expression in rice and Arabidopsis. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2004; 2:13-26. [PMID: 17166139 DOI: 10.1046/j.1467-7652.2003.00044.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Matrix Attachment Regions (MARs) are DNA elements that are thought to influence gene expression by anchoring active chromatin domains to the nuclear matrix. When flanking a construct in transgenic plants, MARs could be useful for enhancing transgene expression. Naturally occurring MARs have a number of sequence features and DNA elements in common, and using different subsets of these sequence elements, three independent synthetic MARs were created. Although short, these MARs were able to bind nuclear scaffold preparations with an affinity equal to or greater than naturally occurring plant MARs. One synthetic MAR was extensively tested for its effect on transgene expression, using different MAR orientations, plant promoters, transformation methods and plant species. This MAR was able to increase average transgene expression and produced integration patterns of lower complexity. These data show the potential of making well defined synthetic MARs and using them to improve transgene expression.
Collapse
|
35
|
Chua YL, Watson LA, Gray JC. The transcriptional enhancer of the pea plastocyanin gene associates with the nuclear matrix and regulates gene expression through histone acetylation. THE PLANT CELL 2003; 15:1468-79. [PMID: 12782737 PMCID: PMC156380 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.011825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2003] [Accepted: 04/11/2003] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The influence of the transcriptional enhancer of the pea plastocyanin gene (PetE) on the acetylation of histones was examined with chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) experiments using antibodies that recognize acetylated or nonacetylated histones H3 and H4. In transgenic tobacco plants containing the pea PetE promoter fused to uidA, both acetylated and nonacetylated histones H3 and H4 were present on the integrated transgene. Linking the PetE enhancer to the transgene resulted in increased beta-glucuronidase activity and increased amounts of acetylated histones H3 and H4 present on the promoter, suggesting that the enhancer may increase transcription by mediating the acetylation of histones. Trichostatin A and sodium butyrate, which are potent inhibitors of histone deacetylases (HDAs), activated expression from the PetE promoter by fourfold, with a concomitant increase in the acetylation states of histones H3 and H4, as determined by ChIP, indicating that the acetylation of histones has a direct positive effect on transcription. The HDA inhibitors did not increase expression from the PetE promoter when it was linked to the enhancer, consistent with preexisting hyperacetylated histones on the transgene. Mapping of histone acetylation states along the reporter gene indicated that the histones H3 and H4 associated with the promoter and the 5' region of uidA were hyperacetylated in the presence of the PetE enhancer. The PetE enhancer bound to isolated tobacco nuclear matrices in vitro and was associated with the nuclear matrix in nuclei isolated from transgenic tobacco plants. These results suggest that the pea PetE enhancer activates transcription by associating with the nuclear matrix, mediating the acetylation of histones on the promoter and the nearby coding region and resulting in an altered chromatin structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yii Leng Chua
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Sidorenko L, Bruce W, Maddock S, Tagliani L, Li X, Daniels M, Peterson T. Functional analysis of two matrix attachment region (MAR) elements in transgenic maize plants. Transgenic Res 2003; 12:137-54. [PMID: 12739882 DOI: 10.1023/a:1022908614356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Matrix attachment regions (MARs) are binding sites for nuclear scaffold proteins in vitro, and are proposed to mediate the attachment of chromatin to the nuclear scaffold in vivo. Previous reports suggest that MAR elements may stabilize transgene expression. Here, we tested the effects of two maize MAR elements (P-MAR from the P1-rr gene, and Adh1-MAR from the adh1 gene) on the expression of a gusA reporter gene driven by three different promoters: the maize p1 gene promoter, a wheat peroxidase (WP) gene promoter, or a synthetic promoter (Rsyn7). The inclusion of P-MAR or Adh1-MAR on P::GUS transgene constructs did not reduce variation in the levels of GUS activity among independent transformation events, nor among the progeny derived from each event. The Adh1-MAR element did not affect GUS expression driven by the WP promoter, but did modify the spatial pattern of expression of the Rsyn7::GUS transgene. These results indicate that, in transgenic maize plants, the effects of MAR elements can vary significantly depending upon the promoter used to drive the transgene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lyudmila Sidorenko
- Department of Zoology and Genetics, Iowa State University, IA 50011, Ames, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Gelvin SB. Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation: the biology behind the "gene-jockeying" tool. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2003; 67:16-37, table of contents. [PMID: 12626681 PMCID: PMC150518 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.67.1.16-37.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 612] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Agrobacterium tumefaciens and related Agrobacterium species have been known as plant pathogens since the beginning of the 20th century. However, only in the past two decades has the ability of Agrobacterium to transfer DNA to plant cells been harnessed for the purposes of plant genetic engineering. Since the initial reports in the early 1980s using Agrobacterium to generate transgenic plants, scientists have attempted to improve this "natural genetic engineer" for biotechnology purposes. Some of these modifications have resulted in extending the host range of the bacterium to economically important crop species. However, in most instances, major improvements involved alterations in plant tissue culture transformation and regeneration conditions rather than manipulation of bacterial or host genes. Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation is a highly complex and evolved process involving genetic determinants of both the bacterium and the host plant cell. In this article, I review some of the basic biology concerned with Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation. Knowledge of fundamental biological principles embracing both the host and the pathogen have been and will continue to be key to extending the utility of Agrobacterium for genetic engineering purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stanton B Gelvin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1392, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Mankin SL, Allen GC, Phelan T, Spiker S, Thompson WF. Elevation of transgene expression level by flanking matrix attachment regions (MAR) is promoter dependent: a study of the interactions of six promoters with the RB7 3' MAR. Transgenic Res 2003; 12:3-12. [PMID: 12650520 DOI: 10.1023/a:1022194120518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We have analyzed effects of a matrix attachment region (MAR) from the tobacco RB7 gene on transgene expression from six different promoters in stably transformed tobacco cell cultures. The presence of MARs flanking the transgene increased expression of constructs based on the constitutive CaMV 35S, NOS, and OCS promoters. Expression from an induced heat shock promoter was also increased and MARs did not cause expression in the absence of heat shock. There was also no effect of MARs on the pea ferredoxin promoter, which is not normally expressed in this cell line. Importantly, most transgenes flanked by RB7 MAR elements showed a large reduction in the number of low expressing GUS transformants relative to control constructs without MARs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Luke Mankin
- Department of Botany, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7612, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Brouwer C, Bruce W, Maddock S, Avramova Z, Bowen B. Suppression of transgene silencing by matrix attachment regions in maize: a dual role for the maize 5' ADH1 matrix attachment region. THE PLANT CELL 2002; 14:2251-2264. [PMID: 12215518 PMCID: PMC150768 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.004028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2002] [Accepted: 05/29/2002] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Matrix attachment regions (MARs) are DNA sequences that bind an internal nuclear network of nonhistone proteins called the nuclear matrix. Thus, they may define discrete gene-containing chromatin loops in vivo. We have studied the effects of flanking transgenes with MARs on transgene expression levels in maize callus and in transformed maize plants. Three MAR elements, two from maize (Adh1 5' MAR and Mha1 5' MAR) and one from yeast (ARS1), had very different effects on transgene expression that bore no relation to their affinity for the nuclear matrix in vitro. In callus, two of the MAR elements (Adh1 5' MAR and ARS1) reduced transgene silencing but had no effect on the variability of expression. In transgenic plants, Adh1 5' MAR had the effect of localizing beta-glucuronidase expression to lateral root initiation sites. A possible model accounting for the function of Adh1 5' MAR is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cory Brouwer
- Department of Zoology and Genetics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Petersen K, Leah R, Knudsen S, Cameron-Mills V. Matrix attachment regions (MARs) enhance transformation frequencies and reduce variance of transgene expression in barley. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2002; 49:45-58. [PMID: 12008898 DOI: 10.1023/a:1014464127973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear matrix attachment regions (MARs) are defined as genomic DNA sequences, located at the physical boundaries of chromatin loops. They are suggested to play a role in the cis unfolding and folding of the chromatin fibre associated with the regulation of gene transcription. Inclusion of MARs in transgene cassettes enhances their expression and reduces position-effect variations in the transgenic host. The present study is the first to investigate the influence of MAR sequences on transformation frequencies and transgene expression in barley, which is highly relevant to the future improvement of this crop by biotechnology. Two plant MAR sequences were tested both for their ability to bind to the nuclear matrix of barley leaf nuclei and to regulate the expression of a reporter gene in transgenic barley. Competitive in vitro MAR binding assays with the 520 bp P1-MAR from soybean and the 516 bp TBS-MAR from petunia revealed that only the P1-MAR had specific binding affinity for barley nuclear matrices. The barley transformation frequency with the uidA reporter gene was increased 2-fold when the gene was flanked with either the P1-MAR or TBS-MAR, while the gene copy number was strongly reduced. The presence of P1-MAR sequences increased the mean activity and reduced the variance in expression of a co-integrated reporter gene in barley consistent with the proposed model of MAR activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Petersen
- Department of Plant Biology and Biogeochemistry, Risoe National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Franco LO, de O Manes CL, Hamdi S, Sachetto-Martins G, de Oliveira DE. Distal regulatory regions restrict the expression of cis-linked genes to the tapetal cells. FEBS Lett 2002; 517:13-8. [PMID: 12062400 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(02)02557-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The oleosin glycine-rich protein genes Atgrp-6, Atgrp-7, and Atgrp-8 occur in clusters in the Arabidopsis genome and are expressed specifically in the tapetum cells. The cis-regulatory regions involved in the tissue-specific gene expression were investigated by fusing different segments of the gene cluster to the uidA reporter gene. Common distal regulatory regions were identified that coordinate expression of the sequential genes. At least two of these genes were regulated spatially by proximal and distal sequences. The cis-acting elements (122 bp upstream of the transcriptional start point) drive the uidA expression to floral tissues, whereas distal 5' upstream regions restrict the gene activity to tapetal cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luciana O Franco
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular Vegetal, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, C.P. 68011, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Twyman RM, Kohli A, Stoger E, Christou P. Foreign DNA: integration and expression in transgenic plants. GENETIC ENGINEERING 2002; 24:107-36. [PMID: 12416303 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0721-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Twyman
- Molecular Biotechnology Unit, John Innes Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UH United Kingdom
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Song W, Solimeo H, Rupert RA, Yadav NS, Zhu Q. Functional dissection of a Rice Dr1/DrAp1 transcriptional repression complex. THE PLANT CELL 2002; 14:181-95. [PMID: 11826307 PMCID: PMC150559 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.010320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2001] [Accepted: 10/16/2001] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We characterized rice cDNA sequences for OsDr1 and OsDrAp1, which encode structural homologs of the eukaryotic general repressors Dr1 and DrAp1, respectively. OsDr1 and OsDrAp1 are nuclear proteins that interact with each other and with the TATA binding protein/DNA complex. In vitro and in vivo functional analyses showed that OsDrAp1 functions as a repressor, unlike its role in other eukaryotic systems, in which DrAp1 is a corepressor. OsDr1 and OsDrAp1 functioned together as a much stronger repressor than either one alone. Functional dissections revealed that the N-terminal histone-fold domains of OsDr1 and OsDrAp1 were necessary and sufficient for their repression and protein-protein interaction with each other. The unique glutamine- and proline-rich domain of OsDr1 had no repression activity. The basic amino acid-rich region and an arginine and glycine repeat domain of OsDrAp1 enhanced its repression activity. Thus, although OsDr1 and OsDrAp1 function as repressors, the functions of the two components are reversed compared with those of their nonplant counterparts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Song
- Central Research and Development, DuPont Company, P.O. Box 80402, Wilmington, DE 19880-0402, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Persson S, Wyatt SE, Love J, Thompson WF, Robertson D, Boss WF. The Ca(2+) status of the endoplasmic reticulum is altered by induction of calreticulin expression in transgenic plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2001; 126:1092-104. [PMID: 11457960 PMCID: PMC116466 DOI: 10.1104/pp.126.3.1092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2001] [Revised: 03/14/2001] [Accepted: 04/16/2001] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca(2+) stores in plant cells, we generated tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum; NT1) suspension cells and Arabidopsis plants with altered levels of calreticulin (CRT), an ER-localized Ca(2+)-binding protein. NT1 cells and Arabidopsis plants were transformed with a maize (Zea mays) CRT gene in both sense and antisense orientations under the control of an Arabidopsis heat shock promoter. ER-enriched membrane fractions from NT1 cells were used to examine how altered expression of CRT affects Ca(2+) uptake and release. We found that a 2.5-fold increase in CRT led to a 2-fold increase in ATP-dependent (45)Ca(2+) accumulation in the ER-enriched fraction compared with heat-shocked wild-type controls. Furthermore, after treatment with the Ca(2+) ionophore ionomycin, ER microsomes from NT1 cells overproducing CRT showed a 2-fold increase in the amount of (45)Ca(2+) released, and a 2- to 3-fold increase in the amount of (45)Ca(2+) retained compared with wild type. These data indicate that altering the production of CRT affects the ER Ca(2+) pool. In addition, CRT transgenic Arabidopsis plants were used to determine if altered CRT levels had any physiological effects. We found that the level of CRT in heat shock-induced CRT transgenic plants correlated positively with the retention of chlorophyll when the plants were transferred from Ca(2+)-containing medium to Ca(2+)-depleted medium. Together these data are consistent with the hypothesis that increasing CRT in the ER increases the ER Ca(2+) stores and thereby enhances the survival of plants grown in low Ca(2+) medium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Persson
- Dpartment of Botany, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7612, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Allen GC, Spiker S, Thompson WF. Use of matrix attachment regions (MARs) to minimize transgene silencing. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2000; 43:361-376. [PMID: 10999416 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006424621037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Matrix attachment regions (MARs) are operationally defined as DNA elements that bind specifically to the nuclear matrix in vitro. It is possible, although unproven, that they also mediate binding of chromatin to the nuclear matrix in vivo and alter the topology of the genome in interphase nuclei. When MARs are positioned on either side of a transgene their presence usually results in higher and more stable expression in transgenic plants or cell lines, most likely by minimizing gene silencing. Our review explores current data and presents several plausible models to explain MAR effects on transgene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G C Allen
- Department of Botany, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Tikhonov AP, Bennetzen JL, Avramova ZV. Structural domains and matrix attachment regions along colinear chromosomal segments of maize and sorghum. THE PLANT CELL 2000; 12:249-64. [PMID: 10662861 PMCID: PMC139762 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.12.2.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/1999] [Accepted: 12/05/1999] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Although a gene's location can greatly influence its expression, genome sequencing has shown that orthologous genes may exist in very different environments in the genomes of closely related species. Four genes in the maize alcohol dehydrogenase (adh1) region represent solitary genes dispersed among large repetitive blocks, whereas the orthologous genes in sorghum are located in a different setting surrounded by low-copy-number DNAs. A specific class of DNA sequences, matrix attachment regions (MARs), was found to be in comparable positions in the two species, often flanking individual genes. If these MARs define structural domains, then the orthologous genes in maize and sorghum should experience similar chromatin environments. In addition, MARs were divided into two groups, based on the competitive affinity of their association with the matrix. The "durable" MARs retained matrix associations at the highest concentrations of competitor DNA. Most of the durable MARs mapped outside genes, defining the borders of putative chromatin loops. The "unstable" MARs lost their association with the matrix under similar competitor conditions and mapped mainly within introns. These results suggest that MARs possess both domain-defining and regulatory roles. Miniature inverted repeat transposable elements (MITEs) often were found on the same fragments as the MARs. Our studies showed that many MITEs can bind to isolated nuclear matrices, suggesting that MITEs may function as MARs in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A P Tikhonov
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Harder PA, Silverstein RA, Meier I. Conservation of matrix attachment region-binding filament-like protein 1 among higher plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2000; 122:225-34. [PMID: 10631266 PMCID: PMC58861 DOI: 10.1104/pp.122.1.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/1999] [Accepted: 10/11/1999] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of chromatin with the nuclear matrix via matrix attachment regions (MARs) on the DNA is considered to be of fundamental importance for higher-order chromatin organization and the regulation of gene expression. We have previously isolated a novel nuclear matrix-localized protein (MFP1) from tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) that preferentially binds to MAR DNA. Tomato MFP1 has a predicted filament-protein-like structure and is associated with the nuclear envelope via an N-terminal targeting domain. Based on the antigenic relationship, we report here that MFP1 is conserved in a large number of dicot and monocot species. Several cDNAs were cloned from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and shown to correspond to two tobacco MFP1 genes. Comparison of the primary and predicted secondary structures of MFP1 from tomato, tobacco, and Arabidopsis indicates a high degree of conservation of the N-terminal targeting domain, the overall putative coiled-coil structure of the protein, and the C-terminal DNA-binding domain. In addition, we show that tobacco MFP1 is regulated in an organ-specific and developmental fashion, and that this regulation occurs at the level of transcription or RNA stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P A Harder
- DuPont Central Research and Development, P.O. Box 80402, Wilmington, Delaware 19880-0402, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Srivastava V, Anderson OD, Ow DW. Single-copy transgenic wheat generated through the resolution of complex integration patterns. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:11117-21. [PMID: 10500139 PMCID: PMC17996 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.20.11117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic transformation of plants often results in multiple copies of the introduced DNA at a single locus. To ensure that only a single copy of a foreign gene resides in the plant genome, we used a strategy based on site-specific recombination. The transformation vector consists of a transgene flanked by recombination sites in an inverted orientation. Regardless of the number of copies integrated between the outermost transgenes, recombination between the outermost sites resolves the integrated molecules into a single copy. An example of this strategy has been demonstrated with wheat transformation, where four of four multiple-copy loci were resolved successfully into single-copy transgenes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Srivastava
- Plant Gene Expression Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Albany, CA 94710, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Mishra RK, Karch F. Boundaries that demarcate structural and functional domains of chromatin. J Biosci 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02941252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
50
|
Gindullis F, Meier I. Matrix attachment region binding protein MFP1 is localized in discrete domains at the nuclear envelope. THE PLANT CELL 1999; 11:1117-28. [PMID: 10368182 PMCID: PMC144256 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.11.6.1117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Recently, it has been suggested that nuclear processes, such as replication, transcription, and splicing, are spatially organized and associated with a nuclear framework called the nuclear matrix, a structure of unknown molecular composition. It has been shown that chromatin is attached to the nuclear matrix via specific DNA fragments called matrix attachment regions (MARs). We have begun to dissect the plant nuclear matrix by isolating a DNA binding protein with specific affinity for MARs. Here, it is shown that MAR binding filament-like protein 1 (MFP1) is associated with specklelike structures at the nuclear periphery that are part of isolated nuclei and the nuclear matrix. A predicted N-terminal transmembrane domain is necessary for the specific targeting of MFP1 to the speckles, indicating an association with the nuclear envelope-endoplasmic reticulum continuum. In addition, it is shown that a marker protein for plant microtubule organizing centers, which has been shown to be localized on the outside of the plant nuclear envelope, is also part of the nuclear matrix. These findings indicate a close and previously undescribed connection in plants between the nuclear envelope and the internal nuclear matrix, and they suggest a function for MFP1 in attaching chromatin to specific sites at the nuclear periphery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Gindullis
- DuPont Central Research and Development, P.O. Box 80402, Wilmington, Delaware 19880-0402, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|