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Cordina RJ, Smith B, Tuttle T. Mathematical and computational modeling of fats and triacylglycerides. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e13316. [PMID: 38506169 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Fats and oils are found in many food products; however, their macroscopic properties are difficult to predict, especially when blending different fats or oils together. With difficulties in sourcing specific fats or oils, whether due to availability or pricing, food companies may be required to find alternative sources for these ingredients, with possible differences in ingredient performance. Mathematical and computational modeling of these ingredients can provide a quick way to predict their properties, avoiding costly trials or manufacturing problems, while, most importantly, keeping the consumers happy. This review covers a range of mathematical models for triacylglycerides (TAGs) and fats, namely, models for the prediction of melting point, solid fat content, and crystallization temperature and composition. There are a number of models that have been designed for both TAGs and fats and which have been shown to agree very well with empirical measurements, using both kinetic and thermodynamic approaches, with models for TAGs being used to, in turn, predict fat properties. The last section describes computational models to simulate the behavior of TAGs using molecular dynamics (MD). Simulation of TAGs using MD, however, is still at an early stage, although the most recent papers on this topic are bringing this area up to speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Cordina
- Cadbury UK Ltd., Birmingham, UK
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Tell Tuttle
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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2
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Bertoni S, Simone E, Sangiorgi S, Albertini B, Passerini N. The use of polymorphic state modifiers in solid lipid microparticles: The role of structural modifications on drug release performance. Eur J Pharm Sci 2024; 192:106650. [PMID: 37995834 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the correlation between the structural and release properties of solid lipid microparticles (MPs) of tristearin containing 5 % w/w of four different liquid additives used as crystal modifiers: isopropyl myristate (IM), ethyl oleate (EO), oleic acid (OA) and medium chain triglycerides (MCT). All additives accelerated the conversion of the unstable α-form of tristearin, formed after the MPs manufacturing, to the stable β-polymorph and the transformation was completed within 24 h (for IM and EO) or 48 h (for OA and MCT). The kinetic of polymorphic transition at 25 °C was investigated by simultaneous synchrotron SAXS/WAXS and DSC analysis after melting and subsequent cooling of the lipid mixture. After crystallization in the α-phase, additives accelerate the solid-solid phase transformation to β-tristearin. SAXS data showed that two types of structural modifications occurred on MPs during storage: compaction of the crystal packing (slight decrease in lamellar thickness) and crystal growth (increased number of stacked lipid lamellae). The release behavior of a model hydrophilic drug (caffeine) at two different amounts (15 % and 30 %) from MPs was studied in water and biorelevant media simulated the gastric and intestinal environment. It was particularly significant that the introduction of IM, EO and MCT were able to prolong the drug release in water, passing from a diffusion-based Higuchi kinetics to a perfect zero-order kinetic. Moreover, the overall release profiles were higher in biorelevant media, where erosion/digestion of MPs was observed. After 6 months, a moderate but statistically significant change in release profile was observed for the MPs with IM and EO, which can be correlated with the time-dependent structural alterations (i.e. larger average crystallite size) of these formulations; while MPs with OA or MCT displayed stable release profiles. These findings help to understand the correlation between release behavior, polymorphism and supramolecular-level structural modification of lipid formulations containing crystal modifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Bertoni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via S. Donato 19/2, Bologna 40127, Italy
| | - Elena Simone
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Torino 10129, Italy
| | - Stefano Sangiorgi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via S. Donato 19/2, Bologna 40127, Italy
| | - Beatrice Albertini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via S. Donato 19/2, Bologna 40127, Italy.
| | - Nadia Passerini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via S. Donato 19/2, Bologna 40127, Italy
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Cholakova D, Denkov N. Polymorphic phase transitions in triglycerides and their mixtures studied by SAXS/WAXS techniques: In bulk and in emulsions. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 323:103071. [PMID: 38157769 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.103071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Triacylglycerols (TAGs) exhibit a monotropic polymorphism, forming three main polymorphic forms upon crystallization: α, β' and β. The distinct physicochemical properties of these polymorphs, such as melting temperature, subcell lattice structure, mass density, etc., significantly impact the appearance, texture, and long-term stability of a wide range products in the food and cosmetics industries. Additionally, TAGs are also of special interest in the field of controlled drug delivery and sustained release in pharmaceuticals, being a key material in the preparation of solid lipid nanoparticles. The present article outlines our current understanding of TAG phase behavior in both bulk and emulsified systems. While our primary focus are investigations involving monoacid TAGs and their mixtures, we also include illustrative examples with natural TAG oils, highlighting the knowledge transfer from simple to intricate systems. Special attention is given to recent discoveries via X-ray scattering techniques. The main factors influencing TAG polymorphism are discussed, revealing that a higher occurrence of structural defects in the TAG structure always accelerates the rate of the α → β polymorphic transformation. Diverse approaches can be employed based on the specific system: incorporating foreign molecules or solid particles into bulk TAGs, reducing drop size in dispersed systems, or using surfactants that remain fluid during TAG particle crystallization, ensuring the necessary molecular mobility for the polymorphic transformation. Furthermore, we showcase the role of TAG polymorphism on a recently discovered phenomenon: the creation of nanoparticles as small as 20 nm from initial coarse emulsions without any mechanical energy input. This analysis underscores how the broader understanding of the TAG polymorphism can be effectively applied to comprehend and control previously unexplored processes of notable practical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Cholakova
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Sofia University, 1 James Bourchier Avenue, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Nikolai Denkov
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Sofia University, 1 James Bourchier Avenue, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
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Cordina R, Smith B, Tuttle T. COGITO: A Coarse-Grained Force Field for the Simulation of Macroscopic Properties of Triacylglycerides. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:1333-1341. [PMID: 36728833 PMCID: PMC9979597 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The use of molecular dynamics simulations is becoming ever more widespread; however, the application of this to pure triacylglyceride (TAG) systems is not. In this study, we are presenting the development, and validation, of a new force field (FF), which we have called the COarse-Grained Interchangeable Triacylglyceride-Optimized FF. The FF has been developed using both a bottom-up and top-down approach for different parameters, with the non-bonded parameters being optimized using a Bayesian optimization method. While the FF was developed using monounsaturated TAGs, results show that it is also suitable for fully saturated TAGs. Description of molecules which were not used during the development of the FF is carried out simply by interchanging the bead in the molecule topologies. Results show that the FF can reproduce the macroscopic properties (density and lattice parameters) of pure TAGs as both crystals and melt with high accuracy, as well as reproduce the differences in enthalpies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert
J. Cordina
- Mondele̅z
UK R&D Ltd., P.O. Box 12, Bournville Lane, BirminghamB30 2LU, U.K.,Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University
of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, GlasgowG1 1XL, U.K.
| | - Beccy Smith
- Mondele̅z
UK R&D Ltd., P.O. Box 12, Bournville Lane, BirminghamB30 2LU, U.K.
| | - Tell Tuttle
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University
of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, GlasgowG1 1XL, U.K.,. Phone: +44 141 548 2290
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Mirza AH. Study of trioleoylglycerol two-layer and adiposome cross-section mimicking four-layer systems through atomic-level simulations. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2022; 9:064701. [PMID: 36484071 PMCID: PMC9726221 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Adiposomes are artificially prepared lipid droplet (LD)-mimetic structures, which, unlike LDs, do not harbor proteins. The dynamics of interaction between triacylglycerols (TAGs), drug molecule, and phospholipids in adiposomes is currently not well-established. Trioleoylglycerol (TOG) molecule was divided into three parts: two oleoyl tails and one 2-monooleoylglycerol (MOG). Forcefield parameters for two oleoyl tails were adopted from the AMBER18 repository while that of the MOG forcefield was taken from the literature. Charge correction was performed on the MOG forcefield before its utilization. After charge correction, the resulting TOG molecule had zero charge. TOG bilayer (2L) and tetralayer (4L) systems were prepared and simulated. TOG bilayer (2L) systems-modeled from two different initial conformations, the TOG3 conformation and the TOG2:1 conformation-showed that TOG2:1 conformation was more prevailing irrespective of the starting conformation and was subsequently used in further simulations. The hydrated TOG 2L system showed TOG-water solution solubility of 0.051 mol L-1 which is near experimental values. This validated the correct parameterization of the TOG molecule. The simulations of 4L systems showed stable membrane behaviors toward the end of simulations. It was also observed that in the 4L system, the TOG molecules showed the formation of micelles with the drug molecule. Almost six TOGs remained continuously in contact with the drug molecule throughout the simulation. The availability of charge-corrected TOG parameterization is expected to equip future studies with a framework for molecular dynamics simulations of adiposomes and/or LDs at the atomic level.
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New insights into the thermodynamics and kinetics of triacylglycerols crystallization. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2022.103115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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7
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Gordillo-Galeano A, Ponce A, Mora-Huertas CE. In vitro release behavior of SLN, NLC, and NE: An explanation based on the particle structure and carried molecule location. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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8
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Gomes da Silva M, Ramponi Rodrigues de Godoi K, Pavie Cardoso L, Paula Badan Ribeiro A. Effect of stabilization and fatty acids chain length on the crystallization behavior of interesterified blends during storage. Food Res Int 2022; 157:111208. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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da Silva MG, de Godoi KRR, Gigante ML, Pavie Cardoso L, Paula Badan Ribeiro A. Developed and characterization of nanostructured lipid carriers containing food-grade interesterified lipid phase for food application. Food Res Int 2022; 155:111119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Golodnizky D, Shmidov Y, Bitton R, Bernardes CE, Davidovich-Pinhas M. Isotropic liquid state of triacylglycerols. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.118703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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van der Lem T, de Bakker M, Keuck G, Richardson MK. Wilhelm His Sr. and the development of paraffin embedding. DER PATHOLOGE 2021; 42:55-61. [PMID: 34236458 PMCID: PMC8571243 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-021-00947-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Paraffin histology is one of the most important and commonly-used laboratory techniques in diagnostic histopathology. The discovery of paraffin embedding is often attributed to the pathologist Edwin Klebs. Klebs was following the lead of Stricker, who embedded embryos in a mixture of hot stearin and white beeswax. We show that Klebs experimented with paraffin wax for embedding tumour tissue. But he quickly rejected it as unsuitable because paraffin wax did not infiltrate the tissue. One of Klebs' correspondents, embryologist Wilhelm His, Sr., learned of Klebs' experiments and decided to try paraffin embedding. His dehydrated chicken embryos in alcohol, cleared them in lavender oil, and dripped hot paraffin wax onto them. This process allowed His to cut good sections. Here, we have replicated His's paraffin embedding protocol in order to determine whether His had indeed made the landmark discovery of infiltration embedding with paraffin wax. We followed the protocol that he gives in his 1868 monograph on the early development of the chicken. The protocol described by His failed, in our hands, to yield sections of the quality that he illustrates in his monograph. Typically, the tissue disintegrated when sectioned due to poor infiltration of the wax. Usable sections could only be obtained if His's protocol was modified by melting the embedded embryos in fresh paraffin wax. One explanation for our findings is that we failed to faithfully replicate His's protocol. Another is that his protocol was incomplete. We suggest that His is likely to have discovered and perfected infiltration embedding with paraffin wax but did not publish a complete protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim van der Lem
- Institute of Biology, IBL, Sylvius Laboratorium, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Merijn de Bakker
- Institute of Biology, IBL, Sylvius Laboratorium, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Michael K Richardson
- Institute of Biology, IBL, Sylvius Laboratorium, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333BE, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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van der Lem T, de Bakker M, Keuck G, Richardson MK. [Wilhelm His, Sr., and the development of paraffin embedding. German version]. DER PATHOLOGE 2021; 42:424-430. [PMID: 33983520 PMCID: PMC8249263 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-021-00943-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Die paraffinbasierte histologische Untersuchung ist eines der wichtigsten angewendeten Laborverfahren in der diagnostischen Histopathologie. Die Entwicklung der Paraffineinbettung wird oft dem Pathologen Edwin Klebs zugeschrieben. Klebs orientierte sich an den Arbeiten von Stricker, der Embryonen in eine Mischung aus heißem Tristearin und weißem Bienenwachs einbettete, und experimentierte mit Paraffin, um Tumorgewebe einzubetten. Er verwarf den Ansatz aber rasch, da Paraffin das Gewebe nicht infiltrierte. Klebs stand im Briefwechsel mit dem Embryologen Wilhelm His Senior, der von dessen Experimenten erfuhr und beschloss, sich an der Paraffineinbettung zu versuchen. His entwässerte Hühnerembryonen in Alkohol, klärte sie mit Lavendelöl und träufelte heißes Paraffin darüber. Dieses Verfahren ermöglichte ihm die Anfertigung guter Schnitte. In der vorliegenden Arbeit haben wir His’ Protokoll der Paraffineinbettung nachvollzogen, um zu ermitteln, ob His tatsächlich die Infiltrationseinbettung mit Paraffin gelungen ist. Wir befolgten das Protokoll aus seiner 1868 erschienenen Monografie. Anhand der Anweisungen von His gelang es uns nicht, Schnitte mit der von ihm illustrierten Qualität herzustellen. In der Regel zerfiel das Gewebe beim Schneiden wegen schlechter Wachsinfiltration. Brauchbare Schnitte wurden nur bei Abwandlung von His’ Protokoll durch das Wiedereinschmelzen der eingebetteten Embryos in frischem Paraffin erreicht. Möglicherweise ist es uns nicht gelungen ist, das Protokoll von His detailgetreu zu replizieren, oder das Protokoll war unvollständig. Nach unserer Einschätzung hat His wahrscheinlich die Infiltrationseinbettung mit Paraffin erfunden und perfektioniert, aber kein vollständiges Protokoll veröffentlicht.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim van der Lem
- Institute of Biology, Sylvius Laboratory, Leiden University (IBL), Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, Niederlande
| | - Merijn de Bakker
- Institute of Biology, Sylvius Laboratory, Leiden University (IBL), Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, Niederlande
| | | | - Michael K Richardson
- Institute of Biology, Sylvius Laboratory, Leiden University (IBL), Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, Niederlande.
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Lazarenko MM, Alekseev AN, Alekseev SA, Yablochkova KS, Bokhvan SI, Demidiuk OF, Lazarenko MV. Topological solitons in aliphatic systems with a restricted translational mobility. Chem Phys 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2020.110959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Marangoni AG, van Duynhoven JPM, Acevedo NC, Nicholson RA, Patel AR. Advances in our understanding of the structure and functionality of edible fats and fat mimetics. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:289-306. [PMID: 31840722 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm01704f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The reasons for the increased world-wide incidence of obesity, type-2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease include sedentary lifestyles and poor food choices. Regulatory agencies in several countries now require companies to add unattractive front of package labels to their products where salt, sugar and fat (or saturated fat) levels are prominently displayed. After the demise of partially hydrogenated fats, saturated fat has become the new target. Consumption of saturated fat over polyunsaturated oil has been clearly shown to increase cholesterol levels in humans. However, saturated fats provide the functionality required in many food products. To complicate matters, concerns over sustainability, veganism, genetically modified organisms, animal welfare, as well as religious beliefs, severely limit our sources of saturated fat. In this review we will discuss recent advances in our understanding of the nano and mesoscale structure of fats, responsible for their physical functionality and contrast it to that of fat mimetics. Fat mimetics include polymeric networks of ethylcellulose, emulsion-templated networks of proteins and polysaccharides, colloidal and self-assembled fibrillar networks of polar lipid crystals, as well as solid o/w emulsions of oil trapped within crystallized lamellar mesophases. Clean label and economic considerations will also be touched upon.
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Ladd Parada M, Sadeghpour A, Vieira J, Povey M, Rappolt M. Global Small-Angle X-ray Scattering Data Analysis of Triacylglycerols in the α-Phase (Part II). J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:10330-10336. [PMID: 30351126 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b06708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The early-stage crystallization behavior in a triacylglycerol mixture has been investigated on the nanoscale with a novel global small-angle X-ray scattering analysis technique. This method has been tailored for the determination of the electron density profiles (EDPs) replicating both (i) the nanostructural texture of molten triacylglycerols (TAGs) (refer to "Global Small-Angle X-ray Scattering Data Analysis of Triacylglycerols in the Molten State (Part I)" of this publication series) and (ii) the lamellar structure of the metastable α-polymorph. In a first stage, the α-phase scattering contribution alone was examined by classical Fourier analysis as well as by globally fitting the data, leading to practically identical EDPs. On the basis of these findings, we extended our analysis to the entire X-ray scattering contribution arising from molten TAGs and the solid α-phase fraction. Remarkably, the experimental and theoretical data agree very well, providing for the first time a detailed nanostructural understanding about the coexisting molecular assemblies. This, in turn, also allowed us to quantitatively determine the solid fat content (SFC) with X-ray scattering data. Our new theoretical approach for measurement of SFC is based on the global analysis of small-angle scattering/diffraction patterns, and the SFC results are in good agreement with values obtained from other techniques such as NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie Ladd Parada
- School of Food Science and Nutrition , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , U.K
| | - Amin Sadeghpour
- School of Food Science and Nutrition , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , U.K.,Department of Materials Meet Life , Center for X-ray Analytics, Empa , 8600 St. Gallen , Switzerland
| | | | - Megan Povey
- School of Food Science and Nutrition , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , U.K
| | - Michael Rappolt
- School of Food Science and Nutrition , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , U.K
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Sadeghpour A, Parada ML, Vieira J, Povey M, Rappolt M. Global Small-Angle X-ray Scattering Data Analysis of Triacylglycerols in the Molten State (Part I). J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:10320-10329. [PMID: 30351127 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b06704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The study of triacylglycerols (TAGs) in their molten state is of fundamental importance for a deeper understanding of the TAG crystallization processes, being highly relevant for both manufacturing and medical applications. Although different models have been proposed to explain the nanostructured nature of the fluid state of TAGs, none of them are fully satisfactory. In this paper, we propose a new model consisting of positionally uncorrelated lamellar TAG assemblies embedded in an isotropic medium that assist as prenucleating structures. This model was validated by applying a novel global fitting method, resulting in an excellent agreement with the small-angle X-ray scattering data. A deeper analysis of the scattering patterns at different temperatures, both in cooling and heating directions, allowed us further to detect the crystalline traces of TAGs even after heating to 40 °C and record, on cooling, the onset of crystallization at 30-25 °C. The application of the presented novel model not only explains the outstandingly structured fluid of molten TAGs, but also lays the basis for analyzing first the crystallization steps in greater detail, which is outlined in our follow-up paper "Global Small-Angle X-ray Scattering Data Analysis of Triacylglycerols in the α-Phase (Part II)".
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Sadeghpour
- School of Food Science and Nutrition , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , U.K.,Department of Materials Meet Life, Empa , Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , 8600 St. Gallen , Switzerland
| | - Marjorie Ladd Parada
- School of Food Science and Nutrition , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , U.K
| | | | - Megan Povey
- School of Food Science and Nutrition , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , U.K
| | - Michael Rappolt
- School of Food Science and Nutrition , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , U.K
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17
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Pizzirusso A, Peyronel F, Co ED, Marangoni AG, Milano G. Molecular Insights into the Eutectic Tripalmitin/Tristearin Binary System. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:12405-12414. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b04729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Pizzirusso
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Fernanda Peyronel
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Edmund D. Co
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | | | - Giuseppe Milano
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan Yonezawa, Yamagata-ken 992-8510, Japan
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18
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den Adel R, van Malssen K, van Duynhoven J, Mykhaylyk OO, Voda A. Fat Crystallite Thickness Distribution Based on SAXD Peak Shape Analysis. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201800222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruud den Adel
- Unilever R&D Vlaardingen; Olivier van Noortlaan 120 3130 AC Vlaardingen The Netherlands
| | - Kees van Malssen
- Unilever R&D Vlaardingen; Olivier van Noortlaan 120 3130 AC Vlaardingen The Netherlands
| | - John van Duynhoven
- Unilever R&D Vlaardingen; Olivier van Noortlaan 120 3130 AC Vlaardingen The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Biophysics; Wageningen University; Stippeneng 4 6708 WE Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Oleksandr O. Mykhaylyk
- Soft Matter Analytical Laboratory; Department of Chemistry; The University of Sheffield; Sheffield S3 7HF The United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Voda
- Unilever R&D Vlaardingen; Olivier van Noortlaan 120 3130 AC Vlaardingen The Netherlands
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19
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Uyama M, Araki H, Fukuhara T, Watanabe K. Physicochemical Properties of α-Form Hydrated Crystalline Phase of 3-(10-Carboxydecyl)-1,1,1,3,5,5,5-heptamethyl Trisiloxane/Higher alcohol/Polyoxyethylene (5 mol) Glyceryl monostearate/Water System. J Oleo Sci 2018; 67:839-849. [PMID: 29877223 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess17279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The α-form hydrated crystalline phase (often called as an α-gel) is one of the hydrated crystalline phases which can be exhibited by surfactants and lipids. In this study, a novel system of an α-form hydrated crystal was developed, composed of 3-(10-carboxydecyl)-1,1,1,3,5,5,5-heptamethyl trisiloxane (CDTS), polyoxyethylene (5 mol) glyceryl monostearate (GMS-5), higher alcohol. This is the first report to indicate that a silicone surfactant can form an α-form hydrated crystal. The physicochemical properties of this system were characterized by small and wide angle X-ray scattering (SWAXS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and diffusion-ordered NMR spectroscopy (DOSY) experiments. SWAXS and DSC measurements revealed that a plurality of crystalline phases coexist in the CDTS/higher alcohol/water ternary system. By adding GMS-5 to the ternary system, however, a wide region of a single α-form hydrated crystalline phase was obtained. The self-diffusion coefficients (Dsel) from the NMR measurements suggested that all of the CDTS, GMS-5, and higher alcohol molecules were incorporated into the same α-form hydrated crystals.
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Calligaris GA, da Silva TLT, Ribeiro APB, Dos Santos AO, Cardoso LP. On the quantitative phase analysis and amorphous content of triacylglycerols materials by X-ray Rietveld method. Chem Phys Lipids 2018; 212:51-60. [PMID: 29366737 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The characterization of fat components becomes very useful for formulation of shortening, margarines and fat products due to their unique properties of plasticity, texture, solubility, and aeration. However, X-ray diffraction experiments on such materials are usually limited to a qualitative evaluation of the polymorphic properties based only on the characteristic d-spacing peak intensities. In this work, interesting results based on the Rietveld Method have supported both a Quantitative Phase Analysis and Degree of Crystallinity study on industrial and academic appealing samples, such as triacylglycerol standards, fully hydrogenated vegetable oils (hardfats) and cocoa butter. This useful approach to the area of oils and fats can provide valuable information about the polymorphism and its relationship to the application of lipid materials in food science and technology. Here, the discrimination between β and β' polymorphs on samples made of mixtures or blended hardfats was attained, and the results have shown a relevant contrast in comparison to a purely qualitative approach. Assessment of amorphous content on cocoa butter samples was achieved by isolating its contribution from the total X-ray diffraction background via mathematical tools during the whole pattern fitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme A Calligaris
- Institute of Physics Gleb Wataghin, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, 777 Sérgio Buarque de Holanda St., 13083-859 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Thais L T da Silva
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Engineering - UNICAMP, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula B Ribeiro
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Engineering - UNICAMP, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Adenilson O Dos Santos
- CCSST, Federal University of Maranhão - UFMA, Urbano Santos St., 65900-410 Imperatriz, MA, Brazil
| | - Lisandro P Cardoso
- Institute of Physics Gleb Wataghin, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, 777 Sérgio Buarque de Holanda St., 13083-859 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Lopes JD, Grosso CRF, de Andrade Calligaris G, Cardoso LP, Basso RC, Ribeiro APB, Efraim P. Solid lipid microparticles of hardfats produced by spray cooling as promising crystallization modifiers in lipid systems. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201500560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Priscilla Efraim
- School of Food Engineering; University of Campinas; Campinas Brazil
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Lopes JD, Grosso CRF, de Andrade Calligaris G, Cardoso LP, Basso RC, Ribeiro APB, Efraim P. Solid lipid microparticles of hardfats produced by spray cooling as promising crystallization modifiers in lipid systems. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201400560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Priscilla Efraim
- School of Food Engineering; University of Campinas; Campinas Brazil
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Gehrer S, Schmiele M, Westermann M, Steiniger F, Unruh T. Liquid Crystalline Phase Formation in Suspensions of Solid Trimyristin Nanoparticles. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:11387-96. [DOI: 10.1021/jp506787v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Gehrer
- Physik
Department, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen−Nürnberg, Staudtstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Schmiele
- Physik
Department, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen−Nürnberg, Staudtstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Westermann
- Center
for Electron Microscopy, Jena University Hospital, Ziegelmühlenweg
1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Frank Steiniger
- Center
for Electron Microscopy, Jena University Hospital, Ziegelmühlenweg
1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias Unruh
- Physik
Department, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen−Nürnberg, Staudtstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Craven RJ, Lencki RW. Polymorphism of Acylglycerols: A Stereochemical Perspective. Chem Rev 2013; 113:7402-20. [DOI: 10.1021/cr400212r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. John Craven
- Department of Food
Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Robert W. Lencki
- Department of Food
Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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25
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Craven RJ, Lencki RW. Symmetry, chirality and crystalline tendency: the polymorphism of triacylglycerols. Food Funct 2012; 3:228-33. [DOI: 10.1039/c2fo00007e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Güres S, Siepmann F, Siepmann J, Kleinebudde P. Drug release from extruded solid lipid matrices: Theoretical predictions and independent experiments. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2012; 80:122-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Triacylglycerol Polymorphism: What Can We Learn from Space Groups and Crystalline Tendency? J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-011-1952-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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28
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Acevedo NC, Peyronel F, Marangoni AG. Nanoscale structure intercrystalline interactions in fat crystal networks. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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29
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Güres S, Kleinebudde P. Dissolution from solid lipid extrudates containing release modifiers. Int J Pharm 2011; 412:77-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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The binary phase behavior of 1,3-dicaproyl-2-stearoyl-sn-glycerol and 1,2-dicaproyl-3-stearoyl-sn-glycerol. Chem Phys Lipids 2009; 157:21-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2008.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2008] [Revised: 08/21/2008] [Accepted: 08/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Peschar R, Pop MM, De Ridder DJA, van Mechelen JB, Driessen RAJ, Schenk H. Crystal Structures of 1,3-Distearoyl-2-oleoylglycerol and Cocoa Butter in the β(V) Phase Reveal the Driving Force Behind the Occurrence of Fat Bloom on Chocolate. J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp046723c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- René Peschar
- Laboratory for Crystallography, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 166, NL-1018 WV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mihaela M. Pop
- Laboratory for Crystallography, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 166, NL-1018 WV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk J. A. De Ridder
- Laboratory for Crystallography, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 166, NL-1018 WV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan B. van Mechelen
- Laboratory for Crystallography, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 166, NL-1018 WV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - René A. J. Driessen
- Laboratory for Crystallography, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 166, NL-1018 WV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henk Schenk
- Laboratory for Crystallography, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 166, NL-1018 WV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Mykhaylyk OO, Hamley IW. The Packing of Triacylglycerols from SAXS Measurements: Application to the Structure of 1,3-Distearoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycerol Crystal Phases. J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0379704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian W. Hamley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, U.K
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