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Regulation of PKA activity by an autophosphorylation mechanism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochem J 2014; 462:567-79. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20140577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications can modulate kinase protein activity. We show that autophosphorylation of catalytic subunit of PKA Tpk1 upon glucose stimulus increases its catalytic efficiency. Our findings describe a new control layer on PKA activity in response to nutrient availability.
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2
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Utepbergenov D, Derewenda U, Olekhnovich N, Szukalska G, Banerjee B, Hilinski MK, Lannigan DA, Stukenberg PT, Derewenda ZS. Insights into the inhibition of the p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) by the flavonol glycoside SL0101 from the 1.5 Å crystal structure of the N-terminal domain of RSK2 with bound inhibitor. Biochemistry 2012; 51:6499-510. [PMID: 22846040 DOI: 10.1021/bi300620c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The p90 ribosomal S6 family of kinases (RSK) are potential drug targets, due to their involvement in cancer and other pathologies. There are currently only two known selective inhibitors of RSK, but the basis for selectivity is not known. One of these inhibitors is a naturally occurring kaempferol-α-L-diacetylrhamnoside, SL0101. Here, we report the crystal structure of the complex of the N-terminal kinase domain of the RSK2 isoform with SL0101 at 1.5 Å resolution. The refined atomic model reveals unprecedented structural reorganization of the protein moiety, as compared to the nucleotide-bound form. The entire N-lobe, the hinge region, and the αD-helix undergo dramatic conformational changes resulting in a rearrangement of the nucleotide binding site with concomitant formation of a highly hydrophobic pocket spatially suited to accommodate SL0101. These unexpected results will be invaluable in further optimization of the SL0101 scaffold as a promising lead for a novel class of kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darkhan Utepbergenov
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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3
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Khavrutskii IV, Grant B, Taylor SS, McCammon JA. A transition path ensemble study reveals a linchpin role for Mg(2+) during rate-limiting ADP release from protein kinase A. Biochemistry 2009; 48:11532-45. [PMID: 19886670 PMCID: PMC2789581 DOI: 10.1021/bi901475g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
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Protein kinases are key regulators of diverse signaling networks
critical for growth and development. Protein kinase A (PKA) is an
important kinase prototype that phosphorylates protein targets at
Ser and Thr residues by converting ATP to ADP. Mg2+ ions
play a crucial role in regulating phosphoryl transfer and can limit
overall enzyme turnover by affecting ADP release. However, the mechanism
by which Mg2+ participates in ADP release is poorly understood.
Here we use a novel transition path ensemble technique, the harmonic
Fourier beads method, to explore the atomic and energetic details
of the Mg2+-dependent ADP binding and release. Our studies
demonstrate that adenine-driven ADP binding to PKA creates three ion-binding
sites at the ADP/PKA interface that are absent otherwise. Two of these
sites bind the previously characterized Mg2+ ions, whereas
the third site binds a monovalent cation with high affinity. This
third site can bind the P-3 residue of substrate proteins and may
serve as a reporter of the active site occupation. Binding of Mg2+ ions restricts mobility of the Gly-rich loop that closes
over the active site. We find that simultaneous release of ADP with
Mg2+ ions from the active site is unfeasible. Thus, we
conclude that Mg2+ ions act as a linchpin and that at least
one ion must be removed prior to pyrophosphate-driven ADP release.
The results of the present study enhance understanding of Mg2+-dependent association of nucleotides with protein kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilja V Khavrutskii
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Diego,La Jolla, California 92093-0365, USA.
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4
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Yang S, Rogers KM, Johnson DA. MgATP-induced conformational change of the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Biophys Chem 2005; 113:193-9. [PMID: 15617827 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2004.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 08/31/2004] [Accepted: 08/31/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Conformational changes of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) catalytic (C) subunit are critical for the catalysis of gamma-phosphate transfer from adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) to target proteins. Time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy (TRFA) was used to investigate the respective roles of Mg(2+), ATP, MgATP, and the inhibitor peptide (IP20) in the conformational changes of a 5,6-carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CF) labeled C subunit ((CF)C). TRFA decays were fit to a biexponential equation incorporating the fast and slow rotational correlation times phi(F) and phi(S). The (CF)C apoenzyme exhibited the rotational correlation times phi(F)=1.8+/-0.3 ns and phi(S)=20.1+/-0.6 ns which were reduced to phi(F)=1.1+/-0.2 ns and phi(S)=13.3+/-0.9 ns in the presence of MgATP. The reduction in rotational correlation times indicated that the (CF)C subunit adopted a more compact shape upon formation of a (CF)C.MgATP binary complex. Neither Mg(2+) (1-3 mM) nor ATP (0.4 mM) alone induced changes in the (CF)C subunit conformation equivalent to those induced by MgATP. The effect of MgATP was removed in the presence of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). The addition of IP20 and MgATP to form the (CF)C x MgATP x IP20 ternary complex produced rotational correlation times similar to those of the (CF)C x MgATP binary complex. However, IP20 alone did not elicit an equivalent reduction in rotational correlation times. The results indicate that binding of MgATP to the C subunit may induce conformation changes in the C subunit necessary for the proper stereochemical alignment of substrates in the subsequent phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumei Yang
- Department of Chemistry, California State University, San Bernardino, CA 92407, USA.
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5
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Hayward S. Identification of Specific Interactions that Drive Ligand-induced Closure in Five Enzymes with Classic Domain Movements. J Mol Biol 2004; 339:1001-21. [PMID: 15165865 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2004.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2003] [Revised: 03/04/2004] [Accepted: 04/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In order to better understand ligand-induced closure in domain enzymes, open unliganded X-ray structures and closed liganded X-ray structures have been studied in five enzymes: adenylate kinase, aspartate aminotransferase, citrate synthase, liver alcohol dehydrogenase, and the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. A sequential model of ligand binding and domain closure was used to test the hypothesis that the ligand actively drives closure from an open conformation. The analysis supports the assumption that each enzyme has a dedicated binding domain to which the ligand binds first and a closing domain. In every case, a small number of residues are identified to interact with the ligand to initiate and drive domain closure. In all cases except adenylate kinase, the backbone of residues located in an interdomain-bending region (hinge site) is identified to interact with the ligand to aid in driving closure. In adenylate kinase, the side-chain of a residue located directly adjacent to a bending region drives closure. It is thought that by binding near a hinge site the ligand is able to get within interaction range of residues when the enzyme is in the open conformation. Interdomain bending regions not involved in inducing closure are involved in control, helping to determine the location of the hinge axis. Similarities have been discovered between aspartate aminotransferase and citrate synthase that only come to light in the context of their dynamical behaviour in response to binding their substrate. Similarity also exists between liver alcohol dehydrogenase and cAMP-dependent protein kinase whereby groups on NAD and ATP, respectively, mimic the backbone of a single amino acid residue in a process where a three residue segment located at the terminus of a beta-sheet, moves to form hydrogen bonds with the mimic that resemble those found in a parallel beta-sheet. This interaction helps to drive domain closure in a process that has analogy to protein folding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Hayward
- School of Computing Sciences and School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
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6
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Gassel M, Breitenlechner CB, Rüger P, Jucknischke U, Schneider T, Huber R, Bossemeyer D, Engh RA. Mutants of protein kinase A that mimic the ATP-binding site of protein kinase B (AKT). J Mol Biol 2003; 329:1021-34. [PMID: 12798691 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(03)00518-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The mutation of well behaved enzymes in order to simulate less manageable cognates is the obvious approach to study specific features of the recalcitrant target. Accordingly, the prototypical protein kinase PKA serves as a model for many kinases, including the closely related PKB, an AGC family protein kinase now implicated as oncogenic in several cancers. Two residues that differ between the alpha isoforms of PKA and PKB at the adenine-binding site generate differing shapes of the binding surface and are likely to play a role in ligand selectivity. As the corresponding mutations in PKA, V123A would enlarge the adenine pocket, while L173M would alter both the shape and its electronic character of the adenine-binding surface. We have determined the structures of the corresponding double mutant (PKAB2: PKAalpha V123A, L173M) in apo and MgATP-bound states, and observed structural alterations of a residue not previously involved in ATP-binding interactions: the side-chain of Q181, which in native PKA points away from the ATP-binding site, adopts in apo double mutant protein a new rotamer conformation, which places the polar groups at the hinge region in the ATP pocket. MgATP binding forces Q181 back to the position seen in native PKA. The crystal structure shows that ATP binding geometry is identical with that in native PKA but in this case was determined under conditions with only a single Mg ion ligand. Surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy studies show that significant energy is required for this ligand-induced transition. An additional PKA/PKB mutation, Q181K, corrects the defect, as shown both by the crystal structure of triple mutant PKAB3 (PKAalpha V123A, L173M, Q181K) and by surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy binding studies with ATP and three isoquinoline inhibitors. Thus, the triple mutant serves well as an easily crystallizable model for PKB inhibitor interactions. Further, the phenomenon of Q181 shows how crystallographic analysis should accompany mutant studies to monitor possible spurious structural effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gassel
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Pathochemistry, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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7
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Nurizzo D, Shewry SC, Perlin MH, Brown SA, Dholakia JN, Fuchs RL, Deva T, Baker EN, Smith CA. The crystal structure of aminoglycoside-3'-phosphotransferase-IIa, an enzyme responsible for antibiotic resistance. J Mol Biol 2003; 327:491-506. [PMID: 12628253 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(03)00121-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A major factor in the emergence of antibiotic resistance is the existence of enzymes that chemically modify common antibiotics. The genes for these enzymes are commonly carried on mobile genetic elements, facilitating their spread. One such class of enzymes is the aminoglycoside phosphotransferase (APH) family, which uses ATP-mediated phosphate transfer to chemically modify and inactivate aminoglycoside antibiotics such as streptomycin and kanamycin. As part of a program to define the molecular basis for aminoglycoside recognition and inactivation by such enzymes, we have determined the high resolution (2.1A) crystal structure of aminoglycoside-3'-phosphotransferase-IIa (APH(3')-IIa) in complex with kanamycin. The structure was solved by molecular replacement using multiple models derived from the related aminoglycoside-3'-phosphotransferase-III enzyme (APH(3')-III), and refined to an R factor of 0.206 (R(free) 0.238). The bound kanamycin molecule is very well defined and occupies a highly negatively charged cleft formed by the C-terminal domain of the enzyme. Adjacent to this is the binding site for ATP, which can be modeled on the basis of nucleotide complexes of APH(3')-III; only one change is apparent with a loop, residues 28-34, in a position where it could fold over an incoming nucleotide. The three rings of the kanamycin occupy distinct sub-pockets in which a highly acidic loop, residues 151-166, and the C-terminal residues 260-264 play important parts in recognition. The A ring, the site of phosphoryl transfer, is adjacent to the catalytic base Asp190. These results give new information on the basis of aminoglycoside recognition, and on the relationship between this phosphotransferase family and the protein kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Nurizzo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Thomas Buildings, 3A Symonds St., Private Bag 92019, New Zealand
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8
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Akamine P, Wu J, Xuong NH, Ten Eyck LF, Taylor SS. Dynamic features of cAMP-dependent protein kinase revealed by apoenzyme crystal structure. J Mol Biol 2003; 327:159-71. [PMID: 12614615 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(02)01446-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To better understand the mechanism of ligand binding and ligand-induced conformational change, the crystal structure of apoenzyme catalytic (C) subunit of adenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase (PKA) was solved. The apoenzyme structure (Apo) provides a snapshot of the enzyme in the first step of the catalytic cycle, and in this unliganded form the PKA C subunit adopts an open conformation. A hydrophobic junction is formed by residues from the small and large lobes that come into close contact. This "greasy" patch may lubricate the shearing motion associated with domain rotation, and the opening and closing of the active-site cleft. Although Apo appears to be quite dynamic, many important residues for MgATP binding and phosphoryl transfer in the active site are preformed. Residues around the adenine ring of ATP and residues involved in phosphoryl transfer from the large lobe are mostly preformed, whereas residues involved in ribose binding and in the Gly-rich loop are not. Prior to ligand binding, Lys72 and the C-terminal tail, two important ATP-binding elements are also disordered. The surface created in the active site is contoured to bind ATP, but not GTP, and appears to be held in place by a stable hydrophobic core, which includes helices C, E, and F, and beta strand 6. This core seems to provide a network for communicating from the active site, where nucleotide binds, to the peripheral peptide-binding F-to-G helix loop, exemplified by Phe239. Two potential lines of communication are the D helix and the F helix. The conserved Trp222-Phe238 network, which lies adjacent to the F-to-G helix loop, suggests that this network would exist in other protein kinases and may be a conserved means of communicating ATP binding from the active site to the distal peptide-binding ledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pearl Akamine
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0654, USA
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9
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Wall ME, Gallagher SC, Trewhella J. Large-scale shape changes in proteins and macromolecular complexes. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2001; 51:355-80. [PMID: 11031286 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.physchem.51.1.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Proteins and RNA undergo intricate motions as they carry out functions in biological systems. These motions frequently entail large-scale conformational changes that induce changes in the surface structure, or shape, of a molecule. This review describes the experimental characterization of large-scale shape changes in proteins and macromolecular complexes and the effects of such changes on macromolecular behavior. We describe several important results that have been obtained by using small-angle scattering, which is emerging as a powerful technique for determining macromolecular shapes and elucidating the quaternary structure of macromolecular assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Wall
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA.
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10
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Sowadski JM, Epstein LF, Lankiewicz L, Karlsson R. Conformational diversity of catalytic cores of protein kinases. Pharmacol Ther 1999; 82:157-64. [PMID: 10454194 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-7258(98)00054-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
X-ray crystallography of the protein kinase family has provided an impressive array of crystal structures, setting the stage for rational design of specific inhibitors of these vitally important regulators of the signaling pathways of the cell. Initial work on the first crystal structure of a protein kinase, cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, has provided evidence of conformational changes suggested to be critical for the common catalytic event of transferring the gamma phosphate from ATP onto the targeted protein. This review updates the current status of the extent of conformational diversity of the protein kinase family and suggests that both the nature and the extent of those changes can provide a rationale for the increased occurrence of specific protein kinase inhibitors targeted at the ATP-binding site. It focuses on the fact that in addition to the sequence diversities in ATP binding clefts reported recently, there is conformational diversity in the beta sheets of the upper domains of the catalytic cores. This difference is directly related to the regulation of kinases by multiple mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Sowadski
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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11
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Taylor SS, Radzio-Andzelm E, Cheng X, Ten Eyck L, Narayana N. Catalytic subunit of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase: structure and dynamics of the active site cleft. Pharmacol Ther 1999; 82:133-41. [PMID: 10454192 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-7258(99)00007-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The catalytic subunit of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase serves as a structural template for the entire family of Ser, Thr, and Tyr specific protein kinases. We review here the dynamics of the active catalytic subunit. These dynamics correlate with an opening and closing of the active site cleft, and are considered to be a requirement for catalysis. The motions, described by a set of several crystal structures, reveal a very fluid active site cleft. This active site cleft with its dynamic opening and closing is a prime target for protein kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Taylor
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0654, USA
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12
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Hünenberger PH, Helms V, Narayana N, Taylor SS, McCammon JA. Determinants of ligand binding to cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Biochemistry 1999; 38:2358-66. [PMID: 10029529 DOI: 10.1021/bi982064g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinases are essential for the regulation of cellular growth and metabolism. Since their dysfunction leads to debilitating diseases, they represent key targets for pharmaceutical research. The rational design of kinase inhibitors requires an understanding of the determinants of ligand binding to these proteins. In the present study, a theoretical model based on continuum electrostatics and a surface-area-dependent nonpolar term is used to calculate binding affinities of balanol derivatives, H-series inhibitors, and ATP analogues toward the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (cAPK or protein kinase A). The calculations reproduce most of the experimental trends and provide insight into the driving forces responsible for binding. Nonpolar interactions are found to govern protein-ligand affinity. Hydrogen bonds represent a negligible contribution, because hydrogen bond formation in the complex requires the desolvation of the interacting partners. However, the binding affinity is decreased if hydrogen-bonding groups of the ligand remain unsatisfied in the complex. The disposition of hydrogen-bonding groups in the ligand is therefore crucial for binding specificity. These observations should be valuable guides in the design of potent and specific kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Hünenberger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0365, USA.
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13
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Narayana N, Cox S, Nguyen-huu X, Ten Eyck LF, Taylor SS. A binary complex of the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase and adenosine further defines conformational flexibility. Structure 1997; 5:921-35. [PMID: 9261084 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-2126(97)00246-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND cAMP-dependent protein kinase (cAPK), a ubiquitous protein in eukaryotic cells, is one of the simplest members of the protein kinase family. It was the first protein kinase to be crystallized and continues to serve as a biochemical and structural prototype for this family of enzymes. To further understand the conformational changes that occur in different liganded and unliganded states of cAPK, the catalytic subunit of cAPK was crystallized in the absence of peptide inhibitor. RESULTS The crystal structure of the catalytic subunit of mouse recombinant cAPK (rC) complexed with adenosine was solved at 2.6 A resolution and refined to a crystallographic R factor of 21.9% with good stereochemical parameters. This is the first structure of the rC subunit that lacks a bound inhibitor or substrate peptide. The structure was solved by molecular replacement and comprises two lobes (large and small) which contain a number of conserved loops. CONCLUSIONS The binary complex of rC and adenosine adopts an 'intermediate' conformation relative to the previously described 'closed' and 'open' conformations of other rC complexes. Based on a comparison of these structures, the induced fit that is necessary for catalysis and closing of the active-site cleft appears to be confined to the small lobe, as in the absence of the peptide the conformation of the large lobe, including the peptide-docking surface, does not change. Three specific components contribute to the closing of the cleft: rotation of the small lobe; movement of the C-terminal tail; and closing of the so-called glycine-rich loop. There is no induced fit in the large lobe to accommodate the peptide and the closing of the cleft. A portion of the C-terminal tail, residues 315-334, serves as a gate for the entry or exit of the nucleotide into the hydrophobic active-site cleft.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Narayana
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0359, USA.
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14
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Lew J, Coruh N, Tsigelny I, Garrod S, Taylor SS. Synergistic binding of nucleotides and inhibitors to cAMP-dependent protein kinase examined by acrylodan fluorescence spectroscopy. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:1507-13. [PMID: 8999821 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.3.1507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We have engineered an acrylodan-modified derivative of the catalytic subunit of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (cAPK) whose fluorescence emission signal has allowed the synergistic binding between nucleotides and physiological inhibitors of cAPK to be examined (Whitehouse, S., and Walsh, D. A. (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 3682-3692). In the presence of the regulatory subunit, RI, the affinity of cAPK for adenosine, ADP, AMPPNP (adenosine 5'-(beta, gamma-imino)triphosphate), or ATP was 5-, 50-, 120-, and 15,000-fold enhanced, while in the presence of the heat-stable inhibitor protein of cAPK (PKI), there was a 3-, 20-, 33-, and 2000-fold enhancement in the binding of these nucleotides, respectively. A short inhibitor peptide, PKI-(14-22), enhanced the binding of ADP to the same degree as did full-length PKI (20-fold) but, in contrast, did not significantly enhance the binding of ATP or AMPPNP. The full binding synergism between PKI and either ATP (2000-fold) or AMPPNP (33-fold) to cAPK could, however, be mimicked by a longer peptide, PKI-(5-24), suggesting that the PKI NH2 terminus (residues 5-13) is most likely critical. Since this region is remote from the ATP gamma-phosphate, the binding synergism must arise through an extended network communication mechanism between the PKI NH2 terminus and the ATP binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lew
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0654, USA
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15
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Abstract
Structural studies of the catalytic subunit of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase, both by crystallographic methods and in solution, reveal two conformations. Crystal structures of several other protein kinases have also been solved in the past year. With this combined information we can begin to define mobile domains and subdomains within the conserved catalytic core.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cox
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0654
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