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Lilay GH, Thiébaut N, du Mee D, Assunção AGL, Schjoerring JK, Husted S, Persson DP. Linking the key physiological functions of essential micronutrients to their deficiency symptoms in plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:881-902. [PMID: 38433319 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
In this review, we untangle the physiological key functions of the essential micronutrients and link them to the deficiency responses in plants. Knowledge of these responses at the mechanistic level, and the resulting deficiency symptoms, have improved over the last decade and it appears timely to review recent insights for each of them. A proper understanding of the links between function and symptom is indispensable for an accurate and timely identification of nutritional disorders, thereby informing the design and development of sustainable fertilization strategies. Similarly, improved knowledge of the molecular and physiological functions of micronutrients will be important for breeding programmes aiming to develop new crop genotypes with improved nutrient-use efficiency and resilience in the face of changing soil and climate conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grmay Hailu Lilay
- Plant and Soil Science Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, 1871, Denmark
| | - Noémie Thiébaut
- Plant and Soil Science Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, 1871, Denmark
- Earth and Life Institute, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium
| | - Dorine du Mee
- Plant and Soil Science Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, 1871, Denmark
| | - Ana G L Assunção
- CIBIO-InBIO, Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, Vairão, 4485-661, Portugal
| | - Jan Kofod Schjoerring
- Plant and Soil Science Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, 1871, Denmark
| | - Søren Husted
- Plant and Soil Science Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, 1871, Denmark
| | - Daniel Pergament Persson
- Plant and Soil Science Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, 1871, Denmark
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Li L, Tian J, Huang K, Xue X, Chen J, Guan F, Zhang T, Sun Y, He C, Zeng X, Su S. Metal-Binding Protein TaGlo1 Improves Fungal Resistance to Arsenite (As III) and Methylarsenite (MAs III) in Paddy Soil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:7469-7479. [PMID: 38557082 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c11043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Trivalent arsenicals such as arsenite (AsIII) and methylarsenite (MAsIII) are thought to be ubiquitous in flooded paddy soils and have higher toxicity than pentavalent forms. Fungi are widely prevalent in the rice rhizosphere, and the latter is considered a hotspot for As uptake. However, few studies have focused on alleviating As toxicity in paddy soils using fungi. In this study, we investigated the mechanism by which the protein TaGlo1, derived from the As-resistant fungal strain Trichoderma asperellum SM-12F1, mitigates AsIII and MAsIII toxicity in paddy soils. Taglo1 gene expression in Escherichia coli BL21 conferred strong resistance to AsIII and MAsIII, while purified TaGlo1 showed a high affinity for AsIII and MAsIII. Three cysteine residues (Cys13, Cys18, and Cys71) play crucial roles in binding with AsIII, while only two (Cys13 and Cys18) play crucial roles for MAsIII binding. TaGlo1 had a stronger binding strength for MAsIII than AsIII. Importantly, up to 90.2% of the homologous TaGlo1 proteins originate from fungi by GenBank searching. In the rhizospheres of 14 Chinese paddy soils, Taglo1 was widely distributed and its gene abundance increased with porewater As. This study highlights the potential of fungi to mitigate As toxicity and availability in the soil-rice continuum and suggests future microbial strategies for bioremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Li
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment, MARA, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Jian Tian
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Ke Huang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Ximei Xue
- Institute of Urban Environment, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Cellular Biology and Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Feifei Guan
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Tuo Zhang
- School of Environmental and Life Science, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530100, P. R. China
| | - Yifei Sun
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment, MARA, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Chao He
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment, MARA, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Xibai Zeng
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment, MARA, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Shiming Su
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment, MARA, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
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Balparda M, Schmitz J, Duemmel M, Wuthenow IC, Schmidt M, Alseekh S, Fernie AR, Lercher MJ, Maurino VG. Viridiplantae-specific GLXI and GLXII isoforms co-evolved and detoxify glucosone in planta. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:1214-1233. [PMID: 36423222 PMCID: PMC9922399 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Reactive carbonyl species (RCS) such as methylglyoxal (MGO) and glyoxal (GO) are highly reactive, unwanted side-products of cellular metabolism maintained at harmless intracellular levels by specific scavenging mechanisms.MGO and GO are metabolized through the glyoxalase (GLX) system, which consists of two enzymes acting in sequence, GLXI and GLXII. While plant genomes encode a number of different GLX isoforms, their specific functions and how they arose during evolution are unclear. Here, we used Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) as a model species to investigate the evolutionary history of GLXI and GLXII in plants and whether the GLX system can protect plant cells from the toxicity of RCS other than MGO and GO. We show that plants possess two GLX systems of different evolutionary origins and with distinct structural and functional properties. The first system is shared by all eukaryotes, scavenges MGO and GO, especially during seedling establishment, and features Zn2+-type GLXI proteins with a metal cofactor preference that were present in the last eukaryotic common ancestor. GLXI and GLXII of the second system, featuring Ni2+-type GLXI, were acquired by the last common ancestor of Viridiplantae through horizontal gene transfer from proteobacteria and can together metabolize keto-D-glucose (KDG, glucosone), a glucose-derived RCS, to D-gluconate. When plants displaying loss-of-function of a Viridiplantae-specific GLXI were grown in KDG, D-gluconate levels were reduced to 10%-15% of those in the wild type, while KDG levels showed an increase of 48%-67%. In contrast to bacterial GLXI homologs, which are active as dimers, plant Ni2+-type GLXI proteins contain a domain duplication, are active as monomers, and have a modified second active site. The acquisition and neofunctionalization of a structurally, biochemically, and functionally distinct GLX system indicates that Viridiplantae are under strong selection to detoxify diverse RCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Balparda
- Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Institut für Zelluläre und Molekulare Botanik, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jessica Schmitz
- Plant Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Developmental and Molecular Biology of Plants, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Martin Duemmel
- Plant Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Developmental and Molecular Biology of Plants, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Isabell C Wuthenow
- Plant Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Developmental and Molecular Biology of Plants, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marc Schmidt
- Plant Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Developmental and Molecular Biology of Plants, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Saleh Alseekh
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Center for Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Center for Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Martin J Lercher
- Institute for Computer Science and Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Veronica G Maurino
- Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Institut für Zelluläre und Molekulare Botanik, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115 Bonn, Germany
- Plant Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Developmental and Molecular Biology of Plants, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Abstract
The glyoxalase gene family consists of six structurally and functionally diverse enzymes with broad roles in metabolism. The common feature that defines this family is based on structural motifs that coordinate divalent cations which are required for activity. These family members have been implicated in a variety of physiological processes, including amino-acid metabolism (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase; HPD), primary metabolism (methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase; MCEE), and aldehyde detoxication (glyoxalase 1; GLO1) and therefore have significant associations with disease. A central function of this family is the detoxification of reactive dicarbonyls (e.g., methylglyoxal), which react with cellular nucleophiles, resulting in the modification of lipids, proteins, and DNA. These damaging modifications activate canonical stress responses such as heat shock, unfolded protein, antioxidant, and DNA damage responses. Thus, glyoxalases serve an important role in homeostasis, preventing the pathogenesis of metabolic disease states, including obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, renal failure, and aging. This review presents a thorough overview of the literature surrounding this diverse enzyme class. Although extensive literature exists for some members of this family (e.g., GLO1), little is known about the physiological role of glyoxalase domain-containing protein 4 (GLOD4) and 5 (GLOD5), paving the way for exciting avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique O Farrera
- Department of Pharmacology and College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona85721, United States
| | - James J Galligan
- Department of Pharmacology and College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona85721, United States
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Soccio M, Marangi M, Laus MN. Genome-Wide Expression Analysis of Glyoxalase I Genes Under Hyperosmotic Stress and Existence of a Stress-Responsive Mitochondrial Glyoxalase I Activity in Durum Wheat ( Triticum durum Desf.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:934523. [PMID: 35832233 PMCID: PMC9272005 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.934523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Glyoxalase I (GLYI) catalyzes the rate-limiting step of the glyoxalase pathway that, in the presence of GSH, detoxifies the cytotoxic molecule methylglyoxal (MG) into the non-toxic D-lactate. In plants, MG levels rise under various abiotic stresses, so GLYI may play a crucial role in providing stress tolerance. In this study, a comprehensive genome database analysis was performed in durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.), identifying 27 candidate GLYI genes (TdGLYI). However, further analyses of phylogenetic relationships and conserved GLYI binding sites indicated that only nine genes encode for putative functionally active TdGLYI enzymes, whose distribution was predicted in three different subcellular compartments, namely cytoplasm, plastids and mitochondria. Expression profile by qRT-PCR analysis revealed that most of the putative active TdGLYI genes were up-regulated by salt and osmotic stress in roots and shoots from 4-day-old seedlings, although a different behavior was observed between the two types of stress and tissue. Accordingly, in the same tissues, hyperosmotic stress induced an increase (up to about 40%) of both GLYI activity and MG content as well as a decrease of GSH (up to about -60%) and an increase of GSSG content (up to about 7-fold) with a consequent strong decrease of the GSH/GSSG ratio (up to about -95%). Interestingly, in this study, we reported the first demonstration of the existence of GLYI activity in highly purified mitochondrial fraction. In particular, GLYI activity was measured in mitochondria from durum wheat (DWM), showing hyperbolic kinetics with Km and Vmax values equal to 92 ± 0.2 μM and 0.519 ± 0.004 μmol min-1 mg-1 of proteins, respectively. DWM-GLYI resulted inhibited in a competitive manner by GSH (Ki = 6.5 ± 0.7 mM), activated by Zn2+ and increased, up to about 35 and 55%, under salt and osmotic stress, respectively. In the whole, this study provides basis about the physiological significance of GLYI in durum wheat, by highlighting the role of this enzyme in the early response of seedlings to hyperosmotic stress. Finally, our results strongly suggest the existence of a complete mitochondrial GLYI pathway in durum wheat actively involved in MG detoxification under hyperosmotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Soccio
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Natural resources and Engineering, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Marianna Marangi
- Department of Clinic and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Maura N. Laus
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Natural resources and Engineering, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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Jafari S, Ryde U, Irani M. Two-Substrate Glyoxalase I Mechanism: A Quantum Mechanics/Molecular Mechanics Study. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:303-314. [PMID: 33315368 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Glyoxalase I (GlxI) is an important enzyme that catalyzes the detoxification of methylglyoxal (MG) with the help of glutathione (H-SG). It is currently unclear whether MG and H-SG are substrates of GlxI or whether the enzyme processes hemithioacetal (HTA), which is nonenzymatically formed from MG and H-SG. Most previous studies have concentrated on the latter mechanism. Here, we study the two-substrate reaction mechanism of GlxI from humans (HuGlxI) and corn (ZmGlxI), which are Zn(II)-active and -inactive, respectively. Hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics calculations were used to obtain geometrical structures of the stationary points along reaction paths, and big quantum mechanical systems with more than 1000 atoms and free-energy perturbations were used to improve the quality of the calculated energies. We studied, on an equal footing, all reasonable reaction paths to the S- and R-enantiomers of HTA from MG and H-SG (the latter was considered in two different binding modes). The results indicate that the MG and H-SG reaction in both enzymes can follow the same path to reach S-HTA. However, the respective overall barriers and reaction energies are different for the two enzymes (6.1 and -9.8 kcal/mol for HuGlxI and 15.7 and -2.2 kcal/mol for ZmGlxI). The first reaction step to produce S-HTA is facilitated by a crystal water molecule that forms hydrogen bonds with a Glu and a Thr residue in the active site. The two enzymes also follow similar paths to R-HTA. However, the reactions reach a deprotonated and protonated R-HTA in the human and corn enzymes, respectively. The production of deprotonated R-HTA in HuGlxI is consistent with other theoretical and experimental works. However, our calculations show a different behavior for ZmGlxI (both S- and R-HTA can be formed in the enzyme with the alcoholic proton on HTA). This implies that Glu-144 of corn GlxI is not basic enough to keep the alcoholic proton. In HuGlxI, the two binding modes of H-SG that lead to S- and R-HTA are degenerate, but the barrier leading to R-HTA is lower than the barrier to S-HTA. On the other hand, ZmGlxI prefers the binding mode, which produces S-HTA; this observation is consistent with experiments. Based on the results, we present a modification for a previously proposed two-substrate reaction mechanism for ZmGlxI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Jafari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kurdistan, P.O. Box 66175-416, Sanandaj, Iran.,Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ulf Ryde
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Mehdi Irani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kurdistan, P.O. Box 66175-416, Sanandaj, Iran
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Parvaneh S, Parsa H, Irani M. Can a quantum mechanical cluster model explain the special stereospecificity of glyoxalase I? COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2020.112944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Jafari S, Ryde U, Fouda AEA, Alavi FS, Dong G, Irani M. Quantum Mechanics/Molecular Mechanics Study of the Reaction Mechanism of Glyoxalase I. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:2594-2603. [PMID: 32011880 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b03621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glyoxalase I (GlxI) is a member of the glyoxalase system, which is important in cell detoxification and converts hemithioacetals of methylglyoxal (a cytotoxic byproduct of sugar metabolism that may react with DNA or proteins and introduce nucleic acid strand breaks, elevated mutation frequencies, and structural or functional changes of the proteins) and glutathione into d-lactate. GlxI accepts both the S and R enantiomers of hemithioacetal, but converts them to only the S-d enantiomer of lactoylglutathione. Interestingly, the enzyme shows this unusual specificity with a rather symmetric active site (a Zn ion coordinated to two glutamate residues; Glu-99 and Glu-172), making the investigation of its reaction mechanism challenging. Herein, we have performed a series of combined quantum mechanics and molecular mechanics calculations to study the reaction mechanism of GlxI. The substrate can bind to the enzyme in two different modes, depending on the direction of its alcoholic proton (H2; toward Glu-99 or Glu-172). Our results show that the S substrate can react only if H2 is directed toward Glu-99 and the R substrate only if H2 is directed toward Glu-172. In both cases, the reactions lead to the experimentally observed S-d enantiomer of the product. In addition, the results do not show any low-energy paths to the wrong enantiomer of the product from neither the S nor the R substrate. Previous studies have presented several opposing mechanisms for the conversion of R and S enantiomers of the substrate to the correct enantiomer of the product. Our results confirm one of them for the S substrate, but propose a new one for the R substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Jafari
- Department of Chemistry , University of Kurdistan , P.O. Box 66175-416, Sanandaj 66177-15177 , Iran.,Department of Theoretical Chemistry , Lund University , P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund , Sweden
| | - Ulf Ryde
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry , Lund University , P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund , Sweden
| | - Adam Emad Ahmed Fouda
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry , Lund University , P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund , Sweden
| | - Fatemeh Sadat Alavi
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry , Lund University , P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund , Sweden
| | - Geng Dong
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry , Lund University , P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund , Sweden
| | - Mehdi Irani
- Department of Chemistry , University of Kurdistan , P.O. Box 66175-416, Sanandaj 66177-15177 , Iran
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Rai S, Rai R, Singh PK, Rai LC. Alr2321, a multiple stress inducible glyoxalase I of Anabaena sp. PCC7120 detoxifies methylglyoxal and reactive species oxygen. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 214:105238. [PMID: 31301544 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.105238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stresses enhance the cellular level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which consequently leads to toxic methylglyoxal (MG) production. Glyoxalases (GlyI & GlyII) catalyze the conversion of toxic MG into non-toxic lactic acid but their properties and functions have been overlooked in cyanobacteria. This is the first attempt to conduct a genome-wide analysis of GlyI protein (PF00903) from Anabaena sp. PCC7120. Out of total nine GlyI domain possessing proteins, only three (Alr2321, Alr4469, All1022) harbour conserve His/Glu/His/Glu metal binding site at their homologous position and are deficient in conserved region specific for Zn2+ dependent members. Their biochemical, structural and functional characterization revealed that only Alr2321 is a homodimeric Ni2+ dependent active GlyI with catalytic efficiency 11.7 × 106 M-1 s-1. It has also been found that Alr2321 is activated by various divalent metal ions and has maximum GlyI activity with Ni2+ followed by Co2+ > Mn2+ > Cu2+ and no activity with Zn2+. Moreover, the expression of alr2321 was found to be maximally up-regulated under heat (19 fold) followed by cadmium, desiccation, arsenic, salinity and UV-B stresses. BL21/pGEX-5X2-alr2321 showed improved growth under various abiotic stresses as compared to BL21/pGEX-5X2 by increased scavenging of intracellular MG and ROS levels. Taken together, these results suggest noteworthy links between intracellular MG and ROS, its detoxification by Alr2321, a member of GlyI family of Anabaena sp. PCC7120, in relation to abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Rai
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Ruchi Rai
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Prashant Kumar Singh
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - L C Rai
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
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Preliminary Characterization of a Ni2+-Activated and Mycothiol-Dependent Glyoxalase I Enzyme from Streptomyces coelicolor. INORGANICS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics7080099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The glyoxalase system consists of two enzymes, glyoxalase I (Glo1) and glyoxalase II (Glo2), and converts a hemithioacetal substrate formed between a cytotoxic alpha-ketoaldehyde, such as methylglyoxal (MG), and an intracellular thiol, such as glutathione, to a non-toxic alpha-hydroxy acid, such as d-lactate, and the regenerated thiol. Two classes of Glo1 have been identified. The first is a Zn2+-activated class and is exemplified by the Homo sapiens Glo1. The second class is a Ni2+-activated enzyme and is exemplified by the Escherichia coli Glo1. Glutathione is the intracellular thiol employed by Glo1 from both these sources. However, many organisms employ other intracellular thiols. These include trypanothione, bacillithiol, and mycothiol. The trypanothione-dependent Glo1 from Leishmania major has been shown to be Ni2+-activated. Genetic studies on Bacillus subtilis and Corynebacterium glutamicum focused on MG resistance have indicated the likely existence of Glo1 enzymes employing bacillithiol or mycothiol respectively, although no protein characterizations have been reported. The current investigation provides a preliminary characterization of an isolated mycothiol-dependent Glo1 from Streptomyces coelicolor. The enzyme has been determined to display a Ni2+-activation profile and indicates that Ni2+-activated Glo1 are indeed widespread in nature regardless of the intracellular thiol employed by an organism.
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11
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González JM, Agostini RB, Alvarez CE, Klinke S, Andreo CS, Campos-Bermudez VA. Deciphering the number and location of active sites in the monomeric glyoxalase I of Zea mays. FEBS J 2019; 286:3255-3271. [PMID: 30993890 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Detoxification of methylglyoxal, a toxic by-product of central sugar metabolism, is a major issue for all forms of life. The glyoxalase pathway evolved to effectively convert methylglyoxal into d-lactate via a glutathione hemithioacetal intermediate. Recently, we have shown that the monomeric glyoxalase I from maize exhibits a symmetric fold with two cavities, potentially harboring two active sites, in analogy with homodimeric enzyme surrogates. Here we confirm that only one of the two cavities exhibits glyoxalase I activity and show that it adopts a tunnel-shaped structure upon substrate binding. Such conformational change gives rise to independent binding sites for glutathione and methylglyoxal in the same active site, with important implications for the molecular reaction mechanism, which has been a matter of debate for several decades. DATABASE: Structural data are available in The Protein Data Bank database under the accession numbers 6BNN, 6BNX, and 6BNZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier M González
- Instituto de Bionanotecnología del NOA (INBIONATEC-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero (UNSE), Argentina
| | - Romina B Agostini
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Argentina
| | - Clarisa E Alvarez
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Argentina
| | - Sebastián Klinke
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, IIBBA-CONICET, Plataforma Argentina de Biología Estructural y Metabolómica PLABEM, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos S Andreo
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Argentina
| | - Valeria A Campos-Bermudez
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Argentina
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12
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Manoj VM, Anunanthini P, Swathik PC, Dharshini S, Ashwin Narayan J, Manickavasagam M, Sathishkumar R, Suresha GS, Hemaprabha G, Ram B, Appunu C. Comparative analysis of glyoxalase pathway genes in Erianthus arundinaceus and commercial sugarcane hybrid under salinity and drought conditions. BMC Genomics 2019; 19:986. [PMID: 30999852 PMCID: PMC7402403 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5349-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glyoxalase pathway is a reactive carbonyl species (RCS) scavenging mechanism involved in the detoxification of methylglyoxal (MG), which is a reactive α-ketoaldehyde. In plants under abiotic stress, the cellular toxicity is reduced through glyoxalase pathway genes, i.e. Glyoxalase I (Gly I), Glyoxalase II (Gly II) and Glyoxalase III (Gly III). Salinity and water deficit stresses produce higher amounts of endogenous MG resulting in severe tissue damage. Thus, characterizing glyoxalase pathway genes that govern the MG metabolism should provide new insights on abiotic stress tolerance in Erianthus arundinaceus, a wild relative of sugarcane and commercial sugarcane hybrid (Co 86032). Results In this study, three glyoxalase genes (Glyoxalase I, II and III) from E. arundinaceus (a wild relative of sugarcane) and commercial sugarcane hybrid (Co 86032) were characterized. Comparative gene expression profiles (qRT-PCR) of Glyoxalase I, II and III under salinity and water deficit stress conditions revealed differential transcript expression with higher levels of Glyoxalase III in both the stress conditions. Significantly, E. arundinaceus had a higher expression level of glyoxalase genes compared to commercial sugarcane hybrid. On the other hand, gas exchange parameters like stomatal conductance and transpiration rate were declined to very low levels under both salt and drought induced stresses in commercial sugarcane hybrid when compared to E. arundinaceus. E. arundinaceus maintained better net photosynthetic rate compared to commercial sugarcane hybrid. The phylogenetic analysis of glyoxalase proteins showed its close evolutionary relationship with Sorghum bicolor and Zea mays. Glyoxalase I and II were predicted to possess 9 and 7 isoforms respectively whereas, Glyoxalase III couldn’t be identified as it comes under uncharacterized protein identified in recent past. Chromosomal mapping is also carried out for glyoxalase pathway genes and its isoforms. Docking studies revealed the binding affinities of glyoxalase proteins in both E. arundinaceus and commercial sugarcane hybrid with their substrate molecules. Conclusions This study emphasizes the role of Glyoxalase pathway genes in stress defensive mechanism which route to benefit in progressive plant adaptations and serves as potential candidates for development of salt and drought tolerant crops. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-5349-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Peter Clarancia Swathik
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641007, India
| | - Selvarajan Dharshini
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641007, India
| | | | - Markandan Manickavasagam
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu, 620024, India
| | | | | | - Govind Hemaprabha
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641007, India
| | - Bakshi Ram
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641007, India
| | - Chinnaswamy Appunu
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641007, India.
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13
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Schmitz J, Rossoni AW, Maurino VG. Dissecting the Physiological Function of Plant Glyoxalase I and Glyoxalase I-Like Proteins. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1618. [PMID: 30483284 PMCID: PMC6240745 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis genome annotation include 11 glyoxalase I (GLXI) genes, all encoding for protein members of the vicinal oxygen chelate (VOC) superfamily. The biochemical properties and physiological importance of three Arabidopsis GLXI proteins in the detoxification of reactive carbonyl species has been recently described. Analyses of phylogenetic relationships and conserved GLXI binding sites indicate that the other eight GLXI genes (GLXI-like) do not encode for proteins with GLXI activity. In this perspective article we analyse the structural features of GLXI and GLXI-like proteins, and explore splice forms and transcript abundance under abiotic stress conditions. Finally, we discuss future directions of research on this topic with respect to the substrate identification of GLXI and GLXI-like proteins and the need of reliable quantitative measurements of reactive carbonyl species in plant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Schmitz
- Institute of Developmental and Molecular Biology of Plants, Plant Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology Group, Heinrich Heine University, and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Düsseldorf, Germany
- *Correspondence: Jessica Schmitz,
| | - Alessandro W. Rossoni
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University, and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Veronica G. Maurino
- Institute of Developmental and Molecular Biology of Plants, Plant Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology Group, Heinrich Heine University, and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Düsseldorf, Germany
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14
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Schmitz J, Dittmar IC, Brockmann JD, Schmidt M, Hüdig M, Rossoni AW, Maurino VG. Defense against Reactive Carbonyl Species Involves at Least Three Subcellular Compartments Where Individual Components of the System Respond to Cellular Sugar Status. THE PLANT CELL 2017; 29:3234-3254. [PMID: 29150548 PMCID: PMC5757266 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.17.00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Methylglyoxal (MGO) and glyoxal (GO) are toxic reactive carbonyl species generated as by-products of glycolysis. The pre-emption pathway for detoxification of these products, the glyoxalase (GLX) system, involves two consecutive reactions catalyzed by GLXI and GLXII. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the GLX system is encoded by three homologs of GLXI and three homologs of GLXII, from which several predicted GLXI and GLXII isoforms can be derived through alternative splicing. We identified the physiologically relevant splice forms using sequencing data and demonstrated that the resulting isoforms have different subcellular localizations. All three GLXI homologs are functional in vivo, as they complemented a yeast GLXI loss-of-function mutant. Efficient MGO and GO detoxification can be controlled by a switch in metal cofactor usage. MGO formation is closely connected to the flux through glycolysis and through the Calvin Benson cycle; accordingly, expression analysis indicated that GLXI is transcriptionally regulated by endogenous sugar levels. Analyses of Arabidopsis loss-of-function lines revealed that the elimination of toxic reactive carbonyl species during germination and seedling establishment depends on the activity of the cytosolic GLXI;3 isoform. The Arabidopsis GLX system involves the cytosol, chloroplasts, and mitochondria, which harbor individual components that might be used at specific developmental stages and respond differentially to cellular sugar status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Schmitz
- Institute of Developmental and Molecular Biology of Plants, Plant Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology Group, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Isabell C Dittmar
- Institute of Developmental and Molecular Biology of Plants, Plant Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology Group, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jörn D Brockmann
- Institute of Developmental and Molecular Biology of Plants, Plant Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology Group, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marc Schmidt
- Institute of Developmental and Molecular Biology of Plants, Plant Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology Group, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Meike Hüdig
- Institute of Developmental and Molecular Biology of Plants, Plant Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology Group, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alessandro W Rossoni
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Veronica G Maurino
- Institute of Developmental and Molecular Biology of Plants, Plant Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology Group, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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15
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Kaur C, Sharma S, Hasan MR, Pareek A, Singla-Pareek SL, Sopory SK. Characteristic Variations and Similarities in Biochemical, Molecular, and Functional Properties of Glyoxalases across Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040250. [PMID: 28358304 PMCID: PMC5412262 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The glyoxalase system is the ubiquitous pathway for the detoxification of methylglyoxal (MG) in the biological systems. It comprises two enzymes, glyoxalase I (GLYI) and glyoxalase II (GLYII), which act sequentially to convert MG into d-lactate, thereby helping living systems get rid of this otherwise cytotoxic byproduct of metabolism. In addition, a glutathione-independent GLYIII enzyme activity also exists in the biological systems that can directly convert MG to d-lactate. Humans and Escherichia coli possess a single copy of GLYI (encoding either the Ni- or Zn-dependent form) and GLYII genes, which through MG detoxification provide protection against various pathological and disease conditions. By contrast, the plant genome possesses multiple GLYI and GLYII genes with a role in abiotic stress tolerance. Plants possess both Ni2+- and Zn2+-dependent forms of GLYI, and studies on plant glyoxalases reveal the various unique features of these enzymes distinguishing them from prokaryotic and other eukaryotic glyoxalases. Through this review, we provide an overview of the plant glyoxalase family along with a comparative analysis of glyoxalases across various species, highlighting similarities as well as differences in the biochemical, molecular, and physiological properties of these enzymes. We believe that the evolution of multiple glyoxalases isoforms in plants is an important component of their robust defense strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charanpreet Kaur
- Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
- Plant Stress Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India.
| | - Shweta Sharma
- Plant Stress Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India.
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South campus, New Delhi 110021, India.
| | - Mohammad Rokebul Hasan
- Plant Stress Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India.
| | - Ashwani Pareek
- Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
| | - Sneh L Singla-Pareek
- Plant Stress Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India.
| | - Sudhir K Sopory
- Plant Stress Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India.
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16
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Ghosh A, Islam T. Genome-wide analysis and expression profiling of glyoxalase gene families in soybean (Glycine max) indicate their development and abiotic stress specific response. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:87. [PMID: 27083416 PMCID: PMC4833937 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0773-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glyoxalase pathway consists of two enzymes, glyoxalase I (GLYI) and glyoxalase II (GLYII) which detoxifies a highly cytotoxic metabolite methylglyoxal (MG) to its non-toxic form. MG may form advanced glycation end products with various cellular macro-molecules such as proteins, DNA and RNA; that ultimately lead to their inactivation. Role of glyoxalase enzymes has been extensively investigated in various plant species which showed their crucial role in salinity, drought and heavy metal stress tolerance. Previously genome-wide analysis of glyoxalase genes has been conducted in model plants Arabidopsis and rice, but no such study was performed in any legume species. RESULTS In the present study, a comprehensive genome database analysis of soybean was performed and identified a total of putative 41 GLYI and 23 GLYII proteins encoded by 24 and 12 genes, respectively. Detailed analysis of these identified members was conducted including their nomenclature and classification, chromosomal distribution and duplication, exon-intron organization, and protein domain(s) and motifs identification. Expression profiling of these genes has been performed in different tissues and developmental stages as well as under salinity and drought stresses using publicly available RNAseq and microarray data. The study revealed that GmGLYI-7 and GmGLYII-8 have been expressed intensively in all the developmental stages and tissues; while GmGLYI-6, GmGLYI-9, GmGLYI-20, GmGLYII-5 and GmGLYII-10 were highly abiotic stress responsive members. CONCLUSIONS The present study identifies the largest family of glyoxalase proteins to date with 41 GmGLYI and 23 GmGLYII members in soybean. Detailed analysis of GmGLYI and GmGLYII genes strongly indicates the genome-wide segmental and tandem duplication of the glyoxalase members. Moreover, this study provides a strong basis about the biological role and function of GmGLYI and GmGLYII members in soybean growth, development and stress physiology.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptation, Physiological/genetics
- Adaptation, Physiological/physiology
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Plant/genetics
- Droughts
- Exons
- Gene Expression Profiling/methods
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Genome, Plant/genetics
- Introns
- Lactoylglutathione Lyase/chemistry
- Lactoylglutathione Lyase/classification
- Lactoylglutathione Lyase/genetics
- Models, Molecular
- Multigene Family
- Phylogeny
- Plant Proteins/classification
- Plant Proteins/genetics
- Plant Proteins/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Protein Domains
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Salinity
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Glycine max/enzymology
- Glycine max/genetics
- Glycine max/growth & development
- Stress, Physiological
- Thiolester Hydrolases/chemistry
- Thiolester Hydrolases/classification
- Thiolester Hydrolases/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Ghosh
- />Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114 Bangladesh
| | - Tahmina Islam
- />Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Dhaka University, Dhaka, 1000 Bangladesh
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