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Döhler D, Triana A, Büttner P, Scheler F, Goerlitzer ESA, Harrer J, Vasileva A, Metwalli E, Gruber W, Unruh T, Manshina A, Vogel N, Bachmann J, Mínguez-Bacho I. A Self-Ordered Nanostructured Transparent Electrode of High Structural Quality and Corresponding Functional Performance. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2100487. [PMID: 33817974 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202100487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The preparation of a highly ordered nanostructured transparent electrode based on a combination of nanosphere lithography and anodization is presented. The size of perfectly ordered pore domains is improved by an order of magnitude with respect to the state of the art. The concomitantly reduced density of defect pores increases the fraction of pores that are in good electrical contact with the underlying transparent conductive substrate. This improvement in structural quality translates directly and linearly into an improved performance of energy conversion devices built from such electrodes in a linear manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Döhler
- D. Döhler, A. Triana, P. Büttner, F. Scheler, Prof. J. Bachmann, Dr. I. Mínguez-Bacho, Chemistry of Thin Film Materials, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, IZNF, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andrés Triana
- D. Döhler, A. Triana, P. Büttner, F. Scheler, Prof. J. Bachmann, Dr. I. Mínguez-Bacho, Chemistry of Thin Film Materials, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, IZNF, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Pascal Büttner
- D. Döhler, A. Triana, P. Büttner, F. Scheler, Prof. J. Bachmann, Dr. I. Mínguez-Bacho, Chemistry of Thin Film Materials, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, IZNF, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Florian Scheler
- D. Döhler, A. Triana, P. Büttner, F. Scheler, Prof. J. Bachmann, Dr. I. Mínguez-Bacho, Chemistry of Thin Film Materials, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, IZNF, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Eric S A Goerlitzer
- E. S. A. Goerlitzer, J. Harrer, Prof. N. Vogel, Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 4, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes Harrer
- E. S. A. Goerlitzer, J. Harrer, Prof. N. Vogel, Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 4, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna Vasileva
- A. Vasileva, Prof. A. Manshina, Prof. J. Bachmann, Institute of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskii pr. 26, St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia
| | - Ezzeldin Metwalli
- Dr. E. Metwalli, Dr. W. Gruber, Prof. T. Unruh, Institute for Crystallography and Structure Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstrasse 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Gruber
- Dr. E. Metwalli, Dr. W. Gruber, Prof. T. Unruh, Institute for Crystallography and Structure Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstrasse 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tobias Unruh
- Dr. E. Metwalli, Dr. W. Gruber, Prof. T. Unruh, Institute for Crystallography and Structure Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstrasse 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alina Manshina
- A. Vasileva, Prof. A. Manshina, Prof. J. Bachmann, Institute of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskii pr. 26, St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia
| | - Nicolas Vogel
- E. S. A. Goerlitzer, J. Harrer, Prof. N. Vogel, Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 4, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julien Bachmann
- D. Döhler, A. Triana, P. Büttner, F. Scheler, Prof. J. Bachmann, Dr. I. Mínguez-Bacho, Chemistry of Thin Film Materials, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, IZNF, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- A. Vasileva, Prof. A. Manshina, Prof. J. Bachmann, Institute of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskii pr. 26, St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia
| | - Ignacio Mínguez-Bacho
- D. Döhler, A. Triana, P. Büttner, F. Scheler, Prof. J. Bachmann, Dr. I. Mínguez-Bacho, Chemistry of Thin Film Materials, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, IZNF, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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Prihoda A, Will J, Duchstein P, Becit B, Lossin F, Schindler T, Berlinghof M, Steinrück HG, Bertram F, Zahn D, Unruh T. Interface between Water-Solvent Mixtures and a Hydrophobic Surface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:12077-12086. [PMID: 32960065 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism behind the stability of organic nanoparticles prepared by liquid antisolvent (LAS) precipitation without a specific stabilizing agent is poorly understood. In this work, we propose that the organic solvent used in the LAS process rapidly forms a molecular stabilizing layer at the interface of the nanoparticles with the aqueous dispersion medium. To confirm this hypothesis, n-octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS)-functionalized silicon wafers in contact with water-solvent mixtures were used as a flat model system mimicking the solid-liquid interface of the organic nanoparticles. We studied the equilibrium structure of the interface by X-ray reflectometry (XRR) for water-solvent mixtures (methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, acetone, and tetrahydrofuran). The formation of an organic solvent-rich layer at the solid-liquid interface was observed. The layer thickness increases with the organic solvent concentration and correlates with the polar and hydrogen bond fraction of Hansen solubility parameters. We developed a self-consistent adsorption model via complementing adsorption isotherms obtained from XRR data with molecular dynamics simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie Prihoda
- Institute for Crystallography and Structural Physics (ICSP), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM) and Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes Will
- Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM) and Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Lehrstuhl für Werkstoffwissenschaften (Mikro- und Nanostrukturforschung), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Patrick Duchstein
- Computer Chemistry Centre (CCC), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstr. 25, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bahanur Becit
- Computer Chemistry Centre (CCC), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstr. 25, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Felix Lossin
- Institute for Crystallography and Structural Physics (ICSP), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Torben Schindler
- Institute for Crystallography and Structural Physics (ICSP), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marvin Berlinghof
- Institute for Crystallography and Structural Physics (ICSP), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Steinrück
- Department Chemie, Universität Paderborn, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | | | - Dirk Zahn
- Computer Chemistry Centre (CCC), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstr. 25, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tobias Unruh
- Institute for Crystallography and Structural Physics (ICSP), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM) and Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Narayanan T, Konovalov O. Synchrotron Scattering Methods for Nanomaterials and Soft Matter Research. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E752. [PMID: 32041363 PMCID: PMC7040635 DOI: 10.3390/ma13030752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This article aims to provide an overview of broad range of applications of synchrotron scattering methods in the investigation of nanoscale materials. These scattering techniques allow the elucidation of the structure and dynamics of nanomaterials from sub-nm to micron size scales and down to sub-millisecond time ranges both in bulk and at interfaces. A major advantage of scattering methods is that they provide the ensemble averaged information under in situ and operando conditions. As a result, they are complementary to various imaging techniques which reveal more local information. Scattering methods are particularly suitable for probing buried structures that are difficult to image. Although, many qualitative features can be directly extracted from scattering data, derivation of detailed structural and dynamical information requires quantitative modeling. The fourth-generation synchrotron sources open new possibilities for investigating these complex systems by exploiting the enhanced brightness and coherence properties of X-rays.
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Berlinghof M, Langner S, Harreiß C, Schmidt EM, Siris R, Bertram F, Shen C, Will J, Schindler T, Prihoda A, Rechberger S, Duesberg GS, Neder RB, Spiecker E, Brabec CJ, Unruh T. Crystal-structure of active layers of small molecule organic photovoltaics before and after solvent vapor annealing. Z KRIST-CRYST MATER 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/zkri-2019-0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
It is demonstrated by a detailed structural analysis that the crystallinity and the efficiency of small molecule based organic photovoltaics can be tuned by solvent vapor annealing (SVA). Blends made of the small molecule donor 2,2′-[(3,3′″,3″″,4′-tetraoctyl[2,2′:5′,2″:5″,2′″:5′″,2″″-quinquethiophene]-5,5″″-diyl)bis[(Z)-methylidyne(3-ethyl-4-oxo-5,2-thiazolidinediylidene)]]bis-propanedinitrile (DRCN5T) and the acceptor [6,6]-phenyl C71 butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) were annealed using solvent vapors with either a high solubility for the donor (tetrahydrofuran), the acceptor (carbon disulfide) or both (chloroform). The samples were analyzed by grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS), electron diffraction, X-ray pole figures, and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). A phase separation of DRCN5T and PC71BM is induced by SVA leading to a crystallization of DRCN5T and the formation of a DRCN5T enriched layer. The DRCN5T crystallites possess the two dimensional oblique crystal system with the lattice parameters a = 19.2 Å, c = 27.1 Å, and β = 111.1° for the chloroform case. No major differences in the crystal structure for the other solvent vapors were observed. However, the solvent choice strongly influences the size of the DRCN5T enriched layer. Missing periodicity in the [010]-direction leads to the extinction of all Bragg reflections with k ≠ 0. The annealed samples are randomly orientated with respect to the normal of the substrate (fiber texture).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Berlinghof
- Institute for Crystallography and Structural Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Staudtstraße 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Cauerstraße 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
- Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Cauerstraße 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Stefan Langner
- Institute Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Martensstraße 7 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Christina Harreiß
- Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Cauerstraße 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
- Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Cauerstraße 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Cauerstraße 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Ella Mara Schmidt
- Institute for Crystallography and Structural Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Staudtstraße 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Rita Siris
- Institute of Physics EIT 2, Universität der Bundeswehr München , Werner-Heisenberg-Weg 39 , 85579 Neubiberg , Germany
| | - Florian Bertram
- DESY Photon Science , Notkestraße 85 , 22607 Hamburg , Germany
| | - Chen Shen
- DESY Photon Science , Notkestraße 85 , 22607 Hamburg , Germany
| | - Johannes Will
- Institute for Crystallography and Structural Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Staudtstraße 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Cauerstraße 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
- Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Cauerstraße 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Cauerstraße 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Torben Schindler
- Institute for Crystallography and Structural Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Staudtstraße 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Cauerstraße 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
- Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Cauerstraße 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Annemarie Prihoda
- Institute for Crystallography and Structural Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Staudtstraße 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Cauerstraße 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
- Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Cauerstraße 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Stefanie Rechberger
- Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Cauerstraße 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
- Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Cauerstraße 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Cauerstraße 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Georg S. Duesberg
- Institute of Physics EIT 2, Universität der Bundeswehr München , Werner-Heisenberg-Weg 39 , 85579 Neubiberg , Germany
| | - Reinhard B. Neder
- Institute for Crystallography and Structural Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Staudtstraße 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Erdmann Spiecker
- Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Cauerstraße 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
- Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Cauerstraße 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Cauerstraße 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Christoph J. Brabec
- Institute Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Martensstraße 7 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
- Bavarian Center for Applied Energy Research (ZAE Bayern) , Immerwahrstraße 2 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Tobias Unruh
- Institute for Crystallography and Structural Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Staudtstraße 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Cauerstraße 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
- Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Cauerstraße 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
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