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Thompson AJ, Sanchez-Weatherby J, Williams LJ, Mikolajek H, Sandy J, Worrall JAR, Hough MA. Efficient in situ screening of and data collection from microcrystals in crystallization plates. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2024; 80:279-288. [PMID: 38488731 PMCID: PMC10994175 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798324001955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
A considerable bottleneck in serial crystallography at XFEL and synchrotron sources is the efficient production of large quantities of homogenous, well diffracting microcrystals. Efficient high-throughput screening of batch-grown microcrystals and the determination of ground-state structures from different conditions is thus of considerable value in the early stages of a project. Here, a highly sample-efficient methodology to measure serial crystallography data from microcrystals by raster scanning within standard in situ 96-well crystallization plates is described. Structures were determined from very small quantities of microcrystal suspension and the results were compared with those from other sample-delivery methods. The analysis of a two-dimensional batch crystallization screen using this method is also described as a useful guide for further optimization and the selection of appropriate conditions for scaling up microcrystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy J. Thompson
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Juan Sanchez-Weatherby
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
- Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Lewis J. Williams
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Halina Mikolajek
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
- Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - James Sandy
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan A. R. Worrall
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Michael A. Hough
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
- Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
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2
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Choi S, Son SH, Kim MY, Na I, Uversky VN, Kim CG. Improved prediction of protein-protein interactions by a modified strategy using three conventional docking software in combination. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 252:126526. [PMID: 37633550 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Proteins play a crucial role in many biological processes, where their interaction with other proteins are integral. Abnormal protein-protein interactions (PPIs) have been linked to various diseases including cancer, and thus targeting PPIs holds promise for drug development. However, experimental confirmation of the peculiarities of PPIs is challenging due to their dynamic and transient nature. As a complement to experimental technologies, multiple computational molecular docking (MD) methods have been developed to predict the structures of protein-protein complexes and their dynamics, still requiring further improvements in several issues. Here, we report an improved MD method, namely three-software docking (3SD), by employing three popular protein-peptide docking software (CABS-dock, HPEPDOCK, and HADDOCK) in combination to ensure constant quality for most targets. We validated our 3SD performance in known protein-peptide interactions (PpIs). We also enhanced MD performance in proteins having intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) by applying the modified 3SD strategy, the three-software docking after removing random coiled IDR (3SD-RR), to the comparable crystal PpI structures. At the end, we applied 3SD-RR to the AlphaFold2-predicted receptors, yielding an efficient prediction of PpI pose with high relevance to the experimental data regardless of the presence of IDRs or the availability of receptor structures. Our study provides an improved solution to the challenges in studying PPIs through computational docking and has the potential to contribute to PPIs-targeted drug discovery. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are integral to life, and abnormal PPIs are associated with diseases such as cancer. Studying protein-peptide interactions (PpIs) is challenging due to their dynamic and transient nature. Here we developed improved docking methods (3SD and 3SD-RR) to predict the PpI poses, ensuring constant quality in most targets and also addressing issues like intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) and artificial intelligence-predicted structures. Our study provides an improved solution to the challenges in studying PpIs through computational docking and has the potential to contribute to PPIs-targeted drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungwoo Choi
- Department of Life Science and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Han Son
- Department of Life Science and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Young Kim
- Department of Life Science and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Insung Na
- Department of Life Science and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida; Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - Chul Geun Kim
- Department of Life Science and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea; CGK Biopharma Co. Ltd., 222 Wangshipri-ro, Sungdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Helliwell JR. Observations on Laue diffraction within synchrotron radiation and neutron macromolecular crystallography research and developments. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2023; 10:061301. [PMID: 38107246 PMCID: PMC10725304 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
A seminal contribution in the domain of physiologically relevant biological structure and function determination was by Keith Moffat, of Cornell and latterly of the University of Chicago proposing that synchrotrons should offer the option of a Laue method data collection mode. I enthusiastically joined in supporting this initiative. This proposal needed detailed methods development though; theoretical, experimental and software development. This work was added to the broad research and development program of synchrotron radiation at the UK's SRS. This whole program led to knowledge transfer from the UK's SRS to the ESRF as well as for neutron Laue protein crystallography to the reactor spallation sources and later to spallation neutron sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R. Helliwell
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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4
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Colloc'h N, Dhaussy AC, Girard E. Exploring the structural dynamics of proteins by pressure perturbation using macromolecular crystallography. Methods Enzymol 2023; 688:349-381. [PMID: 37748831 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2023.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
High pressure is a convenient thermodynamic parameter to probe the dynamics of proteins as it is intimately related to volume which is essential for protein function. To be biologically active, a protein fluctuates between different substates. Pressure perturbation can promote some hidden substates by modifying the population between them. High pressure macromolecular crystallography (HPMX) is a perfect tool to capture and to characterize such substates at a molecular level providing new insights on protein dynamics. The present chapter describes the use of the diamond anvil cell to perform HPMX experiments. It also provides tips on sample preparation and optimal data collection as well as on efficient analysis of the resulting high-pressure structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Colloc'h
- Imagerie et stratégies thérapeutiques pour les cancers et tissus cérébraux (ISTCT), CNRS Université de Caen Normandie, Centre Cyceron, Caen, France
| | | | - Eric Girard
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, Grenoble, France.
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Massera C, Helliwell JR. Golden oldies: ten crystallography articles that we think must be read. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2023; 79:580-591. [PMID: 37601583 PMCID: PMC10439429 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989023004619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
We have selected a set of ten 'golden oldies', diverse crystallography articles to illustrate important moments in the development of our field of science and which form landmark papers in crystallography. They are a mixture of 'science pull and technology push'. For each of our choices, we firstly created a new title that emphasizes how the paper's importance worked out from today's perspective. Then we describe the core details and impacts of each paper, with some quotations and a selected figure or two. Ten is an arbitrary number of highlights and our choice is personal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Massera
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di Parma - Viale delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - John R. Helliwell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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Hough MA, Prischi F, Worrall JAR. Perspective: Structure determination of protein-ligand complexes at room temperature using X-ray diffraction approaches. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1113762. [PMID: 36756363 PMCID: PMC9899996 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1113762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction between macromolecular proteins and small molecule ligands is an essential component of cellular function. Such ligands may include enzyme substrates, molecules involved in cellular signalling or pharmaceutical drugs. Together with biophysical techniques used to assess the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of ligand binding to proteins, methodology to determine high-resolution structures that enable atomic level interactions between protein and ligand(s) to be directly visualised is required. Whilst such structural approaches are well established with high throughput X-ray crystallography routinely used in the pharmaceutical sector, they provide only a static view of the complex. Recent advances in X-ray structural biology methods offer several new possibilities that can examine protein-ligand complexes at ambient temperature rather than under cryogenic conditions, enable transient binding sites and interactions to be characterised using time-resolved approaches and combine spectroscopic measurements from the same crystal that the structures themselves are determined. This Perspective reviews several recent developments in these areas and discusses new possibilities for applications of these advanced methodologies to transform our understanding of protein-ligand interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Hough
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom,Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Michael A. Hough, ; Jonathan A. R. Worrall,
| | - Filippo Prischi
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan A. R. Worrall
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Michael A. Hough, ; Jonathan A. R. Worrall,
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7
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Moreno-Chicano T, Carey LM, Axford D, Beale JH, Doak RB, Duyvesteyn HME, Ebrahim A, Henning RW, Monteiro DCF, Myles DA, Owada S, Sherrell DA, Straw ML, Šrajer V, Sugimoto H, Tono K, Tosha T, Tews I, Trebbin M, Strange RW, Weiss KL, Worrall JAR, Meilleur F, Owen RL, Ghiladi RA, Hough MA. Complementarity of neutron, XFEL and synchrotron crystallography for defining the structures of metalloenzymes at room temperature. IUCRJ 2022; 9:610-624. [PMID: 36071813 PMCID: PMC9438502 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252522006418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Room-temperature macromolecular crystallography allows protein structures to be determined under close-to-physiological conditions, permits dynamic freedom in protein motions and enables time-resolved studies. In the case of metalloenzymes that are highly sensitive to radiation damage, such room-temperature experiments can present challenges, including increased rates of X-ray reduction of metal centres and site-specific radiation-damage artefacts, as well as in devising appropriate sample-delivery and data-collection methods. It can also be problematic to compare structures measured using different crystal sizes and light sources. In this study, structures of a multifunctional globin, dehaloperoxidase B (DHP-B), obtained using several methods of room-temperature crystallographic structure determination are described and compared. Here, data were measured from large single crystals and multiple microcrystals using neutrons, X-ray free-electron laser pulses, monochromatic synchrotron radiation and polychromatic (Laue) radiation light sources. These approaches span a range of 18 orders of magnitude in measurement time per diffraction pattern and four orders of magnitude in crystal volume. The first room-temperature neutron structures of DHP-B are also presented, allowing the explicit identification of the hydrogen positions. The neutron data proved to be complementary to the serial femtosecond crystallography data, with both methods providing structures free of the effects of X-ray radiation damage when compared with standard cryo-crystallography. Comparison of these room-temperature methods demonstrated the large differences in sample requirements, data-collection time and the potential for radiation damage between them. With regard to the structure and function of DHP-B, despite the results being partly limited by differences in the underlying structures, new information was gained on the protonation states of active-site residues which may guide future studies of DHP-B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeo Moreno-Chicano
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Leiah M. Carey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
| | - Danny Axford
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - John H. Beale
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - R. Bruce Doak
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Helen M. E. Duyvesteyn
- Division of Structural Biology (STRUBI), University of Oxford, The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Ali Ebrahim
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Robert W. Henning
- BioCARS, University of Chicago, Building 434B, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Diana C. F. Monteiro
- Hauptman–Woodward Medical Research Institute, 700 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY 14203-1102, USA
| | - Dean A. Myles
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Shigeki Owada
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Darren A. Sherrell
- Structural Biology Center, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Megan L. Straw
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Vukica Šrajer
- BioCARS, University of Chicago, Building 434B, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | | | - Kensuke Tono
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Takehiko Tosha
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Ivo Tews
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Trebbin
- Hauptman–Woodward Medical Research Institute, 700 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY 14203-1102, USA
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Richard W. Strange
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin L. Weiss
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jonathan A. R. Worrall
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Flora Meilleur
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Robin L. Owen
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Reza A. Ghiladi
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
| | - Michael A. Hough
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
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8
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Helliwell JR. Raw diffraction data are our ground truth from which all subsequent workflows develop. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2022; 78:683-689. [PMID: 35647915 PMCID: PMC9159283 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798322003795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Defining best practice in science is challenging. International consensus is facilitated by the International Science Council via its members such as the International Union of Crystallography (IUCr). The crystallographic community has many decades of tradition linking articles with the underpinning data, and is admired across all sciences accordingly. Crystallography has always been at the forefront of harnessing new technology in the service of consensus. Technology has provided new vast data-archiving opportunities, allowing the preservation of raw diffraction data, along with article and database depositions of a model's coordinates and associated structure factors. The raw diffraction data, which can now be preserved, are the ground truth from which all subsequent workflows develop. Journal editorial boards provide a practical forum for setting the criteria to decide if a study's files are truly the version of record. Within that, reality involves a variance of reasonable workflows. But what is a reasonable variance? Workflows must be detailed carefully by authors in explaining what they have done. There is a great, and increasing, diversity of macromolecular crystallography analyses, and yet an increased constraint on how much can be written in an article about the workflow used. Raw data provide the ultimate reproducibility evidence. A part of reproducibility and replicability is using an agreed vocabulary; the meaning of words such as precision and accuracy and, more recently, the confidence of a protein structure prediction should feature in approaching `truth'.
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9
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Helliwell JR. Collecting Experiments. Making Big Data Biology. By Bruno J. Strasser. Chicago University Press, 2019. Pp. 392. Price USD 45.00. ISBN 9780226635040. J Appl Crystallogr 2022. [DOI: 10.1107/s1600576721012140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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10
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Romanenko GV, Letyagin GA, Ovcharenko VI. Effect of pressure on the structure of multispin complexes. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr5028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Hough MA, Owen RL. Serial synchrotron and XFEL crystallography for studies of metalloprotein catalysis. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2021; 71:232-238. [PMID: 34455163 PMCID: PMC8667872 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2021.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
An estimated half of all proteins contain a metal, with these being essential for a tremendous variety of biological functions. X-ray crystallography is the major method for obtaining structures at high resolution of these metalloproteins, but there are considerable challenges to obtain intact structures due to the effects of radiation damage. Serial crystallography offers the prospect of determining low-dose synchrotron or effectively damage free XFEL structures at room temperature and enables time-resolved or dose-resolved approaches. Complementary spectroscopic data can validate redox and or ligand states within metalloprotein crystals. In this opinion, we discuss developments in the application of serial crystallographic approaches to metalloproteins and comment on future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Hough
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK.
| | - Robin L Owen
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK.
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Abstract
X-ray crystallography enables detailed structural studies of proteins to understand and modulate their function. Conducting crystallographic experiments at cryogenic temperatures has practical benefits but potentially limits the identification of functionally important alternative protein conformations that can be revealed only at room temperature (RT). This review discusses practical aspects of preparing, acquiring, and analyzing X-ray crystallography data at RT to demystify preconceived impracticalities that freeze progress of routine RT data collection at synchrotron sources. Examples are presented as conceptual and experimental templates to enable the design of RT-inspired studies; they illustrate the diversity and utility of gaining novel insights into protein conformational landscapes. An integrative view of protein conformational dynamics enables opportunities to advance basic and biomedical research.
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13
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Jeffries CM, Pietras Z, Svergun DI. The basics of small-angle neutron scattering (SANS for new users of structural biology). EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/202023603001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) provides a means to probe the time-preserved structural state(s) of bio-macromolecules in solution. As such, SANS affords the opportunity to assess the redistribution of mass, i.e., changes in conformation, which occur when macromolecules interact to form higher-order assemblies and to evaluate the structure and disposition of components within such systems. As a technique, SANS offers scope for ‘out of the box thinking’, from simply investigating the structures of macromolecules and their complexes through to where structural biology interfaces with soft-matter and nanotechnology. All of this simply rests on the way neutrons interact and scatter from atoms (largely hydrogens) and how this interaction differs from the scattering of neutrons from the nuclei of other ‘biological isotopes’. The following chapter describes the basics of neutron scattering for new users of structural biology in context of the neutron/hydrogen interaction and how this can be exploited to interrogate the structures of macromolecules, their complexes and nano-conjugates in solution.
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14
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Liljas A. Crystallography of the past and in the future. CRYSTALLOGR REV 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/0889311x.2020.1758076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anders Liljas
- Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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