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Sonmezoglu S, Fineman JR, Maltepe E, Maharbiz MM. Monitoring deep-tissue oxygenation with a millimeter-scale ultrasonic implant. Nat Biotechnol 2021; 39:855-864. [PMID: 33782610 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-021-00866-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Vascular complications following solid organ transplantation may lead to graft ischemia, dysfunction or loss. Imaging approaches can provide intermittent assessments of graft perfusion, but require highly skilled practitioners and do not directly assess graft oxygenation. Existing systems for monitoring tissue oxygenation are limited by the need for wired connections, the inability to provide real-time data or operation restricted to surface tissues. Here, we present a minimally invasive system to monitor deep-tissue O2 that reports continuous real-time data from centimeter-scale depths in sheep and up to a 10-cm depth in ex vivo porcine tissue. The system is composed of a millimeter-sized, wireless, ultrasound-powered implantable luminescence O2 sensor and an external transceiver for bidirectional data transfer, enabling deep-tissue oxygenation monitoring for surgical or critical care indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soner Sonmezoglu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Jeffrey R Fineman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Initiative for Pediatric Drug and Device Development, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Emin Maltepe
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Initiative for Pediatric Drug and Device Development, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michel M Maharbiz
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA. .,The UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA. .,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Khiarak MN, Martianova E, Bories C, Martel S, Proulx CD, De Koninck Y, Gosselin B. A Wireless Fiber Photometry System Based on a High-Precision CMOS Biosensor With Embedded Continuous-Time Modulation. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2018; 12:495-509. [PMID: 29877814 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2018.2817200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence biophotometry measurements require wide dynamic range (DR) and high-sensitivity laboratory apparatus. Indeed, it is often very challenging to accurately resolve the small fluorescence variations in presence of noise and high-background tissue autofluorescence. There is a great need for smaller detectors combining high linearity, high sensitivity, and high-energy efficiency. This paper presents a new biophotometry sensor merging two individual building blocks, namely a low-noise sensing front-end and a order continuous-time modulator (CTSDM), into a single module for enabling high-sensitivity and high energy-efficiency photo-sensing. In particular, a differential CMOS photodetector associated with a differential capacitive transimpedance amplifier-based sensing front-end is merged with an incremental order 1-bit CTSDM to achieve a large DR, low hardware complexity, and high-energy efficiency. The sensor leverages a hardware sharing strategy to simplify the implementation and reduce power consumption. The proposed CMOS biosensor is integrated within a miniature wireless head mountable prototype for enabling biophotometry with a single implantable fiber in the brain of live mice. The proposed biophotometry sensor is implemented in a 0.18- CMOS technology, consuming from a 1.8- supply voltage, while achieving a peak dynamic range of over a 50- input bandwidth, a sensitivity of 24 mV/nW, and a minimum detectable current of 2.46- at a 20- sampling rate.
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An axiomatic model for concept structure description and its application to circuit design. Knowl Based Syst 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.knosys.2013.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Yao L, Yung KY, Cheung MC, Chodavarapu VP, Bright FV. CMOS direct time interval measurement of long-lived luminescence lifetimes. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2012; 2011:5-9. [PMID: 22254237 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2011.6089883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We describe a Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) Direct Time Interval Measurement (DTIM) Integrated Circuit (IC) to detect the decay (fall) time of the luminescence emission when analyte-sensitive luminophores are excited with an optical pulse. The CMOS DTIM IC includes 14 × 14 phototransistor array, transimpedance amplifier, regulated gain amplifier, fall time detector, and time-to-digital convertor. We examined the DTIM system to measure the emission lifetime of oxygen-sensitive luminophores tris(4,7-diphenyl-1, 10-phenanthroline) ruthenium(II) ([Ru(dpp)(3)](2+)) encapsulated in sol-gel derived xerogel thin-films. The DTIM system fabricated using TSMC 0.35 μm process functions to detect lifetimes from 4 μs to 14.4 μs but can be tuned to detect longer lifetimes. The system provides 8-bit digital output proportional to lifetimes and consumes 4.5 mW of power with 3.3 V DC supply. The CMOS system provides a useful platform for the development of reliable, robust, and miniaturized optical chemical sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A2A7, Canada.
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Daivasagaya DS, Yao L, Yi Yung K, Hajj-Hassan M, Cheung MC, Chodavarapu VP, Bright FV. Contact CMOS imaging of gaseous oxygen sensor array. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2011; 157:408-16. [PMID: 24493909 PMCID: PMC3909528 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2011.04.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We describe a compact luminescent gaseous oxygen (O2) sensor microsystem based on the direct integration of sensor elements with a polymeric optical filter and placed on a low power complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) imager integrated circuit (IC). The sensor operates on the measurement of excited-state emission intensity of O2-sensitive luminophore molecules tris(4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline) ruthenium(II) ([Ru(dpp)3]2+) encapsulated within sol-gel derived xerogel thin films. The polymeric optical filter is made with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) that is mixed with a dye (Sudan-II). The PDMS membrane surface is molded to incorporate arrays of trapezoidal microstructures that serve to focus the optical sensor signals on to the imager pixels. The molded PDMS membrane is then attached with the PDMS color filter. The xerogel sensor arrays are contact printed on top of the PDMS trapezoidal lens-like microstructures. The CMOS imager uses a 32 × 32 (1024 elements) array of active pixel sensors and each pixel includes a high-gain phototransistor to convert the detected optical signals into electrical currents. Correlated double sampling circuit, pixel address, digital control and signal integration circuits are also implemented on-chip. The CMOS imager data is read out as a serial coded signal. The CMOS imager consumes a static power of 320 µW and an average dynamic power of 625 µW when operating at 100 Hz sampling frequency and 1.8 V DC. This CMOS sensor system provides a useful platform for the development of miniaturized optical chemical gas sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy S. Daivasagaya
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, 3480 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A2A7, Canada
| | - Lei Yao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, 3480 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A2A7, Canada
| | - Ka Yi Yung
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Natural Sciences Complex, Buffalo, NY 14260-3000 USA
| | - Mohamad Hajj-Hassan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lebanese International University, Mazraa, Beirut, PO Box 146404, Lebanon
| | - Maurice C. Cheung
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, 3480 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A2A7, Canada
| | - Vamsy P. Chodavarapu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, 3480 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A2A7, Canada
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +514 398 3118; fax: +514 398 4470., (V.P. Chodavarapu)
| | - Frank V. Bright
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Natural Sciences Complex, Buffalo, NY 14260-3000 USA
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Chodavarapu VP, Bright FV. CMOS Imaging of Temperature Effects on Pin-Printed Xerogel Sensor Microarrays. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2011; 5:189-196. [PMID: 23851206 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2010.2089793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we study the effect of temperature on the operation and performance of a xerogel-based sensor microarrays coupled to a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) imager integrated circuit (IC) that images the photoluminescence response from the sensor microarray. The CMOS imager uses a 32 × 32 (1024 elements) array of active pixel sensors and each pixel includes a high-gain phototransistor to convert the detected optical signals into electrical currents. A correlated double sampling circuit and pixel address/digital control/signal integration circuit are also implemented on-chip. The CMOS imager data are read out as a serial coded signal. The sensor system uses a light-emitting diode to excite target analyte responsive organometallic luminophores doped within discrete xerogel-based sensor elements. As a proto type, we developed a 3 × 3 (9 elements) array of oxygen (O2) sensors. Each group of three sensor elements in the array (arranged in a column) is designed to provide a different and specific sensitivity to the target gaseous O2 concentration. This property of multiple sensitivities is achieved by using a mix of two O2 sensitive luminophores in each pin-printed xerogel sensor element. The CMOS imager is designed to be low noise and consumes a static power of 320.4 μW and an average dynamic power of 624.6 μW when operating at 100-Hz sampling frequency and 1.8-V dc power supply.
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Grist SM, Chrostowski L, Cheung KC. Optical oxygen sensors for applications in microfluidic cell culture. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2010; 10:9286-316. [PMID: 22163408 PMCID: PMC3230974 DOI: 10.3390/s101009286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Revised: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 10/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The presence and concentration of oxygen in biological systems has a large impact on the behavior and viability of many types of cells, including the differentiation of stem cells or the growth of tumor cells. As a result, the integration of oxygen sensors within cell culture environments presents a powerful tool for quantifying the effects of oxygen concentrations on cell behavior, cell viability, and drug effectiveness. Because microfluidic cell culture environments are a promising alternative to traditional cell culture platforms, there is recent interest in integrating oxygen-sensing mechanisms with microfluidics for cell culture applications. Optical, luminescence-based oxygen sensors, in particular, show great promise in their ability to be integrated with microfluidics and cell culture systems. These sensors can be highly sensitive and do not consume oxygen or generate toxic byproducts in their sensing process. This paper presents a review of previously proposed optical oxygen sensor types, materials and formats most applicable to microfluidic cell culture, and analyzes their suitability for this and other in vitro applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M. Grist
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia/2332 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; E-Mails: (L.C.); (K.C.C.)
| | - Lukas Chrostowski
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia/2332 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; E-Mails: (L.C.); (K.C.C.)
| | - Karen C. Cheung
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia/2332 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; E-Mails: (L.C.); (K.C.C.)
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Chodavarapu VP. CMOS Optoelectronic Lock-In Amplifier With Integrated Phototransistor Array. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2010; 4:274-280. [PMID: 23853373 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2010.2051438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We describe the design and development of an optoelectronic lock-in amplifier (LIA) for optical sensing and spectroscopy applications. The prototype amplifier is fabricated using Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co. complementary metal-oxide semiconductor 0.35-μm technology and uses a phototransistor array (total active area is 400 μm × 640μm) to convert the incident optical signals into electrical currents. The photocurrents are then converted into voltage signals using a transimpedance amplifier for subsequent convenient signal processing by the LIA circuitry. The LIA is optimized to be operational at 20-kHz modulation frequency but is operational in the frequency range from 13 kHz to 25 kHz. The system is tested with a light-emitting diode (LED) as the light source. The noise and signal distortions are suppressed with filters and a phase-locked loop (PLL) implemented in the LIA. The output dc voltage of the LIA is proportional to the incident optical power. The minimum measured dynamic reserve and sensitivity are 1.31 dB and 34 mV/μW, respectively. The output versus input relationship has shown good linearity. The LIA consumes an average power of 12.79 mW with a 3.3-V dc power supply.
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