1
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Chen C, Fu Y, Sparks SS, Lyu Z, Pradhan A, Ding S, Boddeti N, Liu Y, Lin Y, Du D, Qiu K. 3D-Printed Flexible Microfluidic Health Monitor for In Situ Sweat Analysis and Biomarker Detection. ACS Sens 2024. [PMID: 38820602 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c00528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Wearable sweat biosensors have shown great progress in noninvasive, in situ, and continuous health monitoring to demonstrate individuals' physiological states. Advances in novel nanomaterials and fabrication methods promise to usher in a new era of wearable biosensors. Here, we introduce a three-dimensional (3D)-printed flexible wearable health monitor fabricated through a unique one-step continuous manufacturing process with self-supporting microfluidic channels and novel single-atom catalyst-based bioassays for measuring the sweat rate and concentration of three biomarkers. Direct ink writing is adapted to print the microfluidic device with self-supporting structures to harvest human sweat, which eliminates the need for removing sacrificial supporting materials and addresses the contamination and sweat evaporation issues associated with traditional sampling methods. Additionally, the pick-and-place strategy is employed during the printing process to accurately integrate the bioassays, improving manufacturing efficiency. A single-atom catalyst is developed and utilized in colorimetric bioassays to improve sensitivity and accuracy. A feasibility study on human skin successfully demonstrates the functionality and reliability of our health monitor, generating reliable and quantitative in situ results of sweat rate, glucose, lactate, and uric acid concentrations during physical exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuchu Chen
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Yonghao Fu
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Sonja S Sparks
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Zhaoyuan Lyu
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Arijit Pradhan
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Shichao Ding
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Narasimha Boddeti
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Yun Liu
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Yuehe Lin
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Dan Du
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Kaiyan Qiu
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
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2
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Saha T, Mukherjee S, Dickey MD, Velev OD. Harvesting and manipulating sweat and interstitial fluid in microfluidic devices. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:1244-1265. [PMID: 38197332 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00874f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices began to be used to facilitate sweat and interstitial fluid (ISF) sensing in the mid-2010s. Since then, numerous prototypes involving microfluidics have been developed in different form factors for sensing biomarkers found in these fluids under in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo (on-body) settings. These devices transport and manipulate biofluids using microfluidic channels composed of silicone, polymer, paper, or fiber. Fluid flow transport and sample management can be achieved by controlling the flow rate, surface morphology of the channel, and rate of fluid evaporation. Although many devices have been developed for estimating sweat rate, electrolyte, and metabolite levels, only a handful have been able to proceed beyond laboratory testing and reach the stage of clinical trials and commercialization. To further this technology, this review reports on the utilization of microfluidics towards sweat and ISF management and transport. The review is distinguished from other recent reviews by focusing on microfluidic principles of sweat and ISF generation, transport, extraction, and management. Challenges and prospects are highlighted, with a discussion on how to transition such prototypes towards personalized healthcare monitoring systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamoghna Saha
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Sneha Mukherjee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Michael D Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Orlin D Velev
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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3
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Davis N, Heikenfeld J, Milla C, Javey A. The challenges and promise of sweat sensing. Nat Biotechnol 2024:10.1038/s41587-023-02059-1. [PMID: 38212492 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-023-02059-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
The potential of monitoring biomarkers in sweat for health-related applications has spurred rapid growth in the field of wearable sweat sensors over the past decade. Some of the key challenges have been addressed, including measuring sweat-secretion rate and collecting sufficient sample volumes for real-time, continuous molecular analysis without intense exercise. However, except for assessment of cystic fibrosis and regional nerve function, the ability to accurately measure analytes of interest and their physiological relevance to health metrics remain to be determined. Although sweat is not a crystal ball into every aspect of human health, we expect sweat measurements to continue making inroads into niche applications involving active sweating, such as hydration monitoring for athletes and physical laborers and later for medical and casual health monitoring of relevant drugs and hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelle Davis
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jason Heikenfeld
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Carlos Milla
- The Stanford Cystic Fibrosis Center, Center for Excellence in Pulmonary Biology, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
| | - Ali Javey
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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4
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Zheng XT, Goh WP, Yu Y, Sutarlie L, Chen DY, Tan SCL, Jiang C, Zhao M, Ba T, Li H, Su X, Yang L. Skin-Attachable Ink-Dispenser-Printed Paper Fluidic Sensor Patch for Colorimetric Sweat Analysis. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2302173. [PMID: 37897264 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202302173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
In situ analysis of sweat biomarkers potentially provides noninvasive lifestyle monitoring and early diagnosis. Quantitative detection of sweat rate is crucial for thermoregulation and preventing heat injuries. Here, a skin-attachable paper fluidic patch is reported for in situ colorimetric sensing of multiple sweat markers (pH, glucose, lactate, and uric acid) with concurrent sweat rate tracking. Two sets of fluidic patterns-multiplexed detection zones and a longitudinal sweat rate channel-are directly printed by an automated ink dispenser from a specially developed ceramic-based ink. The ceramic ink thermal-cures into an impervious barrier, confining sweat within the channels. The ceramic-ink-printed boundary achieves higher pattern resolution, prevents fluid leakage, attains pattern thermal stability, and resistant to organic solvents. The cellulose matrix of the detection zones is modified with nanoparticles to improve the color homogeneity and sweat sensor sensitivity. The sweat rate channel is made moisture sensitive by incorporating a metal-salt-based dye. The change in saturation/color of the detection zones and/or channels upon sweat addition can be visually detected or quantified by a smartphone camera. A cost-effective way is provided to fabricate paper fluidic sensor patches, successfully demonstrating on-body multiplexed evaluation of sweat analytes. Such skin wearables offer on-site analysis, meaningful to an increasingly health-conscious population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ting Zheng
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Wei Peng Goh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yong Yu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Laura Sutarlie
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Der Ying Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Republic of Singapore
| | - Sherwin Chong Li Tan
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Changyun Jiang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Meng Zhao
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Te Ba
- Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Fusionopolis Way, Connexis #16-16, Singapore, 138632, Republic of Singapore
| | - Hongying Li
- Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Fusionopolis Way, Connexis #16-16, Singapore, 138632, Republic of Singapore
| | - Xiaodi Su
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Republic of Singapore
| | - Le Yang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117575, Republic of Singapore
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5
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Huang X, Liu Y, Park W, Li J, Ma J, Yiu CK, Zhang Q, Li J, Wu P, Zhou J, Zeng Y, He X, Li J, Wong TH, Yao K, Zhao L, Gao Y, Shi R, Li H, Li M, Li D, Zhao Z, Li Y, Li H, Yu X. Intelligent Soft Sweat Sensors for the Simultaneous Healthcare Monitoring and Safety Warning. Adv Healthc Mater 2023:e2202846. [PMID: 36773301 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202202846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Intelligent monitoring human physiological information in real time raises the demand for skin-integrated electronics, as which is a flexible format and can be mounted onto the curved human skin for noninvasive healthcare monitoring. The biofluid such as sweat from skin contains abundant biomarkers reflecting body health conditions. Here, a skin-integrated sweat monitor with six biosensors embedded for the detection of NH4 + , Na+ , glucose, pH, skin impedance, and surface temperature is described, which could decode the information in the fresh sweat generated during exercising. Furthermore, the system also includes an innovative safety warning mechanism, which is based on a miniaturized actuator to provide mechanical stimuli, and coupled with six changeable colors light emitting diodes corresponding to the six biosensors for providing simultaneous safety alarming to users. The self-developed microfluidics system with a hydrophilic surface allows to enhance the sweat collection rate. Meanwhile, microfluidic filters can reduce the interruption of skin debris during biosignal monitoring. These state-of-art biosensors can real-time monitor health related signals with excellent linearity and specificity. The skin-integrated sweat monitor system exhibits a great potential in human healthcare monitoring and medical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingcan Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloong Tong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Yiming Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloong Tong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Wooyoung Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloong Tong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Jiyu Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloong Tong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China.,Hong Kong Center for Cerebra-Cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Building and Real Estate, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloong Tong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Chun Ki Yiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloong Tong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China.,Hong Kong Center for Cerebra-Cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloong Tong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloong Tong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China.,Hong Kong Center for Cerebra-Cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Pengcheng Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloong Tong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Jingkun Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloong Tong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China.,Hong Kong Center for Cerebra-Cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Yuyang Zeng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloong Tong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Xinxin He
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloong Tong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Jialin Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloong Tong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Tsz Hung Wong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloong Tong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Kuanming Yao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloong Tong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Ling Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloong Tong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Yuyu Gao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloong Tong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China.,Hong Kong Center for Cerebra-Cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Rui Shi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloong Tong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Hu Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloong Tong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Meixi Li
- Leshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Leshan, Sichuan Province, 614000, P. R. China
| | - Dengfeng Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloong Tong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China.,Hong Kong Center for Cerebra-Cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Zhao Zhao
- China Special Equipment Inspection and Research Institute, Beijing, 100029, China.,Institute of Solid Mechanics, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Yuhang Li
- Institute of Solid Mechanics, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China.,Aircraft and Propulsion Laboratory, Ningbo Institute of Technology Beihang University (BUAA), Ningbo, 315100, P. R. China
| | - Heng Li
- Department of Building and Real Estate, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloong Tong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Xinge Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloong Tong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China.,Hong Kong Center for Cerebra-Cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China.,City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China
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6
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Yang M, Sun N, Lai X, Wu J, Wu L, Zhao X, Feng L. Paper-Based Sandwich-Structured Wearable Sensor with Sebum Filtering for Continuous Detection of Sweat pH. ACS Sens 2023; 8:176-186. [PMID: 36604942 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c02016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Wearable sweat sensors, a product of the development of flexible electronics and microfluidic technologies, can continuously and noninvasively monitor abundant biomarkers in human sweat; however, sweat interferences, such as sebum, can reduce sensor reliability and accuracy. Herein, for the first time, the influence of sebum on the potentiometric response of an all-solid-state pH sensor was studied, and the obtained experimental results show that sebum mixed in sweat can decrease the potential response of the sensor and the slope of its calibration curve. A paper-based sandwich-structured pH sensor that can filter the sebum mixed in sweat was proposed based on commonly used oil-control sheets. Moreover, the hydrophilic properties, microstructure, and microfluidic performance of the sensor were investigated. The detection performance of the paper-based sandwich-structured pH sensor was comprehensively evaluated in terms of calibration in the presence of sebum and potentiometric response upon the addition of sebum. Furthermore, the anti-interference ability of the sensor was evaluated using different analytes under various deformation conditions. On-body trials were conducted to verify the performance, and their results showed that the proposed sensor can filter over 90% of the sebum in sweat, significantly enhancing sensor reliability and accuracy. Additionally, microfluidic channels could be simply fabricated using a scissor and paper, obviating the need for complex micromachining processes, such as photolithography and laser engraving. Overall, this work illustrates the influence of sebum on the detection performance of traditional potentiometric wearable sensors and paves the way for their development for real-world applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingpeng Yang
- School of Automation, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.,Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre on Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Nan Sun
- School of Automation, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xiaochen Lai
- School of Automation, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Jiamin Wu
- Zhenyuan Applied Meteorological Research Institute, Nanjing 211100, China
| | - Lifan Wu
- College of Electrical Engineering and Control Science, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xingqiang Zhao
- School of Automation, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Lihang Feng
- College of Electrical Engineering and Control Science, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
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7
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Liu D, Liu Z, Feng S, Gao Z, Chen R, Cai G, Bian S. Wearable Microfluidic Sweat Chip for Detection of Sweat Glucose and pH in Long-Distance Running Exercise. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:157. [PMID: 36831923 PMCID: PMC9953063 DOI: 10.3390/bios13020157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Traditional exercise training monitoring is based on invasive blood testing methods. As sweat can reveal abundant blood-related physiological information about health, wearable sweat sensors have received significant research attention and become increasingly popular in the field of exercise training monitoring. However, most of these sensors are used to measure physical indicators such as heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, etc., demanding a versatile sensor that can detect relevant biochemical indicators in body fluids. In this work, we proposed a wearable microfluidic sweat chip combined with smartphone image processing to realize non-invasive in situ analysis of epidermal sweat for sports practitioners. The polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) based chip was modified with nonionic surfactants to ensure good hydrophilicity for the automatic collection of sweat. Besides, a simple, reliable, and low-cost paper-based sensor was prepared for high-performance sensing of glucose concentration and pH in sweat. Under optimized conditions, this proposed chip can detect glucose with low concentrations from 0.05 mM to 0.40 mM, with a pH range of 4.0 to 6.5 for human sweat. The ability of this microfluidic chip for human sweat analysis was demonstrated by dynamically tracking the changes in glucose concentration and pH in long-distance running subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Liu
- Microfluidics Research & Innovation Laboratory, School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhenyu Liu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Shilun Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Zehang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, China
| | - Ran Chen
- Microfluidics Research & Innovation Laboratory, School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
- School of Management, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Gaozhe Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Shengtai Bian
- Microfluidics Research & Innovation Laboratory, School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
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8
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Lin H, Yu W, Suarez JEDD, Athavan H, Wang Y, Yeung C, Lin S, Sankararaman S, Milla C, Emaminejad S. Autonomous wearable sweat rate monitoring based on digitized microbubble detection. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:4267-4275. [PMID: 36268642 PMCID: PMC9757655 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00670g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Advancements in wearable bioanalytical microsystems have enabled diurnal and (semi)continuous monitoring of physiologically-relevant indices that are accessible through probing sweat. To deliver an undistorted and physiologically-meaningful interpretation of these readings, tracking the sweat secretion rate is essential, because it allows for calibrating the biomarker readings against variations in sweat secretion and inferring the body's hydration/electrolyte homeostasis status. To realize an autonomous wearable solution with intrinsically high signal-to-noise ratio sweat rate sensing capabilities, here, we devise a digitized microbubble detection mechanism-delivered by a hybrid microfluidic/electronic system with a compact footprint. This mechanism is based on the intermittent generation of microliter-scale bubbles via electrolysis and the instantaneous measurement of their time-of-flight (and thus, velocity) via impedimetric sensing. In this way, we overcome the limitations of previously proposed sweat rate sensing modalities that are inherently susceptible to non-targeted secretion characteristics (pH, conductivity, and temperature), constrained by volume, or lack system integration for autonomous on-body operation. By deploying our solution in human subject trials, we validate the utility of our solution for seamless monitoring of exercise- and iontophoretically-induced sweat secretion profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haisong Lin
- Interconnected & Integrated Bioelectronics Lab (I2BL), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCLA, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Wenzhuo Yu
- Interconnected & Integrated Bioelectronics Lab (I2BL), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCLA, USA.
| | - Jorge Emiliano De Dios Suarez
- Interconnected & Integrated Bioelectronics Lab (I2BL), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCLA, USA.
| | - Harish Athavan
- Interconnected & Integrated Bioelectronics Lab (I2BL), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCLA, USA.
| | - Yibo Wang
- Interconnected & Integrated Bioelectronics Lab (I2BL), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCLA, USA.
| | | | - Shuyu Lin
- Interconnected & Integrated Bioelectronics Lab (I2BL), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCLA, USA.
| | | | - Carlos Milla
- Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, USA
| | - Sam Emaminejad
- Interconnected & Integrated Bioelectronics Lab (I2BL), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCLA, USA.
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9
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Liu X, Huang S, Ma L, Ye H, Lin J, Cai X, Shang Q, Zheng C, Xu R, Zhang D. Recent advances in wearable medical diagnostic sensors and new therapeutic dosage forms for fever in children. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 220:115006. [PMID: 36007307 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fever in children is one of the most common symptoms of pediatric diseases and the most common complaint in pediatric clinics, especially in the emergency department. Diseases such as pneumonia, sepsis, and meningitis are leading causes of death in children, and the early manifestations of these diseases are accompanied by fever symptoms. Accurate diagnosis and real-time monitoring of the status of febrile children, rapid and effective identification of the cause, and treatment can have a positive impact on relieving their symptoms and improving their quality of life. In recent years, wearable diagnostic sensors have attracted special attention for their high flexibility, real-time monitoring, and sensitivity. Temperature sensors and heart rate sensors have provided new advances in detecting children's body temperature and heart rate. Furthermore, some novel formulations have also received wide attention for addressing bottlenecks in medication administration for febrile children, such as difficulty in swallowing and inaccurate dosing. In this context, the present review provides recent advances of novel wearable medical sensor devices for diagnosing fever. Moreover, the application progress of innovative dosage forms of classical antipyretic drugs for children is presented. Finally, challenges and prospects of wearable sensor-based diagnostics and novel agent-based treatment of fever in children are discussed in brief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Shengjie Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Lele Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Hui Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Junzhi Lin
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, PR China
| | - Xinfu Cai
- Sichuan Guangda Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Pengzhou 611930, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Pengzhou 611930, PR China
| | - Qiang Shang
- Sichuan Guangda Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Pengzhou 611930, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Pengzhou 611930, PR China
| | - Chuan Zheng
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, PR China.
| | - Runchun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, PR China.
| | - Dingkun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, PR China.
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10
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Jiang T, Li Q, Qiu J, Chen J, Du S, Xu X, Wu Z, Yang X, Chen Z, Chen T. Nanobiotechnology: Applications in Chronic Wound Healing. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:3125-3145. [PMID: 35898438 PMCID: PMC9309282 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s372211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Wounds occur when skin integrity is broken and the skin is damaged. With progressive changes in the disease spectrum, the acute wounds caused by mechanical trauma have been become less common, while chronic wounds triggered with aging, diabetes and infection have become more frequent. Chronic wounds now affect more than 6 million people in the United States, amounting to 10 billion dollars in annual expenditure. However, the treatment of chronic wounds is associated with numerous challenges. Traditional remedies for chronic wounds include skin grafting, flap transplantation, negative-pressure wound therapy, and gauze dressing, all of which can cause tissue damage or activity limitations. Nanobiotechnology — which comprises a diverse array of technologies derived from engineering, chemistry, and biology — is now being applied in biomedical practice. Here, we review the design, application, and clinical trials for nanotechnology-based therapies for chronic wound healing, highlighting the clinical potential of nanobiotechnology in such treatments. By summarizing previous nanobiotechnology studies, we lay the foundation for future wound care via a nanotech-based multifunctional smart system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Jiang
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianyun Li
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinmei Qiu
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Du
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Xu
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zihan Wu
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofan Yang
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenbing Chen
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Tongkai Chen
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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11
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Saha T, Songkakul T, Knisely CT, Yokus MA, Daniele MA, Dickey MD, Bozkurt A, Velev OD. Wireless Wearable Electrochemical Sensing Platform with Zero-Power Osmotic Sweat Extraction for Continuous Lactate Monitoring. ACS Sens 2022; 7:2037-2048. [PMID: 35820167 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c00830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Wearable and wireless monitoring of biomarkers such as lactate in sweat can provide a deeper understanding of a subject's metabolic stressors, cardiovascular health, and physiological response to exercise. However, the state-of-the-art wearable and wireless electrochemical systems rely on active sweat released either via high-exertion exercise, electrical stimulation (such as iontophoresis requiring electrical power), or chemical stimulation (such as by delivering pilocarpine or carbachol inside skin), to extract sweat under low-perspiring conditions such as at rest. Here, we present a continuous sweat lactate monitoring platform combining a hydrogel for osmotic sweat extraction, with a paper microfluidic channel for facilitating sweat transport and management, a screen-printed electrochemical lactate sensor, and a custom-built wireless wearable potentiostat system. Osmosis enables zero-electrical power sweat extraction at rest, while continuous evaporation at the end of a paper channel allows long-term sensing from fresh sweat. The positioning of the lactate sensors provides near-instantaneous sensing at low sweat volume, and the custom-designed potentiostat supports continuous monitoring with ultra-low power consumption. For a proof of concept, the prototype system was evaluated for continuous measurement of sweat lactate across a range of physiological activities with changing lactate concentrations and sweat rates: for 2 h at the resting state, 1 h during medium-intensity exercise, and 30 min during high-intensity exercise. Overall, this wearable system holds the potential of providing comprehensive and long-term continuous analysis of sweat lactate trends in the human body during rest and under exercising conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamoghna Saha
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Tanner Songkakul
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, 890 Oval Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Charles T Knisely
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Murat A Yokus
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, 890 Oval Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Michael A Daniele
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, 890 Oval Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States.,Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 911 Oval Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Michael D Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Alper Bozkurt
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, 890 Oval Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Orlin D Velev
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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12
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A One-Dollar, Disposable, Paper-Based Microfluidic Chip for Real-Time Monitoring of Sweat Rate. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13030414. [PMID: 35334706 PMCID: PMC8950908 DOI: 10.3390/mi13030414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Collecting sweat and monitoring its rate is important for determining body condition and further sweat analyses, as this provides vital information about physiologic status and fitness level and could become an alternative to invasive blood tests in the future. Presented here is a one-dollar, disposable, paper-based microfluidic chip for real-time monitoring of sweat rate. The chip, pasted on any part of the skin surface, consists of a skin adhesive layer, sweat-proof layer, sweat-sensing layer, and scale layer with a disk-shape from bottom to top. The sweat-sensing layer has an impressed wax micro-channel containing pre-added chromogenic agent to show displacement by sweat, and the sweat volume can be read directly by scale lines without any electronic elements. The diameter and thickness of the complete chip are 25 mm and 0.3 mm, respectively, permitting good flexibility and compactness with the skin surface. Tests of sweat flow rate monitoring on the left forearm, forehead, and nape of the neck of volunteers doing running exercise were conducted. Average sweat rate on left forearm (1156 g·m−2·h−1) was much lower than that on the forehead (1710 g·m−2·h−1) and greater than that on the nape of the neck (998 g·m−2·h−1), in good agreement with rates measured using existing common commercial sweat collectors. The chip, as a very low-cost and convenient wearable device, has wide application prospects in real-time monitoring of sweat loss by body builders, athletes, firefighters, etc., or for further sweat analyses.
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13
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Zafar H, Channa A, Jeoti V, Stojanović GM. Comprehensive Review on Wearable Sweat-Glucose Sensors for Continuous Glucose Monitoring. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:638. [PMID: 35062598 PMCID: PMC8781973 DOI: 10.3390/s22020638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of diabetes is increasing at an alarming rate, and regular glucose monitoring is critical in order to manage diabetes. Currently, glucose in the body is measured by an invasive method of blood sugar testing. Blood glucose (BG) monitoring devices measure the amount of sugar in a small sample of blood, usually drawn from pricking the fingertip, and placed on a disposable test strip. Therefore, there is a need for non-invasive continuous glucose monitoring, which is possible using a sweat sensor-based approach. As sweat sensors have garnered much interest in recent years, this study attempts to summarize recent developments in non-invasive continuous glucose monitoring using sweat sensors based on different approaches with an emphasis on the devices that can potentially be integrated into a wearable platform. Numerous research entities have been developing wearable sensors for continuous blood glucose monitoring, however, there are no commercially viable, non-invasive glucose monitors on the market at the moment. This review article provides the state-of-the-art in sweat glucose monitoring, particularly keeping in sight the prospect of its commercialization. The challenges relating to sweat collection, sweat sample degradation, person to person sweat amount variation, various detection methods, and their glucose detection sensitivity, and also the commercial viability are thoroughly covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hima Zafar
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, T. Dositeja Obradovića 6, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (V.J.); (G.M.S.)
| | - Asma Channa
- Computer Science Department, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania;
- DIIES Department, Mediterranea University of Reggio Calabria, 89100 Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Varun Jeoti
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, T. Dositeja Obradovića 6, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (V.J.); (G.M.S.)
| | - Goran M. Stojanović
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, T. Dositeja Obradovića 6, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (V.J.); (G.M.S.)
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14
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Zhong B, Jiang K, Wang L, Shen G. Wearable Sweat Loss Measuring Devices: From the Role of Sweat Loss to Advanced Mechanisms and Designs. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2103257. [PMID: 34713981 PMCID: PMC8728835 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202103257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Wearable sweat sensors have received significant research interest and have become popular as sweat contains considerable health information about physiological and psychological states. However, measured biomarker concentrations vary with sweat rates, which has a significant effect on the accuracy and reliability of sweat biosensors. Wearable sweat loss measuring devices (SLMDs) have recently been proposed to overcome the limitations of biomarker tracking and reduce inter- and intraindividual variability. In addition, they offer substantial potential for monitoring human body homeostasis, because sweat loss plays an indispensable role in thermoregulation and skin hydration. Previous studies have not carried out a comprehensive and systematic review of the principles, importance, and development of wearable SLMDs. This paper reviews wearable SLMDs with a new health perspective from the role of sweat loss to advanced mechanisms and designs. Two types of sweat and their measurement significance for practical applications are highlighted. Then, a comprehensive review of advances in different wearable SLMDs based on hygrometers, absorbent materials, and microfluidics is presented by describing their respective device architectures, present situations, and future directions. Finally, concluding remarks on opportunities for future application fields and challenges for future sweat sensing are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for Superlattices and Microstructures, Institution of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Kai Jiang
- Faculty of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery of Chinese PLA, Key Laboratory of Digital Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Lili Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Superlattices and Microstructures, Institution of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Guozhen Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Superlattices and Microstructures, Institution of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
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15
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Van Hoovels K, Xuan X, Cuartero M, Gijssel M, Swarén M, Crespo GA. Can Wearable Sweat Lactate Sensors Contribute to Sports Physiology? ACS Sens 2021; 6:3496-3508. [PMID: 34549938 PMCID: PMC8546758 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c01403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The rise of wearable
sensors to measure lactate content in human
sweat during sports activities has attracted the attention of physiologists
given the potential of these “analytical tools” to provide
real-time information. Beyond the assessment of the sensing technology per se, which, in fact, has not rigorously been validated
yet in controlled conditions, there are many open questions about
the true usefulness of such wearable sensors in real scenarios. On
the one hand, the evidence for the origin of sweat lactate (e.g.,
via the sweat gland, derivation from blood, or other alternative mechanisms),
its high concentration (1–25 mM or even higher) compared to
levels in the blood, and the possible correlation between different
biofluids (particularly blood) is rather contradictory and generates
vivid debate in the field. On the other hand, it is important to point
out that accurate detection of sweat lactate is highly dependent on
the procedure used to collect and/or reach the fluid, and this can
likely explain the large discrepancies reported in the literature.
In brief, this paper provides our vision of the current state of the
field and a thoughtful evaluation of the possible reasons for present
controversies, together with an analysis of the impact of wearable
sweat lactate sensors in the physiological context. Finally, although
there is not yet overwhelming scientific evidence to provide an unequivocal
answer to whether wearable sweat lactate sensors can contribute to
sports physiology, we still understand the importance to bring this
challenging question up-front to create awareness and guidance in
the development, validation, and implementation of wearable sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Van Hoovels
- Kinetic Analysis, Sint Janssingel 92, 5211 DA ’s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
- Jheronimus Academy of Data Science, Sint Janssingel 92, 5211 DA ’s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Xing Xuan
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Cuartero
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maarten Gijssel
- Kinetic Analysis, Sint Janssingel 92, 5211 DA ’s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
- Jheronimus Academy of Data Science, Sint Janssingel 92, 5211 DA ’s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Mikael Swarén
- Swedish Unit of Metrology in Sports, Institution of Health and Welfare, Dalarna University, SE-791 88 Falun, Sweden
| | - Gaston A. Crespo
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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16
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Zhang Y, Li T, Zhao C, Li J, Huang R, Zhang Q, Li Y, Li X. An Integrated Smart Sensor Dressing for Real-Time Wound Microenvironment Monitoring and Promoting Angiogenesis and Wound Healing. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:701525. [PMID: 34422823 PMCID: PMC8378138 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.701525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged chronic wound healing not only places great stress on patients but also increase the health care burden. Fortunately, the emergence of tissue-engineered dressings has provided a potential solution for these patients. Recently, the relationship between the wound microenvironment and wound healing has been gradually clarified. Therefore, the state of wounds can be roughly ascertained by monitoring the microenvironment in real time. Here, we designed a three-layer integrated smart dressing, including a biomimetic nanofibre membrane, microenvironment sensor and β-cyclodextrin-containing gelatine methacryloyl (GelMA + β-cd) UV-crosslinked hydrogel. The hydrogel helped increase the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) through hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) to promote neovascularization and wound healing. The microenvironment sensor, combined with the biological dressings, exhibited satisfactory measurement accuracy, stability, durability and biocompatibility. A BLE4.0 antenna was used to receive, display and upload wound microenvironment data in real time. Such integrated smart dressings can not only achieve biological functions but also monitor changes in the wound microenvironment in real time. These dressings can overcome the challenge of not knowing the state of the wound during the healing process and provide support for clinical work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuheng Zhang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Air Force Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, China
| | - Tian Li
- Air Force Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, China.,School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Congying Zhao
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jinqing Li
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Rong Huang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qianru Zhang
- School of Software Center for High Performance Computing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yongqian Li
- Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, Ministry of Education, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xueyong Li
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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17
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Zhang Y, Lin B, Huang R, Lin Z, Li Y, Li J, Li X. Flexible integrated sensing platform for monitoring wound temperature and predicting infection. Microb Biotechnol 2021; 14:1566-1579. [PMID: 33945203 PMCID: PMC8313280 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Wound infection is a challenging clinical problem that imposes substantial economic and psychological burdens on patients. However, the wound covered by a dressing is in an 'unknown' state. Recently, researchers have focused on understanding the condition of the wound without removing the dressing. Here, we presented a flexible integrated sensing platform (FISP) that can monitor multiple indicators, including local temperature. The platform consists of a flexible sensor chip (FSC), a controlled printed circuit board (CPCB) and a customized application installed on a smartphone that can receive and display data from the sensor chip through Bluetooth Low Energy 4.0 (BLE4.0) and upload real-time wound information. This device exhibits satisfactory measurement accuracy, stability, durability, skin compliance and biocompatibility. It was applied to infected wounds on the back of rabbits to reveal the temperature changes characteristic of wounds infected with different bacteria, and this information was compared with the changes in the core body temperature of animals. We found differences in the temperature among wounds infected with different pathogens and the temperature of the wound infection occurred earlier than the change in anal temperature. The combined application of the FISP and dressings might help identify the 'unknown' state of wounds in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuheng Zhang
- Department of Burn and Plastic SurgerySecond Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Military Medical UniversityXi’an710000China
| | - Bin Lin
- Department of Burn and Plastic SurgerySecond Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Military Medical UniversityXi’an710000China
| | - Rong Huang
- Department of Burn and Plastic SurgerySecond Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Military Medical UniversityXi’an710000China
| | - Zhixiao Lin
- Department of Burn and Plastic SurgerySecond Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Military Medical UniversityXi’an710000China
| | - Yongqian Li
- Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace of the Ministry of EducationNorthwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi’an, Shaanxi710072China
| | - Jinqing Li
- Department of Burn and Plastic SurgerySecond Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Military Medical UniversityXi’an710000China
| | - Xueyong Li
- Department of Burn and Plastic SurgerySecond Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Military Medical UniversityXi’an710000China
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18
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Yokus BMA, Daniele MA. Integrated non-invasive biochemical and biophysical sensing systems for health and performance monitoring: A systems perspective. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 184:113249. [PMID: 33895689 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Advances in materials, bio-recognition elements, transducers, and microfabrication techniques, as well as progress in electronics, signal processing, and wireless communication have generated a new class of skin-interfaced wearable health monitoring systems for applications in personalized medicine and digital health. In comparison to conventional medical devices, these wearable systems are at the cusp of initiating a new era of longitudinal and noninvasive sensing for the prevention, detection, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases at the molecular level. Herein, we provide a review of recent developments in wearable biochemical and biophysical systems. We survey the sweat sampling and collection methods for biochemical systems, followed by an assessment of biochemical and biophysical sensors deployed in current wearable systems with an emphasis on their hardware specifications. Specifically, we address how sweat collection and sample handling platforms may be a rate limiting technology to realizing the clinical translation of wearable health monitoring systems; moreover, we highlight the importance of achieving both longitudinal sensing and assessment of intrapersonal variation in sweat-blood correlations to have the greatest clinical impact. Lastly, we assess a snapshot of integrated wireless wearable systems with multimodal sensing capabilities, and we conclude with our perspective on the state-of-the-art and the required developments to achieve the next-generation of integrated wearable health and performance monitoring systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- By Murat A Yokus
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, 890 Oval Dr., Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Michael A Daniele
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, 890 Oval Dr., Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA; Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 911 Oval Dr., Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
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19
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Research and Application Progress of Intelligent Wearable Devices. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(20)60076-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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20
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Sharma A, Badea M, Tiwari S, Marty JL. Wearable Biosensors: An Alternative and Practical Approach in Healthcare and Disease Monitoring. Molecules 2021; 26:748. [PMID: 33535493 PMCID: PMC7867046 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increasing prevalence of growing population, aging and chronic diseases continuously rising healthcare costs, the healthcare system is undergoing a vital transformation from the traditional hospital-centered system to an individual-centered system. Since the 20th century, wearable sensors are becoming widespread in healthcare and biomedical monitoring systems, empowering continuous measurement of critical biomarkers for monitoring of the diseased condition and health, medical diagnostics and evaluation in biological fluids like saliva, blood, and sweat. Over the past few decades, the developments have been focused on electrochemical and optical biosensors, along with advances with the non-invasive monitoring of biomarkers, bacteria and hormones, etc. Wearable devices have evolved gradually with a mix of multiplexed biosensing, microfluidic sampling and transport systems integrated with flexible materials and body attachments for improved wearability and simplicity. These wearables hold promise and are capable of a higher understanding of the correlations between analyte concentrations within the blood or non-invasive biofluids and feedback to the patient, which is significantly important in timely diagnosis, treatment, and control of medical conditions. However, cohort validation studies and performance evaluation of wearable biosensors are needed to underpin their clinical acceptance. In the present review, we discuss the importance, features, types of wearables, challenges and applications of wearable devices for biological fluids for the prevention of diseased conditions and real-time monitoring of human health. Herein, we summarize the various wearable devices that are developed for healthcare monitoring and their future potential has been discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Sharma
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SGT College of Pharmacy, SGT University, Budhera, Gurugram, Haryana 122505, India
| | - Mihaela Badea
- Fundamental, Prophylactic and Clinical Specialties Department, Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania;
| | - Swapnil Tiwari
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, CHATTISGARH 492010, India;
| | - Jean Louis Marty
- University of Perpignan via Domitia, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, CEDEX 9, 66860 Perpignan, France
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21
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The role of sampling in wearable sweat sensors. Talanta 2020; 212:120801. [PMID: 32113563 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.120801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Wearable sweat sensors demonstrate outstanding performance in non-invasive, real-time monitoring of vital biomarkers in sweat, which offer an opportunity for individuals to achieve dynamic monitoring their own physiology in molecular-level. As a key step in sweat analysis that impact the accuracy of results, frequently-used sweat sampling methods are introduced in this review, and the emphasis is sweat sampling in wearable sensors including absorbent materials, superhydrophobic/superhydrophilic surface, sweat guidance and epidermal microfluidic systems. In the end, we also propose the remaining challenges in the practical, large-scale application of wearable sweat sensors and provide personal prospects on the future development.
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22
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Tai LC, Liaw TS, Lin Y, Nyein HYY, Bariya M, Ji W, Hettick M, Zhao C, Zhao J, Hou L, Yuan Z, Fan Z, Javey A. Wearable Sweat Band for Noninvasive Levodopa Monitoring. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:6346-6351. [PMID: 31381353 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b02478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Levodopa is the standard medication clinically prescribed to patients afflicted with Parkinson's disease. In particular, the monitoring and optimization of levodopa dosage are critical to mitigate the onset of undesired fluctuations in the patients' physical and emotional conditions such as speech function, motor behavior, and mood stability. The traditional approach to optimize levodopa dosage involves evaluating the subjects' motor function, which has many shortcomings due to its subjective and limited quantifiable nature. Here, we present a wearable sweat band on a nanodendritic platform that quantitatively monitors levodopa dynamics in the body. Both stationary iontophoretic induction and physical exercise are utilized as our methods of sweat extraction. The sweat band measures real-time pharmacokinetic profiles of levodopa to track the dynamic response of the drug metabolism. We demonstrated the sweat band's functionalities on multiple subjects with implications toward the systematic administering of levodopa and routine management of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Chia Tai
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Tiffany S Liaw
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Yuanjing Lin
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering , Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay, Kowloon , Hong Kong SAR , China
| | - Hnin Y Y Nyein
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Mallika Bariya
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Wenbo Ji
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Mark Hettick
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Chunsong Zhao
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Jiangqi Zhao
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Lei Hou
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Zhen Yuan
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Zhiyong Fan
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering , Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay, Kowloon , Hong Kong SAR , China
| | - Ali Javey
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
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23
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Lin H, Zhao Y, Lin S, Wang B, Yeung C, Cheng X, Wang Z, Cai T, Yu W, King K, Tan J, Salahi K, Hojaiji H, Emaminejad S. A rapid and low-cost fabrication and integration scheme to render 3D microfluidic architectures for wearable biofluid sampling, manipulation, and sensing. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:2844-2853. [PMID: 31359008 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00418a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The large-scale deployment of wearable bioanalytical devices for general population longitudinal monitoring necessitates rapid and high throughput manufacturing-amenable fabrication schemes that render disposable, low-cost, and mechanically flexible microfluidic modules capable of performing a variety of bioanalytical operations within a compact footprint. The spatial constraints of previously reported wearable bioanalytical devices (with microfluidic operations confined to 2D), their lack of biofluid manipulation capability, and the complex and low-throughput nature of their fabrication process inherently limit the diversity and frequency of end-point assessments and prevent their deployment at large scale. Here, we devise a simple, scalable, and low-cost "CAD-to-3D Device" fabrication and integration scheme, which renders 3D and complex microfluidic architectures capable of performing biofluid sampling, manipulation, and sensing. The devised scheme is based on laser-cutting of tape-based substrates, which can be programmed at the software-level to rapidly define microfluidic features such as a biofluid collection interface, microchannels, and VIAs (vertical interconnect access), followed by the vertical assembly of pre-patterned layers to realize the final device. To inform the utility of our fabrication scheme, we demonstrated three representative devices to perform sweat collection (with visualizable secretion profile), sample filtration, and simultaneous biofluid actuation and sensing (using a sandwiched-interface). Our devised scheme can be adapted for the fabrication and manufacturing of current and future wearable bioanalytical devices, which in turn will catalyze the large-scale production and deployment of such devices for general population health monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haisong Lin
- Interconnected & Integrated Bioelectronics Lab (I2BL), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Yichao Zhao
- Interconnected & Integrated Bioelectronics Lab (I2BL), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shuyu Lin
- Interconnected & Integrated Bioelectronics Lab (I2BL), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Bo Wang
- Interconnected & Integrated Bioelectronics Lab (I2BL), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Christopher Yeung
- Interconnected & Integrated Bioelectronics Lab (I2BL), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xuanbing Cheng
- Interconnected & Integrated Bioelectronics Lab (I2BL), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zhaoqing Wang
- Interconnected & Integrated Bioelectronics Lab (I2BL), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Tianyou Cai
- Interconnected & Integrated Bioelectronics Lab (I2BL), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Wenzhuo Yu
- Interconnected & Integrated Bioelectronics Lab (I2BL), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Kimber King
- Interconnected & Integrated Bioelectronics Lab (I2BL), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Jiawei Tan
- Interconnected & Integrated Bioelectronics Lab (I2BL), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kamyar Salahi
- Interconnected & Integrated Bioelectronics Lab (I2BL), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Hannaneh Hojaiji
- Interconnected & Integrated Bioelectronics Lab (I2BL), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Sam Emaminejad
- Interconnected & Integrated Bioelectronics Lab (I2BL), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. and Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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24
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Chen XM, Li YJ, Han D, Zhu HC, Xue CD, Chui HC, Cao T, Qin KR. A Capillary-Evaporation Micropump for Real-Time Sweat Rate Monitoring with an Electrochemical Sensor. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10070457. [PMID: 31284628 PMCID: PMC6680474 DOI: 10.3390/mi10070457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Sweat collection and real time monitoring of sweat rate play essential roles in physiology monitoring and assessment of an athlete’s performance during exercise. In this paper, we report a micropump for sweat simulant collection based on the capillary–evaporation effect. An electrochemical sensor is integrated into the micropump, which monitors the flow rate in real-time by detecting the current using three electrodes. The evaporation rate from micropore array, equivalent to the sweat rate, was theoretically and numerically investigated. The designed micropump yields the maximum collection rate as high as 0.235 μL/min. In addition, the collection capability of the micropump was validated experimentally; the flow rate through the microchannel was further detected in real-time with the electrochemical sensor. The experimental maximum collection rate showed good consistency with the theoretical data. Our proposed device shows the potential for sweat collection and real-time monitoring of sweat rate, which is a promising candidate for being a wearable platform for real-time physiology and performance monitoring during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ming Chen
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yong-Jiang Li
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Dan Han
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Hui-Chao Zhu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Chun-Dong Xue
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Hsiang-Chen Chui
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Tun Cao
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Kai-Rong Qin
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
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25
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Jain V, Ochoa M, Jiang H, Rahimi R, Ziaie B. A mass-customizable dermal patch with discrete colorimetric indicators for personalized sweat rate quantification. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2019; 5:29. [PMID: 31240108 PMCID: PMC6572848 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-019-0067-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we present a disposable, colorimetric, user-friendly and mass-customizable dermal patch for chronological collection and discrete real-time in situ measurement of sweat secretion over a small area of skin. The patch consists of a laminated filter paper patterned into radially arranged channels/fingers with water-activated dyes at their tips. As channels are filled during perspiration, their tips change color once fully saturated, providing easily identifiable levels of water loss which in turn can be mapped to personal dehydration levels. The patch can be manufactured at low cost in a variety of sizes to allow hydration monitoring for individuals participating in activities under different conditions (intensity, temperature, humidity, etc.). Furthermore, we describe an analytical model that enables mass customization of such a flexible wearable system accommodating a broad range of sweat rates and volumes to generate patch designs that are personalized to an individual's sweat rate, desired time of usage, and the temporal resolution of the required feedback. As a proof-of-concept demonstration, we characterized laser-fabricated patches that cover (7 cm × 5 cm) area of skin having various wicking materials, thicknesses (180-540 µm), and pore sizes (3-11 µm). Tests were conducted at various flow rates simulating different sweating intensities in the range of 1.5-15 mg/cm2/min. Experimental results for the case of a half-marathon runner targeting 90 min of usage and sweating at a rate of 1.5 mg/cm2/min indicated measurement accuracy of 98.3% when the patch is completely filled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Jain
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Manuel Ochoa
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Hongjie Jiang
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Rahim Rahimi
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Babak Ziaie
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
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26
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Wearable biosensors for healthcare monitoring. Nat Biotechnol 2019; 37:389-406. [PMID: 30804534 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-019-0045-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1121] [Impact Index Per Article: 224.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Wearable biosensors are garnering substantial interest due to their potential to provide continuous, real-time physiological information via dynamic, noninvasive measurements of biochemical markers in biofluids, such as sweat, tears, saliva and interstitial fluid. Recent developments have focused on electrochemical and optical biosensors, together with advances in the noninvasive monitoring of biomarkers including metabolites, bacteria and hormones. A combination of multiplexed biosensing, microfluidic sampling and transport systems have been integrated, miniaturized and combined with flexible materials for improved wearability and ease of operation. Although wearable biosensors hold promise, a better understanding of the correlations between analyte concentrations in the blood and noninvasive biofluids is needed to improve reliability. An expanded set of on-body bioaffinity assays and more sensing strategies are needed to make more biomarkers accessible to monitoring. Large-cohort validation studies of wearable biosensor performance will be needed to underpin clinical acceptance. Accurate and reliable real-time sensing of physiological information using wearable biosensor technologies would have a broad impact on our daily lives.
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27
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Kaya T, Liu G, Ho J, Yelamarthi K, Miller K, Edwards J, Stannard A. Wearable Sweat Sensors: Background and Current Trends. ELECTROANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201800677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tolga Kaya
- School of Computer Science and Engineering; Sacred Heart University; Fairfield, CT 06825 USA
| | - Gengchen Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; University of California at Davis; Davis 95616 USA
| | - Jenny Ho
- Nexteer Automative Engineering; Saginaw, MI 48601 USA
| | - Kumar Yelamarthi
- School of Engineering and Technology; Central Michigan University; Mount Pleasant, MI 48859 USA
| | - Kevin Miller
- School of Health Sciences; Central Michigan University; Mount Pleasant 48859 USA
| | - Jeffrey Edwards
- School of Health Sciences; Central Michigan University; Mount Pleasant 48859 USA
| | - Alicja Stannard
- Exercise Science program; Sacred Heart University; Fairfield, CT 06825 USA
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28
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Salvo P, Pingitore A, Barbini A, Di Francesco F. A wearable sweat rate sensor to monitor the athletes’ performance during training. Sci Sports 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2017.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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29
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Brueck A, Iftekhar T, Stannard AB, Yelamarthi K, Kaya T. A Real-Time Wireless Sweat Rate Measurement System for Physical Activity Monitoring. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18020533. [PMID: 29439398 PMCID: PMC5855985 DOI: 10.3390/s18020533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
There has been significant research on the physiology of sweat in the past decade, with one of the main interests being the development of a real-time hydration monitor that utilizes sweat. The contents of sweat have been known for decades; sweat provides significant information on the physiological condition of the human body. However, it is important to know the sweat rate as well, as sweat rate alters the concentration of the sweat constituents, and ultimately affects the accuracy of hydration detection. Towards this goal, a calorimetric based flow-rate detection system was built and tested to determine sweat rate in real time. The proposed sweat rate monitoring system has been validated through both controlled lab experiments (syringe pump) and human trials. An Internet of Things (IoT) platform was embedded, with the sensor using a Simblee board and Raspberry Pi. The overall prototype is capable of sending sweat rate information in real time to either a smartphone or directly to the cloud. Based on a proven theoretical concept, our overall system implementation features a pioneer device that can truly measure the rate of sweat in real time, which was tested and validated on human subjects. Our realization of the real-time sweat rate watch is capable of detecting sweat rates as low as 0.15 µL/min/cm², with an average error in accuracy of 18% compared to manual sweat rate readings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Brueck
- School of Engineering and Technology, Central Michigan University, Mt Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
| | - Tashfin Iftekhar
- School of Engineering and Technology, Central Michigan University, Mt Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
| | - Alicja B Stannard
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Science, Sacred Heart University, Fairfield, CT 06825, USA.
| | - Kumar Yelamarthi
- School of Engineering and Technology, Central Michigan University, Mt Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
| | - Tolga Kaya
- School of Computing, Sacred Heart University, Fairfield, CT 06825, USA.
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30
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Wearable Sweat Rate Sensors for Human Thermal Comfort Monitoring. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1181. [PMID: 29352237 PMCID: PMC5775419 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19239-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose watch-type sweat rate sensors capable of automatic natural ventilation by integrating miniaturized thermo-pneumatic actuators, and experimentally verify their performances and applicability. Previous sensors using natural ventilation require manual ventilation process or high-power bulky thermo-pneumatic actuators to lift sweat rate detection chambers above skin for continuous measurement. The proposed watch-type sweat rate sensors reduce operation power by minimizing expansion fluid volume to 0.4 ml through heat circuit modeling. The proposed sensors reduce operation power to 12.8% and weight to 47.6% compared to previous portable sensors, operating for 4 hours at 6 V batteries. Human experiment for thermal comfort monitoring is performed by using the proposed sensors having sensitivity of 0.039 (pF/s)/(g/m2h) and linearity of 97.9% in human sweat rate range. Average sweat rate difference for each thermal status measured in three subjects shows (32.06 ± 27.19) g/m2h in thermal statuses including ‘comfortable’, ‘slightly warm’, ‘warm’, and ‘hot’. The proposed sensors thereby can discriminate and compare four stages of thermal status. Sweat rate measurement error of the proposed sensors is less than 10% under air velocity of 1.5 m/s corresponding to human walking speed. The proposed sensors are applicable for wearable and portable use, having potentials for daily thermal comfort monitoring applications.
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31
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Choi J, Xue Y, Xia W, Ray TR, Reeder J, Bandodkar AJ, Kang D, Xu S, Huang Y, Rogers JA. Soft, skin-mounted microfluidic systems for measuring secretory fluidic pressures generated at the surface of the skin by eccrine sweat glands. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:2572-2580. [PMID: 28664954 PMCID: PMC5561737 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00525c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
During periods of activity, sweat glands produce pressures associated with osmotic effects to drive liquid to the surface of the skin. The magnitudes of these pressures may provide insights into physiological health, the intensity of physical exertion, psychological stress factors and/other information of interest, yet they are currently unknown due to absence of means for non-invasive measurement. This paper introduces a thin, soft wearable microfluidic system that mounts onto the surface of the skin to enable precise and routine measurements of secretory fluidic pressures generated at the surface of the skin by eccrine sweat glands (surface SPSG, or s-SPSG) at nearly any location on the body. These platforms incorporate an arrayed collection of unit cells each of which includes an opening to the skin, an inlet through which sweat can flow, a capillary bursting valve (CBV) with a unique bursting pressure (BP), a corresponding microreservoir to receive sweat and an outlet to the surrounding ambient to allow release of backpressure. The BPs systematically span the physiologically relevant range, to enable a measurement precision approximately defined by the ratio of the range to the number of unit cells. Human studies demonstrate measurements of s-SPSG under different conditions, from various regions of the body. Average values in healthy young adults lie between 2.4 and 2.9 kPa. Sweat associated with vigorous exercise have s-SPSGs that are somewhat higher than those associated with sedentary activity. For all conditions, the forearm and lower back tend to yield the highest and lowest s-SPSGs, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungil Choi
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Yeguang Xue
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Wei Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Tyler R. Ray
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Jonathan Reeder
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Amay J. Bandodkar
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Daeshik Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ajou University, San 5, Woncheon-Dong, Yeongtong-Gu, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Shuai Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Yonggang Huang
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - John A. Rogers
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry, Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, and Neurological Surgery, Simpson Querrey Institute for Nano/biotechnology, McCormick School of Engineering and Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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32
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Delaney C, McCluskey P, Coleman S, Whyte J, Kent N, Diamond D. Precision control of flow rate in microfluidic channels using photoresponsive soft polymer actuators. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:2013-2021. [PMID: 28530723 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00368d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A novel approach that allows control of flow in microfluidic channels with unsurpassed performance using light is described. Valve structures have been created using photoresponsive hydrogels based on spiropyran-functionalised pNIPAAm hydrogels photopolymerised around pillar structures within the channels. Valve actuation is controlled from outside the fluidic system using externally located LEDs. Highly precise and accurate flow rates can be selected by passing real-time flow rate measurements into a PID algorithm. The optimised algorithm also minimises overshoot of the selected flow rate, eliminates flow rate drift, and improves the system response time. In addition to the dramatic improvements in flow rate control, the set up enables the polymer actuation behaviour to be rapidly characterised. The power supply to the LED also provides a useful system diagnostic for monitoring the performance of the valve over time. For example, degradation in the valve actuation due to photodegradation will manifest as an increasing power requirement over time, enabling predictive failure thresholds to be established for particular actuator designs and polymer compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colm Delaney
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland.
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