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Wang X, Zhang Y, Guo T, Wu S, Zhong J, Cheng C, Sui X. Selective intrafascicular stimulation of myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers through a longitudinal electrode: A computational study. Comput Biol Med 2024; 176:108556. [PMID: 38733726 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.108556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Carbon nanotube (CNT) fiber electrodes have demonstrated exceptional spatial selectivity and sustained reliability in the context of intrafascicular electrical stimulation, as evidenced through rigorous animal experimentation. A significant presence of unmyelinated C fibers, known to induce uncomfortable somatosensory experiences, exists within peripheral nerves. This presence poses a considerable challenge to the excitation of myelinated Aβ fibers, which are crucial for tactile sensation. To achieve nuanced tactile sensory feedback utilizing CNT fiber electrodes, the selective stimulation of Aβ sensory afferents emerges as a critical factor. In confronting this challenge, the present investigation sought to refine and apply a rat sciatic-nerve model leveraging the capabilities of the COMSOL-NEURON framework. This approach enables a systematic evaluation of the influence exerted by stimulation parameters and electrode geometry on the activation dynamics of both myelinated Aβ and unmyelinated C fibers. The findings advocate for the utilization of current pulses featuring a pulse width of 600 μs, alongside the deployment of CNT fibers characterized by a diminutive diameter of 10 μm, with an exclusively exposed cross-sectional area, to facilitate reduced activation current thresholds. Comparative analysis under monopolar and bipolar electrical stimulation conditions revealed proximate activation thresholds, albeit with bipolar stimulation exhibiting superior fiber selectivity relative to its monopolar counterpart. Concerning pulse waveform characteristics, the adoption of an anodic-first biphasic stimulation modality is favored, taking into account the dual criteria of activation threshold and fiber selectivity optimization. Consequently, this investigation furnishes an efficacious stimulation paradigm for the selective activation of touch-related nerve fibers, alongside provisioning a comprehensive theoretical foundation for the realization of natural tactile feedback within the domain of prosthetic hand applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintong Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yapeng Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Tianruo Guo
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Shuhui Wu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Junwen Zhong
- Department of Electromechanical Engineering, University of Macau, Macau SAR, 999078, China
| | - Chengkung Cheng
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China; Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Engineering Research Center of Digital Medicine, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohong Sui
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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2
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Zhang J, Chou CH, Hao M, Li Y, Yu Y, Lan N. Fusion of dual modalities of non-invasive sensory feedback for object profiling with prosthetic hands. Front Neurorobot 2023; 17:1298176. [PMID: 38162892 PMCID: PMC10757719 DOI: 10.3389/fnbot.2023.1298176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Either non-invasive somatotopic or substitute sensory feedback is capable of conveying a single modality of sensory information from prosthetic hands to amputees. However, the neurocognitive ability of amputees to integrate multi-modality sensory information for functional discrimination is unclear. The purpose of this study was to assess the fusion of non-invasive somatotopic tactile and substitute aperture feedbacks for profile perception of multiple physical features during grasping objects. Methods Two left transradial amputees with somatotopic evoked tactile sensation (ETS) of five fingers participated in the study. The tactile information of prosthetic hand was provided to amputees by the ETS feedback elicited on the stump projected finger map. Hand aperture information was conveyed to amputees with substitute electrotactile stimulation on the forearm or upper arm. Two types of sensory feedback were integrated to a commercial prosthetic hand. The efficacy of somatotopic ETS feedback on object length identification task was assessed with or without substitute aperture stimulation. The object size identification task was utilized to assess how ETS stimulation at the stump may affect aperture perception with stimulation on the ipsilateral upper arm or forearm. Finally, the task of identifying combined length and size was conducted to evaluate the ability of amputees to integrate the dual modalities of sensory feedback for perceiving profile features. Results The study revealed that amputee subjects can effectively integrate the ETS feedback with electrotactile substitutive feedback for object profile discrimination. Specifically, ETS was robust to provide object length information with electrotactile stimulation at either the forearm or upper arm. However, electrotactile stimulation at the upper arm for aperture perception was less susceptible to the interference of ETS stimulation than at the forearm. Discussion Amputee subjects are able to combine somatotopic ETS and aperture feedbacks for identifying multi-dimensional features in object profiling. The two sensory streams of information can be fused effectively without mutual interference for functional discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Laboratory of NeuroRehabilitation Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chih-Hong Chou
- Laboratory of NeuroRehabilitation Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Medical Robotics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Manzhao Hao
- Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Li
- Laboratory of NeuroRehabilitation Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yashuo Yu
- Laboratory of NeuroRehabilitation Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Lan
- Laboratory of NeuroRehabilitation Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Medical Robotics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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3
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Bensmaia SJ, Tyler DJ, Micera S. Restoration of sensory information via bionic hands. Nat Biomed Eng 2023; 7:443-455. [PMID: 33230305 PMCID: PMC10233657 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-020-00630-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Individuals who have lost the use of their hands because of amputation or spinal cord injury can use prosthetic hands to restore their independence. A dexterous prosthesis requires the acquisition of control signals that drive the movements of the robotic hand, and the transmission of sensory signals to convey information to the user about the consequences of these movements. In this Review, we describe non-invasive and invasive technologies for conveying artificial sensory feedback through bionic hands, and evaluate the technologies' long-term prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sliman J Bensmaia
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Committee on Computational Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Grossman Institute for Neuroscience, Quantitative Biology, and Human Behavior, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Dustin J Tyler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Silvestro Micera
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy.
- Translational Neural Engineering Laboratory, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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4
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Sun T, Tsaava T, Peragine J, Crosfield C, Lopez MF, Modi R, Sharma R, Li C, Sohal H, Chang EH, Rieth L. Flexible IrO x neural electrode for mouse vagus nerve stimulation. Acta Biomater 2023; 159:394-409. [PMID: 36669547 PMCID: PMC10823593 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is being actively explored as a treatment for multiple conditions as part of bioelectronic medicine research. Reliable and safe VNS in mouse models is a critical need for understanding mechanisms of these. We report on the development and evaluation of a microfabricated cuff electrode (MouseFlex) constructed of polyimide (PI) and with iridium oxide (IrOx) electrodes that is thermoformed to 86 µm ± 12 µm radius to interface the mouse cervical vagus nerve (r ≈ 50 µm). Innovative bench-top methods were used to evaluate the stimulation stability and electrochemical properties of electrodes. Our aggressive stimulation stability (Stim-Stab) test utilized 1 billion pulses at a 1000 Hz with a current density of 6.28 A/cm2 (1.51 mC/cm2/phase) delivering 3023 × 103 C/cm2 to evaluate electrode lifetimes, and all electrodes remained functional. We also investigated the effects of thermoforming on their impedance, charge storage capacity (CSC), and charge injection capacity (CIC). The modest changes in electrochemical properties indicate that the thermoforming process was well tolerated. Thermoformed electrode safety and efficacy were evaluated in-vivo by performing acute VNS in mice and monitoring their heart and respiration rate as biomarkers. Their electrochemical properties were also measured before, during and after VNS. Bradycardia and bradypnea were reliably induced at stimulation currents of 100 to 200 µA, well below the in-vivo CIC of ∼1250 µA (∼0.5 mC/cm2), supporting their safety and efficacy. The electrode impedance increased and CIC decreased during in-vivo use, but largely reversed these changes in in-vitro testing after enzymatic cleaning, supporting their tolerance for surgical use. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is a rapidly growing aspect of healthcare and bioelectronic medicine research. Reliable and safe VNS in mice with small diameter (d ≈ 100 µm) nerves has been a challenge due to achieving intimate contact with the nerve, and the stimulation stability of commonly used electrodes. We demonstrate a microfabricated (MouseFlex) cuff electrode constructed of polyimide with IrOx electrodes that is thermoformed to contact the mouse cervical vagus. Bench studies highlight the stimulation stability exceeded 109 pulses at 6.28 A/cm2 and their electrochemical properties were measured before, during, and after bench and nerve stimulation. Nerve stimulation induced bradycardia and bradypnea at currents below the in-vivo charge injection capacity, supporting their safety, efficacy, and tolerance for surgical handling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Sun
- Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Department, Benjamin M. Statler College of Engineering & Mineral Resources, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States
| | - Téa Tsaava
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York 11030, United States
| | - Joanne Peragine
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York 11030, United States
| | - Christine Crosfield
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York 11030, United States
| | | | - Romil Modi
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York 11030, United States
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States; Applied Biosensors, Salt Lake City, UT 84115, United States
| | - Chunyan Li
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York 11030, United States
| | | | - Eric H Chang
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York 11030, United States
| | - Loren Rieth
- Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Department, Benjamin M. Statler College of Engineering & Mineral Resources, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States.
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5
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Valle G. Peripheral neurostimulation for encoding artificial somatosensations. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 56:5888-5901. [PMID: 36097134 PMCID: PMC9826263 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The direct neural stimulation of peripheral or central nervous systems has been shown as an effective tool to treat neurological conditions. The electrical activation of the nervous sensory pathway can be adopted to restore the artificial sense of touch and proprioception in people suffering from sensory-motor disorders. The modulation of the neural stimulation parameters has a direct effect on the electrically induced sensations, both when targeting the somatosensory cortex and the peripheral somatic nerves. The properties of the artificial sensations perceived, as their location, quality and intensity are strongly dependent on the direct modulation of pulse width, amplitude and frequency of the neural stimulation. Different sensory encoding schemes have been tested in patients showing distinct effects and outcomes according to their impact on the neural activation. Here, I reported the most adopted neural stimulation strategies to artificially encode somatosensation into the peripheral nervous system. The real-time implementation of these strategies in bionic devices is crucial to exploit the artificial sensory feedback in prosthetics. Thus, neural stimulation becomes a tool to directly communicate with the human nervous system. Given the importance of adding artificial sensory information to neuroprosthetic devices to improve their control and functionality, the choice of an optimal neural stimulation paradigm could increase the impact of prosthetic devices on the quality of life of people with sensorimotor disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Valle
- Laboratory for Neuroengineering, Department of Health Sciences and TechnologyInstitute for Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
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6
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New Stimulation Device to Drive Multiple Transverse Intrafascicular Electrodes and Achieve Highly Selective and Rich Neural Responses. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21217219. [PMID: 34770527 PMCID: PMC8587292 DOI: 10.3390/s21217219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral Nerve Stimulation (PNS) is a promising approach in functional restoration following neural impairments. Although it proves to be advantageous in the number of implantation sites provided compared with intramuscular or epimysial stimulation and the fact that it does not require daily placement, as is the case with surface electrodes, the further advancement of PNS paradigms is hampered by the limitation of spatial selectivity due to the current spread and variations of nerve physiology. New electrode designs such as the Transverse Intrafascicular Multichannel Electrode (TIME) were proposed to resolve this issue, but their use was limited by a lack of innovative multichannel stimulation devices. In this study, we introduce a new portable multichannel stimulator—called STIMEP—and implement different stimulation protocols in rats to test its versatility and unveil the potential of its combined use with TIME electrodes in rehabilitation protocols. We developed and tested various stimulation paradigms in a single fascicle and thereafter implanted two TIMEs. We also tested its stimulation using two different waveforms. The results highlighted the versatility of this new stimulation device and advocated for the parameterizing of a hyperpolarizing phase before depolarization as well as the use of small pulse widths when stimulating with multiple electrodes.
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7
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Mian SY, Honey JR, Carnicer-Lombarte A, Barone DG. Large Animal Studies to Reduce the Foreign Body Reaction in Brain-Computer Interfaces: A Systematic Review. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:275. [PMID: 34436077 PMCID: PMC8392711 DOI: 10.3390/bios11080275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Brain-computer interfaces (BCI) are reliant on the interface between electrodes and neurons to function. The foreign body reaction (FBR) that occurs in response to electrodes in the brain alters this interface and may pollute detected signals, ultimately impeding BCI function. The size of the FBR is influenced by several key factors explored in this review; namely, (a) the size of the animal tested, (b) anatomical location of the BCI, (c) the electrode morphology and coating, (d) the mechanics of electrode insertion, and (e) pharmacological modification (e.g., drug eluting electrodes). Trialing methods to reduce FBR in vivo, particularly in large models, is important to enable further translation in humans, and we systematically reviewed the literature to this effect. The OVID, MEDLINE, EMBASE, SCOPUS and Scholar databases were searched. Compiled results were analysed qualitatively. Out of 8388 yielded articles, 13 were included for analysis, with most excluded studies experimenting on murine models. Cats, rabbits, and a variety of breeds of minipig/marmoset were trialed. On average, over 30% reduction in inflammatory cells of FBR on post mortem histology was noted across intervention groups. Similar strategies to those used in rodent models, including tip modification and flexible and sinusoidal electrode configurations, all produced good effects in histology; however, a notable absence of trials examining the effect on BCI end-function was noted. Future studies should assess whether the reduction in FBR correlates to an improvement in the functional effect of the intended BCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Yasin Mian
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BX, UK
| | - Jonathan Roy Honey
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0DF, UK;
| | | | - Damiano Giuseppe Barone
- Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0DF, UK;
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8
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Karczewski AM, Dingle AM, Poore SO. The Need to Work Arm in Arm: Calling for Collaboration in Delivering Neuroprosthetic Limb Replacements. Front Neurorobot 2021; 15:711028. [PMID: 34366820 PMCID: PMC8334559 DOI: 10.3389/fnbot.2021.711028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last few decades there has been a push to enhance the use of advanced prosthetics within the fields of biomedical engineering, neuroscience, and surgery. Through the development of peripheral neural interfaces and invasive electrodes, an individual's own nervous system can be used to control a prosthesis. With novel improvements in neural recording and signal decoding, this intimate communication has paved the way for bidirectional and intuitive control of prostheses. While various collaborations between engineers and surgeons have led to considerable success with motor control and pain management, it has been significantly more challenging to restore sensation. Many of the existing peripheral neural interfaces have demonstrated success in one of these modalities; however, none are currently able to fully restore limb function. Though this is in part due to the complexity of the human somatosensory system and stability of bioelectronics, the fragmentary and as-yet uncoordinated nature of the neuroprosthetic industry further complicates this advancement. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current field of neuroprosthetics and explore potential strategies to address its unique challenges. These include exploration of electrodes, surgical techniques, control methods, and prosthetic technology. Additionally, we propose a new approach to optimizing prosthetic limb function and facilitating clinical application by capitalizing on available resources. It is incumbent upon academia and industry to encourage collaboration and utilization of different peripheral neural interfaces in combination with each other to create versatile limbs that not only improve function but quality of life. Despite the rapidly evolving technology, if the field continues to work in divided "silos," we will delay achieving the critical, valuable outcome: creating a prosthetic limb that is right for the patient and positively affects their life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aaron M. Dingle
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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9
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Yim S, Jeong J, Ihn Y, Hwang D, Yang S, Oh SR, Kim K. One-step Implantation of a 3D Neural Microelectrode Array. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2020; 2020:3379-3383. [PMID: 33018729 DOI: 10.1109/embc44109.2020.9175643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a neurosurgical device called NEIT 2 (Nerve Electrode Insertion Tool) to implant a 3D microelectrode array into a peripheral nervous system. Using an elastomer-made nerve holder, the device is able to stable target a flexible nerve, and then safely inserts an electrode array into the fixed nerve. Finally, a nerve containment assembly is made at once. We conducted animal experiments to evaluate the proposed scenario using a 3D printed prototype and commercial microelectrodes. The results show that microelectrodes are successfully implanted into sciatic nerves of rats and neural signals are recorded through the chronically implanted electrodes.
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10
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Vu PP, Chestek CA, Nason SR, Kung TA, Kemp SW, Cederna PS. The future of upper extremity rehabilitation robotics: research and practice. Muscle Nerve 2020; 61:708-718. [PMID: 32413247 PMCID: PMC7868083 DOI: 10.1002/mus.26860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The loss of upper limb motor function can have a devastating effect on people's lives. To restore upper limb control and functionality, researchers and clinicians have developed interfaces to interact directly with the human body's motor system. In this invited review, we aim to provide details on the peripheral nerve interfaces and brain-machine interfaces that have been developed in the past 30 years for upper extremity control, and we highlight the challenges that still remain to transition the technology into the clinical market. The findings show that peripheral nerve interfaces and brain-machine interfaces have many similar characteristics that enable them to be concurrently developed. Decoding neural information from both interfaces may lead to novel physiological models that may one day fully restore upper limb motor function for a growing patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip P. Vu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Section of Plastic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Cynthia A. Chestek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Robotics Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Samuel R. Nason
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Theodore A. Kung
- Section of Plastic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Stephen W.P. Kemp
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Section of Plastic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Paul S. Cederna
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Section of Plastic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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11
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Ngan CGY, Kapsa RMI, Choong PFM. Strategies for neural control of prosthetic limbs: from electrode interfacing to 3D printing. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12121927. [PMID: 31207952 PMCID: PMC6631966 DOI: 10.3390/ma12121927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Limb amputation is a major cause of disability in our community, for which motorised prosthetic devices offer a return to function and independence. With the commercialisation and increasing availability of advanced motorised prosthetic technologies, there is a consumer need and clinical drive for intuitive user control. In this context, rapid additive fabrication/prototyping capacities and biofabrication protocols embrace a highly-personalised medicine doctrine that marries specific patient biology and anatomy to high-end prosthetic design, manufacture and functionality. Commercially-available prosthetic models utilise surface electrodes that are limited by their disconnect between mind and device. As such, alternative strategies of mind-prosthetic interfacing have been explored to purposefully drive the prosthetic limb. This review investigates mind to machine interfacing strategies, with a focus on the biological challenges of long-term harnessing of the user's cerebral commands to drive actuation/movement in electronic prostheses. It covers the limitations of skin, peripheral nerve and brain interfacing electrodes, and in particular the challenges of minimising the foreign-body response, as well as a new strategy of grafting muscle onto residual peripheral nerves. In conjunction, this review also investigates the applicability of additive tissue engineering at the nerve-electrode boundary, which has led to pioneering work in neural regeneration and bioelectrode development for applications at the neuroprosthetic interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine G Y Ngan
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne 3065, VIC, Australia.
- Biofab3D@ACMD, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne 3065, VIC, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2500, NSW, Australia.
| | - Rob M I Kapsa
- Biofab3D@ACMD, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne 3065, VIC, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2500, NSW, Australia.
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3065, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne 3065, VIC, Australia.
| | - Peter F M Choong
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne 3065, VIC, Australia.
- Biofab3D@ACMD, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne 3065, VIC, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2500, NSW, Australia.
- Department of Orthopaedics, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne 3065, VIC, Australia.
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12
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Kashkoush AI, Gaunt RA, Fisher LE, Bruns TM, Weber DJ. Recording single- and multi-unit neuronal action potentials from the surface of the dorsal root ganglion. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2786. [PMID: 30808921 PMCID: PMC6391375 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38924-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The dorsal root ganglia (DRG) contain cell bodies of primary afferent neurons, which are frequently studied by recording extracellularly with penetrating microelectrodes inserted into the DRG. We aimed to isolate single- and multi-unit activity from primary afferents in the lumbar DRG using non-penetrating electrode arrays and to characterize the relationship of that activity with limb position and movement. The left sixth and seventh lumbar DRG (L6-L7) were instrumented with penetrating and non-penetrating electrode arrays to record neural activity during passive hindlimb movement in 7 anesthetized cats. We found that the non-penetrating arrays could record both multi-unit and well-isolated single-unit activity from the surface of the DRG, although with smaller signal to noise ratios (SNRs) compared to penetrating electrodes. Across all recorded units, the median SNR was 1.1 for non-penetrating electrodes and 1.6 for penetrating electrodes. Although the non-penetrating arrays were not anchored to the DRG or surrounding tissues, the spike amplitudes did not change (<1% change from baseline spike amplitude) when the limb was moved passively over a limited range of motion (~20 degrees at the hip). Units of various sensory fiber types were recorded, with 20% of units identified as primary muscle spindles, 37% as secondary muscle spindles, and 24% as cutaneous afferents. Our study suggests that non-penetrating electrode arrays can record modulated single- and multi-unit neural activity of various sensory fiber types from the DRG surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed I Kashkoush
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Robert A Gaunt
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America.,Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lee E Fisher
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America.,Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Tim M Bruns
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America.,Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Douglas J Weber
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America. .,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America. .,Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America.
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13
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Rijnbeek EH, Eleveld N, Olthuis W. Update on Peripheral Nerve Electrodes for Closed-Loop Neuroprosthetics. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:350. [PMID: 29910705 PMCID: PMC5992394 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper various types of electrodes for stimulation and recording activity of peripheral nerves for the control of neuroprosthetic limbs are reviewed. First, an overview of interface devices for (feedback-) controlled movement of a prosthetic device is given, after which the focus is on peripheral nervous system (PNS) electrodes. Important electrode properties, i.e., longevity and spatial resolution, are defined based upon the usability for neuroprostheses. The cuff electrode, longitudinal intrafascicular electrodes (LIFE), transverse intrafascicular multichannel electrode (TIME), Utah slanted electrode array (USEA), and the regenerative electrode are discussed and assessed on their longevity and spatial resolution. The cuff electrode seems to be a promising electrode for the control of neuroprostheses in the near future, because it shows the best longevity and good spatial resolution and it has been used on human subjects in multiple studies. The other electrodes may be promising in the future, but further research on their longevity and spatial resolution is needed. A more quantitatively uniform study protocol used for all electrodes would allow for a proper comparison of recording and stimulation performance. For example, the discussed electrodes could be compared in a large in vivo study, using one uniform comparison protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wouter Olthuis
- BIOS Lab-on-a-Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
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14
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Spearman BS, Desai VH, Mobini S, McDermott MD, Graham JB, Otto KJ, Judy JW, Schmidt CE. Tissue-Engineered Peripheral Nerve Interfaces. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2018; 28:1701713. [PMID: 37829558 PMCID: PMC10569514 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201701713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Research on neural interfaces has historically concentrated on development of systems for the brain; however, there is increasing interest in peripheral nerve interfaces (PNIs) that could provide benefit when peripheral nerve function is compromised, such as for amputees. Efforts focus on designing scalable and high-performance sensory and motor peripheral nervous system interfaces. Current PNIs face several design challenges such as undersampling of signals from the thousands of axons, nerve-fiber selectivity, and device-tissue integration. To improve PNIs, several researchers have turned to tissue engineering. Peripheral nerve tissue engineering has focused on designing regeneration scaffolds that mimic normal nerve extracellular matrix composition, provide advanced microarchitecture to stimulate cell migration, and have mechanical properties like the native nerve. By combining PNIs with tissue engineering, the goal is to promote natural axon regeneration into the devices to facilitate close contact with electrodes; in contrast, traditional PNIs rely on insertion or placement of electrodes into or around existing nerves, or do not utilize materials to actively facilitate axon regeneration. This review presents the state-of-the-art of PNIs and nerve tissue engineering, highlights recent approaches to combine neural-interface technology and tissue engineering, and addresses the remaining challenges with foreign-body response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin S Spearman
- Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Florida, 1275 Center Dr., BMS Building JG-56, 116131, Gainesville, FL 32611-6131
| | - Vidhi H Desai
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Florida, 216 Larsen Hall, 116200, Gainesville, FL 32611-6200
- Nanoscience Institute for Medical and Engineering Technology, The University of Florida, 1041 Center Drive, 116621, Gainesville, FL 32611-6621
| | - Sahba Mobini
- Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Florida, 1275 Center Dr., BMS Building JG-56, 116131, Gainesville, FL 32611-6131
| | - Matthew D McDermott
- Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Florida, 1275 Center Dr., BMS Building JG-56, 116131, Gainesville, FL 32611-6131
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 S. Martin Jischke Dr., West Lafayette, IN 47907-2032
| | - James B Graham
- Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Florida, 1275 Center Dr., BMS Building JG-56, 116131, Gainesville, FL 32611-6131
| | - Kevin J Otto
- Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Florida, 1275 Center Dr., BMS Building JG-56, 116131, Gainesville, FL 32611-6131
- Nanoscience Institute for Medical and Engineering Technology, The University of Florida, 1041 Center Drive, 116621, Gainesville, FL 32611-6621
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Florida, 1149 Newell Dr., Room L1-100, 100244, Gainesville, FL 32610-0244
- Department of Neurology, The University of Florida, 2000 SW Archer Rd., Third Floor, 100383, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Jack W Judy
- Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Florida, 1275 Center Dr., BMS Building JG-56, 116131, Gainesville, FL 32611-6131
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Florida, 216 Larsen Hall, 116200, Gainesville, FL 32611-6200
- Nanoscience Institute for Medical and Engineering Technology, The University of Florida, 1041 Center Drive, 116621, Gainesville, FL 32611-6621
| | - Christine E Schmidt
- Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Florida, 1275 Center Dr., BMS Building JG-56, 116131, Gainesville, FL 32611-6131
- Nanoscience Institute for Medical and Engineering Technology, The University of Florida, 1041 Center Drive, 116621, Gainesville, FL 32611-6621
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15
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Sperry ZJ, Na K, Parizi SS, Chiel HJ, Seymour J, Yoon E, Bruns TM. Flexible microelectrode array for interfacing with the surface of neural ganglia. J Neural Eng 2018. [PMID: 29521279 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/aab55f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The dorsal root ganglia (DRG) are promising nerve structures for sensory neural interfaces because they provide centralized access to primary afferent cell bodies and spinal reflex circuitry. In order to harness this potential, new electrode technologies are needed which take advantage of the unique properties of DRG, specifically the high density of neural cell bodies at the dorsal surface. Here we report initial in vivo results from the development of a flexible non-penetrating polyimide electrode array interfacing with the surface of ganglia. APPROACH Multiple layouts of a 64-channel iridium electrode (420 µm2) array were tested, with pitch as small as 25 µm. The buccal ganglia of invertebrate sea slug Aplysia californica were used to develop handling and recording techniques with ganglionic surface electrode arrays (GSEAs). We also demonstrated the GSEA's capability to record single- and multi-unit activity from feline lumbosacral DRG related to a variety of sensory inputs, including cutaneous brushing, joint flexion, and bladder pressure. MAIN RESULTS We recorded action potentials from a variety of Aplysia neurons activated by nerve stimulation, and units were observed firing simultaneously on closely spaced electrode sites. We also recorded single- and multi-unit activity associated with sensory inputs from feline DRG. We utilized spatial oversampling of action potentials on closely-spaced electrode sites to estimate the location of neural sources at between 25 µm and 107 µm below the DRG surface. We also used the high spatial sampling to demonstrate a possible spatial sensory map of one feline's DRG. We obtained activation of sensory fibers with low-amplitude stimulation through individual or groups of GSEA electrode sites. SIGNIFICANCE Overall, the GSEA has been shown to provide a variety of information types from ganglia neurons and to have significant potential as a tool for neural mapping and interfacing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachariah J Sperry
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America. Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
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16
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Hong KS, Aziz N, Ghafoor U. Motor-commands decoding using peripheral nerve signals: a review. J Neural Eng 2018; 15:031004. [PMID: 29498358 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/aab383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
During the last few decades, substantial scientific and technological efforts have been focused on the development of neuroprostheses. The major emphasis has been on techniques for connecting the human nervous system with a robotic prosthesis via natural-feeling interfaces. The peripheral nerves provide access to highly processed and segregated neural command signals from the brain that can in principle be used to determine user intent and control muscles. If these signals could be used, they might allow near-natural and intuitive control of prosthetic limbs with multiple degrees of freedom. This review summarizes the history of neuroprosthetic interfaces and their ability to record from and stimulate peripheral nerves. We also discuss the types of interfaces available and their applications, the kinds of peripheral nerve signals that are used, and the algorithms used to decode them. Finally, we explore the prospects for future development in this area.
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17
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Wang J, Thow XY, Wang H, Lee S, Voges K, Thakor NV, Yen SC, Lee C. A Highly Selective 3D Spiked Ultraflexible Neural (SUN) Interface for Decoding Peripheral Nerve Sensory Information. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7. [PMID: 29205933 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Artificial sensors on the skin are proposed as a way to capture information that can be used in intracortical microstimulation or peripheral intraneural stimulation to restore sensory feedback to persons with tetraplegia. However, the ability of these artificial sensors to replicate the density and complexity of the natural mechanoreceptors is limited. One relatively unexplored approach is to make use of the signals from surviving tactile and proprioceptive receptors in existing limbs by recording from their transmitting axons within the primary sensory nerves. Here, a novel spiked ultraflexible neural (SUN) interface that is implanted into the peripheral nervous system to capture sensory information from these mechanoreceptors in acute rat experiments is described. The novel 3D design, which integrates spiked structures for intrafascicular nerve recording with an ultraflexible substrate, enables a unique conformal interface to the target nerve. With the high-quality recording (average signal-to-noise-ratio of 1.4) provided by the electrode, tactile from proprioceptive stimuli can be differentiated in terms of the firing rate. In toe pinching experiments, high spatial resolution classification can be achieved with support vector machine classifier. Further work remains to be done to assess the chronic recording capability of the SUN interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; National University of Singapore; 4 Engineering Drive 3 Singapore 117576 Singapore
- Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE); National University of Singapore; 28 Medical Drive, #05-COR Singapore 117456 Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS; National University of Singapore; 4 Engineering Drive 3 Singapore 117576 Singapore
| | - Xin Yuan Thow
- Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE); National University of Singapore; 28 Medical Drive, #05-COR Singapore 117456 Singapore
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; National University of Singapore; 4 Engineering Drive 3 Singapore 117576 Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS; National University of Singapore; 4 Engineering Drive 3 Singapore 117576 Singapore
| | - Sanghoon Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; National University of Singapore; 4 Engineering Drive 3 Singapore 117576 Singapore
- Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE); National University of Singapore; 28 Medical Drive, #05-COR Singapore 117456 Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS; National University of Singapore; 4 Engineering Drive 3 Singapore 117576 Singapore
| | - Kai Voges
- Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE); National University of Singapore; 28 Medical Drive, #05-COR Singapore 117456 Singapore
| | - Nitish V. Thakor
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; National University of Singapore; 4 Engineering Drive 3 Singapore 117576 Singapore
- Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE); National University of Singapore; 28 Medical Drive, #05-COR Singapore 117456 Singapore
| | - Shih-Cheng Yen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; National University of Singapore; 4 Engineering Drive 3 Singapore 117576 Singapore
- Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE); National University of Singapore; 28 Medical Drive, #05-COR Singapore 117456 Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS; National University of Singapore; 4 Engineering Drive 3 Singapore 117576 Singapore
| | - Chengkuo Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; National University of Singapore; 4 Engineering Drive 3 Singapore 117576 Singapore
- Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE); National University of Singapore; 28 Medical Drive, #05-COR Singapore 117456 Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS; National University of Singapore; 4 Engineering Drive 3 Singapore 117576 Singapore
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18
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Sevcencu C, Nielsen TN, Struijk JJ. An Intraneural Electrode for Bioelectronic Medicines for Treatment of Hypertension. Neuromodulation 2018; 21:777-786. [DOI: 10.1111/ner.12758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Sevcencu
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI); Aalborg University; Aalborg Denmark
| | - Thomas N. Nielsen
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI); Aalborg University; Aalborg Denmark
| | - Johannes J. Struijk
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Medical Informatics; Aalborg University; Aalborg Denmark
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19
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Jung R, Abbas JJ, Kuntaegowdanahalli S, Thota AK. Bionic intrafascicular interfaces for recording and stimulating peripheral nerve fibers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 1:55-69. [PMID: 29480906 DOI: 10.2217/bem-2017-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The network of peripheral nerves presents extraordinary potential for modulating and/or monitoring the functioning of internal organs or the brain. The degree to which these pathways can be used to influence or observe neural activity patterns will depend greatly on the quality and specificity of the bionic interface. The anatomical organization, which consists of multiple nerve fibers clustered into fascicles within a nerve bundle, presents opportunities and challenges that may necessitate insertion of electrodes into individual fascicles to achieve the specificity that may be required for many clinical applications. This manuscript reviews the current state-of-the-art in bionic intrafascicular interfaces, presents specific concerns for stimulation and recording, describes key implementation considerations and discusses challenges for future designs of bionic intrafascicular interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranu Jung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, EC2602, 10555 W Flagler Street, Miami, FL 33134, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, EC2602, 10555 W Flagler Street, Miami, FL 33134, USA
| | - James J Abbas
- Center for Adaptive Neural Systems, School of Biological & Health Systems Engineering, PO Box 879709 Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-9709, USA.,Center for Adaptive Neural Systems, School of Biological & Health Systems Engineering, PO Box 879709 Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-9709, USA
| | - Sathyakumar Kuntaegowdanahalli
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, EC2602, 10555 W Flagler Street, Miami, FL 33134, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, EC2602, 10555 W Flagler Street, Miami, FL 33134, USA
| | - Anil K Thota
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, EC2602, 10555 W Flagler Street, Miami, FL 33134, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, EC2602, 10555 W Flagler Street, Miami, FL 33134, USA
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20
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A handheld device for magnetically inserting a neural interface into a peripheral nervous system. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2017; 2017:226-229. [PMID: 29059851 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2017.8036803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This paper proposes a compact handheld device for magnetically inserting a neural interface into a peripheral nervous system (PNS). Users can pull and hold a flexible peripheral nerve (e.g., sciatic nerve) at the front of the device for the accurate and stable targeting process. The device automatically inserts a neural interface using magnetic impacts that are generated by a miniature motor and a pair of magnets. We investigate the characteristics of the employed mechanism, and present the preliminary experimental results.
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21
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Brunton E, Blau CW, Nazarpour K. Separability of neural responses to standardised mechanical stimulation of limbs. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11138. [PMID: 28894171 PMCID: PMC5593983 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11349-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Considerable scientific and technological efforts are currently being made towards the development of neural prostheses. Understanding how the peripheral nervous system responds to electro-mechanical stimulation of the limb, will help to inform the design of prostheses that can restore function or accelerate recovery from injury to the sensory motor system. However, due to differences in experimental protocols, it is difficult, if not impossible, to make meaningful comparisons between different peripheral nerve interfaces. Therefore, we developed a low-cost electronic system to standardise the mechanical stimulation of a rat’s hindpaw. Three types of mechanical stimulations, namely, proprioception, touch and nociception were delivered to the limb and the electroneurogram signals were recorded simultaneously from the sciatic nerve with a 16-contact cuff electrode. For the first time, results indicate separability of neural responses according to stimulus type as well as intensity. Statistical analysis reveal that cuff contacts placed circumferentially, rather than longitudinally, are more likely to lead to higher classification rates. This flexible setup may be readily adapted for systematic comparison of various electrodes and mechanical stimuli in rodents. Hence, we have made its electro-mechanical design and computer programme available online
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Brunton
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU, Newcastle, UK.
| | - Christoph W Blau
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU, Newcastle, UK
| | - Kianoush Nazarpour
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU, Newcastle, UK.,Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, Newcastle, UK
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22
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Lotti F, Ranieri F, Vadalà G, Zollo L, Di Pino G. Invasive Intraneural Interfaces: Foreign Body Reaction Issues. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:497. [PMID: 28932181 PMCID: PMC5592213 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraneural interfaces are stimulation/registration devices designed to couple the peripheral nervous system (PNS) with the environment. Over the last years, their use has increased in a wide range of applications, such as the control of a new generation of neural-interfaced prostheses. At present, the success of this technology is limited by an electrical impedance increase, due to an inflammatory response called foreign body reaction (FBR), which leads to the formation of a fibrotic tissue around the interface, eventually causing an inefficient transduction of the electrical signal. Based on recent developments in biomaterials and inflammatory/fibrotic pathologies, we explore and select the biological solutions that might be adopted in the neural interfaces FBR context: modifications of the interface surface, such as organic and synthetic coatings; the use of specific drugs or molecular biology tools to target the microenvironment around the interface; the development of bio-engineered-scaffold to reduce immune response and promote interface-tissue integration. By linking what we believe are the major crucial steps of the FBR process with related solutions, we point out the main issues that future research has to focus on: biocompatibility without losing signal conduction properties, good reproducible in vitro/in vivo models, drugs exhaustion and undesired side effects. The underlined pros and cons of proposed solutions show clearly the importance of a better understanding of all the molecular and cellular pathways involved and the need of a multi-target action based on a bio-engineered combination approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorenza Lotti
- NeXT: Neurophysiology and Neuroengineering of Human-Technology Interaction Research Unit, Università Campus Bio-MedicoRome, Italy.,Research Unit of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Università Campus Bio-MedicoRome, Italy
| | - Federico Ranieri
- NeXT: Neurophysiology and Neuroengineering of Human-Technology Interaction Research Unit, Università Campus Bio-MedicoRome, Italy.,Fondazione Alberto Sordi-Research Institute for AgingRome, Italy.,Research Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology and Neurobiology, Università Campus Bio-MedicoRome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Vadalà
- Research Unit of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Università Campus Bio-MedicoRome, Italy
| | - Loredana Zollo
- Research Unit of Biomedical Robotics and Biomicrosystems, Università Campus Bio-MedicoRome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Pino
- NeXT: Neurophysiology and Neuroengineering of Human-Technology Interaction Research Unit, Università Campus Bio-MedicoRome, Italy.,Research Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology and Neurobiology, Università Campus Bio-MedicoRome, Italy
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23
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Vasudevan S, Patel K, Welle C. Rodent model for assessing the long term safety and performance of peripheral nerve recording electrodes. J Neural Eng 2016; 14:016008. [PMID: 27934777 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/14/1/016008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the US alone, there are approximately 185 000 cases of limb amputation annually, which can reduce the quality of life for those individuals. Current prosthesis technology could be improved by access to signals from the nervous system for intuitive prosthesis control. After amputation, residual peripheral nerves continue to convey motor signals and electrical stimulation of these nerves can elicit sensory percepts. However, current technology for extracting information directly from peripheral nerves has limited chronic reliability, and novel approaches must be vetted to ensure safe long-term use. The present study aims to optimize methods to establish a test platform using rodent model to assess the long term safety and performance of electrode interfaces implanted in the peripheral nerves. APPROACH Floating Microelectrode Arrays (FMA, Microprobes for Life Sciences) were implanted into the rodent sciatic nerve. Weekly in vivo recordings and impedance measurements were performed in animals to assess performance and physical integrity of electrodes. Motor (walking track analysis) and sensory (Von Frey) function tests were used to assess change in nerve function due to the implant. Following the terminal recording session, the nerve was explanted and the health of axons, myelin and surrounding tissues were assessed using immunohistochemistry (IHC). The explanted electrodes were visualized under high magnification using scanning electrode microscopy (SEM) to observe any physical damage. MAIN RESULTS Recordings of axonal action potentials demonstrated notable session-to-session variability. Impedance of the electrodes increased upon implantation and displayed relative stability until electrode failure. Initial deficits in motor function recovered by 2 weeks, while sensory deficits persisted through 6 weeks of assessment. The primary cause of failure was identified as lead wire breakage in all of animals. IHC indicated myelinated and unmyelinated axons near the implanted electrode shanks, along with dense cellular accumulations near the implant site. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed alterations of the electrode insulation and deformation of electrode shanks. SIGNIFICANCE We describe a comprehensive testing platform with applicability to electrodes that record from the peripheral nerves. This study assesses the long term safety and performance of electrodes in the peripheral nerves using a rodent model. Under this animal test platform, FMA electrodes record single unit action potentials but have limited chronic reliability due to structural weaknesses. Future work will apply these methods to other commercially-available and novel peripheral electrode technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikanth Vasudevan
- Division of Biomedical Physics, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratory, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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24
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Delgado-Martínez I, Badia J, Pascual-Font A, Rodríguez-Baeza A, Navarro X. Fascicular Topography of the Human Median Nerve for Neuroprosthetic Surgery. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:286. [PMID: 27445660 PMCID: PMC4929846 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most sought-after applications of neuroengineering is the communication between the arm and an artificial prosthetic device for the replacement of an amputated hand or the treatment of peripheral nerve injuries. For that, an electrode is placed around or inside the median nerve to serve as interface for recording and stimulation of nerve signals coming from the fascicles that innervate the muscles responsible for hand movements. Due to the lack of a standard procedure, the electrode implantation by the surgeon is strongly based on intuition, which may result in poor performance of the neuroprosthesis because of the suboptimal location of the neural interface. To provide morphological data that can aid the neuroprosthetic surgeon with this procedure, we investigated the fascicular topography of the human median nerve along the forearm and upper arm. We first performed a description of the fascicular content and branching patterns along the length of the arm. Next we built a 3D reconstruction of the median nerve so we could analyze the fascicle morphological features in relation to the arm level. Finally, we characterized the motor content of the median nerve fascicles in the upper arm. Collectively, these results indicate that fascicular organization occurs in a short segment distal to the epicondyles and remains unaltered until the muscular branches leave the main trunk. Based on our results, overall recommendations based on electrode type and implant location can be drawn to help and aid the neuroprosthetic procedure. Invasive interfaces would be more convenient for the upper arm and the most proximal third of the forearm. Epineural electrodes seem to be most suitable for the forearm segment after fascicles have been divided from the main trunk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Delgado-Martínez
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades NeurodegenerativasMadrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Badia
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades NeurodegenerativasMadrid, Spain
| | - Arán Pascual-Font
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Rodríguez-Baeza
- Department of Morphological Sciences, School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Navarro
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades NeurodegenerativasMadrid, Spain
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25
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Irwin ZT, Schroeder KE, Vu PP, Tat DM, Bullard AJ, Woo SL, Sando IC, Urbanchek MG, Cederna PS, Chestek CA. Chronic recording of hand prosthesis control signals via a regenerative peripheral nerve interface in a rhesus macaque. J Neural Eng 2016; 13:046007. [PMID: 27247270 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2560/13/4/046007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Loss of even part of the upper limb is a devastating injury. In order to fully restore natural function when lacking sufficient residual musculature, it is necessary to record directly from peripheral nerves. However, current approaches must make trade-offs between signal quality and longevity which limit their clinical potential. To address this issue, we have developed the regenerative peripheral nerve interface (RPNI) and tested its use in non-human primates. APPROACH The RPNI consists of a small, autologous partial muscle graft reinnervated by a transected peripheral nerve branch. After reinnervation, the graft acts as a bioamplifier for descending motor commands in the nerve, enabling long-term recording of high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), functionally-specific electromyographic (EMG) signals. We implanted nine RPNIs on separate branches of the median and radial nerves in two rhesus macaques who were trained to perform cued finger movements. MAIN RESULTS No adverse events were noted in either monkey, and we recorded normal EMG with high SNR (>8) from the RPNIs for up to 20 months post-implantation. Using RPNI signals recorded during the behavioral task, we were able to classify each monkey's finger movements as flexion, extension, or rest with >96% accuracy. RPNI signals also enabled functional prosthetic control, allowing the monkeys to perform the same behavioral task equally well with either physical finger movements or RPNI-based movement classifications. SIGNIFICANCE The RPNI signal strength, stability, and longevity demonstrated here represents a promising method for controlling advanced prosthetic limbs and fully restoring natural movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z T Irwin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Ng KA, Greenwald E, Xu YP, Thakor NV. Implantable neurotechnologies: a review of integrated circuit neural amplifiers. Med Biol Eng Comput 2016; 54:45-62. [PMID: 26798055 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-015-1431-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Neural signal recording is critical in modern day neuroscience research and emerging neural prosthesis programs. Neural recording requires the use of precise, low-noise amplifier systems to acquire and condition the weak neural signals that are transduced through electrode interfaces. Neural amplifiers and amplifier-based systems are available commercially or can be designed in-house and fabricated using integrated circuit (IC) technologies, resulting in very large-scale integration or application-specific integrated circuit solutions. IC-based neural amplifiers are now used to acquire untethered/portable neural recordings, as they meet the requirements of a miniaturized form factor, light weight and low power consumption. Furthermore, such miniaturized and low-power IC neural amplifiers are now being used in emerging implantable neural prosthesis technologies. This review focuses on neural amplifier-based devices and is presented in two interrelated parts. First, neural signal recording is reviewed, and practical challenges are highlighted. Current amplifier designs with increased functionality and performance and without penalties in chip size and power are featured. Second, applications of IC-based neural amplifiers in basic science experiments (e.g., cortical studies using animal models), neural prostheses (e.g., brain/nerve machine interfaces) and treatment of neuronal diseases (e.g., DBS for treatment of epilepsy) are highlighted. The review concludes with future outlooks of this technology and important challenges with regard to neural signal amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kian Ann Ng
- Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE), National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117456, Singapore. .,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576, Singapore.
| | - Elliot Greenwald
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Yong Ping Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
| | - Nitish V Thakor
- Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE), National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117456, Singapore.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576, Singapore.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
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Adewole DO, Serruya MD, Harris JP, Burrell JC, Petrov D, Chen HI, Wolf JA, Cullen DK. The Evolution of Neuroprosthetic Interfaces. Crit Rev Biomed Eng 2016; 44:123-52. [PMID: 27652455 PMCID: PMC5541680 DOI: 10.1615/critrevbiomedeng.2016017198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The ideal neuroprosthetic interface permits high-quality neural recording and stimulation of the nervous system while reliably providing clinical benefits over chronic periods. Although current technologies have made notable strides in this direction, significant improvements must be made to better achieve these design goals and satisfy clinical needs. This article provides an overview of the state of neuroprosthetic interfaces, starting with the design and placement of these interfaces before exploring the stimulation and recording platforms yielded from contemporary research. Finally, we outline emerging research trends in an effort to explore the potential next generation of neuroprosthetic interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayo O. Adewole
- Center for Brain Injury and Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Center for Neuroengineering and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mijail D. Serruya
- Department of Neurology, Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - James P. Harris
- Center for Brain Injury and Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Justin C. Burrell
- Center for Brain Injury and Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dmitriy Petrov
- Center for Brain Injury and Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - H. Isaac Chen
- Center for Brain Injury and Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Center for Neuroengineering and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John A. Wolf
- Center for Brain Injury and Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - D. Kacy Cullen
- Center for Brain Injury and Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Center for Neuroengineering and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Chronic multichannel neural recordings from soft regenerative microchannel electrodes during gait. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14363. [PMID: 26400791 PMCID: PMC4585830 DOI: 10.1038/srep14363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Reliably interfacing a nerve with an electrode array is one of the approaches to restore motor and sensory functions after an injury to the peripheral nerve. Accomplishing this with current technologies is challenging as the electrode-neuron interface often degrades over time, and surrounding myoelectric signals contaminate the neuro-signals in awake, moving animals. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential of microchannel electrode implants to monitor over time and in freely moving animals, neural activity from regenerating nerves. We designed and fabricated implants with silicone rubber and elastic thin-film metallization. Each implant carries an eight-by-twelve matrix of parallel microchannels (of 120 × 110 μm2 cross-section and 4 mm length) and gold thin-film electrodes embedded in the floor of ten of the microchannels. After sterilization, the soft, multi-lumen electrode implant is sutured between the stumps of the sciatic nerve. Over a period of three months and in four rats, the microchannel electrodes recorded spike activity from the regenerating sciatic nerve. Histology indicates mini-nerves formed of axons and supporting cells regenerate robustly in the implants. Analysis of the recorded spikes and gait kinematics over the ten-week period suggests firing patterns collected with the microchannel electrode implant can be associated with different phases of gait.
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Abdelghani MN, Abbas JJ, Horch KW, Jung R. A functional model and simulation of spinal motor pools and intrafascicular recordings of motoneuron activity in peripheral nerve. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:371. [PMID: 25452711 PMCID: PMC4231878 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Decoding motor intent from recorded neural signals is essential for the development of effective neural-controlled prostheses. To facilitate the development of online decoding algorithms we have developed a software platform to simulate neural motor signals recorded with peripheral nerve electrodes, such as longitudinal intrafascicular electrodes (LIFEs). The simulator uses stored motor intent signals to drive a pool of simulated motoneurons with various spike shapes, recruitment characteristics, and firing frequencies. Each electrode records a weighted sum of a subset of simulated motoneuron activity patterns. As designed, the simulator facilitates development of a suite of test scenarios that would not be possible with actual data sets because, unlike with actual recordings, in the simulator the individual contributions to the simulated composite recordings are known and can be methodically varied across a set of simulation runs. In this manner, the simulation tool is suitable for iterative development of real-time decoding algorithms prior to definitive evaluation in amputee subjects with implanted electrodes. The simulation tool was used to produce data sets that demonstrate its ability to capture some features of neural recordings that pose challenges for decoding algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed N Abdelghani
- Adaptive Neural Systems Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University Miami, FL, USA
| | - James J Abbas
- Center for Adaptive Neural Systems, School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Kenneth W Horch
- Adaptive Neural Systems Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University Miami, FL, USA
| | - Ranu Jung
- Adaptive Neural Systems Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University Miami, FL, USA
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Restaino SM, Abliz E, Wachrathit K, Krauthamer V, Shah SB. Biomechanical and functional variation in rat sciatic nerve following cuff electrode implantation. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2014; 11:73. [PMID: 24758405 PMCID: PMC4022540 DOI: 10.1186/1743-0003-11-73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nerve cuff electrodes are commonly and successfully used for stimulating peripheral nerves. On the other hand, they occasionally induce functional and morphological changes following chronic implantation, for reasons not always clear. We hypothesize that restriction of nerve mobility due to cuff implantation may alter nerve conduction. METHODS We quantified acute changes in nerve-muscle electrophysiology, using electromyography, and nerve kinematics in anesthetized Sprague Dawley rat sciatic nerves during controlled hindlimb joint movement. We compared electrophysiological and biomechanical response in uncuffed nerves and those secured within a cuff electrode using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and regression analysis. RESULTS Tethering resulting from cuff implantation resulted in altered nerve strain and a complex biomechanical environment during joint movement. Coincident with biomechanical changes, electromyography revealed significantly increased variability in the response of conduction latency and amplitude in cuffed, but not free, nerves following joint movement. CONCLUSION Our findings emphasize the importance of the mechanical interface between peripheral nerves and their devices on neurophysiological performance. This work has implications for nerve device design, implantation, and prediction of long-term efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sameer B Shah
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
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Farina D, Jiang N, Rehbaum H, Holobar A, Graimann B, Dietl H, Aszmann OC. The extraction of neural information from the surface EMG for the control of upper-limb prostheses: emerging avenues and challenges. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2014; 22:797-809. [PMID: 24760934 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2014.2305111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 370] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Despite not recording directly from neural cells, the surface electromyogram (EMG) signal contains information on the neural drive to muscles, i.e., the spike trains of motor neurons. Using this property, myoelectric control consists of the recording of EMG signals for extracting control signals to command external devices, such as hand prostheses. In commercial control systems, the intensity of muscle activity is extracted from the EMG and used for single degrees of freedom activation (direct control). Over the past 60 years, academic research has progressed to more sophisticated approaches but, surprisingly, none of these academic achievements has been implemented in commercial systems so far. We provide an overview of both commercial and academic myoelectric control systems and we analyze their performance with respect to the characteristics of the ideal myocontroller. Classic and relatively novel academic methods are described, including techniques for simultaneous and proportional control of multiple degrees of freedom and the use of individual motor neuron spike trains for direct control. The conclusion is that the gap between industry and academia is due to the relatively small functional improvement in daily situations that academic systems offer, despite the promising laboratory results, at the expense of a substantial reduction in robustness. None of the systems so far proposed in the literature fulfills all the important criteria needed for widespread acceptance by the patients, i.e. intuitive, closed-loop, adaptive, and robust real-time ( 200 ms delay) control, minimal number of recording electrodes with low sensitivity to repositioning, minimal training, limited complexity and low consumption. Nonetheless, in recent years, important efforts have been invested in matching these criteria, with relevant steps forwards.
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Abstract
Advancements in modern robotic technology have led to the development of highly sophisticated upper extremity prosthetic limbs. High-fidelity volitional control of these devices is dependent on the critical interface between the patient and the mechanical prosthesis. Recent innovations in prosthetic interfaces have focused on several control strategies. Targeted muscle reinnervation is currently the most immediately applicable prosthetic control strategy and is particularly indicated in proximal upper extremity amputations. Investigation into various brain interfaces has allowed acquisition of neuroelectric signals directly or indirectly from the central nervous system for prosthetic control. Peripheral nerve interfaces permit signal transduction from both motor and sensory nerves with a higher degree of selectivity. This article reviews the current developments in each of these interface systems and discusses the potential of these approaches to facilitate motor control and sensory feedback in upper extremity neuroprosthetic devices.
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33
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Wark HAC, Sharma R, Mathews KS, Fernandez E, Yoo J, Christensen B, Tresco P, Rieth L, Solzbacher F, Normann RA, Tathireddy P. A new high-density (25 electrodes/mm²) penetrating microelectrode array for recording and stimulating sub-millimeter neuroanatomical structures. J Neural Eng 2013; 10:045003. [PMID: 23723133 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2560/10/4/045003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Among the currently available neural interface devices, there has been a need for a penetrating electrode array with a high electrode-count and high electrode-density (the number of electrodes/mm(2)) that can be used for electrophysiological studies of sub-millimeter neuroanatomical structures. We have developed such a penetrating microelectrode array with both a high electrode-density (25 electrodes/mm(2)) and high electrode-count (up to 96 electrodes) for small nervous system structures, based on the existing Utah Slanted Electrode Array (USEA). Such high electrode-density arrays are expected to provide greater access to nerve fibers than the conventionally spaced USEA especially in small diameter nerves. APPROACH One concern for such high density microelectrode arrays is that they may cause a nerve crush-type injury upon implantation. We evaluated this possibility during acute (<10 h) in vivo experiments with electrode arrays implanted into small diameter peripheral nerves of anesthetized rats (sciatic nerve) and cats (pudendal nerve). MAIN RESULTS Successful intrafascicular implantation and viable nerve function was demonstrated via microstimulation, single-unit recordings and histological analysis. Measurements of the electrode impedances and quantified electrode dimensions demonstrated fabrication quality. The results of these experiments show that such high density neural interfaces can be implanted acutely into neural tissue without causing a complete nerve crush injury, while mediating intrafascicular access to fibers in small diameter peripheral nerves. SIGNIFICANCE This new penetrating microelectrode array has characteristics un-matched by other neural interface devices currently available for peripheral nervous system neurophysiological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A C Wark
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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34
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Interfaces with the peripheral nerve for the control of neuroprostheses. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2013; 109:63-83. [PMID: 24093606 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-420045-6.00002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nervous system injuries lead to loss of control of sensory, motor, and autonomic functions of the affected areas of the body. Provided the high amount of people worldwide suffering from these injuries and the impact on their everyday life, numerous and different neuroprostheses and hybrid bionic systems have been developed to restore or partially mimic the lost functions. A key point for usable neuroprostheses is the electrode that interfaces the nervous system and translates not only motor orders into electrical outputs that activate the prosthesis but is also able to transform sensory information detected by the machine into signals that are transmitted to the central nervous system. Nerve electrodes have been classified with regard to their invasiveness in extraneural, intraneural, and regenerative. The more invasive is the implant the more selectivity of interfacing can be reached. However, boosting invasiveness and selectivity may also heighten nerve damage. This chapter provides a general overview of nerve electrodes as well as the state-of-the-art of their biomedical applications in neuroprosthetic systems.
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Abstract
Exoskeletons are wearable robots exhibiting a close cognitive and physical interaction with the human user. These are rigid robotic exoskeletal structures that typically operate alongside human limbs. Scientific and technological work on exoskeletons began in the early 1960s but have only recently been applied to rehabilitation and functional substitution in patients suffering from motor disorders. Key topics for further development of exoskeletons in rehabilitation scenarios include the need for robust human-robot multimodal cognitive interaction, safe and dependable physical interaction, true wearability and portability, and user aspects such as acceptance and usability. This discussion provides an overview of these aspects and draws conclusions regarding potential future research directions in robotic exoskeletons.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L Pons
- Bioengineering Group, CSIC, Ctra. Campo Real, 28500 Arganda del Rey, Spain.
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36
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Zariffa J, Nagai MK, Schuettler M, Stieglitz T, Daskalakis ZJ, Popovic MR. Use of an Experimentally Derived Leadfield in the Peripheral Nerve Pathway Discrimination Problem. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2011; 19:147-56. [DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2010.2091429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Badia J, Pascual-Font A, Vivó M, Udina E, Navarro X. Topographical distribution of motor fascicles in the sciatic-tibial nerve of the rat. Muscle Nerve 2010; 42:192-201. [PMID: 20544926 DOI: 10.1002/mus.21652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the intraneural topography of peripheral nerves may help to improve nerve repair after injuries and the selectivity of neural interfaces. We studied the fascicular pattern of motor fibers of the rat sciatic-tibial nerve. We carried out an anatomical dissection of the muscular tributaries of the tibial nerve in the leg. Immunohistochemistry against choline acetyltransferase was used to identify motor axons. Retrograde tracing allowed localization of the muscular fascicles at proximal levels of the sciatic trunk. The distribution of motor fibers in transverse section of the tibial nerve is not homogeneous; two clusters were identified, each one containing fibers of functionally related muscles. Retrograde tracing allowed for the identification of motor fascicles, each one well localized along the sciatic nerve. In the rat there is a somatotopic organization of the sciatic nerve, with muscular fascicles maintaining the same relative position along the entire nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Badia
- Neuroplasticity and Regeneration Group, Institute of Neurosciences, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra E-08193, Spain
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Rossini PM, Micera S, Benvenuto A, Carpaneto J, Cavallo G, Citi L, Cipriani C, Denaro L, Denaro V, Di Pino G, Ferreri F, Guglielmelli E, Hoffmann KP, Raspopovic S, Rigosa J, Rossini L, Tombini M, Dario P. Double nerve intraneural interface implant on a human amputee for robotic hand control. Clin Neurophysiol 2010; 121:777-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2010.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Revised: 12/29/2009] [Accepted: 12/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Zhou R, Jiang N, Englehart K, Parker P. A computational model and simulation study of the efferent activity in the brachial nerves during voluntary motor intent. Med Biol Eng Comput 2009; 48:67-77. [PMID: 19937394 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-009-0555-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2009] [Accepted: 11/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Inherent limitations of the surface myoelectric signal, such as the lack of recording sites in high-level amputations, and the sensitivity to placement and impedance effects, confound its wider application in powered prostheses. Since a functionally topographic distribution (somatotopic organization) of nerve fascicles exists within the peripheral nerves, it is theoretically possible that complete motor control information can be retrieved from peripheral nerve signals. In this study, we present a computational model that simulates the recording from specific nerve fascicles in the upper limb during voluntary contractions while they innervate relevant muscles. A procedure of classifying the nerve data is presented using a set of time domain features and a spike detection algorithm. Recommendations are made to achieve optimal neural signal recognition, with regard to electrode geometry and signal analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhou
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada.
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40
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Zariffa J, Nagai MK, Daskalakis ZJ, Popovic MR. Influence of the Number and Location of Recording Contacts on the Selectivity of a Nerve Cuff Electrode. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2009; 17:420-7. [DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2009.2023301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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41
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Micera S, Navarro X, Carpaneto J, Citi L, Tonet O, Rossini PM, Carrozza MC, Hoffmann KP, Vivó M, Yoshida K, Dario P. On the use of longitudinal intrafascicular peripheral interfaces for the control of cybernetic hand prostheses in amputees. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2009; 16:453-72. [PMID: 18990649 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2008.2006207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Significant strides have been recently made to develop highly sensorized cybernetic prostheses aimed at restoring sensorimotor limb functions to those who have lost them because of a traumatic event (amputation). In these cases, one of the main goals is to create a bidirectional link between the artificial devices (e.g., robotic hands, arms, or legs) and the nervous system. Several human-machine interfaces (HMIs) are currently used to this aim. Among them, interfaces with the peripheral nervous system and in particular longitudinal intrafascicular electrodes can be a promising solution able to improve the current situation. In this paper, the potentials and limits of the use of this interface to control robotic devices are presented. Specific information is provided on: 1) the neurophysiological bases for the use peripheral nerve interfaces; 2) a comparison of the potentials of the different peripheral neural interfaces; 3) the possibility of extracting and appropriately interpreting the neural code for motor commands and of delivering sensory feedback by stimulating afferent fibers by using longitudinal intrafascicular electrodes; 4) a preliminary comparative analysis of the performance of this approach with the ones of others HMIs; 5) the open issues which have to be addressed for a chronic usability of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvestro Micera
- ARTS and CRIM Laboratories, Scuola Superiore SantAnna, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
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Micera S, Navarro X. Bidirectional interfaces with the peripheral nervous system. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2009; 86:23-38. [PMID: 19607988 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(09)86002-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Considerable scientific and technological efforts have been devoted to develop neuroprostheses and hybrid bionic systems that link the human nervous system with electronic or robotic prostheses, with the main aim of restoring motor and sensory functions in disabled patients. Such developments have also the potential to be applied to normal human beings to improve their physical capabilities for bidirectional control and feedback of machines. A number of neuroprostheses use interfaces with peripheral nerves or muscles for neuromuscular stimulation and signal recording. This chapter provides a general overview of the peripheral neural interfaces available and their use from research to clinical application in controlling artificial and robotic prostheses and in developing neuroprostheses. Extraneural electrodes, such as cuff and epineurial electrodes, provide simultaneous interface with many axons in the nerve, whereas intrafascicular, penetrating, and regenerative electrodes may selectively contact small groups of axons within a nerve fascicle. Biological and technical issues are reviewed relative to the problems of electrode design and tissue injury. The last sections review different strategies for the use of peripheral neural interfaces in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvestro Micera
- ARTS and CRIM Labs, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
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On the use of wavelet denoising and spike sorting techniques to process electroneurographic signals recorded using intraneural electrodes. J Neurosci Methods 2008; 172:294-302. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2008.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2007] [Revised: 04/03/2008] [Accepted: 04/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Jia X, Zhen G, Puttgen A, Zhang J, Chen T. Improved long-term recording of nerve signal by modified intrafascicular electrodes in rabbits. Microsurgery 2008; 28:173-8. [PMID: 18286654 DOI: 10.1002/micr.20475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Methods for long-term recording of peripheral nerve activity via intrafascicular electrodes have not been optimized. We compared the long-term functionality of custom-made 95%Pt/5%Ir intrafascicular electrodes containing a proximal spring-like structure to that of conventional straight electrodes. The modified electrode was implanted into the sciatic nerve fascicle of a random hind limb in 14 rabbits for 9 months. A conventional electrode was implanted in the opposite hind limb as a control. Orthodromic and antidromic nerve potentials were sampled and analyzed monthly. Latency, amplitude, and nerve conduction velocity of electrical signals were generally similar within the modified group and straight control group at different time intervals (P > 0.05). However, at the conclusion of the study period, the modified electrode group had a greater number of functioning electrodes (P < 0.05) and a greater total functioning electrode time (P = 0.006). Intrafascicular electrodes with a spring-like structure demonstrated superior potential for long-term electrophysiological monitoring over straight electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Jia
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhong Shan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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45
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Jia X, Koenig MA, Zhang X, Zhang J, Chen T, Chen Z. Residual motor signal in long-term human severed peripheral nerves and feasibility of neural signal-controlled artificial limb. J Hand Surg Am 2007; 32:657-66. [PMID: 17482005 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2007.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2006] [Revised: 02/24/2007] [Accepted: 02/27/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The residual motor pathways after amputation have not been fully elucidated. We sampled potentials from peripheral nerve stumps with intrafascicular electrodes to study residual motor transmission and explore the feasibility of nerve signal-controlled artificial limbs. METHODS Six intrafascicular electrodes were inserted into the ulnar, radial, and median nerves in the stump of an amputee. An electrode was placed outside the fascicle as a reference. Potentials from 4 of the 6 electrodes per trial were monitored using a 4-channel electromyogram machine, and 32 groups of electrophysiologic tests were conducted under volitional control. Actions included finger extension and flexion, forearm pronation and supination, and wrist extension and flexion. Each action was carried out with light, intermediate, and full efforts. Then, 2 of 6 electrodes randomly chosen per trial were interfaced to a nerve signal-controlled artificial limb. Finger extension and flexion of the prosthesis were tested under volitional control. RESULTS The volitional motor nerve potentials uniquely associated with the missing limb were recorded successfully with intrafascicular electrodes. The signal amplitude from the radial nerve was 5.5 microV +/- 0.8 (mean +/- SD), which was greater than the amplitudes from the ulnar (2.5 microV +/- 0.4) and median (2.2 microV +/- 0.3) nerves. Under volitional control of the subject, finger extension of the artificial limb was triggered by the radial nerve signal, but the remaining actions were unsuccessful. CONCLUSIONS The long-term amputee was able to generate motor neuron activity related to phantom limb movement. Intrafascicular electrodes can be used to monitor residual motor nerve activity in the stump, and the amplitude may predict successful control of artificial limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Jia
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhong Shan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China.
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Ohnishi K, Weir RF, Kuiken TA. Neural machine interfaces for controlling multifunctional powered upper-limb prostheses. Expert Rev Med Devices 2007; 4:43-53. [PMID: 17187470 DOI: 10.1586/17434440.4.1.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This article investigates various neural machine interfaces for voluntary control of externally powered upper-limb prostheses. Epidemiology of upper limb amputation, as well as prescription and follow-up studies of externally powered upper-limb prostheses are discussed. The use of electromyographic interfaces and peripheral nerve interfaces for prosthetic control, as well as brain machine interfaces suitable for prosthetic control, are examined in detail along with available clinical results. In addition, studies on interfaces using muscle acoustic and mechanical properties and the problem of interfacing sensory information to the nervous system are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Ohnishi
- Northwestern University Prosthetic Research Laboratory Research Associate, Oita University, Department of Welfare Engineering, Faculty of Engineering700 Dannoharu, Oita, 8701192, Japan.
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Sergi PN, Carrozza MC, Dario P, Micera S. Biomechanical Characterization of Needle Piercing Into Peripheral Nervous Tissue. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2006; 53:2373-86. [PMID: 17073344 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2006.879463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Several neural interfaces have been developed to control neuroprostheses and hybrid bionic systems. Among them, intraneural electrodes are very promising because they represent an interesting trade-off between the needs for high selectivity and for reduced invasiveness. However, in most of the cases, no particular attention has been devoted so far to the design of these systems starting from the mechanical properties of the system to be interfaced. The aim of this paper was to study and characterize in a quantitative way the piercing of peripheral nervous tissue in order to gather useful information to design intraneural interfaces able to reduce (as much as possible) the damages provoked by this task. In particular, attention has been paid to determine the values of force and pressure to carry out the piercing task in different velocity conditions. From the experimental data it was possible to characterize indirectly the tissue sinking under the needle tip. For each experimental velocity (ranging from 1 to 2000 mm/min) a threshold, under which the tissue cannot be pierced, has been calculated. The force magnitude required for piercing was shown to be in the range 0.3-25 mN for the different velocities. Moreover, differences between piercing carried out at very low velocity (multi-piercing) and at low velocity (mono-piercing) have been characterized and correlated with the physical characteristics of the nervous tissue. Experimental data have been integrated with a theoretical analysis of the neural interfaces piercing structures. The problem of buckling, representing for these structures the main cause of tissue piercing impossibility, has been analyzed. The nonlinear theoretical model allows to compare different needle geometries and materials with regard to piercing possibility at different velocities. Moreover, an optimization of piercing elements geometry with regard to amount of used material and space has been provided.
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Navarro X, Krueger TB, Lago N, Micera S, Stieglitz T, Dario P. A critical review of interfaces with the peripheral nervous system for the control of neuroprostheses and hybrid bionic systems. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2006; 10:229-58. [PMID: 16221284 DOI: 10.1111/j.1085-9489.2005.10303.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 439] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Considerable scientific and technological efforts have been devoted to develop neuroprostheses and hybrid bionic systems that link the human nervous system with electronic or robotic prostheses, with the main aim of restoring motor and sensory functions in disabled patients. A number of neuroprostheses use interfaces with peripheral nerves or muscles for neuromuscular stimulation and signal recording. Herein, we provide a critical overview of the peripheral interfaces available and trace their use from research to clinical application in controlling artificial and robotic prostheses. The first section reviews the different types of non-invasive and invasive electrodes, which include surface and muscular electrodes that can record EMG signals from and stimulate the underlying or implanted muscles. Extraneural electrodes, such as cuff and epineurial electrodes, provide simultaneous interface with many axons in the nerve, whereas intrafascicular, penetrating, and regenerative electrodes may contact small groups of axons within a nerve fascicle. Biological, technological, and material science issues are also reviewed relative to the problems of electrode design and tissue injury. The last section reviews different strategies for the use of information recorded from peripheral interfaces and the current state of control neuroprostheses and hybrid bionic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Navarro
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
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Micera S, Sergi PN, Carpaneto J, Citi L, Bossi S, Koch KP, Hoffmann KP, Menciassi A, Yoshida K, Dario P. Experiments on the development and use of a new generation of intra-neural electrodes to control robotic devices. CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS : ... ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL CONFERENCE 2006; 2006:2940-2943. [PMID: 17945747 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2006.260346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The development of interfaces linking the human nervous system with artificial devices is an important area of research and several groups are now addressing it. Interfaces represent the key enabling technology for the development of devices usable for the restoration of motor and sensory function in subjects affected by neurological disorders, injuries or amputations. For example, current hand prostheses use electromyographic (EMG) signals to extract volitional commands but this limits the possibility of controlling several degrees of freedom and of delivering sensory feedback. To achieve these goals, implantable neural interfaces are required. Among the candidate interfaces with the peripheral nervous system intra-neural electrodes seem to be an interesting solution due to their bandwidth and ability to access volition and deliver sensory feedback. However, several drawbacks have to be addressed in order to increase their usability. In this paper, experiments to address many of these issues are presented as part of the development of a new generation of intra-neural electrodes. The results showed seem to confirm that these new interfaces seem to have interesting properties and that they can represent a significant improvement of the state of the art. Extensive experiments will be carried out in the future to validate these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Micera
- ARTS & CRIM Labs, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy.
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Dhillon GS, Krüger TB, Sandhu JS, Horch KW. Effects of Short-Term Training on Sensory and Motor Function in Severed Nerves of Long-Term Human Amputees. J Neurophysiol 2005; 93:2625-33. [PMID: 15846000 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00937.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Much has been studied and written about plastic changes in the CNS of humans triggered by events such as limb amputation. However, little is known about the extent to which the original pathways retain residual function after peripheral amputation. Our earlier, acute study on long-term amputees indicated that central pathways associated with amputated peripheral nerves retain at least some sensory and motor function. The purpose of the present study was to determine if these functional connections would be strengthened or improved with experience and training over several days time. To do this, electrodes were implanted within fascicles of severed nerves of long-term human amputees to evaluate the changes in electrically evoked sensations and volitional motor neuron activity associated with attempted phantom limb movements. Nerve stimulation consistently resulted in discrete, unitary, graded sensations of touch/pressure and joint-position sense. There was no significant change in the values of stimulation parameters required to produce these sensations over time. Similarly, while the amputees were able to improve volitional control of motor neuron activity, the rate and pattern of change was similar to that seen with practice in normal individuals on motor tasks. We conclude that the central plasticity seen after amputation is most likely primarily due to unmasking, rather than replacement, of existing synaptic connections. These results also have implications for neural control of prosthetic limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Dhillon
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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