Dynamic Surface Electromyography Using Stretchable Screen-Printed Textile Electrodes

Towards standardisation of surface electromyography measurements in the horse: Bipolar electrode location

The use of surface electromyography in the field of animal locomotion has increased considerably over the past decade. However, no consensus exists on the methodology for data collection in horses. This study aimed to start the development of recommendations for bipolar electrode locations to collect surface electromyographic data from horses during dynamic tasks. Data were collected from 21 superficial muscles of three horses during trot on a treadmill using linear electrode arrays. The data were assessed both quantitatively (signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and coefficient of variation (CoV)) and qualitatively (presence of crosstalk and activation patterns) to compare and select electrode locations for each muscle. For most muscles and horses, the highest SNR values were detected near or cranial/proximal to the central region of the muscle. Concerning the CoV, there were larger differences between muscles and horses than within muscles. Qualitatively, crosstalk was suspected to be present in the signals of twelve muscles but not in all locations in the arrays. With this study, a first attempt is made to develop recommendations for bipolar electrode locations for muscle activity measurements during dynamic contractions in horses. The results may help to improve the reliability and reproducibility of study results in equine biomechanics.

Neuromuscular implants: Interfacing with skeletal muscle for improved clinical translation of prosthetic limbs

After an amputation, advanced prosthetic limbs can be used to interface with the nervous system and restore motor function. Despite numerous breakthroughs in the field, many of the recent research advancements have not been widely integrated into clinical practice. This review highlights recent innovations in neuromuscular implants-specifically those that interface with skeletal muscle-which could improve the clinical translation of prosthetic technologies. Skeletal muscle provides a physiologic gateway to harness and amplify signals from the nervous system. Recent surgical advancements in muscle reinnervation surgeries leverage the "bio-amplification" capabilities of muscle, enabling more intuitive control over a greater number of degrees of freedom in prosthetic limbs than previously achieved. We anticipate that state-of-the-art implantable neuromuscular interfaces that integrate well with skeletal muscle and novel surgical interventions will provide a long-term solution for controlling advanced prostheses. Flexible electrodes are expected to play a crucial role in reducing foreign body responses and improving the longevity of the interface. Additionally, innovations in device miniaturization and ongoing exploration of shape memory polymers could simplify surgical procedures for implanting such interfaces. Once implanted, wireless strategies for powering and transferring data from the interface can eliminate bulky external wires, reduce infection risk, and enhance day-to-day usability. By outlining the current limitations of neuromuscular interfaces along with potential future directions, this review aims to guide continued research efforts and future collaborations between engineers and specialists in the field of neuromuscular and musculoskeletal medicine.

Recent Advances and Challenges in Textile Electrodes for Wearable Biopotential Signal Monitoring: A Comprehensive Review

The technology of wearable medical equipment has advanced to the point where it is now possible to monitor the electrocardiogram and electromyogram comfortably at home. The transition from wet Ag/AgCl electrodes to various types of gel-free dry electrodes has made it possible to continuously and accurately monitor the biopotential signals. Fabrics or textiles, which were once meant to protect the human body, have undergone significant development and are now employed as intelligent textile materials for healthcare monitoring. The conductive textile electrodes provide the benefit of being breathable and comfortable. In recent years, there has been a significant advancement in the fabrication of wearable conductive textile electrodes for monitoring biopotential signals. This review paper provides a comprehensive overview of the advances in wearable conductive textile electrodes for biopotential signal monitoring. The paper covers various aspects of the technology, including the electrode design, various manufacturing techniques utilised to fabricate wearable smart fabrics, and performance characteristics. The advantages and limitations of various types of textile electrodes are discussed, and key challenges and future research directions are identified. This will allow them to be used to their fullest potential for signal gathering during physical activities such as running, swimming, and other exercises while being linked into wireless portable health monitoring systems.

Recent Progress in Long-Term Sleep Monitoring Technology

Sleep is an essential physiological activity, accounting for about one-third of our lives, which significantly impacts our memory, mood, health, and children's growth. Especially after the COVID-19 epidemic, sleep health issues have attracted more attention. In recent years, with the development of wearable electronic devices, there have been more and more studies, products, or solutions related to sleep monitoring. Many mature technologies, such as polysomnography, have been applied to clinical practice. However, it is urgent to develop wearable or non-contacting electronic devices suitable for household continuous sleep monitoring. This paper first introduces the basic knowledge of sleep and the significance of sleep monitoring. Then, according to the types of physiological signals monitored, this paper describes the research progress of bioelectrical signals, biomechanical signals, and biochemical signals used for sleep monitoring. However, it is not ideal to monitor the sleep quality for the whole night based on only one signal. Therefore, this paper reviews the research on multi-signal monitoring and introduces systematic sleep monitoring schemes. Finally, a conclusion and discussion of sleep monitoring are presented to propose potential future directions and prospects for sleep monitoring.

A Coiled Carbon Nanotube Yarn-Integrated Surface Electromyography System To Monitor Isotonic and Isometric Movements

A surface electromyogram (sEMG) electrode collects electrical currents generated by neuromuscular activity by a noninvasive technique on the skin. It is particularly attractive for wearable systems for various human activities and health care monitoring. However, it remains challenging to discriminate EMG signals from isotonic (concentric/eccentric) and isometric movements. By applying nanotechnology, we provide a coiled carbon nanotube (CNT) yarn-integrated sEMG device to overcome sEMG-based motion recognition. When the arm was contracted at different angles, the sEMG-derived root mean square amplitude signals were constant regardless of the angle of the moving arm. However, the coiled CNT yarn-derived open circuit voltage (OCV) signals proportionally increased when the arm's angle increased, and presented negative and positive values depending on the moving direction of the arm. Moreover, isometric contraction is characterized by the onset of EMG signals without an OCV signal, and isotonic contraction is determined by both EMG signals and OCV signals. Taken together, the integration of EMG and coiled CNT yarn electrodes provides complementary information, including the strength, direction, and degree of muscle movement. Therefore, we suggest that our system has high potential as a wearable system to monitor human motions in industrial and human system applications.

Fabrication of Textile-Based Dry Electrode and Analysis of Its Surface EMG Signal for Applying Smart Wear

Ag/AgCl hydrogel electrodes, which are wet electrodes, are generally used to acquire bio-signals non-invasively. Research concerning dry electrodes is ongoing due to the following limitations of wet electrodes: (1) skin irritation and disease when attached for a long time; (2) poor adhesion due to sweat; and (3) considerable cost due to disposable use. Accordingly, electrodes in film, embroidery, and knit forms were manufactured from conductive sheets and conductive yarns, which are typical textile-type dry electrode materials, using different manufacturing methods and conditions. The prepared electrodes were conducted to measure the morphology, surface resistance, skin-electrode impedance, EMG signal acquisition, and analysis. The conductive sheet type electrode exhibited a similar skin-impedance, noise, and muscle activation signal amplitude to the Ag/AgCl gel electrode due to the excellent adhesion and shape stabilization. Embroidery electrodes were manufactured based on two-dimension lock stitch (Em_LS) and three-dimension moss-stitch (Em_MS). More stable EMG signal acquisition than Em_LS was possible when manufactured with Em_MS. The knit electrode was manufactured with the typical structures of plain, purl, and interlock. Although it was possible to acquire EMG signals, considerable noise was generated as the shape and size of the electrodes were changed due to the stretch characteristics of the knit structure. Finally, the applicability of the textile-type dry electrode was confirmed by combining it with a wearable device. More stable and accurate EMG signal acquirement will be possible through more precise parameter control in the future.

Epidermal Electrodes with Ferrimagnetic/Conductive Properties for Biopotential Recordings

Interfacing ultrathin functional films for epidermal applications with external recording instruments or readout electronics still represents one of the biggest challenges in the field of tattoo electronics. With the aim of providing a convenient solution to this ever-present limitation, in this work we propose an innovative free-standing electrode made of a composite thin film based on the combination of the conductive polymer PEDOT:PSS and ferrimagnetic powder. The proposed epidermal electrode can be directly transferred onto the skin and is structured in two parts, namely a conformal conductive part with a thickness of 3 μm and a ferrimagnetic-conductive part that can be conveniently connected using magnetic connections. The films were characterized for ECG recordings, revealing a performance comparable to that of commercial pre-gelled electrodes in terms of cross-spectral coherence, signal-to-noise ratio, and baseline wandering. These new, conductive, magnetically interfaceable, and free-standing conformal films introduce a novel concept in the domain of tattoo electronics and can set the basis for the development of a future family of epidermal devices and electrodes.

Parylene C-Based, Breathable Tattoo Electrodes for High-Quality Bio-Potential Measurements

A breathable tattoo electrode for bio-potential recording based on a Parylene C nanofilm is presented in this study. The proposed approach allows for the fabrication of micro-perforated epidermal submicrometer-thick electrodes that conjugate the unobtrusiveness of Parylene C nanofilms and the very important feature of breathability. The electrodes were fully validated for electrocardiography (ECG) measurements showing performance comparable to that of conventional disposable gelled Ag/AgCl electrodes, with no visible negative effect on the skin even many hours after their application. This result introduces interesting perspectives in the field of epidermal electronics, particularly in applications where critical on-body measurements are involved.