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Jiang Z, Tran BH, Jolfaei MA, Abbasi BBA, Spinks GM. Crack-resistant and tissue-like artificial muscles with low temperature activation and high power density. Adv Mater 2024:e2402278. [PMID: 38657958 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202402278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Constructing soft robotics with safe human-machine interactions requires low-modulus, high-power-density artificial muscles that are sensitive to gentle stimuli. In addition, the ability to resist crack propagation during long-term actuation cycles is essential for a long service life. Herein, for the first time, we propose a material design to combine all these desirable attributes in a single artificial muscle platform. Our design involves the molecular engineering of a liquid crystalline network with crystallizable segments and an ethylene glycol flexible spacer. A high degree of crystallinity could be afforded by utilizing aza-Michael chemistry to produce a low covalent crosslinking density, resulting in crack-insensitivity with a high fracture energy of 33720 J m-2 and a high fatigue threshold of 2250 J m-2. Such crack-resistant artificial muscle with tissue-matched modulus of 0.7 MPa can generate a high power density of 450 W kg-1 at a low temperature of 40 °C. Notably, because of the presence of crystalline domains in the actuated state, no crack propagation was observed after 500 heating-cooling actuation cycles under a static load of 220 kPa. This study points to a pathway for the creation of artificial muscles merging seemingly disparate, but desirable properties, broadening their application potential in smart devices. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Jiang
- School of Mechanical Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Bach H Tran
- School of Mechanical Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Maryam Adavoudi Jolfaei
- School of Mechanical Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Burhan Bin Asghar Abbasi
- School of Mechanical Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Geoffrey M Spinks
- School of Mechanical Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
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2
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Richards CJ, Steele JR, Spinks GM. Numerical model of pressure generated by elastic compression garments on a compressible human limb analogue. J Wound Care 2024; 33:171-179. [PMID: 38451791 DOI: 10.12968/jowc.2024.33.3.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to formulate a numerical approach (finite element modelling (FEM)) to calculate pressure values generated by compression garments on a compressible limb analogue, and to validate the numerical approach using experimental measurements. Existing models were also compared. METHOD Experimentally measured pressure values and deformation caused by compression bands on a compressible human limb analogue were compared with values predicted using the Young-Laplace equation, a previously formulated analytical model and the FEM. RESULTS The FEM provided greater accuracy in predicting the pressure generated by compression bands compared to existing models. The FEM also predicted deformation of the limb analogue with good agreement relative to experimental values. CONCLUSION It was concluded that modelling the non-uniform manner in which the way a limb analogue is compressed should be incorporated into future modelling of the pressures generated by compression garments on a compressible limb analogue. DECLARATION OF INTEREST The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Richards
- Australian Institute for Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Julie R Steele
- Biomechanics Research Laboratory, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Geoffrey M Spinks
- Australian Institute for Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
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3
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Montoya G, Wagner K, Ryder G, Naseri ASZ, Faisal SN, Sencadas V, In Het Panhuis M, Spinks GM, Wallace GG, Alici G, Officer DL. Edge-Functionalized Graphene/Polydimethylsiloxane Composite Films for Flexible Neural Cuff Electrodes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:38833-38845. [PMID: 37537952 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c07525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
The design of neural electrodes has changed in the past decade, driven mainly by the development of new materials that open the possibility of manufacturing electrodes with adaptable mechanical properties and promising electrical properties. In this paper, we report on the mechanical and electrochemical properties of a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) composite with edge-functionalized graphene (EFG) and demonstrate its potential for use in neural implants with the fabrication of a novel neural cuff electrode. We have shown that a 200 μm thick 1:1 EFG/PDMS composite film has a stretchability of up to 20%, a Young's modulus of 2.52 MPa, and a lifetime of more than 10000 mechanical cycles, making it highly suitable for interfacing with soft tissue. Electrochemical characterization of the EFG/PDMS composite film showed that the capacitance of the composite increased up to 35 times after electrochemical reduction, widening the electrochemical water window and remaining stable after soaking for 5 weeks in phosphate buffered saline. The electrochemically activated EFG/PDMS electrode had a 3 times increase in the charge injection capacity, which is more than double that of a commercial platinum-based neural cuff. Electrochemical and spectrochemical investigations supported the conclusion that this effect originated from the stable chemisorption of hydrogen on the graphene surface. The biocompatibility of the composite was confirmed with an in vitro cell culture study using mouse spinal cord cells. Finally, the potential of the EFG/PDMS composite was demonstrated with the fabrication of a novel neural cuff electrode, whose double-layered and open structured design increased the cuff stretchability up to 140%, well beyond that required for an operational neural cuff. In addition, the cuff design offers better integration with neural tissue and simpler nerve fiber installation and locking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Montoya
- School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Klaudia Wagner
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Gregory Ryder
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Aida Shoushtari Zadeh Naseri
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Shaikh Nayeem Faisal
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Vitor Sencadas
- School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Marc In Het Panhuis
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Geoffrey M Spinks
- School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Gordon G Wallace
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Gursel Alici
- School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - David L Officer
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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4
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Bin Asghar Abbasi B, Gigliotti M, Aloko S, Jolfaei MA, Spinks GM, Jiang Z. Designing strong, fast, high-performance hydrogel actuators. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023. [PMID: 37194593 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc01545a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogel actuators displaying programmable shape transformations are particularly attractive for integration into future soft robotics with safe human-machine interactions. However, these materials are still in their infancy, and many significant challenges remain presenting impediments to their practical implementation, including poor mechanical properties, slow actuation speed and limited actuation performance. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in hydrogel designs to address these critical limitations. First, the material design concepts to improve mechanical properties of hydrogel actuators will be introduced. Examples are also included to highlight strategies to realize fast actuation speed. In addition, recent progress about creating strong and fast hydrogel actuators are sumarized. Finally, a discussion of different methods to realize high values in several aspects of actuation performance metrics for this class of materials is provided. The advances and challenges discussed in this highlight could provide useful guidelines for rational design to manipulate the properties of hydrogel actuators toward widespread real-world applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burhan Bin Asghar Abbasi
- School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - Matthew Gigliotti
- School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - Sinmisola Aloko
- School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - Maryam Adavoudi Jolfaei
- School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - Geoffrey M Spinks
- School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - Zhen Jiang
- School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
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5
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Weymann A, Foroughi J, Vardanyan R, Punjabi PP, Schmack B, Aloko S, Spinks GM, Wang CH, Arjomandi Rad A, Ruhparwar A. Artificial Muscles and Soft Robotic Devices for Treatment of End-Stage Heart Failure. Adv Mater 2023; 35:e2207390. [PMID: 36269015 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202207390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Medical soft robotics constitutes a rapidly developing field in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, with a promising future for millions of patients suffering from heart failure worldwide. Herein, the present state and future direction of artificial muscle-based soft robotic biomedical devices in supporting the inotropic function of the heart are reviewed, focusing on the emerging electrothermally artificial heart muscles (AHMs). Artificial muscle powered soft robotic devices can mimic the action of complex biological systems such as heart compression and twisting. These artificial muscles possess the ability to undergo complex deformations, aiding cardiac function while maintaining a limited weight and use of space. Two very promising candidates for artificial muscles are electrothermally actuated AHMs and biohybrid actuators using living cells or tissue embedded with artificial structures. Electrothermally actuated AHMs have demonstrated superior force generation while creating the prospect for fully soft robotic actuated ventricular assist devices. This review will critically analyze the limitations of currently available devices and discuss opportunities and directions for future research. Last, the properties of the cardiac muscle are reviewed and compared with those of different materials suitable for mechanical cardiac compression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Weymann
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Javad Foroughi
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
- Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Library Rd, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Robert Vardanyan
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Imperial College Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Prakash P Punjabi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Hammersmith Hospital, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, 72 Du Cane Rd, London, W12 0HS, UK
| | - Bastian Schmack
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Sinmisola Aloko
- Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Geoffrey M Spinks
- Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Chun H Wang
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Library Rd, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Arian Arjomandi Rad
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Imperial College Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Arjang Ruhparwar
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
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6
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Jiang Z, Abbasi BBA, Aloko S, Mokhtari F, Spinks GM. Ultra-soft Organogel Artificial Muscles Exhibiting High Power Density, Large Stroke, Fast Response and Long-Term Durability in Air. Adv Mater 2023:e2210419. [PMID: 37094185 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202210419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric gel-based artificial muscles exhibiting tissue-matched Young's modulus (10 Pa-1 MPa) promise to be core components in future soft machines with inherently safe human-machine interactions. However, the ability to simultaneously generate fast, large, high-power and long-lasting actuation in the open-air environment, has yet been demonstrated in this class of ultra-soft materials. Herein, to overcome this hurdle, we report the design and synthesis of a twisted and coiled liquid crystalline glycerol-organogel (TCLCG). Such material with a low Young's modulus of 133 kPa can surpass the actuation performance of skeletal muscles in a variety of aspects, including actuation strain (66%), actuation rate (275%/s), power density (438 kW/m3 ) and work capacity (105 kJ/m3 ). Notably, its power density is 14 times higher than the record of state-of-the-art polymeric gels. No actuation performance degradation is detected in the TCLCG even after air exposure for 7 days, owing to the excellent water retention ability enabled by glycerol as co-solvent with water. Using TCLCG, we have successfully demonstrated mobile soft robots with extraordinary maneuverability in unstructured environments, including a crawler showing fast bidirectional locomotion (0.50 mm/s) in a small-confined space, and a roller that can escape after deep burying in sand. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Jiang
- School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Burhan Bin Asghar Abbasi
- School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Sinmisola Aloko
- School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Fatemeh Mokhtari
- School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Geoffrey M Spinks
- School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
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7
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Jang Y, Moon JH, Lee C, Lee SM, Kim H, Song GH, Spinks GM, Wallace GG, Kim SJ. A Coiled Carbon Nanotube Yarn-Integrated Surface Electromyography System To Monitor Isotonic and Isometric Movements. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:45149-45155. [PMID: 36169191 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c11811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A surface electromyogram (sEMG) electrode collects electrical currents generated by neuromuscular activity by a noninvasive technique on the skin. It is particularly attractive for wearable systems for various human activities and health care monitoring. However, it remains challenging to discriminate EMG signals from isotonic (concentric/eccentric) and isometric movements. By applying nanotechnology, we provide a coiled carbon nanotube (CNT) yarn-integrated sEMG device to overcome sEMG-based motion recognition. When the arm was contracted at different angles, the sEMG-derived root mean square amplitude signals were constant regardless of the angle of the moving arm. However, the coiled CNT yarn-derived open circuit voltage (OCV) signals proportionally increased when the arm's angle increased, and presented negative and positive values depending on the moving direction of the arm. Moreover, isometric contraction is characterized by the onset of EMG signals without an OCV signal, and isotonic contraction is determined by both EMG signals and OCV signals. Taken together, the integration of EMG and coiled CNT yarn electrodes provides complementary information, including the strength, direction, and degree of muscle movement. Therefore, we suggest that our system has high potential as a wearable system to monitor human motions in industrial and human system applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongwoo Jang
- Center for Self-Powered Actuation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04736, Korea
| | - Ji Hwan Moon
- Center for Self-Powered Actuation, Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea
| | - Chanho Lee
- Center for Self-Powered Actuation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea
| | - Sung Min Lee
- Center for Self-Powered Actuation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea
| | - Heesoo Kim
- Center for Self-Powered Actuation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea
| | - Gyu Hyeon Song
- Center for Self-Powered Actuation, Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea
| | - Geoffrey M Spinks
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electro Materials Science, AIIM Facility, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, North Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Gordon G Wallace
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electro Materials Science, AIIM Facility, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, North Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Seon Jeong Kim
- Center for Self-Powered Actuation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea
- Center for Self-Powered Actuation, Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea
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8
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Nishimura Y, Spinks GM. Detailing the
visco‐elastic
origin of
thermo‐mechanical
training of twisted and coiled polymer fiber artificial muscles. Journal of Polymer Science 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Nishimura
- Honda Research Institute Japan Co., Ltd Saitama Japan
- Honda R&D Co., Ltd. Innovative Research Excellence Saitama Japan
| | - Geoffrey M. Spinks
- Australian Institute for Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong North Wollongong Australia
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9
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Mokhtari F, Spinks GM, Sayyar S, Foroughi J. Dynamic Mechanical and Creep Behaviour of Meltspun PVDF Nanocomposite Fibers. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2021; 11:nano11082153. [PMID: 34443982 PMCID: PMC8397947 DOI: 10.3390/nano11082153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Piezoelectric fibers have an important role in wearable technology as energy generators and sensors. A series of hybrid nanocomposite piezoelectric fibers of polyinylidene fluoride (PVDF) loaded with barium–titanium oxide (BT) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) were prepared via the melt spinning method. Our previous studies show that high-performance fibers with 84% of the electroactive β-phase in the PVDF generated a peak output voltage up to 1.3 V and a power density of 3 W kg−1. Herein, the dynamic mechanical and creep behavior of these fibers were investigated to evaluate their durability and piezoelectric performance. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) was used to provide phenomenological information regarding the viscoelastic properties of the fibers in the longitudinal direction. DSC and SEM were employed to characterize the crystalline structure of the samples. The storage modulus and the loss tangent increased by increasing the frequency over the temperature range (−50 to 150 °C) for all of the fibers. The storage modulus of the PVDF/rGO nanocomposite fibers had a higher value (7.5 GPa) in comparison with other fibers. The creep and creep recovery behavior of the PVDF/nanofillers in the nanocomposite fibers have been explored in the linear viscoelastic region at three different temperatures (10–130 °C). In the PVDF/rGO nanocomposite fibers, strong sheet/matrix interfacial interaction restricted the mobility of the polymer chains, which led to a higher modulus at temperatures 60 and 130 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Mokhtari
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia; (F.M.); (G.M.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Geoffrey M. Spinks
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia; (F.M.); (G.M.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Sepidar Sayyar
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia; (F.M.); (G.M.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Javad Foroughi
- School of Electrical, Computer and Telecommunications Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Westgerman Heart and Vascular Center, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-434-437-778
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10
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Spinks GM, Martino ND, Naficy S, Shepherd DJ, Foroughi J. Dual high-stroke and high-work capacity artificial muscles inspired by DNA supercoiling. Sci Robot 2021; 6:6/53/eabf4788. [PMID: 34043569 DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.abf4788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Powering miniature robots using actuating materials that mimic skeletal muscle is attractive because conventional mechanical drive systems cannot be readily downsized. However, muscle is not the only mechanically active system in nature, and the thousandfold contraction of eukaryotic DNA into the cell nucleus suggests an alternative mechanism for high-stroke artificial muscles. Our analysis reveals that the compaction of DNA generates a mass-normalized mechanical work output exceeding that of skeletal muscle, and this result inspired the development of composite double-helix fibers that reversibly convert twist to DNA-like plectonemic or solenoidal supercoils by simple swelling and deswelling. Our modeling-optimized twisted fibers give contraction strokes as high as 90% with a maximum gravimetric work 36 times higher than skeletal muscle. We found that our supercoiling coiled fibers simultaneously provide high stroke and high work capacity, which is rare in other artificial muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey M Spinks
- Australian Institute for Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - Nicolas D Martino
- Australian Institute for Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Sina Naficy
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - David J Shepherd
- Australian Institute for Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Javad Foroughi
- Australian Institute for Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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11
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Chu H, Hu X, Wang Z, Mu J, Li N, Zhou X, Fang S, Haines CS, Park JW, Qin S, Yuan N, Xu J, Tawfick S, Kim H, Conlin P, Cho M, Cho K, Oh J, Nielsen S, Alberto KA, Razal JM, Foroughi J, Spinks GM, Kim SJ, Ding J, Leng J, Baughman RH. Unipolar stroke, electroosmotic pump carbon nanotube yarn muscles. Science 2021; 371:494-498. [PMID: 33510023 DOI: 10.1126/science.abc4538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Success in making artificial muscles that are faster and more powerful and that provide larger strokes would expand their applications. Electrochemical carbon nanotube yarn muscles are of special interest because of their relatively high energy conversion efficiencies. However, they are bipolar, meaning that they do not monotonically expand or contract over the available potential range. This limits muscle stroke and work capacity. Here, we describe unipolar stroke carbon nanotube yarn muscles in which muscle stroke changes between extreme potentials are additive and muscle stroke substantially increases with increasing potential scan rate. The normal decrease in stroke with increasing scan rate is overwhelmed by a notable increase in effective ion size. Enhanced muscle strokes, contractile work-per-cycle, contractile power densities, and energy conversion efficiencies are obtained for unipolar muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hetao Chu
- Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.,Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150080, China
| | - Xinghao Hu
- Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.,Institute of Intelligent Flexible Mechatronics, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Jiuke Mu
- Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Na Li
- Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.,MilliporeSigma, Materials Science, Milwaukee, WI 53209, USA
| | - Xiaoshuang Zhou
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Shaoli Fang
- Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Carter S Haines
- Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.,Opus 12 Incorporated, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA
| | - Jong Woo Park
- Center for Self-Powered Actuation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea
| | - Si Qin
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Ningyi Yuan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Jiang Xu
- Institute of Intelligent Flexible Mechatronics, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Sameh Tawfick
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Hyungjun Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.,Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, The Republic of Korea
| | - Patrick Conlin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Maenghyo Cho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.,Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, The Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeongjae Cho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Jiyoung Oh
- Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Steven Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Kevin A Alberto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Joselito M Razal
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Javad Foroughi
- Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences, University of Wollongong, Australia, Wollongong, New South Wales 2500, Australia
| | - Geoffrey M Spinks
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, Australian Institute for Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Seon Jeong Kim
- Center for Self-Powered Actuation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea
| | - Jianning Ding
- Institute of Intelligent Flexible Mechatronics, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China. .,Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Jinsong Leng
- Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150080, China.
| | - Ray H Baughman
- Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.
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12
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Abstract
Photocontrolled directional transport in both 2D and 3D of water-in-oil droplets was achieved by merocyanine/spiropyran photoisomerization in the droplet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xiao
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science
- AIIM Faculty
- Innovation Campus
- University of Wollongong
- North Wollongong
| | - Nicolas Martino
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute
- AIIM Faculty
- Innovation Campus
- University of Wollongong
- North Wollongong
| | - Klaudia Wagner
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science
- AIIM Faculty
- Innovation Campus
- University of Wollongong
- North Wollongong
| | - Geoffrey M. Spinks
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science
- AIIM Faculty
- Innovation Campus
- University of Wollongong
- North Wollongong
| | - David L. Officer
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science
- AIIM Faculty
- Innovation Campus
- University of Wollongong
- North Wollongong
| | - Pawel Wagner
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science
- AIIM Faculty
- Innovation Campus
- University of Wollongong
- North Wollongong
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13
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Lee DW, Kim H, Hyeon JS, Moon JH, Kim BJ, Jeong JH, Choi J, Baughman RH, Spinks GM, Wallace GG, Kim SJ. Bidirectional Core Sandwich Structure of Reduced Graphene Oxide and Spinnable Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Effectiveness. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:46883-46891. [PMID: 32931230 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c11460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Thin and flexible electromagnetic shielding materials have recently emerged because of their promising applications in drones, portable electronics, military defense facilities, etc. This research develops an electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding material by a bidirectional lattice sandwich structure (BLSS), which is formed by liquid crystalline graphene oxide (LCGO) and an orthogonal pattern of spinnable multiwalled (OPSM) nanotubes in consideration of the movement of electromagnetic waves. The average EMI shielding effectiveness (SE) of the developed material with 0.5 wt % reduced LCGO (r-LCGO) and an OPSM nanotube composed of 64 layers was approximately 66.1 dB in the X-band frequency range (8.2-12.4 GHz, wavelength: 3.5-2.5 cm), which corresponds to a shielding efficiency of 99.9999%. Also, its absorption effectiveness is 99.7% of the total EMI SE, indicating that it has a remarkable ability to prevent secondary damage induced by EM reflection. The specific EMI SE (SSE/t) of the composite material considering the contribution of thickness (t) ranged from 21 953 to 2259 dB cm2/g.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duck Weon Lee
- Center for Self-Powered Actuation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Department of Chemistry and Material Science, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Hyunsoo Kim
- Center for Self-Powered Actuation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Jae Sang Hyeon
- Center for Self-Powered Actuation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Ji Hwan Moon
- Center for Self-Powered Actuation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Bum-Joon Kim
- Center for Self-Powered Actuation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Jae-Hun Jeong
- Center for Self-Powered Actuation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Junggi Choi
- Center for Self-Powered Actuation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Ray H Baughman
- The Alan G. Mac Diarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75083, United States
| | - Geoffrey M Spinks
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong, Innovation Campus, North Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Gordon G Wallace
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong, Innovation Campus, North Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Seon Jeong Kim
- Center for Self-Powered Actuation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
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14
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Richards CJ, Steele JR, Spinks GM. Experimental evaluation and analytical model of the pressure generated by elastic compression garments on a deformable human limb analogue. Med Eng Phys 2020; 83:93-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2020.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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15
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Talebian S, Shim IK, Kim SC, Spinks GM, Vine KL, Foroughi J. Coaxial mussel-inspired biofibers: making of a robust and efficacious depot for cancer drug delivery. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:5064-5079. [PMID: 32400836 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb00052c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Biopolymer-based hydrogels have emerged as promising platforms for drug delivery systems (DDSs) due to their inherent biocompatibility, tunable physical properties and controllable degradability. Yet, drug release in majority of these systems is solely contingent on diffusion of drug molecules through the hydrogel, which often leads to burst release of drugs from these systems. Herein, inspired by the chemistry of mussel adhesive proteins, a new generation of coaxial hydrogel fibers was developed that could simultaneously exert both affinity and diffusion control over the release of chemotherapeutic drugs. Specifically, dopamine-modified alginate hydrogel along with chemotherapeutic drugs (doxorubicin or gemcitabine) was used as the main core component to confer affinity-controlled release, while a methacrylated-alginate hydrogel was used as the shell composition to provide the controlled diffusion barrier. It was shown that our coaxial mussel-inspired biofibers yielded biocompatible hydrogel fibers (as indicated by comprehensive in vitro and in vivo experiments) with favourable properties including controlled swelling, and enhanced mechanical properties, when compared against single fibers made from unmodified alginate. Notably, it was observed that these coaxial fibers were capable of releasing the two drugs in a slower manner, when compared to single fibers made from pure alginate, which was partly attributed to stronger interactions of drugs with dopamine-modified alginate (the core element of coaxial fibers) as observed from zeta-potential measurements. It was further shown that these drug-loaded coaxial fibers had optimal anticancer activity both in vitro and in vivo using various pancreatic cancer cell lines. Most remarkably, drug loaded coaxial fibers, particularly doxorubicin-containing fibers, had higher anticancer effect in vivo compared to systemic injection of equivalent dosage of the drugs. Altogether, these biocompatible and robust hydrogel fibers may be further used as neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapies for controlled delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs locally to the tumor sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepehr Talebian
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
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16
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Abstract
Helical constructs are ubiquitous in nature at all size domains, from molecular to macroscopic. The helical topology confers unique mechanical functions that activate certain phenomena, such as twining vines and vital cellular functions like the folding and packing of DNA into chromosomes. The understanding of active mechanical processes in plants, certain musculature in animals, and some biochemical processes in cells provides insight into the versatility of the helix. Most of these natural systems consist of helically oriented filaments embedded in a compliant matrix. In some cases, the matrix can change volume and in others the filaments can contract and the matrix is passive. In both cases, the helically arranged fibers determine the overall shape change with a great variety of responses involving length contraction/elongation, twisting, bending, and coiling. Synthetic actuator materials and systems that employ helical topologies have been described recently and demonstrate many fascinating and complex shape changes. However, significant new opportunities exist to mimic some of the most remarkable actions in nature, including the Vorticella's coiling stalk and DNA's supercoils, in the quest for superior artificial muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey M Spinks
- Australian Institute for Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
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17
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Abstract
Current additive manufacturing, including three-dimensional (3D) and so-called four-dimensional printing, of soft robotic devices is limited to millimeter sizes. In this study, we present additive manufacturing of soft microactuators and microrobots to fabricate even smaller structures in the micrometer domain. Using a custom-built extrusion 3D printer, microactuators are scaled down to a size of 300 × 1000 μm2, with minimum thickness of 20 μm. Microactuators combined with printed body and electroactive polymers to drive the actuators are fabricated from computer-aided design model of the device structure. To demonstrate the ease and versatility of 3D printing process, microactuators with varying lengths ranging from 1000 to 5000 μm are fabricated and operated. Likewise, microrobotic devices consisting of a rigid body and individually controlled free-moving arms or legs are 3D printed to explore the microfabrication of soft grippers, manipulators, or microrobots through simple additive manufacturing technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manav Tyagi
- Sensor and Actuator Systems, Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Geoffrey M Spinks
- Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Edwin W H Jager
- Sensor and Actuator Systems, Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
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18
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Jang Y, Kim SM, Spinks GM, Kim SJ. Carbon Nanotube Yarn for Fiber-Shaped Electrical Sensors, Actuators, and Energy Storage for Smart Systems. Adv Mater 2020; 32:e1902670. [PMID: 31403227 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Smart systems are those that display autonomous or collaborative functionalities, and include the ability to sense multiple inputs, to respond with appropriate operations, and to control a given situation. In certain circumstances, it is also of great interest to retain flexible, stretchable, portable, wearable, and/or implantable attributes in smart electronic systems. Among the promising candidate smart materials, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) exhibit excellent electrical and mechanical properties, and structurally fabricated CNT-based fibers and yarns with coil and twist further introduce flexible and stretchable properties. A number of notable studies have demonstrated various functions of CNT yarns, including sensors, actuators, and energy storage. In particular, CNT yarns can operate as flexible electronic sensors and electrodes to monitor strain, temperature, ionic concentration, and the concentration of target biomolecules. Moreover, a twisted CNT yarn enables strong torsional actuation, and coiled CNT yarns generate large tensile strokes as an artificial muscle. Furthermore, the reversible actuation of CNT yarns can be used as an energy harvester and, when combined with a CNT supercapacitor, has promoted the next-generation of energy storage systems. Here, progressive advances of CNT yarns in electrical sensing, actuation, and energy storage are reported, and the future challenges in smart electronic systems considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongwoo Jang
- Center for Self-Powered Actuation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
| | - Sung Min Kim
- Department of Physical Education, Department of Active Aging Industry, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
| | - Geoffrey M Spinks
- Australian Institute for Innovative Materials, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Seon Jeong Kim
- Center for Self-Powered Actuation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
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19
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Sim HJ, Kim H, Jang Y, Spinks GM, Gambhir S, Officer DL, Wallace GG, Kim SJ. Self-Healing Electrode with High Electrical Conductivity and Mechanical Strength for Artificial Electronic Skin. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:46026-46033. [PMID: 31657900 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b10100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A self-healing electrode is an electrical conductor that can repair internal damage by itself, similar to human skin. Since self-healing electrodes are based on polymers and hydrogels, these components are still limited by low electrical conductivity and mechanical strength. In this study, we designed an electrically conductive, mechanically strong, and printable self-healing electrode using liquid crystal graphene oxide (LCGO) and silver nanowires (AgNWs). The conductive ink was easily prepared by simply mixing LCGO and AgNWs solutions. The ultrathin (3 μm thick) electrode can be printed in various shapes, such as a butterfly, in a freestanding state. The maximum conductivity and strength of the LCGO/AgNW composite were 17 800 S/cm and 4.2 MPa, respectively; these values are 24 and 4 times higher, respectively, than those of a previously developed self-healing electrode. The LCGO/AgNW composite self-healed internal damage in ambient conditions with moisture and consequently recovered 96.8% electrical conductivity and 95% mechanical toughness compared with the undamaged state. The electrical properties of the composite exhibited metallic tendencies. Therefore, these results suggest that the composite can be used as an artificial electronic skin that detects environmental conditions, such as compression and temperature. This self-healing artificial electronic skin could be applied to human condition monitoring and robotic sensing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Jun Sim
- Center for Self-Powered Actuation, Department of Biomedical Engineering , Hanyang University , Seoul 04763 , Korea
| | - Hyunsoo Kim
- Center for Self-Powered Actuation, Department of Biomedical Engineering , Hanyang University , Seoul 04763 , Korea
| | - Yongwoo Jang
- Center for Self-Powered Actuation, Department of Biomedical Engineering , Hanyang University , Seoul 04763 , Korea
| | - Geoffrey M Spinks
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, AIIM Facility, Innovation Campus , University of Wollongong , North Wollongong , New South Wales 2522 , Australia
| | - Sanjeev Gambhir
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, AIIM Facility, Innovation Campus , University of Wollongong , North Wollongong , New South Wales 2522 , Australia
| | - David L Officer
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, AIIM Facility, Innovation Campus , University of Wollongong , North Wollongong , New South Wales 2522 , Australia
| | - Gordon G Wallace
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, AIIM Facility, Innovation Campus , University of Wollongong , North Wollongong , New South Wales 2522 , Australia
| | - Seon Jeong Kim
- Center for Self-Powered Actuation, Department of Biomedical Engineering , Hanyang University , Seoul 04763 , Korea
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20
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21
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Kim H, Jang Y, Lee DY, Moon JH, Choi JG, Spinks GM, Gambhir S, Officer DL, Wallace GG, Kim SJ. Bio-Inspired Stretchable and Contractible Tough Fiber by the Hybridization of GO/MWNT/Polyurethane. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:31162-31168. [PMID: 31356738 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b09240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Spider silks represent stretchable and contractible fibers with high toughness. Those tough fibers with stretchability and contractibility are attractive as energy absorption materials, and they are needed for wearable applications, artificial muscles, and soft robotics. Although carbon-based materials and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) composite fibers exhibit high toughness, they are still limited in low extensibility and an inability to operate in the wet-state condition. Herein, we report stretchable and contractible fiber with toughness that is inspired by the structure of spider silk. The bioinspired tough fiber provides 495 J/g of gravimetric toughness, which exceeds 165 J/g of spider silk. Besides, the tough fiber was reversibly stretched to ∼80% strain without damage. This toughness and stretchability are realized by hybridization of aligned graphene oxide/multiwalled carbon nanotubes in a polyurethane matrix as elastic amorphous regions and β-sheet segments of spider silk. Interestingly, the bioinspired tough fiber contracted up to 60% in response to water and humidity similar to supercontraction of the spider silk. It exhibited 610 kJ/m3 of contractile energy density, which is higher than previously reported moisture driven actuators. Therefore, this stretchable and contractible tough fiber could be utilized as an artificial muscle in soft robotics and wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunsoo Kim
- Center for Self-powered Actuation, Department of Biomedical Engineering , Hanyang University , Seoul 04763 , Korea
| | - Yongwoo Jang
- Center for Self-powered Actuation, Department of Biomedical Engineering , Hanyang University , Seoul 04763 , Korea
| | - Dong Yeop Lee
- Center for Self-powered Actuation, Department of Biomedical Engineering , Hanyang University , Seoul 04763 , Korea
| | - Ji Hwan Moon
- Center for Self-powered Actuation, Department of Biomedical Engineering , Hanyang University , Seoul 04763 , Korea
| | - Jung Gi Choi
- Center for Self-powered Actuation, Department of Biomedical Engineering , Hanyang University , Seoul 04763 , Korea
| | - Geoffrey M Spinks
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, AIIM Facility, Innovation Campus , University of Wollongong , North Wollongong , New South Wales 2522 , Australia
| | - Sanjeev Gambhir
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, AIIM Facility, Innovation Campus , University of Wollongong , North Wollongong , New South Wales 2522 , Australia
| | - David L Officer
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, AIIM Facility, Innovation Campus , University of Wollongong , North Wollongong , New South Wales 2522 , Australia
| | - Gordon G Wallace
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, AIIM Facility, Innovation Campus , University of Wollongong , North Wollongong , New South Wales 2522 , Australia
| | - Seon Jeong Kim
- Center for Self-powered Actuation, Department of Biomedical Engineering , Hanyang University , Seoul 04763 , Korea
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22
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Kim TH, Choi JG, Byun JY, Jang Y, Kim SM, Spinks GM, Kim SJ. Biomimetic Thermal-sensitive Multi-transform Actuator. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7905. [PMID: 31133734 PMCID: PMC6536525 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44394-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Controllable and miniaturised mechanical actuation is one of the main challenges facing various emerging technologies, such as soft robotics, drug delivery systems, and microfluidics. Here we introduce a simple method for constructing actuating devices with programmable complex motions. Thermally responsive hydrogels based on poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) and its functionalized derivatives (f-PNIPAM) were used to control the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) or the temperature at which the gel volume changes. Techniques for ultra-violet crosslinking the monomer solutions were developed to generate gel sheets with controllable crosslink density gradients that allowed bending actuation to specified curvatures by heating through the LCST. Simple molding processes were then used to construct multi-transform devices with complex shape changes, including a bioinspired artificial flower that shows blossoming and reverse blossoming with a change in temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hyeob Kim
- Center for Self-Powered Actuation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
| | - Jung Gi Choi
- Center for Self-Powered Actuation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
| | - Ju Young Byun
- Center for Self-Powered Actuation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
| | - Yongwoo Jang
- Center for Self-Powered Actuation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
| | - Sung Min Kim
- Department of Physical Education, Department of Active Aging Industry, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
| | - Geoffrey M Spinks
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522, Australia
| | - Seon Jeong Kim
- Center for Self-Powered Actuation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea.
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23
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Russo M, Warren H, Spinks GM, MacFarlane DR, Pringle JM. Hydrogels Containing the Ferri/Ferrocyanide Redox Couple and Ionic Liquids for Thermocells. Aust J Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/ch18395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Thermoelectrochemical cells are a promising new technology for harvesting low-grade waste heat. The operation of these cells relies on a redox couple within an electrolyte, which is most commonly water-based, and improvement of these materials is a key aspect of the advancement of this technology. Here, we report the gelation of aqueous electrolytes containing the K3Fe(CN)6/K4Fe(CN)6 redox couple using a range of different polymers, including polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Cmc), polyacrylamide (PAAm), and two commercial polyurethane-based polymers: HydroMed D640 and HydroSlip C. These polymers produce quasi-solid-state electrolytes with sufficient mechanical properties to prevent leakage, and allow improved device flexibility and safety. Furthermore, the incorporation of various ionic liquids within the optimized hydrogel network is investigated as a route to enhance the electrochemical and mechanical properties and thermal energy harvesting performance of the hydrogels.
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24
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Kim H, Moon JH, Mun TJ, Park TG, Spinks GM, Wallace GG, Kim SJ. Thermally Responsive Torsional and Tensile Fiber Actuator Based on Graphene Oxide. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:32760-32764. [PMID: 30175913 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b12426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Graphene-based actuators are of practical interest because of their relatively low cost compared with other nanocarbon materials, such as carbon nanotubes. We demonstrate the simple fabrication of graphene oxide (GO)-based fibers with an infiltrated nylon-6,6 polymer by wet spinning. These fibers could be twisted to form torsional actuators and further coiled to form tensile actuators. By controlling the relative twisting and coiling direction of the GO/nylon fiber, we were able to realize reversible contraction or elongation actuation with strokes as high as -80 and 75%, respectively, when the samples were heated to 200 °C. The tensile actuation showed a remarkably little hysteresis. Moreover, this GO/nylon actuator could lift loads over 100 times heavier than itself and generate a stable actuation at high temperatures over the melting point of the polymer. This novel kind of GO-based actuator, which has a multidirectional actuation, has potential for a wide range of applications such as artificial muscles, robotics, and temperature sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunsoo Kim
- Center for Self-Powered Actuation, Department of Biomedical Engineering , Hanyang University , Seoul 04763 , Korea
| | - Ji Hwan Moon
- Center for Self-Powered Actuation, Department of Biomedical Engineering , Hanyang University , Seoul 04763 , Korea
| | - Tae Jin Mun
- Center for Self-Powered Actuation, Department of Biomedical Engineering , Hanyang University , Seoul 04763 , Korea
| | - Tae Gyu Park
- Center for Self-Powered Actuation, Department of Biomedical Engineering , Hanyang University , Seoul 04763 , Korea
| | - Geoffrey M Spinks
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, AIIM Facility, Innovation Campus , University of Wollongong , North Wollongong , New South Wales 2522 , Australia
| | - Gordon G Wallace
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, AIIM Facility, Innovation Campus , University of Wollongong , North Wollongong , New South Wales 2522 , Australia
| | - Seon Jeong Kim
- Center for Self-Powered Actuation, Department of Biomedical Engineering , Hanyang University , Seoul 04763 , Korea
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25
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Choi C, Park JW, Kim KJ, Lee DW, de Andrade MJ, Kim SH, Gambhir S, Spinks GM, Baughman RH, Kim SJ. Weavable asymmetric carbon nanotube yarn supercapacitor for electronic textiles. RSC Adv 2018; 8:13112-13120. [PMID: 35542516 PMCID: PMC9079689 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra01384e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Asymmetric supercapacitors are receiving much research interests due to their wide operating potential window and high energy density. In this study, we report the fabrication of asymmetrically configured yarn based supercapacitor by using liquid-state biscrolling technology. High loading amounts of reduced graphene oxide anode guest (90.1 wt%) and MnO2 cathode guest (70 wt%) materials were successfully embedded into carbon nanotube yarn host electrodes. The resulting asymmetric yarn supercapacitor coated by gel based organic electrolyte (PVDF-HFP-TEA·BF4) exhibited wider potential window (up to 3.5 V) and resulting high energy density (43 μW h cm−2). Moreover, the yarn electrodes were mechanically strong enough to be woven into commercial textiles. The textile supercapacitor exhibited stable electrochemical energy storage performances during dynamically applied deformations. Yarn type asymmetric supercapacitor with high weight ratio of rGO in anode for wearable electronics.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Changsoon Choi
- Center for Self-powered Actuation
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Hanyang University
- Seoul 04763
- Korea
| | - Jong Woo Park
- Center for Self-powered Actuation
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Hanyang University
- Seoul 04763
- Korea
| | - Keon Jung Kim
- Center for Self-powered Actuation
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Hanyang University
- Seoul 04763
- Korea
| | - Duck Weon Lee
- Center for Self-powered Actuation
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Hanyang University
- Seoul 04763
- Korea
| | | | - Shi Hyeong Kim
- The Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute
- University of Texas at Dallas
- Richardson
- USA
| | - Sanjeev Gambhir
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science
- University of Wollongong
- Wollongong
- Australia
| | - Geoffrey M. Spinks
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science
- University of Wollongong
- Wollongong
- Australia
| | - Ray H. Baughman
- The Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute
- University of Texas at Dallas
- Richardson
- USA
| | - Seon Jeong Kim
- Center for Self-powered Actuation
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Hanyang University
- Seoul 04763
- Korea
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26
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Steele JR, Gho SA, Campbell TE, Richards CJ, Beirne S, Spinks GM, Wallace GG. The Bionic Bra: Using electromaterials to sense and modify breast support to enhance active living. J Rehabil Assist Technol Eng 2018; 5:2055668318775905. [PMID: 31191941 PMCID: PMC6453067 DOI: 10.1177/2055668318775905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the most supportive sports bras can control breast motion and associated breast pain, they are frequently deemed uncomfortable to wear and, as a result, many women report exercise bra discomfort. Given that exercise bra discomfort is associated with decreased levels of physical activity, there is a pertinent need to develop innovative solutions to address this problem. OBJECTIVES This research aimed to evaluate the use of electromaterial sensors and artificial muscle technology to create a bra that was capable of detecting increases in breast motion and then responding with increased breast support to enhance active living. METHODS The research involved two phases: (i) evaluating sensors suitable for monitoring and providing feedback on changes in the amplitude and frequency of breast motion, and (ii) evaluating an actuator capable of changing breast support provided by a bra during activity. RESULTS When assessed in isolation, the developed technologies were capable of sensing breast motion and actuating to provide some additional breast support. CONCLUSIONS The challenge now lies in integrating both technologies into a functional sports bra prototype, and assessing this prototype in a controlled biomechanical analysis to provide a breast support solution that will enable women to enjoy active living in comfort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie R Steele
- Biomechanics Research Laboratory, School
of Medicine,
Faculty
of Science, Medicine & Health, University of
Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Sheridan A Gho
- Biomechanics Research Laboratory, School
of Medicine,
Faculty
of Science, Medicine & Health, University of
Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Toni E Campbell
- ARC Centre of Excellence in
Electromaterials Science and Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of
Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Christopher J Richards
- ARC Centre of Excellence in
Electromaterials Science and Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of
Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Stephen Beirne
- ARC Centre of Excellence in
Electromaterials Science and Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of
Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Geoffrey M Spinks
- ARC Centre of Excellence in
Electromaterials Science and Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of
Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Gordon G Wallace
- ARC Centre of Excellence in
Electromaterials Science and Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of
Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
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27
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Zhang BGX, Spinks GM, Gorkin R, Sangian D, Di Bella C, Quigley AF, Kapsa RMI, Wallace GG, Choong PFM. In vivo biocompatibility of porous and non-porous polypyrrole based trilayered actuators. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2017; 28:172. [PMID: 28956202 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-017-5979-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Trilayered polypyrrole (PPy) actuators have high stress density, low modulus and have wide potential biological applications including use in artificial muscles and in limb prosthesis after limb amputation. This article examines the in vivo biocompatibility of actuators in muscle using rabbit models. The actuators were specially designed with pores to encourage tissue in growth; this study also assessed the effect of such pores on the stability of the actuators in vivo. Trilayered PPy actuators were either laser cut with 150 µm pores or left pore-less and implanted into rabbit muscle for 3 days, 2 weeks, 4 weeks and 8 weeks and retrieved subsequently for histological analysis. In a second set of experiments, the cut edges of pores in porous actuator strips were further sealed by PPy after laser cutting to further improve its stability in vivo. Porous actuators with and without PPy sealing of pore edges were implanted intramuscularly for 4 and 8 weeks and assessed with histology. Pore-less actuators incited a mild inflammatory response, becoming progressively walled off by a thin layer of fibrous tissue. Porous actuators showed increased PPy fragmentation and delamination with associated greater foreign body response compared to pore-less actuators. The PPy fragmentation was minimized when the pore edges were sealed off by PPy after laser cutting showing less PPy debris. Laser cutting of the actuators with pores destabilizes the PPy. This can be overcome by sealing the cut edges of the pores with PPy after laser. The findings in this article have implications in future design and manufacturing of PPy actuator for use in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bill G X Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne and the University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
- Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne and the University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Geoffrey M Spinks
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Robert Gorkin
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Danial Sangian
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Claudia Di Bella
- Department of Orthopaedics, St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne and the University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
- Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne and the University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Anita F Quigley
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne and the University of Melbourne, 41 Victoria Pde, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Robert M I Kapsa
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Gordon G Wallace
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Peter F M Choong
- Department of Orthopaedics, St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne and the University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia.
- Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne and the University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia.
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Warren
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong; Wollongong New South Wales 2522 Australia
| | - Marc in het Panhuis
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong; Wollongong New South Wales 2522 Australia
- Soft Materials Group, School of Chemistry; University of Wollongong; Wollongong New South Wales 2522 Australia
| | - Geoffrey M. Spinks
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong; Wollongong New South Wales 2522 Australia
| | - David L. Officer
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong; Wollongong New South Wales 2522 Australia
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29
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Dicker MPM, Baker AB, Iredale RJ, Naficy S, Bond IP, Faul CFJ, Rossiter JM, Spinks GM, Weaver PM. Light-Triggered Soft Artificial Muscles: Molecular-Level Amplification of Actuation Control Signals. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9197. [PMID: 28835614 PMCID: PMC5569079 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08777-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The principle of control signal amplification is found in all actuation systems, from engineered devices through to the operation of biological muscles. However, current engineering approaches require the use of hard and bulky external switches or valves, incompatible with both the properties of emerging soft artificial muscle technology and those of the bioinspired robotic systems they enable. To address this deficiency a biomimetic molecular-level approach is developed that employs light, with its excellent spatial and temporal control properties, to actuate soft, pH-responsive hydrogel artificial muscles. Although this actuation is triggered by light, it is largely powered by the resulting excitation and runaway chemical reaction of a light-sensitive acid autocatalytic solution in which the actuator is immersed. This process produces actuation strains of up to 45% and a three-fold chemical amplification of the controlling light-trigger, realising a new strategy for the creation of highly functional soft actuating systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P M Dicker
- Bristol Composites Institute (ACCIS), Queen's School of Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TR, UK.
| | - Anna B Baker
- Bristol Composites Institute (ACCIS), Queen's School of Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TR, UK
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Robert J Iredale
- Bristol Composites Institute (ACCIS), Queen's School of Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TR, UK
| | - Sina Naficy
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Ian P Bond
- Bristol Composites Institute (ACCIS), Queen's School of Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TR, UK
| | - Charl F J Faul
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Jonathan M Rossiter
- Department of Engineering Mathematics, Merchant Venturers School of Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1UB, UK
- Bristol Robotics Laboratory, Bristol, BS34 8QZ, UK
| | - Geoffrey M Spinks
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Paul M Weaver
- Bristol Composites Institute (ACCIS), Queen's School of Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TR, UK
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Shazed Aziz
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science and Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of WollongongInnovation Campus, Squires Way, North Wollongong New South Wales2522 Australia
| | - Sina Naficy
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringThe University of SydneySydney New South Wales2006 Australia
| | - Javad Foroughi
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science and Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of WollongongInnovation Campus, Squires Way, North Wollongong New South Wales2522 Australia
| | - Hugh R. Brown
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science and Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of WollongongInnovation Campus, Squires Way, North Wollongong New South Wales2522 Australia
| | - Geoffrey M. Spinks
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science and Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of WollongongInnovation Campus, Squires Way, North Wollongong New South Wales2522 Australia
- School of Mechanical, Materials and Mechatronic EngineeringUniversity of WollongongWollongong New South Wales2522 Australia
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31
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Abstract
The demands for new types of artificial muscles continue to grow and novel approaches are being enabled by the advent of new materials and novel fabrication strategies. Self-powered actuators have attracted significant attention due to their ability to be driven by elements in the ambient environment such as moisture. In this study, we demonstrate the use of twisted and coiled wet-spun hygroscopic chitosan fibers to achieve a novel torsional artificial muscle. The coiled fibers exhibited significant torsional actuation where the free end of the coiled fiber rotated up to 1155 degrees per mm of coil length when hydrated. This value is 96%, 362%, and 2210% higher than twisted graphene fiber, carbon nanotube torsional actuators, and coiled nylon muscles, respectively. A model based on a single helix was used to evaluate the torsional actuation behavior of these coiled chitosan fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Mirabedini
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong , Fairy Meadow, Australia
| | - Shazed Aziz
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong , Fairy Meadow, Australia
| | - Geoffrey M Spinks
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong , Fairy Meadow, Australia
| | - Javad Foroughi
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong , Fairy Meadow, Australia
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32
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Tian K, Bae J, Bakarich SE, Yang C, Gately RD, Spinks GM, In Het Panhuis M, Suo Z, Vlassak JJ. 3D Printing of Transparent and Conductive Heterogeneous Hydrogel-Elastomer Systems. Adv Mater 2017; 29:1604827. [PMID: 28075033 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201604827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A hydrogel-dielectric-elastomer system, polyacrylamide and poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS), is adapted for extrusion printing for integrated device fabrication. A lithium-chloride-containing hydrogel printing ink is developed and printed onto treated PDMS with no visible signs of delamination and geometrically scaling resistance under moderate uniaxial tension and fatigue. A variety of designs are demonstrated, including a resistive strain gauge and an ionic cable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Tian
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Jinhye Bae
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Shannon E Bakarich
- School of Mechanical Materials and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Canhui Yang
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, International Center for Applied Mechanics, School of Aerospace, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Reece D Gately
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
- Soft Materials Group, School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Geoffrey M Spinks
- School of Mechanical Materials and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Marc In Het Panhuis
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
- Soft Materials Group, School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Zhigang Suo
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Kavli Institute for Bionano Science and Technology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, United States
| | - Joost J Vlassak
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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33
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Foroughi J, Spinks GM, Aziz S, Mirabedini A, Jeiranikhameneh A, Wallace GG, Kozlov ME, Baughman RH. Knitted Carbon-Nanotube-Sheath/Spandex-Core Elastomeric Yarns for Artificial Muscles and Strain Sensing. ACS Nano 2016; 10:9129-9135. [PMID: 27607843 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b04125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Highly stretchable, actuatable, electrically conductive knitted textiles based on Spandex (SPX)/CNT (carbon nanotube) composite yarns were prepared by an integrated knitting procedure. SPX filaments were continuously wrapped with CNT aerogel sheets and supplied directly to an interlocking circular knitting machine to form three-dimensional electrically conductive and stretchable textiles. By adjusting the SPX/CNT feed ratio, the fabric electrical conductivities could be tailored in the range of 870 to 7092 S/m. The electrical conductivity depended on tensile strain, with a linear and largely hysteresis-free resistance change occurring on loading and unloading between 0% and 80% strain. Electrothermal heating of the stretched fabric caused large tensile contractions of up to 33% and generated a gravimetric mechanical work capacity during contraction of up to 0.64 kJ/kg and a maximum specific power output of 1.28 kW/kg, which far exceeds that of mammalian skeletal muscle. The knitted textile provides the combination of strain sensing and the ability to control dimensions required for smart clothing that simultaneously monitors the wearer's movements and adjusts the garment fit or exerts forces or pressures on the wearer, according to needs. The developed processing method is scalable for the fabrication of industrial quantities of strain sensing and actuating smart textiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Foroughi
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, University of Wollongong , Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), University of Wollongong , Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Geoffrey M Spinks
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, University of Wollongong , Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Shazed Aziz
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, University of Wollongong , Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Azadeh Mirabedini
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, University of Wollongong , Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Ali Jeiranikhameneh
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, University of Wollongong , Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Gordon G Wallace
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, University of Wollongong , Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Mikhail E Kozlov
- Alan G MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas , Richardson, Texas 75083, United States
| | - Ray H Baughman
- Alan G MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas , Richardson, Texas 75083, United States
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahim Mutlu
- School of Mechanical, Materials and Mechatronic Engineering, and ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, University of Wollongong, AIIM Facility, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Gursel Alici
- School of Mechanical, Materials and Mechatronic Engineering, and ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, University of Wollongong, AIIM Facility, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Marc in het Panhuis
- Soft Materials Group, School of Chemistry, and ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Geoffrey M. Spinks
- School of Mechanical, Materials and Mechatronic Engineering, and ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, University of Wollongong, AIIM Facility, Wollongong, Australia
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35
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Lee JA, Aliev AE, Bykova JS, de Andrade MJ, Kim D, Sim HJ, Lepró X, Zakhidov AA, Lee JB, Spinks GM, Roth S, Kim SJ, Baughman RH. Woven-Yarn Thermoelectric Textiles. Adv Mater 2016; 28:5038-44. [PMID: 27110905 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201600709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication and characterization of highly flexible textiles are reported. These textiles can harvest thermal energy from temperature gradients in the desirable through-thickness direction. The tiger yarns containing n- and p-type segments are woven to provide textiles containing n-p junctions. A high power output of up to 8.6 W m(-2) is obtained for a temperature difference of 200 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Ah Lee
- The Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
- Center for Self-powered Actuation and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 133-791, South Korea
| | - Ali E Aliev
- The Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Julia S Bykova
- The Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
- Nano-Science and Technology Center, Lintec of America, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Mônica Jung de Andrade
- The Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Daeyoung Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Hyeon Jun Sim
- Center for Self-powered Actuation and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 133-791, South Korea
| | - Xavier Lepró
- The Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Anvar A Zakhidov
- The Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Jeong-Bong Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Geoffrey M Spinks
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Siegmar Roth
- The Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Seon Jeong Kim
- Center for Self-powered Actuation and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 133-791, South Korea
| | - Ray H Baughman
- The Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
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36
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Kim SH, Kwon CH, Park K, Mun TJ, Lepró X, Baughman RH, Spinks GM, Kim SJ. Bio-inspired, Moisture-Powered Hybrid Carbon Nanotube Yarn Muscles. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23016. [PMID: 26973137 PMCID: PMC4789747 DOI: 10.1038/srep23016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hygromorph artificial muscles are attractive as self-powered actuators driven by moisture from the ambient environment. Previously reported hygromorph muscles have been largely limited to bending or torsional motions or as tensile actuators with low work and energy densities. Herein, we developed a hybrid yarn artificial muscle with a unique coiled and wrinkled structure, which can be actuated by either changing relative humidity or contact with water. The muscle provides a large tensile stroke (up to 78%) and a high maximum gravimetric work capacity during contraction (2.17 kJ kg(-1)), which is over 50 times that of the same weight human muscle and 5.5 times higher than for the same weight spider silk, which is the previous record holder for a moisture driven muscle. We demonstrate an automatic ventilation system that is operated by the tensile actuation of the hybrid muscles caused by dew condensing on the hybrid yarn. This self-powered humidity-controlled ventilation system could be adapted to automatically control the desired relative humidity of an enclosed space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Hyeong Kim
- Center for Self-powered Actuation and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea
| | - Cheong Hoon Kwon
- Center for Self-powered Actuation and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea
| | - Karam Park
- Center for Self-powered Actuation and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea
| | - Tae Jin Mun
- Center for Self-powered Actuation and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea
| | - Xavier Lepró
- The Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75083, USA
| | - Ray H. Baughman
- The Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75083, USA
| | - Geoffrey M. Spinks
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Seon Jeong Kim
- Center for Self-powered Actuation and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea
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37
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Affiliation(s)
- Shazed Aziz
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science and Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of WollongongInnovation Campus, Squires WayNorth Wollongong New South Wales2522 Australia
| | - Sina Naficy
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science and Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of WollongongInnovation Campus, Squires WayNorth Wollongong New South Wales2522 Australia
- School of Mechanical, Materials and Mechatronic Engineering, University of WollongongWollongong New South Wales2522 Australia
| | - Javad Foroughi
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science and Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of WollongongInnovation Campus, Squires WayNorth Wollongong New South Wales2522 Australia
| | - Hugh R. Brown
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science and Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of WollongongInnovation Campus, Squires WayNorth Wollongong New South Wales2522 Australia
| | - Geoffrey M. Spinks
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science and Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of WollongongInnovation Campus, Squires WayNorth Wollongong New South Wales2522 Australia
- School of Mechanical, Materials and Mechatronic Engineering, University of WollongongWollongong New South Wales2522 Australia
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Kim KM, Lee JA, Sim HJ, Kim KA, Jalili R, Spinks GM, Kim SJ. Shape-engineerable composite fibers and their supercapacitor application. Nanoscale 2016; 8:1910-1914. [PMID: 26754398 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr07147j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Due to excellent electrical and mechanical properties of carbon nano materials, it is of great interest to fabricate flexible, high conductive, and shape engineered carbon based fibers. As part of these approaches, hollow, twist, ribbon, and other various shapes of carbon based fibers have been researched for various functionality and application. In this paper, we suggest simple and effective method to control the fiber shape. We fabricate the three different shapes of hollow, twisted, and ribbon shaped fibers from wet spun giant graphene oxide (GGO)/single walled-nanotubes (SWNTs)/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) gels. Each shaped fibers exhibit different mechanical properties. The average specific strengthes of the hollow, twist, and ribbon fibers presented here are 126.5, 106.9, and 38.0 MPa while strain are 9.3, 13.5, and 5%, respectively. Especially, the ribbon fiber shows high electrical conductivity (524 ± 64 S cm(-1)) and areal capacitance (2.38 mF cm(-2)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Min Kim
- Center for Self-powered Actuation and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea.
| | - Jae Ah Lee
- Center for Self-powered Actuation and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea. and The Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX. 75083, USA
| | - Hyeon Jun Sim
- Center for Self-powered Actuation and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea.
| | - Kyung-Ah Kim
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea.
| | - Rouhollah Jalili
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Geoffrey M Spinks
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Seon Jeong Kim
- Center for Self-powered Actuation and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea.
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Abstract
A hybrid electrically conductive polyester–graphene textile was fabricated as a high-performance smart textile for geotextile and/or heating element applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharshika Kongahge
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES)
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute (IPRI)
- AIIM Facility
- Innovation Campus
- University of Wollongong
| | - Javad Foroughi
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES)
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute (IPRI)
- AIIM Facility
- Innovation Campus
- University of Wollongong
| | - Sanjeev Gambhir
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES)
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute (IPRI)
- AIIM Facility
- Innovation Campus
- University of Wollongong
| | - Geoffrey M. Spinks
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES)
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute (IPRI)
- AIIM Facility
- Innovation Campus
- University of Wollongong
| | - Gordon G. Wallace
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES)
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute (IPRI)
- AIIM Facility
- Innovation Campus
- University of Wollongong
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41
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Kongahage D, Foroughi J, Gambhir S, Spinks GM, Wallace GG. Correction: Fabrication of a graphene coated nonwoven textile for industrial applications. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra90082h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Correction for ‘Fabrication of a graphene coated nonwoven textile for industrial applications’ by Dharshika Kongahge et al., RSC Adv., 2016, 6, 73203–73209.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharshika Kongahage
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES)
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute (IPRI)
- AIIM Facility
- Innovation Campus
- University of Wollongong
| | - Javad Foroughi
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES)
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute (IPRI)
- AIIM Facility
- Innovation Campus
- University of Wollongong
| | - Sanjeev Gambhir
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES)
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute (IPRI)
- AIIM Facility
- Innovation Campus
- University of Wollongong
| | - Geoffrey M. Spinks
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES)
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute (IPRI)
- AIIM Facility
- Innovation Campus
- University of Wollongong
| | - Gordon G. Wallace
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES)
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute (IPRI)
- AIIM Facility
- Innovation Campus
- University of Wollongong
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Bakarich SE, Gorkin R, Naficy S, Gately R, in het Panhuis M, Spinks GM. 3D/4D Printing Hydrogel Composites: A Pathway to Functional Devices. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1557/adv.2015.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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43
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Xin H, Brown HR, Naficy S, Spinks GM. Mechanical recoverability and damage process of ionic-covalent PAAm-alginate hybrid hydrogels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hai Xin
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science and Intelligent Polymer Research Institute; University of Wollongong, Wollongong New South Wales 2522 Australia
| | - Hugh R. Brown
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science and Intelligent Polymer Research Institute; University of Wollongong, Wollongong New South Wales 2522 Australia
- School of Mechanical, Materials and Mechatronic Engineering; University of Wollongong; Wollongong New South Wales 2522 Australia
| | - Sina Naficy
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science and Intelligent Polymer Research Institute; University of Wollongong, Wollongong New South Wales 2522 Australia
- School of Mechanical, Materials and Mechatronic Engineering; University of Wollongong; Wollongong New South Wales 2522 Australia
| | - Geoffrey M. Spinks
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science and Intelligent Polymer Research Institute; University of Wollongong, Wollongong New South Wales 2522 Australia
- School of Mechanical, Materials and Mechatronic Engineering; University of Wollongong; Wollongong New South Wales 2522 Australia
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Lima MD, Hussain MW, Spinks GM, Naficy S, Hagenasr D, Bykova JS, Tolly D, Baughman RH. Efficient, Absorption-Powered Artificial Muscles Based on Carbon Nanotube Hybrid Yarns. Small 2015; 11:3113-3118. [PMID: 25755113 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201500424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A new type of absorption-powered artificial muscle provides high performance without needing a temperature change. These muscles, comprising coiled carbon nanotube fibers infiltrated with silicone rubber, can contract up to 50% to generate up to 1.2 kJ kg(-1) . The drive mechanism for actuation is the rubber swelling during exposure to a nonpolar solvent. Theoretical energy efficiency conversion can be as high as 16%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcio Dias Lima
- The Alan G MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road BE26, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Mohammad W Hussain
- The Alan G MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road BE26, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Geoffrey M Spinks
- Materials and Mechatronic Engineering, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Sina Naficy
- Materials and Mechatronic Engineering, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Daniela Hagenasr
- The Alan G MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road BE26, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Julia S Bykova
- The Alan G MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road BE26, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Derrick Tolly
- The Alan G MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road BE26, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
- LINTEC Nano-Science and Technology Center, 990 N. Bowser Road, Suite 800, Richardson, TX, 75081, USA
| | - Ray H Baughman
- The Alan G MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road BE26, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
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46
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Bakarich SE, Gorkin R, in het Panhuis M, Spinks GM. 4D Printing with Mechanically Robust, Thermally Actuating Hydrogels. Macromol Rapid Commun 2015; 36:1211-7. [PMID: 25864515 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201500079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A smart valve is created by 4D printing of hydrogels that are both mechanically robust and thermally actuating. The printed hydrogels are made up of an interpenetrating network of alginate and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide). 4D structures are created by printing the "dynamic" hydrogel ink alongside other static materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon E Bakarich
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.,School of Mechanical Materials and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Robert Gorkin
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Marc in het Panhuis
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.,Soft Materials Group, School of Chemistry University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Geoffrey M Spinks
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.,School of Mechanical Materials and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
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47
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Choi C, Kim SH, Sim HJ, Lee JA, Choi AY, Kim YT, Lepró X, Spinks GM, Baughman RH, Kim SJ. Stretchable, weavable coiled carbon nanotube/MnO2/polymer fiber solid-state supercapacitors. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9387. [PMID: 25797351 PMCID: PMC4369743 DOI: 10.1038/srep09387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fiber and yarn supercapacitors that are elastomerically deformable without performance loss are sought for such applications as power sources for wearable electronics, micro-devices, and implantable medical devices. Previously reported yarn and fiber supercapacitors are expensive to fabricate, difficult to upscale, or non-stretchable, which limits possible use. The elastomeric electrodes of the present solid-state supercapacitors are made by using giant inserted twist to coil a nylon sewing thread that is helically wrapped with a carbon nanotube sheet, and then electrochemically depositing pseudocapacitive MnO2 nanofibers. These solid-state supercapacitors decrease capacitance by less than 15% when reversibly stretched by 150% in the fiber direction, and largely retain capacitance while being cyclically stretched during charge and discharge. The maximum linear and areal capacitances (based on active materials) and areal energy storage and power densities (based on overall supercapacitor dimensions) are high (5.4 mF/cm, 40.9 mF/cm2, 2.6 μWh/cm2 and 66.9 μW/cm2, respectively), despite the engineered superelasticity of the fiber supercapacitor. Retention of supercapacitor performance during large strain (50%) elastic deformation is demonstrated for supercapacitors incorporated into the wristband of a glove.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changsoon Choi
- Center for Bio-Artificial Muscle and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
| | - Shi Hyeong Kim
- Center for Bio-Artificial Muscle and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
| | - Hyeon Jun Sim
- Center for Bio-Artificial Muscle and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
| | - Jae Ah Lee
- Center for Bio-Artificial Muscle and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
| | - A Young Choi
- IT Fusion Technology Research Center and Department of IT Fusion Technology, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Korea
| | - Youn Tae Kim
- IT Fusion Technology Research Center and Department of IT Fusion Technology, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Korea
| | - Xavier Lepró
- The Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75083, USA
| | - Geoffrey M Spinks
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Ray H Baughman
- The Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75083, USA
| | - Seon Jeong Kim
- Center for Bio-Artificial Muscle and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Naficy
- School of Mechanical, Materials and Mechatronic Engineering, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute and ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, University of Wollongong; Wollongong New South Wales 2522 Australia
| | - Geoffrey M. Spinks
- School of Mechanical, Materials and Mechatronic Engineering, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute and ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, University of Wollongong; Wollongong New South Wales 2522 Australia
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Xin H, Brown HR, Spinks GM. Corrigendum to “Molecular weight distribution of network strands in double network hydrogels estimated by mechanical testing” [Polymer 55 (2014) 3037–3044]. POLYMER 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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50
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Bakarich SE, Gorkin R, in het Panhuis M, Spinks GM. Three-dimensional printing fiber reinforced hydrogel composites. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2014; 6:15998-6006. [PMID: 25197745 DOI: 10.1021/am503878d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
An additive manufacturing process that combines digital modeling and 3D printing was used to prepare fiber reinforced hydrogels in a single-step process. The composite materials were fabricated by selectively pattering a combination of alginate/acrylamide gel precursor solution and an epoxy based UV-curable adhesive (Emax 904 Gel-SC) with an extrusion printer. UV irradiation was used to cure the two inks into a single composite material. Spatial control of fiber distribution within the digital models allowed for the fabrication of a series of materials with a spectrum of swelling behavior and mechanical properties with physical characteristics ranging from soft and wet to hard and dry. A comparison with the "rule of mixtures" was used to show that the swollen composite materials adhere to standard composite theory. A prototype meniscus cartilage was prepared to illustrate the potential application in bioengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon E Bakarich
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong , North Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
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