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Sun J, Dai J, Chen J, He Y, Su L, Gong M, Cao M, Wei K, You Y, Liu L, Bai L, Cui S, Chen J, Yang B. Antibiotic susceptibility and genomic analysis of ciprofloxacin-resistant and ESBLs-producing Escherichia coli in vegetables and their irrigation water and growing soil. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 414:110629. [PMID: 38368793 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
The rise of antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli has become a major global public health concern. While there is extensive research on antibiotic-resistant E. coli from human and animal sources, studies on vegetables and their environments are limited. This study investigated the prevalence and characteristics of ciprofloxacin-resistant (CIPR) E. coli in 13 types of edible raw vegetables, along with their irrigation water and soil in Shaanxi, China. Of 349 samples collected (157 vegetables, 59 water, and 133 soil), a total of 48 positive samples were detected, with one CIPRE. coli strain isolated from each sample being selected for further analyses. A striking observation was its high prevalence in irrigation water at 44.1 %, markedly exceeding that in vegetables (12.0 %) and soil (4.5 %). The susceptibility of Forty-eight CIPRE. coli isolates was evaluated using the disc diffusion method for 18 different antibiotics, all these isolates were not only resistant to the tested fluoroquinolones antibiotics (levofloxacin, nalidixic acid), but also displayed a multi-drug resistance (MDR) pattern. Twenty-eight (58.3 %) of 48 CIPRE. coli isolates exhibited extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) (CIPR-ESBLs) producing phenotype. Subsequently, whole-genome sequencing was performed on these 28 isolates. We identified 12 serotypes and STs each, with O101: H9 (35.7 %, 10/28) and ST10 (21.4 %, 6/28) being the most common. Further classification placed these isolates into five phylogenetic groups: A (57.1 %, 16/28), B1 (32.1 %, 9/28), D (3.6 %, 1/28), B2 (3.6 %,1/28), and F (3.6 %,1/28). Notelly, Identical ST types, serotypes and phylogroups were found in certain CIPR-ESBLs-producing E. coli from both vegetables and adjacent irrigation water. Genomic analysis of the 28 CIPR-ESBLs-producing E. coli isolates unveiled 73 resistance genes, associated with 13 amino acid mutations in resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) and resistance to 12 types of antibiotics. Each isolate was confirmed to carry both ESBLs and fluoroquinolone resistance genes, with the Ser83Ala mutation in GyrA (96.4 %, 27/28) being the most prevalent. A detailed analysis of Mobile Genetic Elements (MGEs) revealed that IncFIB and IncFII plasmid subtypes were most prevalent in 60.7 % and 67.9 % of isolates, respectively, with 75 % containing over 10 insertion sequences (IS) each. Furthermore, we observed that certain ESBL and PMQR genes were located on plasmids or in proximity to insertion sequences. In conclusion, our research highlights the widespread presence of CIPRE. coli in irrigation water and thoroughly examines the genetic characteristics of CIPR-ESBLs-producing E. coli strains, underlining the need for ongoing monitoring and management to reduce multidrug-resistant bacteria in vegetables and their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jinghan Dai
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jin Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yuanjie He
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Li Su
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Mengqing Gong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Mengyuan Cao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Kexin Wei
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yi You
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Lisha Liu
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Li Bai
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Shenghui Cui
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jia Chen
- College of Chemical Technology, Shijiazhuang University, Shijiazhuang 050035, China
| | - Baowei Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; Shaanxi Engineering Research Centre of Dairy Products Quality, Safety and Health, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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Wu X, Zhu Y, Yan W, Zhang P, Chen L. Pathogenic characteristics of the Vibrio parahaemolyticus which caused a gastroenteritis outbreak event in Huzhou. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2024; 371:fnad130. [PMID: 38066691 PMCID: PMC10776344 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnad130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The pathogenic characteristics of V. parahaemolyticus isolated from a gastroenteritis outbreak event in Deqing County of Huzhou City in 2022 were analyzed. Pathogen detection was performed on 30 anal swabs (26 patients, 1 chef and 3 waiters). The isolates of V. parahaemolyticus were analyzed by serum typing, pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) molecular typing, multiplex fluorescent PCR detection of tdh/trh virulence gene and drug sensitivity test. 15 patients were positive for V. parahaemolyticus, 1 patient was positive for V. parahaemolyticus and Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), 1 patient was positive for EAEC, and the chef was positive for EAEC. The serotype test results of the 16 V. parahaemolyticus were 14 O4:KUT and 2 O10:K4. All samples were negative for other tested bacteria. All V. parahaemolyticus strains were positive for tdh genes and negative for trh gene. The 16 isolates were 100% resistant to ampicillin (AMP), and sensitive to the other12 antibiotics. From the results of serotype and PFGE, the V. parahaemolyticus strains with two serotypes are clustered into two branches according to their serotypes. The three EAEC strains were non-homologous. In conclusion, we detected V. parahaemolyticus and EAEC from an outbreak of gastroenteritis. And V. parahaemolyticus with two serotypes may be the cause of this event, according to the traceability results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Wu
- Huzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Yongying Zhu
- Microbiology laboratory Deqing County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huzhou 313200, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Huzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Huzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Liping Chen
- Huzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huzhou 313000, China
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Sui X, Yang X, Luo M, Wang H, Liu Q, Sun H, Jin Y, Wu Y, Bai X, Xiong Y. Characteristics of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Circulating in Asymptomatic Food Handlers. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:640. [PMID: 37999503 PMCID: PMC10675304 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15110640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a foodborne zoonotic pathogen that causes diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis (HC), and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) worldwide. Since the infection can be asymptomatic, the circulation of STEC in some asymptomatic carriers, especially in healthy-food-related professionals, is not yet well understood. In this study, a total of 3987 anal swab samples from asymptomatic food handlers were collected, and ten swabs recovered STEC strains (0.251%). Of the ten STEC isolates, seven serotypes and eight sequence types (ST) were determined using whole genome sequencing (WGS). Two stx1 subtypes (stx1a and stx1c) and four stx2 subtypes (stx2a, stx2b, stx2d, and stx2e) were detected. Seven different insertion sites were found in fourteen Stx prophages, and the dmsB and yfhL were the newly identified insertion sites. The ten strains showed the variable Stx transcription levels after the mitomycin C induction. The whole-genome phylogeny indicated that the strains from the asymptomatic food handlers were genetically distant from the strains of HUS patients. The STEC isolates circulating in asymptomatic carriers might pose a low potential to cause disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxia Sui
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xi Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Ming Luo
- Yulin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yulin 537000, China
| | - Hua Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Qian Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Hui Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yujuan Jin
- Longgang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Yannong Wu
- Yulin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yulin 537000, China
| | - Xiangning Bai
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Yanwen Xiong
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
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Hu X, Chen Y, Xu H, Qiao J, Ge H, Liu R, Zheng B. Genomic epidemiology and transmission characteristics of mcr1-positive colistin-resistant Escherichia coli strains circulating at natural environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 882:163600. [PMID: 37086987 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
MCR-positive Escherichia coli (MCRPEC) have been reported in humans worldwide. The high prevalence of mcr-1 poses clinical and environmental risks due to its diverse genetic mechanisms. Given the vital role of animals and the environment in the spread of antibiotic resistance, a "One Health" perspective should be taken when addressing antimicrobial resistance issues. This study conducted a prospective study in six farms (located in Jiaxing City, Zhejiang province, China) in 2019. MCRPEC strains were screened from samples of different sources. The molecular epidemiological surveys and transmission potential were investigated by whole-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. MCRPEC were detected in different farms with various sources. Sequence type complex 10 was dominant and distributed widely in multiple sources. Core-genome multilocus sequence type (cgMLST) analysis indicated that clonal transmission could occur within and between farms. In addition, mcr-1 genes with different locations showed different transmission tendencies. The study indicated that interspecies and cross-regional transmission of MCRPEC could occur between different sectors in farms. Further surveillance and research of non-clinical MCRPEC strains are necessary to reduce the threat of MCRPEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjun Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, China
| | - Yingying Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Jie Qiao
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Haoyu Ge
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Ruishan Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, China.
| | - Beiwen Zheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, China
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Zou H, Han J, Zhao L, Wang D, Guan Y, Wu T, Hou X, Han H, Li X. The shared NDM-positive strains in the hospital and connecting aquatic environments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 860:160404. [PMID: 36427732 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The spread of antibiotic-resistant priority pathogens outside hospital settings is, both, a significant public health concern and an environmental problem. In recent years, New Delhi Metallo-β-lactamase (NDM)-positive strains have caused nosocomial infections with high mortality and poor prognosis worldwide. Our study investigated the links of NDM-positive strains between the hospital and the connecting river system in Jinan city, Eastern China by using NDM-producing Escherichia coli (NDM-EC) as an indicator via whole genome sequencing. Thirteen NDM-EC isolates were detected from 187 river water and sediment samples, while 9 isolates were identified from patients at the local hospital. All NDM-EC isolates were resistant to imipenem, meropenem, cefotaxime, cefoxitin, ampicillin, tetracycline, fosfomycin, piperacillin-tazobactam. The blaNDM-5 (n = 20) and blaNDM-9 (n = 2) genes were identified, which were predominantly on IncX3 plasmids (n = 13), followed by IncFII plasmids (n = 5) and IncFIA plasmids (n = 2). Conjugation experiments showed that 21 isolates could transfer NDM-harboring plasmids. The well-conserved blaNDM-5 genetic environment (ISAba125-blaNDM-5/9-bleMBL-trpF-dsbD-IS26) of these plasmids suggested a common genetic origin. Nine sequence types (STs) were detected, including three international high-risk clones ST167 (n = 8), ST410 (n = 1), and ST617 (n = 1). Phylogenetic analysis showed ST167 E. coli from the river was genotypically related to clinical isolates recovered from patients. Furthermore, ST167 isolates showed high genetic similarities with other clinical strains from geographically distinct regions. The genetic concordance between isolates from different sampling sites in the same river (ST218 clone), and different rivers (ST448 clone) raises concerns regarding the rapid dissemination of NDM-EC in the aquatic environment. The emergence and spread of the clinically relevant NDM-positive strains, especially for E. coli ST167 clone, an international high-risk clone associated with multi-resistance and virulence capacity, within and between the hospital and aquatic environments were elucidated, highlighting the need for attention and action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyun Zou
- Department of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Jingyi Han
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- Department of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yanyu Guan
- Department of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Tianle Wu
- Department of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Xinjiao Hou
- Department of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Hui Han
- Department of Infection Control, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.
| | - Xuewen Li
- Department of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
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Yoneda I, Rozanah UN, Nishiyama M, Mith H, Watanabe T. Detection and genetic analysis of Escherichia coli from Tonle Sap Lake and its tributaries in Cambodia: Spatial distribution, seasonal variation, pathogenicity, and antimicrobial resistance. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 315:120406. [PMID: 36252883 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As an indicator of fecal contamination, Escherichia coli was monitored in Tonle Sap Lake, Cambodia, and its tributaries during low- and high-water seasons, focusing on the impacts on floating villagers inhabiting boathouses. E. coli concentrations in the floating villages (3.6 × 103 and 5.7 × 103 CFU/100 mL during the low- and high-water seasons, respectively) were significantly higher than those in other lake sites (4.0 × 101 and 7.0 × 100 CFU/100 mL during the low- and high-water seasons, respectively) and rivers (3.3 × 102 and 8.9 × 102 CFU/100 mL during the low- and high-water seasons, respectively), most likely because fecal materials from the boathouses were discharged without treatment. At most of the lake sampling sites remote from the boathouses, the E. coli concentration was lower during the high-water season than that during the low-water season, due to dilution by lake water. E. coli colonies detected during monitoring were isolated for pathotyping, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, beta-lactamase gene detection, and multilocus sequencing typing (MLST). Of the 659 E. coli isolates, 101 (15.3%) were diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC). The prevalence of DEC (52.2%) in the floating villages during the low-water season was higher than that during the high-water season (4.2%) and that in other sites during both seasons (10.6-21.3%). The DEC isolates from the floating villages during the low-water season showed high antimicrobial resistance, including ampicillin (83.4%) and ciprofloxacin (83.4%), and frequently possessed a beta-lactamase gene (blaTEM) (83.4%). MLST analysis indicated that the predominant sequence type (ST) of DEC isolates from the floating villages possibly originated from humans, whereas more diverse STs were detected in isolates from other sites. We revealed the wide presence of diarrheagenic and antimicrobial-resistant E. coli in Tonle Sap Lake and identified a considerable infection risk in floating villages, especially during the low-water season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Yoneda
- Department of Regional Environment Creation, United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, 18-8 Ueda 3-Chome, Morioka, 020-8850, Japan.
| | - Ulya Nur Rozanah
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Gadjah Mada University, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Masateru Nishiyama
- Department of Food, Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, 1-23 Wakaba-Machi, Tsuruoka, 997-8555, Japan
| | - Hasika Mith
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Engineering, Institute of Technology of Cambodia, Russian Federation Blvd., P.O. Box 86, Phnom Penh, 12156, Cambodia
| | - Toru Watanabe
- Department of Food, Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, 1-23 Wakaba-Machi, Tsuruoka, 997-8555, Japan
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Abbasi E, van Belkum A, Ghaznavi-Rad E. Common Etiological Agents in Adult Patients with Gastroenteritis from Central Iran. Microb Drug Resist 2022; 28:1043-1055. [PMID: 36130139 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2021.0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: This study represents the first analysis from Iran for both the frequency of the most common causes of infectious diarrhoea and their antibiotic resistance patterns in adult patients. Methods: Adult stool specimens (n = 211) were analyzed. Stool specimens were analyzed using standard microbiological, polymerase chain reaction, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction tests to identify bacterial, parasitic, and viral enteropathogens. Antibiotic resistance profiles were determined. Results: Enteropathogens were identified in 46.4% (98/211) of the surveyed samples. This included 33.1% (70/211) bacterial infections, including 9.9% (21/211) diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) and 8.5% (18/211) Shigella spp. We detected 7.1% (15/211) parasitic infections (mostly Giardia lamblia) and 6.1% (13/211) viral infections (mostly adenovirus). The DEC and Shigella spp. isolates included many multi-drug resistant (MDR) isolates (95.2% and 77.7%, respectively), and extended spectrum-β-lactamase (ESBL) genes were often present (57.1% and 61.1%, respectively). The most commonly identified ESBL genes in the DEC and Shigella spp. isolates were blaTEM (100% in both species), blaCTX-M15 (91.6% and 100%, respectively), AmpC blaCIT (80% and 100%, respectively), and blaDHA (80% and 100%, respectively). Conclusions: Bacterial infection was the primary cause of infectious diarrhea, affecting one-third of the adults. The frequency of DEC and Shigella spp. was higher than for other enteropathogens. The high prevalence of MDR, the elevated incidence of ESBL genes among Shigella spp. and DEC isolates, and the presence of quinolone resistance in the Salmonella spp. isolates represent a significant challenge for gastroenteritis diagnosis and treatment in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Abbasi
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Alex van Belkum
- Data Analytics Department, BioMérieux, La Balme les Grottes, France
| | - Ehsanollah Ghaznavi-Rad
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.,Department of Biotechnology, Molecular and Medicine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
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Chen Q, Zou Z, Cai C, Li H, Wang Y, Lei L, Shao B. Characterization of blaNDM-5-and blaCTX-M-199-Producing ST167 Escherichia coli Isolated from Shared Bikes. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11081030. [PMID: 36009901 PMCID: PMC9404906 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11081030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Shared bikes as a public transport provide convenience for short-distance travel. Whilst they also act as a potential vector for antimicrobial resistant (AR) bacteria and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). However, the understanding of the whole genome sequence of AR strains and ARGs-carrying plasmids collected from shared bikes is still lacking. Here, we used the HiSeq platform to sequence and analyze 24 Escherichia coli isolated from shared bikes around Metro Stations in Beijing. The isolates from shared bikes showed 14 STs and various genotypes. Two blaNDM-5 and blaCTX-M-199-producing ST167 E. coli have 16 resistance genes, four plasmid types and show >95% of similarities in core genomes compared with the ST167 E. coli strains from different origins. The blaNDM-5- or blaCTX-M-199-carrying plasmids sequencing by Nanopore were compared to plasmids with blaNDM-5- or blaCTX-M-199 originated from humans and animals. These two ST167 E. coli show high similarities in core genomes and the plasmid profiles with strains from hospital inpatients and farm animals. Our study indicated that ST167 E. coli is retained in diverse environments and carried with various plasmids. The analysis of strains such as ST167 can provide useful information for preventing or controlling the spread of AR bacteria between animals, humans and environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyan Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Q.C.); (Z.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 100013, China;
| | - Zhiyu Zou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Q.C.); (Z.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Chang Cai
- College of Arts, Business, Law and Social Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia;
| | - Hui Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 100013, China;
| | - Yang Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Q.C.); (Z.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Lei Lei
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (B.S.)
| | - Bing Shao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Q.C.); (Z.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 100013, China;
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (B.S.)
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Guo Y, Ryan U, Feng Y, Xiao L. Association of Common Zoonotic Pathogens With Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:810142. [PMID: 35082774 PMCID: PMC8784678 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.810142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal farming has intensified significantly in recent decades, with the emergence of concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) in industrialized nations. The congregation of susceptible animals in CAFOs can lead to heavy environmental contamination with pathogens, promoting the emergence of hyper-transmissible, and virulent pathogens. As a result, CAFOs have been associated with emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses, hepatitis E virus, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Streptococcus suis, livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and Cryptosporidium parvum in farm animals. This has led to increased transmission of zoonotic pathogens in humans and changes in disease patterns in general communities. They are exemplified by the common occurrence of outbreaks of illnesses through direct and indirect contact with farm animals, and wide occurrence of similar serotypes or subtypes in both humans and farm animals in industrialized nations. Therefore, control measures should be developed to slow down the dispersal of zoonotic pathogens associated with CAFOs and prevent the emergence of new pathogens of epidemic and pandemic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqiong Guo
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Una Ryan
- Vector- and Water-Borne Pathogen Research Group, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
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10
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Liu FL, Kuan NL, Yeh KS. Presence of the Extended-Spectrum-β-Lactamase and Plasmid-Mediated AmpC-Encoding Genes in Escherichia coli from Companion Animals-A Study from a University-Based Veterinary Hospital in Taipei, Taiwan. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10121536. [PMID: 34943748 PMCID: PMC8698527 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10121536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Extended-spectrum-β-lactamase (ESBL) and AmpC β-lactamase are two enzymes commonly found in Enterobacteriaceae that confer resistance to major antibiotics, such as third-generation cephalosporins that are widely prescribed for both human and animals. We screened for Escherichia coli producing ESBL and plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamase (pAmpC) from dogs and cats brought to National Taiwan University Veterinary Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan from 29 June 2020, to 31 December 2020. The genotypes and phylogenetic relatedness of these E. coli were also analyzed. Fifty samples of E. coli obtained from 249 bacterial isolates were included in this study. Among them, eight isolates had ESBL, seven had pAmpC, and one had both. Thirty-two percent (16/50) of E. coli isolates were resistant to third-generation cephalosporins. The detected ESBL genes included the blaCTX-M-1 and blaCTX-M-9 groups, and the blaCMY-2 group was the only gene type found in pAmpC. ESBL-producing E. coli belonged to the pathogenic phylogroup B2, and the sequence types (STs) were ST131 and ST1193. Three isolates were determined to be ST131-O25b, a highly virulent epidemic clone. The pAmpC-producing E. coli were distributed in multiple phylogroups, primarily the commensal phylogroup B1. The STs of the pAmpC-producing E. coli included ST155, ST315, ST617, ST457, ST767, ST372, and ST93; all of these have been reported in humans and animals. Imipenem was active against all the ESBL/pAmpC-producing E. coli; however, since in humans it is a last-resort antimicrobial, its use in companion animals should be restricted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Ling Liu
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; (F.-L.L.); (N.-L.K.)
| | - Nan-Ling Kuan
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; (F.-L.L.); (N.-L.K.)
- Biology Division, Animal Health Research Institute, Tansui, New Taipei City 25158, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Sheng Yeh
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; (F.-L.L.); (N.-L.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-33661289
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11
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Shahbazi G, Rezaee MA, Nikkhahi F, Ebrahimzadeh S, Hemmati F, Namarvar BB, Gholizadeh P. Characteristics of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli pathotypes among children under the age of 10 years with acute diarrhea. GENE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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12
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Yang C, Li Y, Zuo L, Jiang M, Zhang X, Xie L, Luo M, She Y, Wang L, Jiang Y, Wu S, Cai R, Shi X, Cui Y, Wan C, Hu Q. Genomic Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli From Outpatients With Diarrhea in Shenzhen, China, 2015-2020. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:732068. [PMID: 34777281 PMCID: PMC8581654 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.732068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is the leading cause of severe diarrhea in children and the most common cause of diarrhea in travelers. However, most ETEC infections in Shenzhen, China were from indigenous adults. In this study, we characterized 106 ETEC isolates from indigenous outpatients with diarrhea (77% were adults aged >20 years) in Shenzhen between 2015 and 2020 by whole-genome sequencing and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Shenzhen ETEC isolates showed a remarkable high diversity, which belonged to four E. coli phylogroups (A: 71%, B1: 13%, E: 10%, and D: 6%) and 15 ETEC lineages, with L11 (25%, O159:H34/O159:H43, ST218/ST3153), novel L2/4 (21%, O6:H16, ST48), and L4 (15%, O25:H16, ST1491) being major lineages. Heat-stable toxin (ST) was most prevalent (76%, STh: 60% STp: 16%), followed by heat-labile toxin (LT, 17%) and ST + LT (7%). One or multiple colonization factors (CFs) were identified in 68 (64%) isolates, with the common CFs being CS21 (48%) and CS6 (34%). Antimicrobial resistance mutation/gene profiles of genomes were concordant with the phenotype testing results of 52 representative isolates, which revealed high resistance rate to nalidixic acid (71%), ampicillin (69%), and ampicillin/sulbactam (46%), and demonstrated that the novel L2/4 was a multidrug-resistant lineage. This study provides novel insight into the genomic epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of ETEC infections in indigenous adults for the first time, which further improves our understanding on ETEC epidemiology and has implications for the development of vaccine and future surveillance and prevention of ETEC infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Microbiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yinghui Li
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Le Zuo
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Min Jiang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xianglilan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Li Xie
- School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Miaomiao Luo
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yiying She
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yixiang Jiang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuang Wu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Rui Cai
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaolu Shi
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yujun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Chengsong Wan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qinghua Hu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
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13
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Characteristics of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli among patients with acute diarrhea in China, 2009‒2018. J Infect 2021; 83:424-432. [PMID: 34358582 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Objectives To investigate the epidemiological features of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) in patients with acute diarrhea in China. Methods An active sentinel surveillance was performed in all-age patients with acute diarrhea in China, 2009‒2018. DEC was isolated and identified by serological assay and PCR from stool samples. Results DEC was determined in 6.68% (6,119/91,651) of the patients, with higher positive rates among females than among males (6.97% vs. 6.46%) and among 18‒59 years patients (7.88%) than among other age groups. Five pathotypes were identified, the most prevalent was enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), followed by enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), and enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC). Pediatric patients <5 years had higher positive rate of EAEC (2.07%), followed by EPEC (1.81%), and enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) (0.31%), while the 18‒59 years patients had higher infection of ETEC (2.36%). ETEC and EPEC were more frequently identified in urban than rural areas, with age and gender adjusted positive rate of 1.68% vs. 1.14% respectively, and 1.77% vs. 1.55%, while EIEC and EHEC were more frequently identified in rural areas. Conclusions These findings highlight the epidemiology features of DEC and underscores the need for conducting DEC surveillance.
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14
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Abstract
Diarrheal disease is still a major public health concern, as it is still considered an important cause of death in children under five years of age. A few decades ago, the detection of enteropathogenic E. coli was made by detecting the O, H, and K antigens, mostly by agglutination. The recent protocols recommend the molecular methods for diagnosing EPEC, as they can distinguish between typical and atypical EPEC by identifying the presence/absence of specific virulence factors. EPEC are defined as diarrheagenic strains of E. coli that can produce attaching and effacing lesions on the intestinal epithelium while being incapable of producing Shiga toxins and heat-labile or heat-stable enterotoxins. The ability of these strains to produce attaching and effacing lesions enable them to cause localized lesions by attaching tightly to the surface of the intestinal epithelial cells, disrupting the surfaces of the cells, thus leading to the effacement of the microvilli. EPEC are classified on typical and atypical isolates, based on the presence or absence of E. coli adherence factor plasmids. All the EPEC strains are eae positive; typical EPEC strains are eae+, bfpA+, while atypical strains are eae+, bfpA−. No vaccines are currently available to prevent EPEC infections.
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15
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Prah I, Ayibieke A, Nguyen TTH, Iguchi A, Mahazu S, Sato W, Hayashi T, Yamaoka S, Suzuki T, Iwanaga S, Ablordey A, Saito R. Virulence Profiles of Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli Isolated from the Western Region of Ghana. Jpn J Infect Dis 2020; 74:115-121. [PMID: 32863350 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2020.356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC), an important agent of infectious diarrhea, is constantly evolving, making its periodic monitoring necessary. However, the DEC genotypes in Ghana remain uncharacterized. We focused on characterizing the molecular serotypes, virulence factors, multilocus sequence types, and the phylogenetic relatedness among different DEC pathotypes recovered from stool samples of pediatric patients with symptoms of diarrhea from the Western region of Ghana. We detected all five common DEC pathotypes, with the majority of the isolates being enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) harboring the heat-labile enterotoxin gene. The DEC strains exhibited diverse serotypic identity with novel and previously reported outbreak strains. Sequence types (ST) ST38, ST316, and ST1722 were most prevalent, and clonal complex 10 (CC10) was the most common CC. A close evolutionary distance was observed among most of the isolates. Coli surface antigen 6 was the most prevalent (44%, n = 11) ETEC-specific colonization factor. Nearly all the isolates harbored lpfA, and the frequencies of other virulence genes such as pap and cnf1 were 7.9% and 18.4%, respectively. This study provides insights into the important and novel genotypes circulating in the Western region of Ghana that should be monitored for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Prah
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan.,Department of Molecular Virology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
| | - Alafate Ayibieke
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
| | - Thi Thu Huong Nguyen
- Interdisciplinary Graduate school of Agriculture and Engineering, University of Miyazaki, Japan
| | | | - Samiratu Mahazu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan.,Department of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
| | - Wakana Sato
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
| | - Takaya Hayashi
- Department of Molecular Virology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
| | - Shoji Yamaoka
- Department of Molecular Virology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Suzuki
- Department of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
| | - Shiroh Iwanaga
- Department of Environmental Parasitology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
| | - Anthony Ablordey
- Bacteriology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Ghana
| | - Ryoichi Saito
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
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16
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Xiang Y, Wu F, Chai Y, Xu X, Yang L, Tian S, Zhang H, Li Y, Yang C, Liu H, Qiu S, Song H, Sun Y. A new plasmid carrying mphA causes prevalence of azithromycin resistance in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli serogroup O6. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:247. [PMID: 32782021 PMCID: PMC7418381 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01927-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background At present, azithromycin has become an effective treatment for severe diarrhea caused by Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) infection. However, enterobacteria have begun to develop resistance to azithromycin and have attracted attention in recent years. This study conducted to described the emergence of a high proportion of azithromycin-resistant ETEC serogroup O6 strains in Shanghai and to analyzed the mechanisms of azithromycin resistance. Results Strains from adult diarrhea patients with ETEC serogroup O6 infections were collected by Shanghai Diarrhea Surveillance Network and the Foodborne Surveillance Network from 2016 to 2018. We tested 30 isolates of ETEC O6 serogroup, 26 of which were resistant to azithromycin. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these ETEC serogroup O6 strains have formed an independent dominant clone. S1-PFGE and southern blotting revealed the presence of the mphA gene on the 103 kb plasmid. Illumina and Nanopore sequencing and plasmid coverage analysis further confirmed that azithromycin-resistant strains carried a novel IncFII plasmid harboring mphA and blaTEM-1 resistance genes. Conclusions This is the first study to report a high proportion of azithromycin resistance in a particular ETEC serogroup due to a specific plasmid carrying mphA. Our findings indicate the rapid spread of azithromycin resistance, highlighting the urgency of stringent surveillance and control measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xiang
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, NO.20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, China.,Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, NO.20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, China.,Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Southern Theatre Command, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Wu
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, NO.20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, China.,Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, NO.20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Yinghui Chai
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, NO.20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Xuebin Xu
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Lang Yang
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, NO.20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Sai Tian
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, NO.20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Haoran Zhang
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, NO.20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Yinxia Li
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, NO.20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Chaojie Yang
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, NO.20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Hongbo Liu
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, NO.20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Shaofu Qiu
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, NO.20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, China.
| | - Hongbin Song
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, NO.20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, China.
| | - Yansong Sun
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, NO.20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, China.
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17
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Genetic diversity, antimicrobial resistance and extended-spectrum β-lactamase type of Escherichia coli isolates from chicken, dog, pig and yak in Gansu and Qinghai Provinces, China. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2020; 22:726-732. [PMID: 32659505 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2020.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this study, the genetic diversity, phylogenetic grouping, antimicrobial resistance and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) types of Escherichia coli isolates from chickens, dogs, pigs and yaks in six prefectures of Gansu and Qinghai Provinces, China, were investigated. METHODS E. coli was isolated from diarrhoeic and healthy faecal samples. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST), phylogenetic grouping, antimicrobial resistance and ESBL profiles were investigated. RESULTS A total of 142 MLST sequence types (STs) were identified from 400 E. coli isolates. eBURST clustering analysis resolved the 142 STs into 19 clonal complexes (CCs) and 67 singletons. PCR phylogenetic typing determined the isolation rate of potentially pathogenic B2/D group isolates among all E. coli to be 12.5% from healthy animal samples and 17.5% from diarrhoeic samples. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed 78 antimicrobial resistance patterns. E. coli resistance rates were highest to doxycycline, ampicillin and tetracycline, whereas polymyxin B and meropenem had the lowest resistance rates. All polymyxin B-resistant E. coli isolates were positive for the mcr-1 gene. A total of 62 ESBL-producing isolates were identified. The ESBL prevalence was 55.0% in diarrhoeic samplings and 5.6% in healthy animals. TEM (82.3%) was the predominant ESBL type, followed by CTM (43.5%) and SHV (19.4%). CONCLUSION E. coli isolates in the study area have a high diversity of genetic and antimicrobial resistance patterns but a relatively low isolation rate of potentially pathogenic phylogroups. However, the somewhat high isolation rate of multidrug-resistant E. coli, particularly ESBL-producing isolates, requires continual surveillance of E. coli from animals in these areas.
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18
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Boxall MD, Day MR, Greig DR, Jenkins C. Antimicrobial resistance profiles of diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli isolated from travellers returning to the UK, 2015-2017. J Med Microbiol 2020; 69:932-943. [PMID: 32530393 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) are difficult to distinguish from non-pathogenic commensal E. coli using traditional culture methods. The implementation of PCR targeting specific virulence genes characteristic of the five DEC pathotypes, has improved the detection of DEC in faecal specimens from patients with symptoms of gastrointestinal disease.Aim. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles of 660 strains of DEC isolated between 2015 and 2017 from UK travellers reporting symptoms of gastrointestinal disease were reviewed to look for evidence of emerging AMR associated with travellers' diarrhoea.Methodology. All isolates of DEC were sequenced, and sequence type, serotype, pathotype markers and AMR profiles were derived from the genome data.Results. A travel history was provided for 54.1 % (357/660) of cases, of which 77.0 % (275/357) reported travel outside the UK within 7 days of onset of symptoms, and 23.0 % (82/357) reported no travel in that time frame. Of the 660 strains of DEC in this study, 265 (40.2 %) samples were identified as EAEC, 48 (7.3 %) as EIEC, 61 (9.2 %) were ETEC and 286 (43.3 %) were EPEC. EPEC caused the highest percentage of infections in children (40.6 %) whilst the highest proportion of cases reporting recent travel were infected with ETEC (86.1 %). There were 390/660 (59.0 %) isolates resistant to at least one antimicrobial on the panel tested (EIEC, 81.3 %; ETEC, n=65.6 %; EAEC, n=73.2 %; EPEC, 40.9 %) and 265/660 (40.2 %) were multidrug-resistant (EIEC, 33.3 %; ETEC, 32.8 %; EAEC, 56.2 %; EPEC, 28.0 %). Genes conferring resistance to the beta-lactams and fluroquinolones were highest in the EAEC pathotype, 56.6 and 60.7%, respectively.Conclusions. Increasing MDR, along with resistance to the fluroquinolones and the third-generation cephalosporins, in DEC causing travellers' diarrhoea provides further evidence for the need to restrict the use of antimicrobial agents and continuous monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan D Boxall
- Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, National Infection Service, PHE, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Martin R Day
- Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, National Infection Service, PHE, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - David R Greig
- Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, National Infection Service, PHE, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Claire Jenkins
- Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, National Infection Service, PHE, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK
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19
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Abbasi E, Mondanizadeh M, van Belkum A, Ghaznavi-Rad E. Multi-Drug-Resistant Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli Pathotypes in Pediatric Patients with Gastroenteritis from Central Iran. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:1387-1396. [PMID: 32523359 PMCID: PMC7234969 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s247732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) is a significant cause of gastroenteritis and a major public health problem. This study investigates the prevalence and the antibiotic resistance patterns of DEC that were isolated from infectious diarrhea samples of pediatric patients from central Iran. Patients and Methods Pediatric diarrhea samples were collected from 230 pediatric patients visiting the hospital. E. coli pathotypes were diagnosed by using conventional culture methods and PCR. Antibiotic resistance profiles, the frequency of multi-drug resistance (MDR), and the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of extended spectrum-β-lactamase (ESBL), AmpC and integron-associated genes were analyzed. Results Of the 230 samples of infectious diarrhea, 91 (39.5%) produced E. coli isolates. Of these, 32 cases (35.1%) were identified as DEC by culture and PCR. The frequency of the E. coli pathotypes obtained was as follows: EAEC 11/32 (34.3%), EPEC 9/32 (28.1%), ETEC 6/32 (18.7%), EIEC 3/32 (9.3%), and EHEC 3/32 (9.3%). The antibiotic resistance rates were greater for nalidixic acid (30/32; 93.7%), ampicillin (29/32; 90.6%), and tetracycline (25/32; 78.1%) than for any of the other tested antibiotics. High levels of MDR (25/32; 78.1%) and the presence of ESBL (18/32; 56.2%) and AmpC (9/32; 28.1%) were observed in the DEC isolates. The isolates showed a higher frequency of the ESBL genes [blaTEM (18/18; 100%), blaCTX-M15 (17/18; 94.4%)], and AmpC [bla CIT (4/9; 44.4%) and blaDHA (4/9; 44.4%)] than of the other ESBL and AmpC genes. Conclusion Compared to the previous study, DEC appeared to be the second-most abundant agent of diarrhea in pediatric patients after Campylobacter jejuni, with frequent MDR and ESBL presence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Abbasi
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Mondanizadeh
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Alex van Belkum
- Data Analytics Department, BioMérieux, La Balme les Grottes, France
| | - Ehsanollah Ghaznavi-Rad
- Molecular and Medicine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Arak School of Paramedicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
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20
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Verma S, Venkatesh V, Kumar R, Kashyap S, Kumar M, Maurya AK, Dhole TN, Singh M. Etiological agents of diarrhea in hospitalized pediatric patients with special emphasis on diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in North India. J Lab Physicians 2020; 11:68-74. [PMID: 30983806 PMCID: PMC6437815 DOI: 10.4103/jlp.jlp_123_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Infectious diarrhea is leading infectious cause of childhood morbidity, hospitalizations, and mortality particularly in children living in developing countries like India. The etiological agents differ depending on geographical area, and recent data suggest increase in drug resistance to various enteropathogens. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to investigate emerging diarrheal agents and antimicrobial resistance profile of bacterial pathogens from children (<12 years of age) hospitalized with acute diarrhea. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional, hospital-based observational study was conducted over 1 year in which 100 children <12 years who were hospitalized due to diarrhea were recruited. Diarrhea was defined as the passage of three or more liquid stools in a 24-h period using the World Health Organization guidelines. Samples were processed for detection of various bacterial, viral, and parasitic agents by standard microbiological, serological, and molecular tests. Antimicrobial resistance testing was performed with the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. ELISA was performed for Rotavirus and Escherichia coli O157. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction test was performed to detect diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC). RESULTS Pathogenic diarrheal agents were found in 63% patients. Rotavirus was identified in 52.5%, DEC in 29%, Vibrio cholerae in 4%, Shigella flexneri in 3%, Aeromonas sp. in 1%, Giardia lamblia in 4%, and Entamoeba histolytica in 1% cases. Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) in 19 (65.5%) cases was the most common agent followed by Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) in 5 (17.2%), Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) in 2 (6%), and Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) in 3 (10.3%) cases. Resistance rates of DEC to first-line therapeutic drugs were high, 97.3% to ampicillin and 95.95% to co-trimoxazole. DEC was susceptible to chloramphenicol in 58.11%, gentamicin in 48.19%, and amikacin in 58.11% cases. Shigella sp. and V. cholerae isolates were 100% sensitive to gentamicin and ofloxacin. CONCLUSION EPEC is the most common DEC pathotype and EAEC, ETEC, and EIEC are also emerging as dominant diarrheal agents. Rotavirus was the most common causative agents of diarrhea especially in children <5 years. Most of the bacterial isolates showed high level of drug resistance to first-line empirical drugs and were multidrug resistant making them unsuitable for empiric treatment. Laboratory monitoring of drug susceptibility of stool isolates appears necessary to formulate antibiotic policy for treating diarrheal illness at the local level. There is an urgent need to strengthen diarrheal surveillance to monitor susceptibility to commonly prescribed antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheetal Verma
- Department of Microbiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vimala Venkatesh
- Department of Microbiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rashmi Kumar
- Department of Paediatrics, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Saurabh Kashyap
- Department of Community Medicine, Integral Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anand Kumar Maurya
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - T N Dhole
- Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mastan Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Antibiotic resistance and molecular characterization of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli isolated from patients with diarrhea in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03721. [PMID: 32274438 PMCID: PMC7132075 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To investigate presence of Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) in patients suffering with diarrhea by targeting the pCVD432 (pAA) gene using PCR. Methods There were 63 non-duplicate isolates of E. coli isolated from diarrheal cases in teaching hospital in Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia between May 2013 to July 2014. All E. coli strains were examined for antibiotic susceptibility testing and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of virulence gene markers for EAEC. Results Of the 63 E coli strains that were reported with diarrheal cases, 35 (55.6%) EAEC were tested positive for pCVD432 gene and aggR gene was present in 19 (54.3%) strains. All strains tested positive for pCVD432 and aggR genes were classified as typical EAEC (tEAEC). EAEC revealed resistance to tetracycline, ampicillin, nalidixic acid, trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin, streptomycin, noroxin, and piperacillin. Conclusion EAEC was detected for the first time, among Saudi patients with diarrhea in this region of Saudi Arabia. The reported antibiotic resistance in this study is considered high among isolated EAEC strains to routinely prescribed antibiotics in our area.
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Occurrence and Characteristics of Mobile Colistin Resistance ( mcr) Gene-Containing Isolates from the Environment: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17031028. [PMID: 32041167 PMCID: PMC7036836 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17031028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The emergence and spread of mobile colistin (COL) resistance (mcr) genes jeopardize the efficacy of COL, a last resort antibiotic for treating deadly infections. COL has been used in livestock for decades globally. Bacteria have mobilized mcr genes (mcr-1 to mcr-9). Mcr-gene-containing bacteria (MGCB) have disseminated by horizontal/lateral transfer into diverse ecosystems, including aquatic, soil, botanical, wildlife, animal environment, and public places. The mcr-1, mcr-2, mcr-3, mcr-5, mcr-7, and mcr-8 have been detected in isolates from and/or directly in environmental samples. These genes are harboured by Escherichia coli, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Proteus, Salmonella, Citrobacter, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Kluyvera, Aeromonas, Providencia, and Raulotella isolates. Different conjugative and non-conjugative plasmids form the backbones for mcr in these isolates, but mcr have also been integrated into the chromosome of some strains. Insertion sequences (IS) (especially ISApl1) located upstream or downstream of mcr, class 1–3 integrons, and transposons are other drivers of mcr in the environment. Genes encoding multi-/extensive-drug resistance and virulence are often co-located with mcr on plasmids in environmental isolates. Transmission of mcr to/among environmental strains is clonally unrestricted. Contact with the mcr-containing reservoirs, consumption of contaminated animal-/plant-based foods or water, international animal-/plant-based food trades and travel, are routes for transmission of MGCB.
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Truncated Class 1 Integron Gene Cassette Arrays Contribute to Antimicrobial Resistance of Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:4908189. [PMID: 32090095 PMCID: PMC7013361 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4908189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Class 1 integrons (c1-integrons) are associated with multidrug resistance in diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC). However, little is known about gene cassettes located within these c1-integrons, particularly truncated c1-integrons, in DEC strains. Therefore, the aims of the present study were to reveal the relationship between antimicrobial resistance and the presence of truncated c1-integrons in DEC isolates derived from human stool samples in Japan. A total of 162 human stool-derived DEC isolates from Japan were examined by antimicrobial susceptibility testing, PCR-based gene detection, and next-generation sequencing analyses. Results showed that 44.4% (12/27) of c1-integrons identified in the DEC isolates harbored only intI1 (an element of c1-integrons) and were truncated by IS26, Tn3, or IS1-group insertion sequences. No difference in the frequency of antimicrobial resistance was recorded between intact and truncated c1-integron-positive DEC isolates. Isolates containing intact/truncated c1-integrons, particularly enteroaggregative E. coli isolates, were resistant to a greater number of antimicrobials than isolates without c1-integrons. aadA and dfrA were the most prevalent antimicrobial resistance genes in the intact/truncated c1-integrons examined in this study. Therefore, gene cassettes located within these intact/truncated c1-integrons may only play a limited role in conferring antimicrobial resistance among DEC. However, DEC harboring truncated c1-integrons may be resistant to a greater number of antimicrobials than c1-integron-negative DEC, similar to strains harboring intact c1-integrons.
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Jung D, Rubin JE. Identification of antimicrobial resistant bacteria from plant-based food products imported into Canada. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 319:108509. [PMID: 31945714 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The role of plant-based foods in the epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance has been inadequately studied. In this investigation, resistant organisms from vegetables, fruits and spices imported into Canada were identified and characterized. A total of 143 products imported from primarily Asian and African countries were purchased from international markets in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. Samples were selectively cultured for bacterial species where resistance is known to be emerging. The proportions of samples positive for each organism were as follows: E. coli (n = 13, 9.1%), Salmonella spp. (n = 2, 1.4%), ESBL producing Enterobacter spp. (n = 2, 1.4%) and K. pneumoniae (n = 2, 1.4%), S. aureus (n = 7, 4.9%) and Enterococcus spp. (n = 66, 46.2%). Antimicrobial minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined by broth micro-dilution and agar-dilution. Based on the susceptibility of each organism, isolates were screened for resistance genes (β-lactamases and plasmid mediated quinolones resistance determinants) by PCR. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae and methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) were identified from 6/143 (4.2%) and 2/143 (1.4%) of samples respectively. The qnrB, qnrS and aac(6')-Ib-cr plasmid mediated quinolone resistance determinants were identified in 2/143 (1.4%) of samples tested. None of the Enterobacteriaceae isolates were resistant to meropenem or colistin. Similarly, all Enterococcus isolates remained susceptible to ampicillin, penicillin and vancomycin. Finding multi-drug resistant bacteria which are frequently isolated from human infections is concerning, although the contribution of the global food trade to the dissemination of resistance remains cryptic. These results suggest that imported plant-based foods may be an underappreciated source of clinically relevant resistant organisms. Further study is required to address these gaps in our understanding of the epidemiology of resistance, and the magnitude of the risk posed to human health by these organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyun Jung
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Joseph E Rubin
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
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Guerrieri CG, Monfardini MV, Silva EA, Bueno de Freitas L, Schuenck RP, Spano LC. Wide genetic heterogeneity and low antimicrobial resistance of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli isolates from several rural communities. J Med Microbiol 2020; 69:96-103. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Gastaldi Guerrieri
- Department of Pathology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Mariane Vedovatti Monfardini
- Department of Pathology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Eliza Andrade Silva
- Department of Pathology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Luciana Bueno de Freitas
- Department of Pathology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Pinto Schuenck
- Department of Pathology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Liliana Cruz Spano
- Department of Pathology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
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Chen C, Wang LP, Yu JX, Chen X, Wang RN, Yang XZ, Zheng SF, Yu F, Zhang ZK, Liu SJ, Li ZJ, Chen Y. Prevalence of Enteropathogens in Outpatients with Acute Diarrhea from Urban and Rural Areas, Southeast China, 2010-2014. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2019; 101:310-318. [PMID: 31219001 PMCID: PMC6685564 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute diarrhea is an important public health issue. Here, we focused on the differences of enteropathogens in acute diarrhea between urban and rural areas in southeast China. Laboratory- and sentinel-based surveillance of acute diarrhea (≥ 3 loose or liquid stools/24 hours) was conducted at 16 hospitals. Fecal specimens were tested for bacterial (Aeromonas sp., Campylobacter sp., diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, Plesiomonas shigelloides, non-typhoidal Salmonella, Shigella sp., Vibrio sp., and Yersinia sp.) and viral (adenovirus, astrovirus, Norovirus, Rotavirus, and Sapovirus) pathogens. Descriptive statistics were used. Between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2014, 4,548 outpatients with acute diarrhea were enrolled (urban, n = 3,220; rural, n = 1,328). Pathogens were identified in 2,074 (45.6%) patients. Norovirus (25.7%), Vibrio parahaemolyticus (10.2%), enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) (8.8%), group A Rotavirus (7.0%), and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) (5.6%) were the most common pathogens. Enteropathogens were less common in urban than in rural areas (42.0% versus 54.4%, P < 0.001). In urban areas, EAEC and ETEC were more common in high-income than in middle-income regions. Interventions targeting the most common enteropathogens can substantially reduce the burden of acute diarrhea in southeast China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Chen
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early Warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Clinical In Vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li-Ping Wang
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early Warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Xing Yu
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early Warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Dr. Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, CAMS-Fondation Mérieux, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Clinical In Vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruo-Nan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical In Vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xian-Zhi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical In Vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Fa Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Clinical In Vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Clinical In Vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zi-Ke Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical In Vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Si-Jia Liu
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early Warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Clinical In Vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhong-Jie Li
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early Warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Chen
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Clinical In Vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Wang J, Huang XY, Xia YB, Guo ZW, Ma ZB, Yi MY, Lv LC, Lu PL, Yan JC, Huang JW, Zeng ZL, Liu JH. Clonal Spread of Escherichia coli ST93 Carrying mcr-1-Harboring IncN1-IncHI2/ST3 Plasmid Among Companion Animals, China. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2989. [PMID: 30564223 PMCID: PMC6288184 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene mcr-1 in Enterobacteriaceae isolates from companion animals in Guangzhou, China. Enterobacteriaceae isolated from 180 samples collected from cats and dogs were screened for mcr-1 by PCR and sequencing. MCR-1-producing isolates were further characterized by multilocus sequence typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Plasmid characterization was performed by conjugation, replicon typing, S1-PFGE, and Southern blot hybridization. Plasmid pHN6DS2 as a representative IncN1-IncHI2/ST3 plasmid from ST93 E. coli was fully sequenced. pHN6DS2-like plasmids were screened by PCR-mapping and sequencing. The mcr-1 gene was detected in 6.25% (8/128) Escherichia coli isolates, of which, five belonged to E. coli ST93 and had identical PFGE patterns, resistance profiles and resistance genes. mcr-1 genes were located on ∼244.4 kb plasmids (n = 6), ∼70 kb plasmids, and ∼60 kb plasmids, respectively. Among them, five mcr-1-carrying plasmids were successfully transferred to recipient by conjugation experiments, and were classified as IncN1-IncHI2/ST3 (∼244.4 kb, n = 4, all obtained from E. coli ST93), and IncI2 (∼70 kb, n = 1), respectively. Plasmid pHN6DS2 contained a typical IncHI2-type backbone, with IncN1 segment (ΔrepA-Iterons I-gshB-ΔIS1294) inserted into the multiresistance region, and was similar to other mcr-1-carrying IncHI2/ST3 plasmids from Enterobacteriaceae isolates of various origins in China. The remaining five mcr-1-bearing plasmids with sizes of ∼244.4 kb were identified to be pHN6DS2-like plasmids. In conclusion, clonal spread of ST93 E. coli isolates was occurred in companion animals in Guangzhou, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Yi Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying-Bi Xia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ze-Wen Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen-Bao Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meng-Ying Yi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu-Chao Lv
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pei-Lan Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie-Cong Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Wei Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen-Ling Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Hua Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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28
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Berglund B, Chen B, Tärnberg M, Sun Q, Xu L, Welander J, Li Y, Bi Z, Nilsson M, Nilsson LE. Characterization of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli harboring mcr-1 and toxin genes from human fecal samples from China. Future Microbiol 2018; 13:1647-1655. [PMID: 30489158 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2018-0242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To characterize extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli harboring the colistin resistance gene mcr-1 from human fecal samples collected in 2012 in a rural area of Shandong province, PR China. MATERIALS & METHODS Whole-genome sequencing and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on 25 mcr-1-positive isolates to determine carriage of antibiotic resistance and virulence genes, diversity and antibiotic resistance profiles. RESULTS The isolates were highly genetically diverse and carried a large variety of different antibiotic resistance genes. The multidrug-resistance rate was high (96%). Virulence genes associated with intestinal pathogenic E. coli were carried by 32% of the isolates. CONCLUSION Further monitoring of the epidemiological situation is necessary to ensure a preparedness for potential emergence of novel, difficult-to-treat strains and awareness of available treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Berglund
- Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Baoli Chen
- Shandong Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Maria Tärnberg
- Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Qiang Sun
- Center for Health Management & Policy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China.,Key Lab of Health Economics & Policy Research of Ministry of Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Liuchen Xu
- Shandong Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Jenny Welander
- Department of Clinical Microbiology & Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Yan Li
- Shandong Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Zhenwang Bi
- Shandong Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Maud Nilsson
- Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Lennart E Nilsson
- Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Zhang S, Yang G, Huang Y, Zhang J, Cui L, Wu Q. Prevalence and Characterization of Atypical Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Isolated from Retail Foods in China. J Food Prot 2018; 81:1761-1767. [PMID: 30277802 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (aEPEC) is an emerging pathogen that has been implicated in outbreaks of diarrhea worldwide. The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of aEPEC in retail foods at markets in the People's Republic of China and to characterize the isolates for virulence genes, intimin gene ( eae) subtypes, multilocus sequence types (STs), and antimicrobial susceptibility. From May 2014 to April 2015, 1,200 food samples were collected from retail markets in China, and 41 aEPEC isolates were detected in 2.75% (33 of 1,200) of the food samples. The virulence genes tir, katP, etpD, efa/lifA, ent, nleB, and nleE were commonly detected in these isolates. Nine eae subtypes were detected in the isolates, among which θ (23 isolates) and β1 (6 isolates) were the most prevalent. The 41 isolates were divided into 27 STs by multilocus sequence typing. ST752 and ST10 were the most prevalent. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed high resistance among isolates to streptomycin (87.80%), cephalothin (73.16%), ampicillin (51.22%), tetracycline (63.42%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (43.90%), and kanamycin (43.90%). Thirty isolates (73.17%) were resistant to at least three antibiotics, and 20 (53.66 %) were resistant to five or more antibiotics. Our results suggest that retail foods in markets are important sources of aEPEC. The presence of virulent and multidrug-resistant aEPEC in retail foods poses a potential threat to consumers. Surveillance of aEPEC contamination and prudent use of antibiotics is strongly recommended in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhong Zhang
- 1 College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road No. 483, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China.,2 Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Xianlie Middle Road No. 100, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou 510070, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangzhu Yang
- 2 Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Xianlie Middle Road No. 100, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou 510070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanbin Huang
- 2 Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Xianlie Middle Road No. 100, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou 510070, People's Republic of China
| | - Jumei Zhang
- 2 Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Xianlie Middle Road No. 100, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou 510070, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihua Cui
- 1 College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road No. 483, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingping Wu
- 2 Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Xianlie Middle Road No. 100, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou 510070, People's Republic of China
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30
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Konishi N, Obata H, Kai A, Ohtsuka K, Nishikawa Y, Terajima J, Hara-Kudo Y. Major Vehicles and O-Serogroups in Foodborne Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Outbreaks in Japan, and Effective Detection Methods of the Pathogen in Food Associated with An Outbreak. Food Hygiene and Safety Science (Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi) 2018; 59:161-166. [DOI: 10.3358/shokueishi.59.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jun Terajima
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences
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31
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Li D, Shen M, Xu Y, Liu C, Wang W, Wu J, Luo X, Jia X, Ma Y. Virulence gene profiles and molecular genetic characteristics of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli from a hospital in western China. Gut Pathog 2018; 10:35. [PMID: 30127859 PMCID: PMC6097206 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-018-0262-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) is one of the most important etiological agents of diarrheal diseases. In this study we investigated the prevalence, virulence gene profiles, antimicrobial resistance, and molecular genetic characteristics of DEC at a hospital in western China. Methods A total of 110 Escherichia coli clinical isolates were collected from the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College from 2015 to 2016. Microbiological methods, PCR, antimicrobial susceptibility test, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and multilocus sequence typing were used in this study. Results Molecular analysis of six DEC pathotype marker genes showed that 13 of the 110 E. coli isolates (11.82%) were DEC including nine (8.18%) diffusely adherent Escherichia coli (DAEC) and four (3.64%) enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC). The adherence genes fimC and fimH were present in all DAEC and EAEC isolates. All nine DAEC isolates harbored the virulence genes fyuA and irp2 and four (44.44%) also carried the hlyA and sat genes. The virulence genes fyuA, irp2, cnf1, hlyA, and sat were found in 100%, 100%, 75%, 50%, and 50% of EAEC isolates, respectively. In addition, all DEC isolates were multidrug resistant and had high frequencies of antimicrobial resistance. Molecular genetic characterization showed that the 13 DEC isolates were divided into 11 pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns and 10 sequence types. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this study provides the first report of DEC, including DAEC and EAEC, in western China. Our analyses identified the virulence genes present in E. coli from a hospital indicating their role in the isolated DEC strains’ pathogenesis. At the same time, the analyses revealed, the antimicrobial resistance pattern of the DEC isolates. Thus, DAEC and EAEC among the DEC strains should be considered a significant risk to humans in western China due to their evolved pathogenicity and antimicrobial resistance pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- 1Department of Medical Genetics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China.,2School of Medical Laboratory Science, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500 Sichuan China
| | - Min Shen
- 3Non-coding RNA and Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500 Sichuan China
| | - Ying Xu
- 4Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500 Sichuan China
| | - Chao Liu
- 3Non-coding RNA and Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500 Sichuan China
| | - Wen Wang
- 5West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Jinyan Wu
- 3Non-coding RNA and Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500 Sichuan China
| | - Xianmei Luo
- 3Non-coding RNA and Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500 Sichuan China
| | - Xu Jia
- 3Non-coding RNA and Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500 Sichuan China
| | - Yongxin Ma
- 1Department of Medical Genetics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
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Virulence potential of commensal multidrug resistant Escherichia coli isolated from poultry in Brazil. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 65:251-256. [PMID: 30071311 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
There is an increasing number of reports worldwide about multidrug resistance (MDR) with potential of ExPEC in commensal E. coli. The present study evaluated the potential ExPEC in selected 44 MDR E.coli isolates, collected from livestock. ExPEC isolates were characterized by analysis of five main groups of virulence genes (papA and/or papC, sfa and/or foc, afa and/or dra, kpsMT II and iutA). We also determined the increased virulence potential analyzing other 29 virulence genes, the epidemiology of these isolates. Additionally, fifteen ExPEC isolates were selected to evaluate the adhesion and invasion capacity in vitro using Caco-2 cells. Based on the analysis of the five main virulence genes, 72.7% (32/44) strains were classified as ExPEC. The presence of each gene was iutA 88.6%, KpsMT II 70.4%, papC 25%, sfa/focDE 4.5%; afa/draBC genes were not found. All E. coli isolates were classified into: phylogenetic groups A (34%), B1 (10%), B2 (20%), and D (36%). MLST revealed 7 different STs among isolates, including a new ST identified (ST5687). The in vitro assay in Caco-2 cells showed that all isolates were capable to adhere or invade the epithelial cells, although this occurred at variable levels. The ExPEC isolate LO122 reached similar levels of invasion to the positive control strain Salmonella Typhimurium LT2. These results showed that the apparently commensal microbiota of poultry harbors MDR ExPEC isolates with high adhesion and invasion potential.
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Chan WS, Au CH, Ho DN, Chan TL, Ma ESK, Tang BSF. Prospective study on human fecal carriage of Enterobacteriaceae possessing mcr-1 and mcr-2 genes in a regional hospital in Hong Kong. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:81. [PMID: 29439654 PMCID: PMC5812201 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-2987-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human fecal carriage of Enterobacteriaceae possessing mobilized colistin resistance genes (mcr-1 and mcr-2) remains obscure in Hong Kong. As part of routine surveillance on emerging antibiotic resistance, we conducted a prospective study on this topic in a regional hospital in Hong Kong. METHODS From October 31 to November 25, 2016, all fecal specimens submitted for routine analysis were included in this surveillance study. These comprised 672 consecutive routine fecal specimens collected from 616 individuals. Fecal specimens were screened for colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae by culture-based method, and the presence of mcr-1 and mcr-2 genes in resistant isolates was identified by polymerase chain reaction and Sanger sequencing. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) of mcr-1-possessing Escherichia coli strains was facilitated using Illumina® MiSeq® followed by sequence analysis with appropriate bioinformatics tools. RESULTS Fourteen mcr-1-positive E. coli strains were isolated from 14 separate individuals (2.08% of total fecal specimens), with 9 of them being asymptomatic, healthy clients coming for health assessment. No mcr-2-possessing Enterobacteriaceae was identified. Colistin minimum inhibitory concentrations of these mcr-1-positive isolates ranged from 2 to 4 μg/mL. All these isolates were susceptible to carbapenems with 2 being extended spectrum β-lactamase producers. WGS data revealed that these isolates belonged to at least 12 different sequence types (STs) and possessed diversified plasmid replicons, virulence and acquired antibiotic resistance genes. Further study on an E. coli ST201 strain (Pasteur scheme) revealed coexistence of 47,818-bp IncP-1 and 33,309-bp IncX4 types of mcr-1 plasmids, which was a combination of stability and high transmissibility. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on human fecal carriage of Enterobacteriaceae possessing mcr-1 and mcr-2 genes in Hong Kong. Our data further revealed asymptomatic carriage of mcr-1-possessing Enterobacteriaceae by both patients and healthy individuals. This is alarming considering wide diversity and high transmissibility of mcr-1 plasmids, which potentially facilitate emergence of pan-drug-resistant bacteria in future infection. This also highlights the importance of surveillance on emerging antibiotic resistance, especially for patients under intensive care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai-Sing Chan
- Department of Pathology, 1/F, Li Shu Fan Block, Hong Kong Sanatorium & Hospital, 2 Village Road, Happy Valley, Hong Kong
| | - Chun-Hang Au
- Department of Pathology, 1/F, Li Shu Fan Block, Hong Kong Sanatorium & Hospital, 2 Village Road, Happy Valley, Hong Kong
| | - Dona N. Ho
- Department of Pathology, 1/F, Li Shu Fan Block, Hong Kong Sanatorium & Hospital, 2 Village Road, Happy Valley, Hong Kong
| | - Tsun-Leung Chan
- Department of Pathology, 1/F, Li Shu Fan Block, Hong Kong Sanatorium & Hospital, 2 Village Road, Happy Valley, Hong Kong
| | - Edmond Shiu-Kwan Ma
- Department of Pathology, 1/F, Li Shu Fan Block, Hong Kong Sanatorium & Hospital, 2 Village Road, Happy Valley, Hong Kong
| | - Bone Siu-Fai Tang
- Department of Pathology, 1/F, Li Shu Fan Block, Hong Kong Sanatorium & Hospital, 2 Village Road, Happy Valley, Hong Kong
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Zhou Y, Zhu X, Hou H, Lu Y, Yu J, Mao L, Mao L, Sun Z. Characteristics of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli among children under 5 years of age with acute diarrhea: a hospital based study. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:63. [PMID: 29390982 PMCID: PMC5796495 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2936-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diarrhea is the leading infectious cause of childhood morbidity and mortality. Among bacterial agents, diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) is the major causal agent of childhood diarrhea in developing countries, particularly in children under the age of 5 years. Here, we performed a hospital-based prospective study to explore the pathotype distribution, epidemiological characteristics and antibiotic resistance patterns of DEC from < 5-year-old diarrheal children. METHODS Between August 2015 and September 2016, 684 stool samples were collected from children (< 5 years old) with acute diarrhea. All samples were cultured and identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and biochemical tests. PCR was used for subtyping, and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) isolates were identified simultaneously with serology. Furthermore, antimicrobial sensitivity tests and sequencing of antibiotic resistance-related genes were conducted. RESULTS DEC strains were identified in 7.9% of the 684 stool samples. Among them, the most commonly detected pathotype was EPEC (50.0% of DEC), of which 77.8% were classified as atypical EPEC (aEPEC). Age and seasonal distribution revealed that DEC tended to infect younger children and to occur in summer/autumn periods. Multidrug-resistant DEC isolates were 66.7%; resistance rates to ampicillin, co-trimoxazole, cefazolin, cefuroxime, cefotaxime, and ciprofloxacin were ≥ 50%. Among 5 carbapenem-resistant DEC, 60.0% were positive for carbapenemase genes (2 blaNDM-1 and 1 blaKPC-2). Among 30 cephalosporin-resistant DEC, 93.3% were positive for extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) genes, with blaTEM-1 and blaCTX-M-55 being the most common types. However, no gyrA or gyrB genes were detected in 16 quinolone-resistant isolates. Notably, aEPEC, which has not received much attention before, also exhibited high rates of drug resistance (81.0%, 66.7%, and 14.3% for ampicillin, co-trimoxazole , and carbapenem resistance, respectively). CONCLUSIONS EPEC was the most frequent DEC pathotype in acute diarrheal children, with aEPEC emerging as a dominant diarrheal agent in central China. Most DEC strains were multidrug-resistant, making even ciprofloxacin unsuitable for empiric treatment against DEC infection. Among carbapenem-resistant DEC strains, those harboring blaNDM-1 and blaKPC-2 were the main causal agents. blaTEM-1 and blaCTX-M-55 were the major genetic determinants associated with high levels of cephalosporin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xuhui Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Hongyan Hou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yanfang Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Lie Mao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Liyan Mao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ziyong Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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Ghoshal UC, Gwee KA, Holtmann G, Li Y, Park SJ, Simadibrata M, Sugano K, Wu K, Quigley EMM, Cohen H. The role of the microbiome and the use of probiotics in gastrointestinal disorders in adults in the Asia-Pacific region - background and recommendations of a regional consensus meeting. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 33:57-69. [PMID: 28589613 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.13840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Asia-Pacific region is diverse, with regard to ethnicity, culture, and economic development incorporating some of the world's least and most developed nations. Gastrointestinal diseases are common in the Asia-Pacific region, and their prevalence, presentation, and management vary considerably within the region. There is growing evidence for an important role for the human gut microbiota in gastrointestinal health. As a consequence, geographic variations in the composition of the gut microbiota may contribute to variations in both the prevalence and response to therapy of specific diseases. Probiotics have been proposed as a valuable option in the prevention and treatment of a number of gastrointestinal illnesses, but the quality of available evidence to support their efficacy is variable. A meeting of international experts in adult and pediatric gastroenterology was held at the Sorbonne University, Paris, France, on April 11 and 12, 2016, to discuss current evidence supporting the use of probiotics in gastrointestinal disorders in the Asia-Pacific region. This article provides an overview of the discussions held at this meeting and recommends the formation of an Asia-Pacific Consortium on Gut Microbiota similar to those established in Europe and North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uday C Ghoshal
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Kok-Ann Gwee
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gerald Holtmann
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Princess Alexandra Hospital Brisbane, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yanmei Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Soo Jung Park
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Marcellus Simadibrata
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia and Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia.,RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Kentaro Sugano
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kaichun Wu
- Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Eamonn M M Quigley
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Lynda K and David M Underwood Center for Digestive Disorders, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Henry Cohen
- Clínica de Gastroenterología, Facultad de Medicina, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Abstract
Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC, formerly known as "EAggEC") cause acute or persistent watery diarrhoea (with or without mucus) in children, predominantly in low-income countries, and are associated with travellers' diarrhoea in children and adults in middle and high income countries. The diverse nature of EAEC is such that not all strains cause disease. Conversely, certain strains of EAEC possess additional virulence determinants associated with the ability to cause severe diarrhoea and other symptoms, which might be life-threatening in vulnerable patients. The EAEC virulence factors described to date are either encoded on the large virulence plasmid of EAEC (plasmid of aggregative adherence) or on pathogenicity islands on the chromosome. Testing of food and faecal samples involves the detection of EAEC-associated traits in the matrix followed by isolation of the organism and confirmation of the presence of EAEC-associated genes using PCR. The variability of the plasmid structure and virulence gene sequences and the possibility that this mobile genetic element may be lost has necessitated the inclusion of chromosomal markers in the molecular screening assays. There is evidence in the literature of foodborne transmission of EAEC, but currently no evidence of a zoonotic reservoir. Fimbriae-mediated adhesion and biofilm formation are likely to be involved in both clinical manifestations of infection and attachment to foodstuffs. Multidrug resistance appears to be common in EAEC and geographically widespread. Whole-genome sequencing has revealed the mosaic genomic structure of EAEC and provided evidence that horizontal gene transfer and recombination are the driving force for acquisition of novel genome features and potentially novel pathogenic mechanisms. This has significant public health implications in terms of the diversity and pathogenesis of EAEC and its ability to colonise and cause disease in the human host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Jenkins
- Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, NW9 5HT, UK.
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Yu F, Chen X, Zheng S, Han D, Wang Y, Wang R, Wang B, Chen Y. Prevalence and genetic diversity of human diarrheagenic Escherichia coli isolates by multilocus sequence typing. Int J Infect Dis 2017; 67:7-13. [PMID: 29183841 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2017.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The population structure of human diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) isolates derived from worldwide collections remains undefined. METHODS A total of 1196 clinical isolates were obtained from a multilocus sequence typing (MLST) database. Genetic diversity analysis, MLST analysis, and phylogenetic analysis combined with different pathotypes were performed through a variety of calculation software applications. RESULTS All isolates were categorized as one of 579 different sequence types (STs). The eBURST algorithm resolved these 579 STs into 27 clonal complexes (CCs), 37 concatemers, and 210 singletons, revealing a high level of genetic diversity in the population structure of DEC. CC10 was the most prevalent CC, comprising 276 (23.08%, 276/1196) isolates with 85 (14.68%, 85/579) STs widely distributed in 20 countries. The population structure of five common pathotypes was highly diversified, and isolates with the same ST or CC were heterogeneous for different pathotypes. Sequence variations were more abundant in fumC and gyrB than in the other five genes, and these exhibited the highest degree of nucleotide diversity (0.03886 and 0.03075, respectively) and the greatest number of polymorphic nucleotide sites (137 and 139, respectively). The dN/dS ratios of seven analyzed loci varied from 0.0083 (recA) to 0.0434 (purA), and the ratio for the concatenated sequence was 0.2518, revealing the effects of purifying selection on housekeeping genes during the evolutionary process. Significant allele linkage disequilibrium was detected when the standardized index of association (ISA) was calculated both for the entire collection of isolates (0.3174, p<0.001) and for the 579 STs (0.1475, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS This study facilitated a comprehensive understanding of the genetic diversity of human DEC distributed across the global population. The results provide genetic evidence that will allow us to uncover the microevolutionary relationships among different pathogenic isolates of DEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Clinical In Vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Clinical In Vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shufa Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Clinical In Vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dongsheng Han
- Clinical Medical Examination Center, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yiyin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical In Vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ruonan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical In Vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Baohong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Clinical In Vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Umpiérrez A, Bado I, Oliver M, Acquistapace S, Etcheverría A, Padola NL, Vignoli R, Zunino P. Zoonotic Potential and Antibiotic Resistance of Escherichia coli in Neonatal Calves in Uruguay. Microbes Environ 2017; 32:275-282. [PMID: 28904264 PMCID: PMC5606698 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me17046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is one of the main etiological agents of neonatal calf diarrhea (NCD). The objective of this study was to assess the presence of virulence genes, genetic diversity, and antibiotic resistance mechanisms in E. coli associated with NCD in Uruguay. PCR was used to assess the presence of intimin, Shiga-like toxin, and stable and labile enterotoxin genes. Resistance to fluoroquinolones and oxyimino-cephalosporins was estimated on Müller-Hinton agar plates. Further antibiotic disc-diffusion tests were performed to assess bacterial multi-resistance. The presence of PMQR, ESBL, MCR-1, and integron genes was evaluated. Isolates were typed using ERIC-PCR, and 20 were selected for MLST, adhesion to Hep-2 cells, in vitro biofilm formation, and eukaryotic cytotoxicity. The prevalence of ETEC genes was lower than 3% in each case (estA and elt). Six isolates were EPEC (eae+) and 2 were EHEC/STEC (eae+/stx1+). The results of a diversity analysis showed high genetic heterogenicity among isolates. Additionally, different sequence types, including ST10, ST21, and ST69, were assigned to selected isolates. Thirty-six percent (96/264) of the isolates were fluoroquinolone-resistant, with 61/96 (63.5%) being multidrug-resistant. Additionally, 6 were oxyimino-cephalosporin-resistant. The qnrB, qnrS1, and blaCTX-M-14 genes were detected, whereas no isolates carried the mcr-1 gene. Isolates had the ability to adhere to Hep-2 cells and form biofilms. Only 1 isolate expressed toxins in vitro. E. coli from NCD cases in Uruguay are very diverse, potentially virulent, and may interact with eukaryotic cells. Zoonotic potential, together with resistance traits and the presence of horizontal transfer mechanisms, may play a significant role in infections caused by these microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Umpiérrez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable
| | - Inés Bado
- Departamento de Bacteriología y Virología, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República
| | - Martín Oliver
- Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable
| | - Sofía Acquistapace
- Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable
| | - Analía Etcheverría
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, CIVETAN-Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires
| | - Nora Lía Padola
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, CIVETAN-Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires
| | - Rafael Vignoli
- Departamento de Bacteriología y Virología, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República
| | - Pablo Zunino
- Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable
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Do Nascimento V, Day MR, Doumith M, Hopkins KL, Woodford N, Godbole G, Jenkins C. Comparison of phenotypic and WGS-derived antimicrobial resistance profiles of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli isolated from cases of diarrhoeal disease in England, 2015–16. J Antimicrob Chemother 2017; 72:3288-3297. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkx301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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40
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Iguchi A, von Mentzer A, Kikuchi T, Thomson NR. An untypeable enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli represents one of the dominant types causing human disease. Microb Genom 2017; 3:e000121. [PMID: 29114400 PMCID: PMC5643014 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a major cause of diarrhoea in children below 5 years of age in endemic areas, and is a primary cause of diarrhoea in travellers visiting developing countries. Epidemiological analysis of E. coli pathovars is traditionally carried out based on the results of serotyping. However, genomic analysis of a global ETEC collection of 362 isolates taken from patients revealed nine novel O-antigen biosynthesis gene clusters that were previously unrecognized, and have collectively been called unclassified. When put in the context of all isolates sequenced, one of the novel O-genotypes, OgN5, was found to be the second most common ETEC O-genotype causing disease, after O6, in a globally representative ETEC collection. It’s also clear that ETEC OgN5 isolates have spread globally. These novel O-genotypes have now been included in our comprehensive O-genotyping scheme, and can be detected using a PCR-based and an in silico typing method. This will assist in epidemiological studies, as well as in ETEC vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Astrid von Mentzer
- 2University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,3Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
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Li Y, Luo Q, Shi X, Lin Y, Qiu Y, Lv D, Jiang Y, Chen Q, Jiang M, Ma H, Cheng J, Hu Q. Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Clinical Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Isolates from Shenzhen, China. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2017; 14:333-340. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2016.2233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yinghui Li
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiang Luo
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaolu Shi
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yiman Lin
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yaqun Qiu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dongyue Lv
- School of Life Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yixiang Jiang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiongcheng Chen
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Min Jiang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hanwu Ma
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jinquan Cheng
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qinghua Hu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
- School of Life Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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Occurrence of blaKPC-2, blaCTX-M, and mcr-1 in Enterobacteriaceae from Well Water in Rural China. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.02569-16. [PMID: 28115344 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02569-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on the coexistence of mcr-1 and blaCTX-M in multidrug-resistant, extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli belonging to the sequence type 10 complex isolated from well water in rural China. Raoultella ornithinolytica with blaKPC-2 was also detected in well water from the same area. This study shows that genes coding for resistance to last-resort antibiotics are present in wells in rural China, indicating a potential source of antibiotic resistance.
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Chen X, Zhao X, Che J, Xiong Y, Xu Y, Zhang L, Lan R, Xia L, Walsh TR, Xu J, Lu J, Li J. Detection and dissemination of the colistin resistance gene, mcr-1, from isolates and faecal samples in China. J Med Microbiol 2017; 66:119-125. [PMID: 28056227 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE A recently identified colistin resistance gene, mcr-1, has been reported in many countries. In this study, we established a new real-time PCR method to detect it. METHODOLOGY We used a real-time PCR method to detect the mcr-1 gene in a variety of isolates and faecal samples from 20 provinces and municipal cities in China. RESULTS Of the 2330 isolates (from 10 species) screened, 54 (2.3 %) isolates were positive for mcr-1. All of the mcr-1-positive isolates that were identified belonged to Escherichia coli strains, among which 9, 1, and 44 were identified as enteropathogenic E. coli, enteroadherent E. coli, and non-pathogenic E. coli, respectively. The majority of the mcr-1-positive isolates were obtained from farm animals from eight provinces and municipal cities across China. A total of 337 faecal samples, including 229 human and 108 pet animal faecal samples, were also screened for the mcr-1 gene. Of the 337 samples analyzed, six and eight human and pet animal faecal samples were positive for the mcr-1 gene, respectively. CONCLUSION The data demonstrate that the mcr-1 gene is highly prevalent in human and animal populations in China. This occurrence suggests that active surveillance of the mcr-1 gene is imperative in curtailing its spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiaofei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jie Che
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yanwen Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yanmei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, PR China
| | - Lifeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ruiting Lan
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Lining Xia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, PR China
| | - Timothy R Walsh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jianguo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jinxing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, PR China
| | - Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, PR China
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Bachiri T, Bakour S, Ladjouzi R, Thongpan L, Rolain JM, Touati A. High rates of CTX-M-15-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in wild boars and Barbary macaques in Algeria. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2017; 8:35-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Delannoy S, Beutin L, Mariani-Kurkdjian P, Fleiss A, Bonacorsi S, Fach P. The Escherichia coli Serogroup O1 and O2 Lipopolysaccharides Are Encoded by Multiple O-antigen Gene Clusters. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:30. [PMID: 28224115 PMCID: PMC5293828 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli strains belonging to serogroups O1 and O2 are frequently associated with human infections, especially extra-intestinal infections such as bloodstream infections or urinary tract infections. These strains can be associated with a large array of flagellar antigens. Because of their frequency and clinical importance, a reliable detection of E. coli O1 and O2 strains and also the frequently associated K1 capsule is important for diagnosis and source attribution of E. coli infections in humans and animals. By sequencing the O-antigen clusters of various O1 and O2 strains we showed that the serogroups O1 and O2 are encoded by different sets of O-antigen encoding genes and identified potentially new O-groups. We developed qPCR-assays to detect the various O1 and O2 variants and the K1-encoding gene. These qPCR assays proved to be 100% sensitive and 100% specific and could be valuable tools for the investigations of zoonotic and food-borne infection of humans with O1 and O2 extra-intestinal (ExPEC) or Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Delannoy
- IdentyPath Platform, Food Safety Laboratory, Anses, Université Paris-Est Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Lothar Beutin
- National Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR)Berlin, Germany; Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Institute for Biology - Microbiology, Freie Universität BerlinBerlin, Germany
| | - Patricia Mariani-Kurkdjian
- CNR Associé Escherichia coli, Service de Microbiologie, Hôpital Robert-DebréParis, France; IAME, UMR 1137, INSERMParis, France; IAME, UMR 1137, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris CitéParis, France
| | - Aubin Fleiss
- IdentyPath Platform, Food Safety Laboratory, Anses, Université Paris-Est Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Stéphane Bonacorsi
- CNR Associé Escherichia coli, Service de Microbiologie, Hôpital Robert-DebréParis, France; IAME, UMR 1137, INSERMParis, France; IAME, UMR 1137, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris CitéParis, France
| | - Patrick Fach
- IdentyPath Platform, Food Safety Laboratory, Anses, Université Paris-Est Maisons-Alfort, France
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Rapid and Specific Detection of the Escherichia coli Sequence Type 648 Complex within Phylogroup F. J Clin Microbiol 2017; 55:1116-1121. [PMID: 28100599 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01949-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Escherichia coli sequence type 648 complex (STc648) is an emerging lineage within phylogroup F-formerly included within phylogroup D-that is associated with multidrug resistance. Here, we designed and validated a novel multiplex PCR-based assay for STc648 that took advantage of (i) four distinctive single-nucleotide polymorphisms in icd allele 96 and gyrB allele 87, two of the multilocus sequence typing alleles that define ST648; and (ii) the typical absence within STc648 of uidA, an E. coli-specific gene encoding β-glucuronidase. Within a diverse 212-strain validation set that included 109 STs other than STc648, from phylogroups A, B1, B2, C, D, E, and F, the assay exhibited 100% sensitivity (95% confidence interval [CI], 82% to 100%) and specificity (95% CI, 98% to 100%). It functioned similarly well in two distant laboratories that used boiled lysates or DNAzol-purified DNA as the template DNA. Thus, this novel multiplex PCR-based assay should enable any laboratory equipped for diagnostic PCR to rapidly, accurately, and economically screen E. coli isolates for membership in STc648.
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Bai X, Hu B, Xu Y, Sun H, Zhao A, Ba P, Fu S, Fan R, Jin Y, Wang H, Guo Q, Xu X, Lu S, Xiong Y. Molecular and Phylogenetic Characterization of Non-O157 Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Strains in China. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:143. [PMID: 27853704 PMCID: PMC5089976 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) causes diarrhea and hemorrhagic colitis with life-threatening complications, such as hemolytic uremic syndrome. The aim of this study was to assess the molecular epidemiologic features of non-O157 STEC strains from different resources in China and illustrate the role of animal reservoirs or animal-derived foodstuffs in human STEC infections. A collection of 301 non-O157 STEC isolates from domestic and wild animals (i.e., cattle, goat, pig, yak, pika, and antelope), raw meats (i.e., beef, pork, mutton, chicken, and duck), diarrheal patients, and healthy carriers in different regions of China were selected in this study. Of the 301 analyzed STEC isolates, 67 serogroups, and 118 serotypes were identified; this included some predominant serogroups associated with human disease, such as O26, O45, O103, O111, and O121. Eighteen different combinations of stx subtypes were found. Eleven isolates carried the intimin gene eae, 93 isolates contained ehxA, and 73 isolates carried astA. The prevalence of other putative adhesion genes saa, paa, efa1, and toxB was 28.90% (87), 6.98% (21), 2.31% (7), and 1% (3), respectively. The phylogenetic distribution of isolates was analyzed by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Ninety-four sequence types were assigned across the 301 isolates. A subset of isolates recovered from yak and pika residing in the similar wild environments, Qinghai-Tibetan plateau, showed similar genetic profiles and more tendencies to cluster together. Isolates from goat and mutton exhibited close genetic relatedness with those from human-derived isolates, providing evidence that transmission may have occurred locally within intraspecies or interspecies, and importantly, from animal reservoirs, or raw meats to humans. Comparing isolates in this study with highly virulent strains by MLST, along with serotyping and virulence profiles, it is conceivable that some of isolates from goat, yak, or raw meats may have potential to cause human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangning Bai
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing, China
| | - Bin Hu
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention Jinan, China
| | - Yanmei Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing, China
| | - Hui Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing, China
| | - Ailan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing, China
| | - Pengbin Ba
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing, China
| | - Shanshan Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing, China
| | - Ruyue Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing, China
| | - Yujuan Jin
- Longgang Center for Disease Control and Prevention Shenzhen, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Zigong Center for Disease Control and Prevention Zigong, China
| | - Qiusheng Guo
- Suixian Center for Disease Control and Prevention Suixian, China
| | - Xuebin Xu
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention Shanghai, China
| | - Shan Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing, China
| | - Yanwen Xiong
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing, China
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Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in Shanghai, China. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2016; 35:835-9. [PMID: 27164463 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000001190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) is a major cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in children. Also, antibiotic resistance among DEC is becoming a critical area of concern in clinical settings. METHODS This study was conducted in 4 hospitals in Shanghai from June 2012 to October 2013. DEC isolates from stool samples of patients with diarrhea were examined to determine their antimicrobial susceptibilities and presence of virulence genes, in order to identify high risk clones. RESULTS A total of 735 (10.2%) DEC isolates were identified from 7204 stool samples from patients with diarrhea, including 374 enteropathogenic E. coli, 318 enterotoxigenic E. coli, 36 Shigella/enteroinvasive E. coli and 7 Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC). Among the 735 DEC isolates, 299 (40.7%) were isolated from children less than 5 years old. High resistance rates were observed to streptomycin (90.7%), ampicillin (63.4%), nalidixic acid (61.1%), sulfisoxazole (49.1%), tetracycline (41.2%), trimethoprim (35.6%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (35.4%), followed by amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (27.2%), cefotaxime (24.5%), cefepime (23.5%), gentamicin (16.7%), ceftazidime (12.4%), chloramphenicol (10.6%), ciprofloxacin (7.2%) and ofloxacin (3.4%). All the isolates were susceptible to imipenem. In addition, potential virulence genes were screened by polymerase chain reaction. A total of 15 enterotoxigenic E. coli belonging to the same clone were identified to be associated with nosocomial neonatal diarrhea and resistant to greater than 10 antimicrobials. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that active surveillance programs combining both phenotypic and genetic data would help identify disease outbreaks and strengthen antibiotic management.
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Dhaka P, Vijay D, Vergis J, Negi M, Kumar M, Mohan V, Doijad S, Poharkar KV, Malik SS, Barbuddhe SB, Rawool DB. Genetic diversity and antibiogram profile of diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli pathotypes isolated from human, animal, foods and associated environmental sources. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2016; 6:31055. [PMID: 27197617 PMCID: PMC4873563 DOI: 10.3402/iee.v6.31055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Infectious diarrhoea particularly due to pathogenic bacteria is a major health problem in developing countries, including India. Despite significant reports of diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) pathotypes around the globe, studies which address genetic relatedness, antibiogram profile and their correlation with respect to their isolation from different sources are sparse. The present study determines isolation and identification of DEC pathotypes from different sources, their genetic characterisation, antibiogram profile and their correlation if any. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 336 samples comprising diarrhoeic stool samples from infants (n=103), young animal (n=106), foods (n=68) and associated environmental sources (n=59) were collected from Bareilly region of India. All the samples were screened by using standard microbiological methods for the detection of E. coli. The identified E. coli were then confirmed as DEC pathotypes using polymerase chain reaction-based assays. Those DEC pathotypes identified as Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) were further confirmed using HEp-2 adherence assay. All the isolated DEC pathotypes were studied for their genetic diversity using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by using disc diffusion method as per Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Of the four DEC pathotypes investigated, EAEC was found to be the predominant pathogen with an isolation rate of 16.5% from infants, 17.9% from young animals, 16.2% from foods and 3.4% from the associated environmental sources. These EAEC isolates, on further characterisation, revealed predominance of 'atypical' EAEC, with an isolation rate of 10.7% from infants, 15.1% from young animals, 16.2% from foods, and 3.4% from the associated environmental sources. On PFGE analysis, discrimination was evident within DEC pathotypes as 52 unique pulsotypes were observed for 59 recovered DEC pathotypes. However, a few EAEC isolates were found to be clonal (clusters A, B, C, D, F, G, and H) irrespective of their source of isolation, suggests sharing and/or circulation among different sources. Further, a high antibiotic resistance pattern was observed among isolated DEC pathotypes as almost 86.4% of isolates were found to be resistant against ≥3 tested drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Dhaka
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Deepthi Vijay
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jess Vergis
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mamta Negi
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manesh Kumar
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vysakh Mohan
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | | | - Satyaveer Singh Malik
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Deepak B Rawool
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India;
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Xu Y, Bai X, Zhao A, Zhang W, Ba P, Liu K, Jin Y, Wang H, Guo Q, Sun H, Xu J, Xiong Y. Genetic Diversity of Intimin Gene of Atypical Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Isolated from Human, Animals and Raw Meats in China. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152571. [PMID: 27031337 PMCID: PMC4816571 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (aEPEC) is considered to be an emerging enteropathogen that is more prevalent than typical EPEC in developing and developed countries. The major adherence factor, intimin, an outer membrane protein encoded by eae, plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of aEPEC. This study investigated the distribution and polymorphisms of intimin subtypes of 143 aEPEC strains from diarrheal patients, healthy carriers, animals, and raw meats in China. These aEPEC strains belonged to more than 71 different serotypes, which comprised 52 O serogroups and 24 H types. Sixty-eight different eae genotypes and 19 intimin subtypes were detected. Eighteen, eight, seven, and five intimin subtypes were identified from 86 diarrheal patients, 14 healthy carriers, 19 animals, and 24 raw meats strains, respectively. Intimin β1 was the most prevalent subtype in strains from diarrheal patients (34.88%) and animals (47.37%). There was a statistically significant difference in the distribution of eae-β1 between diarrheal patients and healthy carriers (P = 0.004). Intimin-θ was more predominant among raw meat strains (50%) than among diarrheal patients strains (12.79%, P = 0.0003), healthy carrier strains (7.14%, P = 0.007), or animal strains (15.79%, P = 0.020). The two predominant subtypes (eae-β1 and eae-θ) had considerable polymorphisms with no significant differences among the four sources. PFGE analysis revealed 119 distinct patterns and the strains were clustered into 11 groups with similarity indices ranging from 63% to 100%. These results suggest that in China, aEPEC strains from different sources are highly heterogeneous. Animals and raw meats are important sources of genetically diverse intimin-harboring aEPEC, which might serve as important transmission vehicles of these bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangning Bai
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Ailan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Wang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Pengbin Ba
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yujuan Jin
- Longgang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Zigong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zigong, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Qiusheng Guo
- Suixian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shangqiu, Henan Province, China
| | - Hui Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jianguo Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yanwen Xiong
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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